1939 CE

The Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany on September 1 triggers World War II as Britain and France declare war; the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union establishes a non-aggression treaty with secret plans to divide Eastern Europe; the Winter War breaks out as the Soviet Union invades Finland, leading to fierce resistance and heavy losses on both sides; the Battles of Khalkhin Gol see Soviet and Mongolian forces decisively defeat the Japanese in Manchuria, halting Japanese expansion into Siberia; the Italian invasion of Albania results in the swift occupation of the country, expanding Mussolini's influence in the Balkans; and the release of Gone with the Wind becomes a cultural milestone, later recognized as one of the most iconic and successful films in cinema history.

In the 1930s, the 20th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • January 1 – Philipp Etter takes over as President of the Swiss Confederation.source
  • 3 January – Voters in El Salvador voted Maximiliano Hernández Martínez as President of El Salvador for a second term with 210,810 votes in a 100% margin. He was the only candidate. The 1939 Salvadoran Constitutional Assembly election also occurred and the National Pro Patria Party won all 42 seats.El Salvadorsource
  • January 25 – Refik Saydam forms the new (11th) government of Turkey.source
  • January 26 – In Paris, French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet, in response to rumours (which are true) that he is seeking to end the French alliance system in Eastern Europe, gives a speech highlighting his government's commitment to the cordon sanitaire.source
  • February 6 – British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain states in the House of Commons that any German attack on France will be automatically considered an attack on Britain.source
  • February 6 – In a response to Georges Bonnet's speech of January 26, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, referring to Bonnet's alleged statement of December 6, 1938, accepting Eastern Europe as being in Germany's exclusive sphere of influence, protests that all French security commitments in that region are "now off limits".source
  • March 13 – Adolf Hitler advises Jozef Tiso to declare Slovakia's independence, in order to prevent its partition by Hungary and Poland.source
  • March 14 – The Slovak provincial assembly proclaims independence; priest Jozef Tiso becomes president of the independent Slovak government.source
  • March 15 – German troops occupy the remaining part of Bohemia and Moravia; Czechoslovakia ceases to exist. The Ruthenian region of Czechoslovakia declares independence as Carpatho-Ukraine.source
  • March 17 – The nationalist governments of Spain and Portugal sign the Iberian Pact in Lisbon, pledging mutual defence of the Iberian Peninsula and neutrality in the event of a general European war.source
  • April 3 – Refik Saydam forms the new government in Turkey (12th government; Refik Saydam has served twice as a prime minister).source
  • April 4 – Polish Foreign Minister Colonel Józef Beck, in London, signs a treaty designed to bilateralize Neville Chamberlain's "Polish Guarantee" of March 31.source
  • April 14 – At a meeting in Paris, French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet meets with Soviet Ambassador Jakob Suritz, and suggests that a "peace front" comprising France, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, Poland and Romania would deter Germany from war.source
  • April 18 – Robert Menzies is elected leader of the United Australia Party, and consequently becomes the 12th Prime Minister of Australia, defeating former Prime Minister Billy Hughes. However, he will not be sworn in until April 26, because of the refusal of Earle Page and his Country Party to serve under him.source
  • 24 April – President Germán Busch dismisses the assembly and declares dictatorial rule.Boliviasource
  • May 3 – Vyacheslav Molotov succeeds Maxim Litvinov, as Soviet Foreign Commissar.source
  • May 6 – German anti-Nazi Carl Friedrich Goerdeler tells the British government that the German and Soviet governments are secretly beginning a rapprochement, with the aim of dividing Eastern Europe between them. Goerdeler also informs the British of German economic problems which he states threaten the survival of the Nazi regime, and advises that if a firm stand is made for Poland, then Hitler will be deterred from war.source
  • 17 May – The British government issues the White Paper of 1939, following the failure of the London Conference and the continued Arab revolt, which abandons the idea of partitioning, sharply restricts Jewish immigration into Palestine and places severe restrictions on the rights of Jews to buy land from Arabs.Mandatory Palestinesource
  • May 23 – The White Paper of 1939 is ratified by the British government, acting as the governing policy for Mandatory Palestine from 1939 to 1948.source
  • 1 June – With the National Renaissance Front the only party allowed to stand, In the general election, Armand Călinescu is elected prime minister.Romaniasource
  • June 23 – Talks are completed in Ankara between French Ambassador René Massigli and Turkish Foreign Minister Şükrü Saracoğlu, resolving the Hatay dispute in Turkey's favor. Turkey annexes Hatay.source
  • August 2 – The Einstein–Szilard letter is signed by Albert Einstein, advising President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt of the potential use of uranium to construct an atomic bomb. It is delivered on October 11 and leads to the first meeting on October 21 of the Advisory Committee on Uranium.source
  • August 23 – The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact is signed between Germany and the Soviet Union, a neutrality treaty that also agrees to division of spheres of influence (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, eastern Poland and Bessarabia (modern-day Moldova), north-east province of Romania to the Soviet Union; Lithuania and western Poland to Germany). Its annex reassigns Lithuania to the Soviet Union.source
  • 23 August – Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was signed, promising mutual non-aggression between Germany and the Soviet Union and agreeing to a division of much of Europe between those two countries.Estoniasource
  • August 23 — Molotov–Ribbentrop PactSoviet Unionsource
  • August 24 – As details of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact become public, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain recalls the Parliament of the United Kingdom several weeks early. In a burst of legislation, the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939 gives full authority to defence regulations, the British Royal Navy is to be put on a war footing, all military leave is to be cancelled, military reserve forces are to be called up, especially coast defence, radar and anti-aircraft units, and Civil Defence workers are placed on alert. In addition, the last British and French private citizens in Germany are advised to return home by their respective Governments.source
  • September 3 – Chamberlain offers the war cabinet post of First Lord of the Admiralty to Winston Churchill, who returns to government for the first time since June 4, 1929.source
  • September 30 – General Władysław Sikorski becomes Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile.source
  • November 4 – WWII: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the United States Customs Service to implement the Neutrality Act of 1939, allowing cash-and-carry purchases of weapons to non-belligerent nations.source
  • December 1 – The Soviet Union establishes the Finnish Democratic Republic puppet state in Terijoki.source
  • Marshall of the Senat – Bogusław MiedzińskiPolandsource
  • 12th government of Turkey (from 3 April)Turkeysource

Conflict & Security

  • January 23 – "Dutch War Scare": Admiral Wilhelm Canaris of the Abwehr leaks misinformation to the effect that Germany plans to invade the Netherlands in February, with the aim of using Dutch air-fields to launch a strategic bombing offensive against Britain. The "Dutch War Scare" leads to a major change in British policies towards Europe.source
  • January 26 - Catalonia Offensive: Nationalist forces capture Barcelona.Spainsource
  • 27 February – 38 Arab Palestinians killed and 44 injured when a number of bombs set by the Irgun exploded across the country during the morning.Mandatory Palestinesource
  • March 20 – At an emergency meeting in London to deal with the Romanian crisis, French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet suggests to Lord Halifax that the ideal state for saving Romania from a German attack is Poland.source
  • March – The 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine ends.source
  • April 7 – Italian invasion of Albania begins; King Zog flees into exile, initially in Greece, with his wife and Crown Prince Skander (born April 5).source
  • April 9 – African-American singer Marian Anderson performs before 75,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., after having been denied the use both of Constitution Hall by the Daughters of the American Revolution, and of a public high school by the federally controlled District of Columbia. First Lady of the United States Eleanor Roosevelt resigns from the DAR because of their decision.source
  • April 28 – In a speech before the Reichstag, Adolf Hitler renounces the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish declaration of non-aggression.source
  • June 3 – The Soviet government offers its definition of what constitutes "aggression", upon which the projected Anglo-Soviet-French alliance will come into effect. French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet accepts the Soviet definition of aggression at once. The British reject the Soviet definition, especially the concept of "indirect aggression", which they feel is too loose a definition, and phrased in such a manner as to imply the Soviet right of inference in the internal affairs of Eastern European nations.source
  • August 19 – Adolf Hitler, after evaluating the pace of non-aggression negotiations with the Soviet Union, orders the Kriegsmarine to begin the opening operations for Fall Weiß, the invasion of Poland. The German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee, along with the German pocket battleship Deutschland, as well as dozens of U-boats, cast off for their advance positions. Hitler spends the next few days worrying that the Russians will not come to terms in time for the rest of the invasion plans to unfold as scheduled.source
  • August 20 – Armored forces under the command of Soviet General Georgy Zhukov deliver a decisive defeat to Imperial Japanese Army forces in the Japanese-Soviet border war in Inner Mongolia.source
  • August 25 – 1939 Coventry bombing: An Irish Republican Army bomb explodes in the centre of Coventry, England, killing 5 people.source
  • 25 August – The Ariostazo failed coup attempt occurs.Chilesource
  • September 1 – Opening shots of World War II and invasion of Poland: At 4:45 Central European Time, under cover of darkness, the German WWI-era battleship Schleswig-Holstein quietly slips her moorings at her wharf in Danzig Harbor, drifts into the center of the channel, and commences firing on a Polish military installation on Westerplatte at the northeastern mouth of the port of the internationalized Free City of Danzig, beginning the Battle of Westerplatte and Battle of Danzig Bay. Polish soldiers defend there for 7 days. Five minutes previously, the bombing of Wieluń in the western part of Poland had commenced, beginning the Battle of the Border. Shock-troops of the German Wehrmacht begin crossing the border into Poland.source
  • 1 September – Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany. France and Britain deliver ultimatums to Germany and France declares full mobilization.Francesource
  • September 3 – The United Kingdom, France, New Zealand, Australia and India (by its Viceroy) declare war on Nazi Germany. Prime Minister of Canada Mackenzie King, in English, and Justice Minister Ernest Lapointe, in French, give an international radio address stating the Dominion's intention to declare war also.source
  • 3 September – The United Kingdom declared war on Germany following the German invasion of Poland on 1 September.Northern Irelandsource
  • September 3 – A planned international football friendly between Poland and Bulgaria in Warsaw was cancelled due to the invasion of Poland. On the same day, the Gordon Bennett cup in ballooning, planned in Lwów, was cancelled. Three other international matches were cancelled in September, between Poland and Yugoslavia in Belgrade on 6 September, and two matches on the 24 September between Poland B Team and Finland in Helsinki, and Poland A Team and Romania in Bucharest.Polandsource
  • September 9 – WWII: Troops of the Polish Poznań Army under the command of General Kutrzeba open the Battle of the Bzura, the largest and best organized counter-attack mounted by the Polish forces in the campaign of 1939. For the first few days all goes well, and the Germans are forced to retreat; but quick reaction by mechanized units and the Luftwaffe soon take their toll, and the operation bogs down.source
  • September 15 – WWII: Diverse elements of the German Wehrmacht surround Warsaw, and demand its surrender. The Poles refuse, and the siege begins in earnest.source
  • September 16 – A ceasefire ends the Battles of Khalkhin Gol, the undeclared border war between the Soviet Union (and Mongolian allies) and Japan.source
  • September 17 – The Soviet Union invades Poland, and then occupies eastern Polish territories.source
  • September 17-October 6 — Soviet invasion of PolandSoviet Unionsource
  • September 18 – WWII: Orzeł incident: Polish submarine ORP Orzeł escapes internment from Tallinn Harbour, Estonia, leading both the Soviet Union and Germany to question Estonia's neutrality.source
  • September 22 – WWII: A joint victory parade is staged by the Wehrmacht and Red Army in Brest-Litovsk, at the end of the Invasion of Poland.source
  • October 8 – WWII: Germany annexes Western Poland.source
  • November 6 – WWII: Sonderaktion Krakau – Germans take action against scientists from the University of Kraków, and other Kraków universities.source
  • November 8 – WWII: In Munich, an attempt to kill Adolf Hitler is made by Georg Elser while Hitler is celebrating the 16th anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch.source
  • November 26 – Shelling of Mainila: The Soviet Union's Red Army shells the Russian village of Mainila, then claims that the fire originated from Finland, giving a casus belli for the Winter War.source
  • November 30 – WWII: Winter War – Soviet forces attack Finland and reach the Mannerheim Line, starting the war. Sweden declares itself a non-belligerent in the Winter War.source
  • December 6 – WWII: Winter War – The Red Army's advance on the Karelian Isthmus is stopped by Finns at the Mannerheim Line during the Battle of Taipale.source
  • December 13 – WWII – Battle of the River Plate: The German heavy cruiser Admiral Graf Spee is trapped by cruisers HMS Ajax, HMNZS Achilles, and HMS Exeter after a running battle off the coast of Uruguay. Graf Spee is scuttled by its crew off Montevideo Harbor, on December 17.source
  • December 14 – WWII: Winter War – The League of Nations expels the USSR for attacking Finland.source
  • December 18 – WWII: Battle of the Heligoland Bight – RAF Bomber Command, on a daylight mission to attack Kriegsmarine ships in the Heligoland Bight, is repulsed by Luftwaffe fighter aircraft.source
  • El Grito de la juventud (Argentine film directed by Brazilian director Raul Roulien)Brazilsource
  • 11th government of Turkey (25 January – 3 April)Turkeysource

Exploration & Expansion

  • February 18 – The Golden Gate International Exposition opens in San Francisco.source
  • February — The Hong Kong Government negotiated with the Japanese army, resume shipping between Hong Kong and Guangzhou.Chinasource
  • March 28 – American adventurer Richard Halliburton delivers a last message from a Chinese junk, before he disappears on a voyage across the Pacific Ocean. In 1945, some wreckage identified as a rudder, and believed to belong to the junk, washes ashore in San Diego, California.source
  • 22 June – The British ambassador in Bucharest notifies London that the Romanian government is allowing large numbers of illegal Jewish migrants to travel to Palestine.Romaniasource
  • July 8 – The Pan American Airways Boeing 314 flying boat Yankee Clipper inaugurates the world's first heavier-than-air North Atlantic air passenger service, between the United States (Port Washington, New York) and Britain.source
  • 19 September – Babben Enger-Damon, cross country skier, Olympic gold medallist and orienteerNorwaysource
  • October 7 – WWII: British Royal Navy cruiser HMS Emerald departs Plymouth in convoy for Halifax, Nova Scotia, carrying £2M in gold bar to be used for purchase of military materiel in North America, a predecessor of Operation Fish.source
  • October 24 – Nylon stockings go on sale for the first time anywhere in Wilmington, Delaware.United Statessource
  • The founding of the kibbutz AfekMandatory Palestinesource
  • Ballinger Belt – William Masefield (Blenheim)New Zealandsource
  • Primate of Poland – August HlondPolandsource
  • Pelle Svanslös på äventyr by Gösta Knutsson, the first book in the Pelle Svanslös children's book seriesSwedensource

Religion & Belief

  • 2 January – The Muslim League at Patna disapproves the Federation scheme which has already been disapproved by Congress.Indiasource
  • 13 January – Guri Vesaas, translator and publishing house editor.Norwaysource
  • 29 January: (Sunday) Opening of St Peter's College, Auckland by Bishop J M Liston.New Zealandsource
  • 7 February – 17 March – The London Conference at St. James's Palace is held in an attempt to resolve the future of the British Mandate over Palestine. The conference ends without making any progress.Mandatory Palestinesource
  • March 2 – Pope Pius XII (Cardinal Pacelli) succeeds Pope Pius XI to become the 260th pope, holding office until 1958.source
  • May 18 – The Hòa Hảo religious sect is established in Vietnam, by Huỳnh Phú Sổ.source
  • September 1 – The Reichstag passes a statement, stating that Adolf Hitler's second-in-command Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring should be appointed as Hitler's successor as Führer, should Hitler die during the war. Rudolf Hess is to be appointed in Göring's place, should anything befall Göring.source
  • September 8 – The Little Sisters of Jesus is founded in Algeria, by Little Sister Magdeleine.source
  • 5 December – The Imperial Mausoleum is officially inaugurated at the Cathedral of Petrópolis.Brazilsource
  • Sigurgeir Sigurðsson became the eighth Bishop of Iceland, succeeding Jón Helgason.Icelandsource
  • Minister of Religious Beliefs and Public Enlightenment – Wojciech Świętosławski,Polandsource
  • Grace Williams - Four Illustrations for the Legend of RhiannonWalessource

Economy & Finance

  • January 30 – Hitler gives a speech before the Reichstag calling for an "export battle" to increase German foreign exchange holdings. The same speech also sees "Hitler's prophecy", where he warns that if "Jewish financiers" start a war against Germany, "the result will be the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe".source
  • 30 January – Hitler gives a speech before the Reichstag calling for an "export battle" to increase German foreign exchange holdings. The same speech also sees Hitler's "prophecy" where he warns that if "Jewish financers" start a war against Germany, the "result will be the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe".Germanysource
  • 17 April – Prime Minister of Northern Ireland Lord Craigavon, dismissed the Republic of Ireland government's position of neutrality as "cowardly".Northern Irelandsource
  • 2 May – The founding of the kibbutz DahliaMandatory Palestinesource
  • June 1 –Nippon Electric Works and Showa Fertilizer were merger, becomes name was Showa Denko.Japansource
  • 26 June – Hatay Republic decided to merge to TurkeyTurkeysource
  • 18 September – The Muslim League declares that the Federal scheme, now suspended, should be altogether abandoned.Indiasource
  • Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Treasury – Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski,Polandsource
  • The toy company Majora establishedPortugalsource

Technology & Infrastructure

  • January 1 – With his traditional call to the New Year in Nazi Germany, Führer and Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler addresses the members of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP).source
  • January 1 – The Hewlett-Packard technology and scientific instruments manufacturing company is founded by Bill Hewlett and David Packard, in a garage in Palo Alto, California, considered the birthplace of Silicon Valley.source
  • January 27 – Adolf Hitler orders Plan Z, a 5-year naval expansion programme intended to provide for a huge German fleet capable of crushing the British Royal Navy by 1944. The Kriegsmarine is given the first priority on the allotment of German economic resources.source
  • 27 January – Adolf Hitler orders Plan Z, a 5-year naval expansion programme intended to provide for a huge German fleet capable of crushing the Royal Navy by 1944. The Kriegsmarine is given the first priority on the allotment of German economic resources.Germanysource
  • 2 March – The first broadcast of the underground radio station of the Irgun "Kol Tsion HaLokhemet".Mandatory Palestinesource
  • April 30 – The 1939 New York World's Fair opens.source
  • May 20 – Pan American Airways begins transatlantic mail service with the inaugural flight of its Boeing 314 flying boat Yankee Clipper from Port Washington, New York, to Marseille.source
  • 25 June – Hermann Lang wins the 1939 Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-FrancorchampsBelgiumsource
  • June 29 – The Ford 9N tractor, with the Ferguson hydraulic three-point hitch, is first demonstrated at Dearborn, Michigan.source
  • August 25 – The German Foreign Ministry cuts off all telegraph and telephone communication with the outside world, in accordance with the plan for Fall Weiß. At approximately 1830 Central European time, Adolf Hitler postpones Fall Weiß for 5 days, after receiving a message from Benito Mussolini that he will not honor the Pact of Steel if Germany attacks Poland, and because Chamberlain's government has not fallen as a result of the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact. Some units already in their forward positions (the attack is scheduled for 0430 the next day) do not get the word in time and attack various targets along the border. This same day, Neville Chamberlain gives Edward Rydz-Śmigły his "ironclad guarantee" of assistance if Poland is attacked by Germany.source
  • August 26 – The first televised Major League Baseball games are shown on experimental station W2XBS in the United States: a double-header between the Cincinnati Reds and the Brooklyn Dodgers at Ebbets Field.source
  • August 27 – A Heinkel He 178, the first turbojet-powered aircraft, flies for the first time, with Captain Erich Warsitz in command.source
  • September 3 – United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt advocates neutrality, in a nationwide radio address.source
  • September 4 – The first bombing of Wilhelmshaven in World War II is carried out, by the British Royal Air Force (RAF).source
  • 8 October – Radio Basarabia starts broadcasting.Romaniasource
  • November 8 – CBS television station W2XAB resumes test transmission, with an all-electronic system broadcast from the top of the Chrysler Building in New York City.source
  • Enzo Ferrari founds Auto Avio Construzioni, the company that becomes Ferrari in 1947.source
  • Ary Barroso - "Aquarela do Brasil"Brazilsource
  • Cape Verde's first major and international airport (current Amílcar Cabral International Airport in the island of Sal) was built by the Italian governmentCape Verdesource
  • Minister of Communication – Juliusz Ulrych,Polandsource
  • A second shunting locomotive, the Class DS1, enters SAR service while another is delivered to the Electricity Supply Commission.South Africasource

Science & Discovery

  • January 1 – The Protection of Young Persons Act, passed on April 30, 1938, the Working Hours Regulations.source
  • 2 January – Eyvind Andersen, judge (born 1874).Norwaysource
  • January 6 – Otto Hahn's discoveries in the field of nuclear fission are published in Naturwissenschaften.source
  • January 7 – French physicist Marguerite Perey identifies francium, the last chemical element first discovered in nature.source
  • 7 January – Physicist Marguerite Perey identifies francium, the last chemical element first discovered in nature.Francesource
  • January 14 – Norway claims Queen Maud Land in Antarctica.source
  • 7 March – Harland and Wolff's Belfast shipyard launched the ocean liner RMS Andes for Royal Mail Lines.Northern Irelandsource
  • 1 May – New Congress working committee announced.Indiasource
  • July 27 – The first recorded snow falls in Auckland, New Zealand, since records began in 1853.source
  • 30 September – Identity cards introduced.United Kingdomsource
  • October 21 – The first meeting of the U.S. Advisory Committee on Uranium is held under Lyman James Briggs, authorized by President Roosevelt to oversee neutron experiments, a precursor of the Manhattan Project.United Statessource
  • November 1–2 – WWII: Physicist Hans Ferdinand Mayer writes the Oslo Report on German weapons systems, and passes it to the British Secret Intelligence Service.source
  • 17 December: The Graf Spee is scuttled off Montevideo harbour.New Zealandsource
  • Kirlian photography is invented by Semyon Kirlian.source
  • Howard Spring - Heaven Lies About UsWalessource

Health & Medicine

  • January 1 – The Third Soviet Five Year Plan is launched.source
  • January 1 – The small businesses obligation to maintain adequate accounting.source
  • January — The British Hong Kong Government had announced that it will ban the export of weapons and ammunition to the Republic of China via the land boundary of Hong Kong.Chinasource
  • May 14 – Lina Medina, a 5-year-old Peruvian girl, gives birth to a baby boy, becoming the youngest confirmed mother in medical history.source
  • May 17 – The British government issues the White Paper of 1939, sharply restricting Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine.source
  • 19 May – Tore Godal, physician.Norwaysource
  • 6 October – General elections are called for 10 March 1940.Boliviasource
  • October – Action T4 programme begins, meaning that the state will now euthanise people deemed "unworthy" of life due to physical disabilities or mental illness, as keeping them alive would not be seen as good use of taxpayers money by the state or its supporters.Germanysource
  • November 16 – Al Capone is released from Terminal Island, due to deteriorating health caused by syphilis.source
  • 29 November – Erling Dahl-Iversen gives the last lecture at the Royal Danish Academy of Surgery on Bredgade in Copenhagen.Denmarksource
  • Portuguese Code of Civil ProcedureIndiasource
  • Estimated population as of 31 December: 1,641,600.New Zealandsource
  • Doktór Murek, with Nora Ney based on a book by Tadeusz Dołęga-Mostowicz, directed by Juliusz Gardan, music by Władysław Szpilman,Polandsource

Crime & Justice

  • January 5 – Pioneering U.S. aviator Amelia Earhart is officially declared dead, eighteen months after her disappearance.source
  • 27 March – Abdul Rahim al Hajj Mohammed, a Palestinian leader was ambushed and killed by the British Army.Mandatory Palestinesource
  • May 29 – Albanian fascist leader Tefik Mborja is appointed as member of the Italian Chamber of Fasces and Corporations.source
  • June 17 – In the last public execution in France, 6-times murderer Eugen Weidmann is guillotined.source
  • November 4 – Stewart Menzies is appointed head of the British Secret Intelligence Service.source
  • November 9 – WWII: Venlo Incident: Two British agents of SIS are captured by the Germans.source
  • November 17 – WWII: To punish protests against the Nazi occupation of the Czech homeland, the Nazis storm the University of Prague and murder 9 Czech graduate students, send over 1,200 to concentration camps, and close all Czech universities, an event which will be commemorated as International Students' Day.source
  • 27 December – Olav Jordet, biathlete, Olympic silver medallist and World ChampionNorwaysource
  • 29 December – Police issue a warrant for the arrest of the tycoon Fritz Thyssen who once funded but now opposes the Nazis. He is believed to be in PortugalGermanysource
  • Max Meldrum wins the Archibald Prize with his portrait of The Hon G J Bell, Speaker of the House of RepresentativesAustraliasource
  • René Magritte, The Palace of MemoriesBelgiumsource
  • Karel Kaers (BEL) and Omer De Bruycker (BEL) win the Six Days of Copenhagen six-day track cycling race.Denmarksource
  • New Zealand Trotting Cup – Lucky Jack (2nd win)New Zealandsource
  • Possessed by Witold GombrowiczPolandsource

Disasters & Accidents

  • 13 January – The bushfires of Black Friday kill 70 people in Victoria.Australiasource
  • 9 February – Paul-Henri Spaak's coalition government falls apartBelgiumsource
  • March 1 – An Imperial Japanese Army ammunition dump explosion on the outskirts of Osaka kills 94.source
  • March 7 - Nationalist transport ship SS Castillo de Olite sunk by Republican shore batteries while entering the port of Cartagena.Spainsource
  • 20 March: William Snodgrass, a New Zealand politician, disappeared from the interisland ferry Arahura while travelling overnight from Wellington to Nelson.New Zealandsource
  • 1 June - The submarine HMS Thetis sinks during trials in Red Wharf Bay, Anglesey. At least 98 men are lost.Walessource
  • June 4 – The St. Louis, a ship carrying 907 Jewish refugees, is denied permission to land in Florida; only a few passengers have been allowed to enter Cuba. Forced to return to Europe, many of its passengers later die in Nazi death camps during The Holocaust.source
  • June 4 – The SS St. Louis, a ship carrying a cargo of 907 Jewish refugees, is denied permission to land in Florida after already having been turned away from Cuba. Forced to return to Europe, many of the passengers later die in Nazi death camps during the Holocaust.United Statessource
  • July 6 – The last remaining Jewish enterprises in Germany are closed by the Nazis.source
  • September 3 – Ocean liner SS Athenia becomes the first British civilian casualty of the war, when she is torpedoed and sunk by GS U-30 in the eastern Atlantic. Of the 1,418 aboard, 98 passengers and 19 crew are killed.source
  • 3 September – British liner SS Athenia becomes the first civilian casualty of the war when she is torpedoed and sunk by GS U-30 in the eastern Atlantic. Of the 1,418 aboard, 117 are killed (98 passengers and 19 crew members).Germanysource
  • 3 September – Clyde-built liner SS Athenia becomes the first civilian casualty of the war when she is torpedoed and sunk by GS U-30 in the vicinity of Rockall. Of the 1,418 aboard, 98 passengers and 19 crew are killed; the first survivors are brought in to Greenock. On 7 September, survivors are visited by John F. Kennedy, son of the US Ambassador and future 35th President of the United States.Scotlandsource
  • October 14 – GS U-47 sinks the British battleship HMS Royal Oak at anchor in Scapa Flow (Scotland), with the loss of 833 crew.source
  • December 4 – German submarine U-36 is torpedoed and sunk by British submarine HMS Salmon off Stavanger, the first enemy submarine lost to a British one during the war.source
  • December 12 – WWII: HMS Duchess sinks after a collision with HMS Barham off the coast of Scotland, with the loss of 124 men.source
  • December 26 – Miners strike in Borinage, Belgium.source

Climate & Environment

  • January 24 – 1939 Chillán earthquake: An earthquake in Chile kills an estimated 30,000 people and razes about 50,000 sq mi of land.source
  • September 11 – Mark Twain National Forest is established in Missouri.United Statessource
  • 22 September – Dikili Earthquake.46 deathsTurkeysource
  • December 27 – The 7.8 Mw Erzincan earthquake shakes eastern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XII (Extreme), causing $20 million in damage, and leaving 32,700–32,968 dead.source
  • Minister of Agriculture – Juliusz Poniatowski,Polandsource
  • 27/28 December – The 7.8 Mw Erzincan earthquake shakes eastern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XII (Extreme), causing $20 million in damage, and leaving 32,700–32,968 dead.Turkeysource
  • Richard Llewellyn - How Green Was My ValleyWalessource

Culture & Society

  • January 3 – The news agency EFE, based in Madrid, is officially founded as a limited company.Spainsource
  • March 10–21 — 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)Soviet Unionsource
  • March 30 – The superhero Batman debut for Detective Comics (issue #27) (cover date of May).source
  • April 4 – Faisal II becomes King of Iraq aged three, following the death of his father, Ghazi, in an automobile incident.source
  • April 25 – The Federal Security Agency (FSA) is founded in the United States, along with the Civilian Conservation Corps and Public Health Service.source
  • May 17 – King George VI and Queen Elizabeth of the United Kingdom arrive in Quebec City, to begin the first-ever tour of Canada by Canada's monarch.source
  • 18 May – Louis MacNeice's Autumn Journal: a poem was published.Northern Irelandsource
  • May 24 – The first issue of Fashizmi is published in Tirana, Albania.source
  • 18 September – C.D. Dragón, a Salvadoran football club, was established.El Salvadorsource
  • November 6 – Hedda Hopper's Hollywood debuts on radio in the United States with gossip columnist Hedda Hopper as host (the show runs until 1951, making Hopper a powerful figure among the Hollywood elite).source
  • November 14 – In Washington, D.C., U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt lays the cornerstone of the Jefferson Memorial.source
  • December 15 – The epic historical romance film Gone with the Wind, starring Vivien Leigh, Clark Gable, Olivia de Havilland and Leslie Howard, premieres at Loew's Grand Theatre in Atlanta. Based on Margaret Mitchell's best-selling novel of 1936, it is the longest American film made up to this date (at nearly four hours) and rapidly becomes the highest-grossing film up to this time.source
  • CS Mindelense won the regional championshipCape Verdesource
  • Sportowiec mimo woli, with Adolf Dymsza, directed by Mieczysław Krawicz, music by Henryk Wars, premiered on May 31 1940.Polandsource
  • Establishment of the Portuguese Roller Hockey First Division.Portugalsource
  • 27–29 January – The men's events of the 1939 European Figure Skating Championships take place in Davos.Switzerlandsource

Births

  • 3 January – Vincent Siew, Vice President of the Republic of China (2008–2012)Taiwansource
  • January 6 – Valeriy Lobanovskyi, Ukrainian footballer, manager (died 2002)source
  • January 29 – Germaine Greer, Australian feminist writersource
  • February 3 – Michael Cimino, American film director (died 2016)source
  • February 6 – Czesław Niemen, a singer and composer, is born in Stare WasiliszkiPolandsource
  • March 20 – Brian Mulroney, 18th Prime Minister of Canada (died 2024)source
  • March 31 – Zviad Gamsakhurdia, President of Georgia (died 1993)source
  • April 2 – Marvin Gaye, American singer (died 1984)source
  • April 7 – Francis Ford Coppola, American film directorsource
  • 15 April – Jaime Paz Zamora, 32nd Vice President of Bolivia, 60th President of BoliviaBoliviasource
  • April 16 – Dusty Springfield, English pop singer (died 1999)source
  • April 19 – Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran (died 2026)source
  • July 26 – John Howard, 25th Prime Minister of Australiasource
  • October 18 – Lee Harvey Oswald, American assassin of President John F. Kennedy (died 1963)source
  • 18 October – Salme Poopuu, actress and filmmaker (died 2017)Estoniasource
  • November 18 – Margaret Atwood, Canadian novelistsource
  • November 26 – Tina Turner, American born Swiss singer and actress (died 2023)source
  • December 26 – Phil Spector, American record producer (died 2021)source

Deaths

  • January 2 – Roman Dmowski, Polish politician (born 1864)source
  • January 28 – W. B. Yeats, Irish writer, 1923 Nobel Prize laureate (born 1865)source
  • February 27 — Nadezhda Krupskaya, revolutionary and wife of Vladimir Lenin (born 1869)Soviet Unionsource
  • April 7 – Joseph Lyons, 10th Prime Minister of Australia, dies in office from a heart attack at the age of 59. He is briefly replaced by his deputy Earle Page, who serves as the 11th Prime Minister, until a UAP leadership election is held to replace Lyons.source
  • April 7 – Joseph Lyons, 10th Prime Minister of Australia, Premier of Tasmania (born 1879)source
  • May 19 – Ahmet Ağaoğlu, Turkish politician, author and writer (born 1869)source
  • August 23 – Germán Busch, 36th President of Bolivia (born 1903)source
  • 23 August – President Germán Busch commits suicide by gunshot. The armed forces appoints the commander-in-chief of the army General Carlos Quintanilla interim president.Boliviasource
  • September 10 – Władysław Raginis commits suicide at WiznaPolandsource
  • 20 September – Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin, astronomer (born 1865)Northern Irelandsource
  • September 23 – Sigmund Freud, Austrian psychoanalyst (born 1856)source
  • October 23 – Zane Grey, American writer (born 1872)source
  • November 13 – Lois Weber, American actress (born 1881)source
  • November 28 – James Naismith, Canadian inventor of basketball (born 1861)source
  • November 29 – Philipp Scheidemann, German politician, 11th Chancellor of Germany (born 1865)source
  • December 3 – Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll, second youngest daughter of Queen Victoria (born 1848)source
  • December 9 – WWII: The first soldier of the British Expeditionary Force is killed: Corporal Thomas Priday triggers a French land mine.source
  • December 12 – Douglas Fairbanks, American actor, father of Douglas Fairbanks Jr. (born 1883)source