1805 CE
Justice Samuel Chase is acquitted of impeachment charges by the United States Senate. Napoleon orders the Grande Armée ("The Great Army") of some 165,000 men to march to the Rhine River to deal with the Austrian and Russian threats on the frontier. The French army is organized into seven corps and is supported by 36–40 cannons each. Napoleon orders Marshal Joachim Murat with his I Cavalry Corps (some 20,000 men), to make feint attacks through the Black Forest in south-west Germany. Battle of Trafalgar: A British Royal Navy fleet led by Admiral Horatio Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain. About 465 of the 18,000 men on the British ships were born in Wales.
In the 1800s, the 19th century.
1805 at a glance
- World population
- about 1.00 billion Our World in Data
- United States
- Thomas Jefferson (President) Wikipedia rev. 1360994931
- United Kingdom
- George III (King); William Pitt the Younger (Prime minister) Wikipedia rev. 1360994931
- Russian Empire
- Alexander I (Emperor) Wikipedia rev. 1360994931
- Qing dynasty
- Jiaqing (Emperor) Wikipedia rev. 1360994931
- First French Empire
- Napoleon I (Emperor) Wikipedia rev. 1360994931
- Tokugawa shogunate of Japan
- Kōkaku (Emperor) Wikipedia rev. 1360994931
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
- January 11 – The Michigan Territory is created.source
- January 29 – 4th Parliament of Lower Canada session starts, ends April 27, 1808Canadasource
- March 4 – Thomas Jefferson is sworn in for a second term as President of the United States, and George Clinton is sworn in as Vice President of the United States.United Statessource
- March 5 – The New Brunswick Legislature passes a bill to advance literacy in the province, which eventually leads to the creation of public education in Canada.source
- May 26 – Napoleon is crowned King of Italy.source
- May – After complaints about some of the treatment of Pacific Islanders and New Zealanders (Māori) crewing on whaling ships, Governor King issues a 'Government and General Order', published on the front page of the Sydney Gazette which gives them some of the civil rights of British subjects.New Zealandsource
- 8 June – John Macarthur returns to New South Wales as a civilian settler after the British Government accepts his resignation from the New South Wales Corps and approves his return.Australiasource
- August 25 – Treaty of Bogenhausen is concluded between France and Bavaria forming a military alliancesource
- September 21 – King Ferdinand of Naples signs a treaty in Paris agreeing to keep Naples neutral during the war between France and the allied powers.source
- November 3: Treaty of Potsdam (1805), Prussia to join alliance if negotiations with France failedRussiasource
- December 26 – The Peace of Pressburg between France and Austria is signed in the Primate's Palace, Pressburg (modern-day Bratislava).source
- 26 December - Peace of Pressburg signed between France and Austria, as a consequence of the Austrian defeats by France.Francesource
- Grand Duchy of Würzburg is established.Germanysource
- The planned village of New Scone is established.Scotlandsource
Conflict & Security
- February 7 – King Anouvong becomes ruler of Vientiane on the death of his brother Inthavong.source
- April 27 – Battle of Derne: United States Marines and Berbers attack the Tripolitan city of Derna (The "Shores of Tripoli").United Statessource
- May 31–June 2 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Diamond Rock – A Franco-Spanish fleet captures the strategic island of Diamond Rock off Martinique in the West Indies, from the British.source
- June 4 – The First Barbary War ends between Tripoli and the United States of America.source
- August 27 – Napoleon orders the Grande Armée ("The Great Army") of some 165,000 men to march to the Rhine River to deal with the Austrian and Russian threats on the frontier. The French army is organized into seven corps and is supported by 36–40 cannons each. Napoleon orders Marshal Joachim Murat with his I Cavalry Corps (some 20,000 men), to make feint attacks through the Black Forest in south-west Germany.source
- October 14 – Napoleonic Wars: War of the Third Coalition – Ulm Campaign: Battle of Elchingen – An Austrian corps under Johann von Riesch is defeated by Marshal Ney, near Elchingen, Bavaria.source
- 14 October – Napoleonic Wars: War of the Third Coalition – Ulm Campaign: Battle of Elchingen – An Austrian corps under Johann von Riesch is defeated by Marshal Ney, near Elchingen, Bavaria.Germanysource
- October 16–October 19 – War of the Third Coalition: Ulm Campaign – Battle of Ulm: Austrian General Mack von Leiberich is forced to surrender his entire army to Napoleon, after being surrounded.source
- October 20: Shoragel sultanate surrendersRussiasource
- October 21 – Napoleonic Wars: War of the Third Coalition – Battle of Trafalgar: The British fleet, led by Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, defeated a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain; however, Admiral Nelson is fatally shot.source
- 21 October – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Trafalgar – British naval fleet led by Admiral Horatio Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain. Admiral Nelson is fatally shot.United Kingdomsource
- 21 October - Battle of Trafalgar: A British Royal Navy fleet led by Admiral Horatio Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain. About 465 of the 18,000 men on the British ships were born in Wales.Walessource
- October 31 – Sweden, led by King Gustav IV Adolf, declares war on France.source
- November 11 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Dürenstein – 8,000 French troops attempt to slow the retreat of a vastly superior Russian and Austrian force.source
- November 16 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Schöngrabern – Russian forces, under Pyotr Bagration, delay the pursuit by French troops under Joachim Murat.source
- December 2 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Austerlitz – French troops under Napoleon decisively defeat a joint Russo-Austrian force.source
- 2 December - Battle of Austerlitz. A decisive victory for the French army over Austria and Russia.Austriasource
- 24 December – A British warship arrives at the Cape Colony and attacks 2 supply shipsSouth Africasource
- December 31 – The French Republican Calendar (which featured a 10-day week until 1802) is used for the last time, 8 days after being annulled by Napoleon, with the final official date being "9 Nivôse in Year XIV of the Revolution".source
- Dagens stunder by Johan Gabriel OxenstiernaSwedensource
Exploration & Expansion
- June 13 – Lewis and Clark Expedition in the United States: Scouting ahead of the expedition, Meriwether Lewis and four companions sight the Great Falls of the Missouri River, confirming they are heading in the right direction.source
- 29 July – The Venus, Captain William Stewart, leaves Port Jackson with Maa-Tara on board. Governor King has given Maa-Tara tools and other gifts for his father Te Pahi. After collecting animals at Norfolk Island for Te Pahi she lands Maa-Tara and the animals at the Bay of Islands.New Zealandsource
- July – A British expeditionary force sets sail from Great Britain to re-occupy the Cape ColonySouth Africasource
- August 12 – Lewis and Clark Expedition: U.S. Army Captain Meriwether Lewis reaches the Continental Divide of the Americas, crossing to the west at Lemhi Pass. Karen Jones and John Wills, The American West: Competing Visions (Edinburgh University Press, 2009) p17source
- August 31 – British Army General David Baird departs from Cork, leading an expedition to capture the Cape of Good Hope. Their ship arrives on January 4.source
- September 29 – Admiral Nelson of the British Royal Navy takes command of the fleet off the coast of Cádiz, in order to counteract the navies of France and Spain.source
- October 18 – Lewis and Clark Expedition: William Clark sights Mount Hood through the fog, some 45 miles (72 km) away.United Statessource
- November 7 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition arrives at the Pacific Ocean.source
- 27 November – HMS Buffalo arrives at Port Jackson. Governor King is impressed by Te Pahi, whom he mentions to Joseph Banks, and makes plans to visit New Zealand. These plans are cancelled when King receives news that he is to be relieved as Governor by William Bligh. Te Pahi also visits Samuel Marsden at Parramatta and is sufficiently taken with the farm and various other aspects of European culture to want to bring them to New Zealand. Marsden in turn is also impressed by the Maori and passes this on to the Church Missionary Society. (see 1806)New Zealandsource
- 100th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment) arrives in Nova ScotiaCanadasource
- Hanover Expedition - alliance occupation of the Electorate of HanoverRussiasource
- English geologist George Bellas Greenough tours Scotland.Scotlandsource
- English watercolour landscape painter David Cox makes his first tour in Wales.Walessource
Religion & Belief
- February 15 – The Harmony Society is officially formed as a Christian community in Harmony, Pennsylvania.source
- February 15 – Harmony Society formally established in the U.S. at Harmony, Pennsylvania.United Statessource
- 21 February – Charles Manners-Sutton confirmed as Archbishop of Canterbury.United Kingdomsource
- 28 April – The Huguenots consecrated the Strooidakkerk (thatched church) in PaarlSouth Africasource
- June 1 – Tuscan-born composer Luigi Boccherini is buried in the Basílica pontificia de San Miguel in Madrid after being found dead on May 28.source
- July 9 – Muhammad Ali Pasha founds his dynasty in Egypt.source
- August 29 – Emperor Franz I of Austria and his council of ministers vote in favor of going to war with France.source
- Burial inside churches was outlawed.Norwaysource
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saint Mary (Saint Petersburg) builtRussiasource
- Titus Lewis - A Welsh — English Dictionary, Geiriadur Cymraeg a SaesnegWalessource
Economy & Finance
- Pernod Fils founded in Pontarlier, Franche-Comté, by Henri-Louis Pernod and starts the production of the anise-flavored liquor known as absinthe.Francesource
- The Snow Tower (keep) of Kildrummy Castle collapses.Scotlandsource
- John and James Crombie establish the Crombie clothing company in Aberdeen.Scotlandsource
- John Kenrick III develops his great-uncle's chandlery at Wrexham into a bank.Walessource
Technology & Infrastructure
- 18 April – Ordnance Survey begins systematic publication of its General Survey of England and Wales ("Old Series") maps to a scale of one inch to the mile (1:63,360) with those for Essex.United Kingdomsource
- November 26 – The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct is opened in Wales; it is 1,007 ft long and 126 ft tall.source
- 26 November - The Ellesmere Canal's Pontcysyllte Aqueduct is opened, the tallest and longest in Britain, completing the canal's Llangollen branch.Walessource
- James Squire becomes the first brewer in Australia to cultivate hops.source
- The Old Man of the Mountain, a natural rock formation in the U.S. state of New Hampshire, is first mentioned by two workmen, Francis Whitcomb and Luke Brooks.source
- Christiansø Lighthouse is first lit.Denmarksource
- The 1,400 m long horse-powered Damtjern-Storflåtan railway in Krokskogen, was opened. It is believed to have been Norway's first railway.Norwaysource
- Alexander Garden (Saint Petersburg) designedRussiasource
- Isla Bank Mills at Keith are established.Scotlandsource
- Killermont House is built at Bearsden for the Campbell-Colquhoun family.Scotlandsource
- Alban Thomas Jones-Gwynne builds the town of Aberaeron.Walessource
Science & Discovery
Health & Medicine
- February 11 – Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, son of Sacagawea, is born with Meriwether Lewis aiding in the baby's delivery.United Statessource
- April 29 – Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck is appointed as Grand Pensionary of the Batavian Republic by Napoleon.source
- 5 July – Governor King invites all the Pacific Islanders living in Sydney, including Maa-Tara, to a meeting at Government House. He offers compensation far any ill-treatment, passage home or training in European trades to any that want it.New Zealandsource
- 31 December - The French Republican calendar is used for the last time, 8 days after being annulled by Napoleon with effect from 1 January 1806, the final official date being "9 Nivôse in Year XIV of the Revolution". This year also he has ordered his soldiers to be vaccinated.Francesource
- Napoleon orders his soldiers to be vaccinated.source
- German Army surgeon Philipp Bozzini invents the lichtleiter, ancestor of the endoscope, for examination of bodily orifices.Germanysource
Crime & Justice
- March 1 – Justice Samuel Chase is acquitted of impeachment charges by the United States Senate.source
- March 1 – Justice Samuel Chase is acquitted of impeachment charges by the U.S. Senate.United Statessource
- Jean Maxwell is sentenced to a year's imprisoned in Kirkcudbright Tolbooth for "pretending to exercise witchcraft, sorcery, inchantment, conjuration, &c."Scotlandsource
Disasters & Accidents
- 5 February – East Indiaman Earl of Abergavenny is wrecked in Weymouth Bay with the loss of 263 lives.United Kingdomsource
- June 11 - Detroit burns to the ground; most of the city is destroyed.source
- 21 October – An underground explosion at Hebburn colliery on Tyneside kills 35.United Kingdomsource
- October 23 – British troopship Aeneas is wrecked off Newfoundland with the loss of 340 lives.source
- 23 October – Troopship Aeneas is wrecked off Newfoundland with the loss of 340 lives.United Kingdomsource
- Tlingit destroy New Russia (trading post)Russiasource
Climate & Environment
Culture & Society
- April 7 – Beethoven's Symphony No. 3, Eroica, has its public premiere at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna under his baton.source
- 7 April – Beethoven's Symphony No. 3, Eroica, has its public premiere at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna under his baton.Germanysource
- June 4 – The first Trooping the Colour ceremony is held at the Horse Guards Parade in London.source
- 25 August – A. C. Gamél us founded when Augustin Cyrille Gamél opens a delicacy shop on Østergade in Copenhagen.Denmarksource
- November 20 – Beethoven's only opera Fidelio, in its original form (known retrospectively as Leonore), is premiered at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna, which at this time is under French military occupation.source
- The Bessastaðaskóli is founded.Icelandsource
- Kharkov National Medical University foundedRussiasource
- Walter Scott's narrative poem The Lay of the Last Minstrel is published.Scotlandsource
- Johan Olof Wallin awarded the big price of the Swedish Academy.Swedensource
- Boston Gleaning Circle, a female literary organization, is established.United Statessource
- Edward Jones (Bardd y Brenin) takes up residence in St James's Palace.Walessource
Births
- January 8 – Orson Hyde, American religious leader (died 1878)source
- January 27 – Samuel Palmer, English artist (died 1881)source
- February 13 – Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, German mathematician (died 1859)source
- February 26 – Malek Jahan Khanom, Regent of Persia, Qajar queen mother and princess.Iransource
- April 2 – Hans Christian Andersen, Danish writer (died 1875)source
- April 21 – James Martineau, English religious philosopher (died 1900)source
- June 22 – Giuseppe Mazzini Italian patriot, statesman and writer (died 1872)source
- July 5 – Robert FitzRoy, English meteorologist, captain and politician (died 1865)source
- 5 July (in England): Robert FitzRoy, 2nd Governor of New ZealandNew Zealandsource
- July 29 – Alexis de Tocqueville, French historian (died 1859)source
- August 4 – William Rowan Hamilton, Irish physicist (died 1865)source
- September 27 – George Müller, Prussian evangelist, founder of the New Orphan Houses, Ashley Down, Bristol in England (died 1898)source
- 27 September – George Müller, Prussian evangelist, founder of the New Orphan Houses, Ashley Down, Bristol in England (died 1898)Germanysource
- 23 October – Adalbert Stifter, writer (died 1868)Austriasource
- November 14 – Fanny Hensel, German composer, pianist (died 1847)source
- December 10 – William Lloyd Garrison, American abolitionist (died 1879)source
- December 12 – Henry Wells, American businessman, founder of Wells Fargo (died 1878)source
- December 23 – Joseph Smith, American religious leader, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement (died 1844)source
Deaths
- February 25 – Thomas Pownall, English colonial statesman (born 1722)source
- March 4 – Jean-Baptiste Greuze, French painter (born 1725)source
- May 7 – William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne, Prime Minister of Great Britain (born 1737)source
- May 9 – Friedrich Schiller, German playwright (born 1759)source
- 9 May – Friedrich Schiller, German playwright (born 1759)Germanysource
- May 25 – William Paley, English philosopher (born 1743)source
- May 28 – Luigi Boccherini, Tuscan-born composer (born 1743)source
- July 26 – 1805 Molise earthquake: 5,573 people in Molise and Campania, Italy, are killed.source
- August 3 – Christopher Anstey, English writer (born 1724)source
- August 28 – Christopher Gadsden, American statesman (born 1724)source
- August 28 – Christopher Gadsden, statesman (born 1724)United Statessource
- October 5 – Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, British general (born 1738)source
- October 21 – John Cooke, English captain (born 1762)source
- October 21 – Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, British admiral (mortally wounded in battle) (born 1758)source
- October 23 – On the early death of her husband, Madame Clicquot Ponsardin takes over his champagne wine business in France as Veuve Clicquot.source
- December 23 – Geneviève Thiroux d'Arconville, French novelist, translator and chemist (born 1720)source
- Steinunn Sveinsdóttir, murdererIcelandsource
- Ivan Saltykov, field marshal, governor-general of Moscow (born 1730)Russiasource