1945 CE

The Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki devastate Japan and force the Surrender of Japan, ending World War II; the Battle of Berlin brings the fall of Nazi Germany, the death of Adolf Hitler, and the end of World War II in Europe; the Battle of Iwo Jima sees the United States capture a vital island after fierce fighting; the Yalta Conference unites Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin to shape postwar Europe and establish the United Nations; the Bombing of Dresden levels the city with heavy civilian losses; the death of Benito Mussolini marks the collapse of Fascist Italy; the Bombing of Tokyo becomes one of the deadliest air raids of the war; the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt sees Harry S. Truman assume the U.S. presidency; 1945 Empire State Building B-25 crash in New York City, killing 14 people; A Sherman Firefly during the Battle of the Bulge, which ended in a decisive Allied victory; and Ho Chi Minh reading the declaration of independence, establishing the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

In the 1940s, the 20th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • 14–16 January – Voters in El Salvador voted Salvador Castaneda Castro as President of El Salvador with 312,754 votes in a 99.70% margin. Osmín Aguirre y Salinas heavily rigged the election in favor of Castaneda Castro.El Salvadorsource
  • February 4–11 – WWII: President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin hold the Yalta Conference.source
  • 9 February – Ely Palmer, formerly with the foreign service at the Australian embassy, succeeds Cornelius Van H. Engert as U.S. minister at Kabul.Afghanistansource
  • March 1 – President Franklin D. Roosevelt gives what will be his last address to a joint session of the United States Congress, reporting on the Yalta Conference.source
  • March 6 – A Communist-led government is formed in Romania under Petru Groza, following Soviet intervention.source
  • March 8 – Josip Broz Tito forms a Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.source
  • March 11 – The Empire of Japan establishes the Empire of Vietnam, a puppet state which will last only until August 23, with Bảo Đại as its ruler.source
  • April 6 – Sarajevo is liberated from Nazi Germany and the Independent State of Croatia (a fascist puppet state) by Yugoslav Partisans.source
  • April 12 – Vice President Harry S. Truman becomes the 33rd president of the United States upon the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Little White House in Warm Springs, Georgia of an intracerebral hemorrhage.source
  • April 27 – The provisional government of Austria headed by Karl Renner asserts its independence from Germany.source
  • 8 June – The Progressive Party was established.Thailandsource
  • June 29 – Czechoslovakia cedes Carpathian Ruthenia to the Soviet Union.source
  • July 12 – Ben Chifley is elected leader of the Labor Party, and consequently becomes the 16th Prime Minister of Australia, defeating Frank Forde as well as Norman Makin and H.V. Evatt. As a result, Forde becomes the shortest-serving prime minister in Australian history; nevertheless, he retains his post as deputy leader.source
  • July 26 – Winston Churchill resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, after his Conservative Party is soundly defeated by the Labour Party in the 1945 general election. Clement Attlee becomes the new prime minister. It is the first time that Labour has governed Britain with a majority in the House of Commons.source
  • August 8 – The United Nations Charter is ratified by the United States Senate.source
  • August 15 – Transfer of power happens in 9:00 a.m. from the Japanese to Lyuh Woon-hyung, head of the People's Republic of Korea, in Seoul. This decision was rescinded after the Soviets do not go further down all the way to Seoul. Japan takes back control in August 20th.South Koreasource
  • August 17 – Proclamation of Indonesian Independence: Indonesian nationalists Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declare the independence of the Republic of Indonesia, with Sukarno as president and Mohammad Hatta as vice-president, igniting the Indonesian National Revolution against the Dutch Empire.source
  • August 17 – Philippines President José P. Laurel issues an Executive Proclamation putting an end to the Second Philippine Republic, thus ending his term as President of the Philippines.source
  • 17 August – Proclamation of Indonesian IndependenceIndonesiasource
  • August 25 – Bảo Đại abdicates as Emperor of Vietnam, ending 2,000 years of dynastic and monarchic rule in the country and 143 years of the Nguyễn dynasty.source
  • August 30 – Liberation of Hong Kong from Japanese control, when the British Royal Navy returns Hong Kong to its interrupted British colonial status (1841–1997).source
  • September 2 – The Democratic Republic of Vietnam is officially established, by Ho Chi Minh.source
  • September 2 – General Douglas MacArthur is given the title of Supreme Commander Allied Powers, and is also tasked with the occupation of Japan.source
  • September 11 – The Batu Lintang camp in Sarawak, Borneo is liberated by Australian forces.source
  • September 16 – The Soviet Civil Administration is officially proclaimed.North Koreasource
  • October 22 – Rómulo Betancourt is named provisional president of Venezuela.source
  • October 24 – The United Nations is founded by ratification of its Charter, by 29 nations including the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Canada, Egypt, Brazil, Haiti, Luxembourg, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and others.source
  • October 24 – The International Court of Justice ("World Court") is established by the United Nations Charter.source
  • 25 October – Republic of China took Taiwan from Japan.Taiwansource
  • November 1 – International Labour Organization's new constitution comes into effect.source
  • November 11 – 1945 Yugoslavian parliamentary election: Marshal Josip Broz Tito and the People's Front win a decisive majority (90%) in the Yugoslavian Assembly.source
  • November 16 – Charles de Gaulle is unanimously elected president of France by the provisional government.source
  • Communist provisional government agrees to restore Kosovo to Yugoslavia as an autonomous regionAlbaniasource

Conflict & Security

  • January 12 – WWII: The Soviet Union begins the Vistula–Oder Offensive in Eastern Europe, against the German Army.source
  • January 26 – WWII: 19-year-old U.S. Army Staff Sergeant Audie Murphy sees action at Holtzwihr, France, for which is awarded the Medal of Honor.source
  • January 30 – Raid at Cabanatuan: 121 American soldiers and 800 Filipino guerrillas free 813 American prisoners of war from the Japanese-held camp in the city of Cabanatuan, in the Philippines.source
  • February 3–March 3 – Battle of Manila United States forces enter the outskirts of Manila to capture it from the Japanese Imperial Army, starting the battle.Philippinessource
  • February 23 – Bombing of Pforzheim: The heaviest of a series of bombing raids on Pforzheim, Germany, by Allied aircraft is carried out by the British Royal Air Force. As many as 17,600 people, or 31.4% of the town's population, are killed in the raid and about 83% of the town's buildings destroyed, two-thirds of its complete area and between 80 and 100% of the inner city.source
  • February 23 – Battle of Iwo Jima: A group of United States Marines reach the top of Mount Suribachi on the island, and are photographed raising the American flag. The photo, Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima (taken by Joe Rosenthal), later wins a Pulitzer Prize.source
  • February 23 – The US Army 11th Airborne Division, with Filipino guerrillas, free the captives of the Los Baños internment camp.source
  • March 29 – WWII: The Red Army almost destroys the German 4th Army in the Heiligenbeil Pocket in East Prussia.source
  • April 6 – The Battle of Slater's Knoll on Bougainville Island concludes with a decisive victory for the Australian Army's 7th Brigade.source
  • May 2 – The Soviet Union announces the fall of Berlin. The famous picture of Raising a Flag over the Reichstag is taken at this date.source
  • May 2 – A Holocaust death march from Dachau to the Austrian border is halted under two kilometers west of Waakirchen by the segregated, all-Nisei 522nd Field Artillery Battalion of the U.S. Army in southern Bavaria, saving several hundred prisoners.source
  • May 6–7 – The government of the Independent State of Croatia, the Nazi-affiliated fascist puppet state established in occupied Yugoslavia, flees Zagreb for a location near Klagenfurt in Austria, but is captured in the Bleiburg repatriations, leading to mass executions.source
  • May 8 – The Eighth British Army, together with Slovene partisan troops and a motorized detachment of the Yugoslav 4th Army, arrives in Carinthia and Klagenfurt. The Croatian Armed Forces of the Independent State of Croatia are ordered by their commanders not to surrender to the Yugoslav Partisans, but to attempt to retreat to Austria and surrender to the British, part of the events leading to the Bleiburg repatriations.source
  • May 9 – The Soviet Union marks VE Day as the Red Army enters Prague, celebrated in the USSR as Victory Day.source
  • May 15 – WWII: Surrender at Bleiburg – Retreating troops of the Croatian Armed Forces of the former puppet Independent State of Croatia (intermingled with fleeing civilians) attempt to surrender to the British Army at Bleiburg, but are directed to surrender to Yugoslav Partisans, who open fire on them. The remainder, after orders are given by Tito, are force-marched through Croatia and Serbia, interned or massacred, with thousands dying.source
  • August 9 – The Soviet–Japanese War opens: The Soviet Union begins its army offensive against Japan, in the northern part of the Japanese-held puppet region of Manchuria, including the 25th Army (Soviet Union)'s advance into the northern peninsula of Korea.source
  • 9 August to 7 September – Ramadan leads to a temporary reduction of military operations.Afghanistansource
  • August 15 – The August Revolution in Vietnam begins, with the Viet Minh taking over the capital Hanoi, taking advantage of the collapse of Japanese power.source
  • August 15 – Hirohito surrender broadcast (Gyokuon-hōsō): Emperor Hirohito's announcement of the unconditional surrender of Japan is broadcast on the radio a little after noon (12:00 Japan Standard Time is 03:00 GMT). This is probably the first time an Emperor of Japan has been heard by the common people. Delivered in formal classical Japanese, without directly referring to surrender and following official censorship of the country's weak position, the recorded speech is not immediately easily understood by ordinary people. The Allies call this day Victory over Japan Day (V-J Day). This ends the period of Japanese expansionism, and begins the period of the Occupation of Japan and sets the stage for Korean independence.source
  • 15 August – Japan surrenders to the Allies, ending World War II. The day is known as V-P Day (Victory in the Pacific).Australiasource
  • August 15 – Transfer of power happens in 9 a.m. from the Japanese to Lyuh Woon-hyung (head of the People's Republic) in Seoul. This decision was rescinded after the Soviets do not go further down all the way to Seoul. Japan takes back control in August 20th. Korea liberated after the broadcast of the surrender speech of Japanese Emperor Showa.Soviet invasion of Manchuria is ongoing in Chongjin.North Koreasource
  • 17 August – Start of the Indonesian National RevolutionIndonesiasource
  • August 19 – Chinese Civil War: Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek meet in Chongqing to discuss an end to hostilities between the Communists and the Nationalists.12source
  • August 28 – The American-led Allied Occupation of Japan effectively begins with General Douglas MacArthur's arrival at Atsugi Air Base.source
  • August 30 – Vietnam's capital Hanoi is taken by the Viet Minh, which ends the French occupation in what becomes North Vietnam, and thus the southern provinces become South Vietnam. This ends the August Revolution.source
  • September 4 – WWII: Japanese forces surrender on Wake Island, after hearing word of their country's surrender.source
  • September 7 - The United States announces the establishment of the United States Army Military Government in Korea.South Koreasource
  • October 17 – A massive number of people, headed for the General Confederation of Labour (Argentina), gather in the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires to demand Juan Perón's release. This is known to the Peronists as the Día de la lealtad (Loyalty Day) and considered the founding day of Peronism.source
  • October 18: 1945 Venezuelan coup d'étatVenezuelasource
  • October 19 – Members of the Indonesian People's Army attack Anglo-Dutch forces in Indonesia.source
  • October 27–November 20 – Indonesian National Revolution: Battle of Surabaya – Pro-independence Indonesian soldiers and militia fight British and British Indian troops in Surabaya.source
  • November 10 – Indonesian National Revolution: Battle of Surabaya – Following the killing of British officer Brigadier A. W. S. Mallaby on October 30, the British Indian Army (in support of its allied Dutch colonial administration) begins an advance on Surabaya in the Dutch East Indies against Indonesian nationalists; although most of the city is retaken in 3 days of heavy fighting, the strength of the resistance leads to today being celebrated as Heroes' Day (Hari Pahlawan) in Indonesia.source
  • November 18 – The Tudeh party starts a bloodless coup, and will form Azerbaijan within days. Soviet troops prevent Iranian troops from getting involved.source
  • Guerilla warfare was intensified. About 15,000 men in underground and in the forests (Forest Brothers).Estoniasource

Exploration & Expansion

  • 14 March - Establishment of TAP PortugalPortugalsource
  • March 30 – American official Alger Hiss is congratulated in Moscow for his part in bringing the positions of the Western powers and the Soviet Union closer to each other at the Yalta Conference.source
  • 15 April – One Hind aircraft flies to Matun for reconnaissance, returning on the 17th.Afghanistansource
  • The Red Crescent Society of Afghanistan donates £5,000 to the fund opened by the International Red Cross at Geneva as a token of its sympathy with the fate of European peoples.Afghanistansource
  • 10 August – Tone Dahle, cross-country skier.Norwaysource
  • 13 November – Explorer Edward Evans is created Baron Mountevans.Walessource
  • 3 December – Oranges went on sale in Ireland for the first time since the end of World War II.Irelandsource
  • The Australian government introduces an Assisted Passage Migration Scheme to encourage the immigration of British subjects, at a fare of £10, hence they become known as "Ten Pound Poms".source
  • Canada has its first trade surplus with the United States.Canadasource
  • Nitza Metzger-Szmuk, Israeli archaeologistMandatory Palestinesource

Religion & Belief

  • 13 February - Henrietta Szold (born 1860), American-born Zionist leader, founder of Hadassah.Mandatory Palestinesource
  • March 22 – The Cathedral and the historic centre of Hildesheim in Germany are destroyed in a bombing of the city.source
  • 1 April – Per Kværne, tibetologist and historian of religion.Norwaysource
  • May 12 – Argentinian labour leader José Peter declares the Meat Industry Workers Federation dissolved.source
  • May - Bishop Carlos Duarte Costa, an outspoken critic of the regime of President Getúlio Vargas and of the Vatican's alleged relationship with fascist regimes, gives newspaper interviews accusing Brazil's Papal nuncio of Nazi-Fascist spying, and accusing Rome of having aided and abetted Hitler. Shortly afterwards he establishes the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church.Brazilsource
  • 25 June – Muslim League and congress were invited to the Simla ConferenceIndiasource
  • 18 August – Opening of the founding conference of the Christian Social Party.Belgiumsource
  • October 2 – George Albert Smith becomes president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.source
  • October 10 – Kim Il Sung founds the North Korean Branch Bureau of the Communist Party of Korea.North Koreasource
  • December 27 - A misreport regarding the results of the Moscow conference of 1945 happens causing mass confusion among the issue of trusteeship.South Koreasource
  • Establishment of Caritas PortugalPortugalsource

Economy & Finance

  • March 2 – Former U.S. vice-president Henry A. Wallace starts his term of office as United States Secretary of Commerce, serving under President Franklin D. Roosevelt.source
  • 22 March – Kasikornbank was established.Thailandsource
  • 29 April – General Federation of Belgian Labour founded.Belgiumsource
  • 5 September – National Development Party was foundedTurkeysource
  • 13 October - Leon Yehuda Recanati (born 1890), Ottoman (Greek)-born businessman, banker, philanthropist, and Jewish community leader.Mandatory Palestinesource
  • November 26 – U.S. ambassador to China Patrick J. Hurley resigns after he is unable to broker a deal between Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Tse-tung.source
  • December 2 – French banks (Bank of France, BNCI, CNEP, Crédit Lyonnais and Société Générale) are nationalized.source
  • San Juan Tepezontes was incorporated as a municipality.El Salvadorsource
  • Arrests, nationalization of industry.Estoniasource
  • International Monetary Fund and Bank ActIndiasource
  • Increase since previous 31 December 1944: 51,500 (3.07%)New Zealandsource

Technology & Infrastructure

  • January 30 – Adolf Hitler makes his last public speech, on broadcast radio, expressing the belief that Germany will triumph.source
  • March 4 – In the United Kingdom, Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II), joins the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) as a truck driver/mechanic in London.source
  • March 7 – WWII: At the end of Operation Lumberjack, American troops seize the Ludendorff Bridge over the Rhine at Remagen, Germany and begin to cross; in the next 10 days, 25,000 troops with equipment are able to cross.source
  • March 15 – The 17th Academy Awards ceremony is held, broadcast via radio in the United States for the first time. Best Picture goes to Going My Way.source
  • March 24 – WWII: Operation Varsity – Two airborne divisions capture bridges across the river Rhine to aid the Allied advance.source
  • April 24 – Retreating German troops destroy all the bridges over the Adige in Verona, including the historic Ponte di Castelvecchio and Ponte Pietra.source
  • May 6 – Mildred Gillars ("Axis Sally") delivers her last propaganda broadcast to Allied troops (the first was on December 11, 1941).source
  • May 9 — Joseph Stalin declares victory over Nazi Germany during a speech broadcast on radio.Soviet Unionsource
  • May 12 – Rev. W. V. Awdry's children's book The Three Railway Engines, first of The Railway Series, is published in England.source
  • 16 May – Éamon de Valera replies in a radio broadcast to Winston Churchill's criticism of Irish neutrality.Northern Irelandsource
  • June 30 – John von Neumann's First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC is distributed, containing the first published description of the logical design of a computer, with stored-program and instruction data stored in the same address space within the memory (von Neumann architecture).source
  • July 29 – The BBC Light Programme radio station is launched in the United Kingdom, aimed at mainstream light entertainment and music.source
  • August 15 – The Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization is founded as a specialized agency of the United Nations.source
  • September 9 – The Chōsen Broadcasting Corporation is renamed as the Korean Broadcasting System.South Koreasource
  • September 11 – Radio Republik Indonesia starts broadcasting.source
  • 11 September – Establishment of the Radio Republik IndonesiaIndonesiasource
  • October 31 – A news agency, Dōmei, officially disbanded, on following day, the news agency operation in nationwide, which separated into Kyōdō News Service and Jiji Press.Japansource
  • November 1 – Telechron introduces the model 8H59 Musalarm, the first clock radio.source
  • 27 November – Akiva Eldar, Israeli journalistMandatory Palestinesource
  • November 29 – Assembly of the world's first general purpose electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer (ENIAC), is completed in the United States, covering 1,800 sq ft of floor space, and the first set of calculations is run on it.source
  • The Afghan government requests the supply of 6 Avro Anson XIX transport aircraft in April 1946, but the manufacturers can not promise delivery before February to April 1947.Afghanistansource
  • The first geothermal milk pasteurization is done in Klamath Falls, Oregon, United States.source
  • Communist regime begins to nationalize industry, transportation, forests, pastures.Albaniasource

Science & Discovery

  • 6 January – Five Hawker Hind aircraft leave Kabul for Jalalabad; they will carry out reconnaissance once every two weeks and return in April.Afghanistansource
  • February 5 – The first jeepney arrives in Manila.Philippinessource
  • February 21 – The last V-2 rocket is launched from Peenemünde.source
  • 21 February – The last V-2-rocket is launched from Peenemünde.Germanysource
  • 27 February – Aircraft carrier HMCS Bonaventure is launched at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast to British Admiralty order as HMS Powerful.Northern Irelandsource
  • March 2 – The rocket-propelled Bachem Ba 349 Natter is first test launched at Stetten am kalten Markt. The launch fails and the pilot, Lothar Sieber, dies.source
  • May 2 – Neuengamme concentration camp near Hamburg is evacuated at about this date.source
  • August 7 – U.S. President Harry Truman announces the successful atomic bombing of Hiroshima, while he is returning from the Potsdam Conference aboard the U.S. Navy heavy cruiser USS Augusta, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.source
  • August 30 - Douglas MacArthur arrives in Japan.Japansource
  • October – Arthur C. Clarke puts forward the idea of a geosynchronous communications satellite, in a Wireless World magazine article.source
  • November 15 – Harry S. Truman, Clement Attlee and Mackenzie King share nuclear information with the U.N. and call for a United Nations Atomic Energy Commission.source
  • November 16 – The United States controversially imports 88 German scientists to help in the production of rocket technology.source
  • 10 December - Professor Gabriela Mistral receives the Nobel Prize for Literature awarded by the Swedish Academy.Chilesource
  • 22 December – Amiram Goldblum, Israeli chemist and political activistMandatory Palestinesource
  • A team at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (led by Charles D. Coryell) discovers chemical element 61, the only one still missing between 1 and 96 on the periodic table, which they will name promethium. Found by analysis of fission products of irradiated uranium fuel, its discovery is not made public until 1947.source
  • Auckland Trotting Cup – Sea BornNew Zealandsource

Health & Medicine

  • January 18 – The Holocaust: The SS begins the evacuation of Auschwitz concentration camp. Nearly 60,000 prisoners, mostly Jews, are forced to march to other locations in Germany; as many as 15,000 die. The 7,000 too sick to move are left without supplies being distributed.source
  • 18 January – 66,000 Jewish prisoners are evacuated from Auschwitz by the Nazis.Germanysource
  • February 8 – The Alaska Anti-Discrimination Act of 1945, championed by charismatic native leader Elizabeth Peratrovich, is passed by the territorial Senate, after the legislature defeated a previous bill in 1943.source
  • February 12 – A devastating tornado outbreak in Mississippi and Alabama kills 45 people and injures 427 others.source
  • February – Raymond L. Libby of American Cyanamid's research laboratories, at Stamford, Connecticut, announces a method of orally administering the antibiotic penicillin.source
  • April 12 – A devastating tornado outbreak occurs across the United States, which kills 128 people and injures over 1,000 others. This is heavily overshadowed by the death of President Roosevelt.source
  • August 31 – A team at American Cyanamid's Lederle Laboratories, Pearl River, New York, led by Yellapragada Subbarow, announces they have obtained folic acid in a pure crystalline form. This vitamin is abundant in green leaf vegetables, liver, kidney, and yeast.source
  • 27 September – The Defence Emergency Regulations are enacted by the Mandatory authorities.Mandatory Palestinesource
  • 21 October – Census (population 18,790,174)Turkeysource
  • 12 December – Howard Florey shares the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on penicillin.Australiasource
  • December 29 – Expulsion of Germans from Hungary is ordered by the Soviet-dominated Hungarian government.source
  • Family allowance payments are introduced.Canadasource
  • World War II aftermaths: 282,000 dead people (about 1/4 of population of Estonia).Estoniasource
  • Hákon Bjarnason, director of the Icelandic Forest Service, introduces lupine from Alaska to Iceland where it becomes an invasive species.Icelandsource
  • Saturday and Sunday trading by most retail outlets, apart from dairies and takeaway food outlets, is banned.New Zealandsource

Crime & Justice

  • 16 January – Wildcat strike in the Port of Antwerp over payment of danger money.Belgiumsource
  • February 9 – Walter Ulbricht becomes leader of the German Communists in Moscow.source
  • 9 February – Estvan Svend Aage Wehlast was shot by the Gestapo while resisting arrest.Denmarksource
  • March 8 – Nazi authorities kill 117 Dutch men in reprisal for the attempted murder of Hanns Albin Rauter.source
  • April 9 – Abwehr conspirators Wilhelm Canaris, Hans Oster and Hans von Dohnányi are hanged at Flossenbürg concentration camp, along with pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer and other people associated with resistance groups.source
  • April 28 – The bodies of Benito Mussolini, his mistress, Clara Petacci, and other followers are hung by their heels at a gas station in the public square of Milan, Piazzale Loreto, following their execution by Italian partisans after an attempt to flee the country.source
  • May 2 – Expatriate American poet Ezra Pound is arrested by the Italian resistance movement but soon released by them as of no interest; on May 5 he turns himself in to the United States Army and is imprisoned as a traitor.source
  • May 3 – German Protestant theologian Gerhard Kittel is arrested by the French forces in Tübingen, Germany.source
  • May 5 – A Japanese fire balloon kills six people, Elsie Mitchell and five children, near Bly, Oregon, when it explodes as they drag it from the woods. These are the only people killed by an enemy attack on the American mainland during WWII.source
  • 7 May – Knut Hamsun released his obituary of Adolf Hitler.Norwaysource
  • May 23 – The Flensburg Government is dissolved by the Allies, and German president Karl Dönitz and German chancellor Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk are arrested by British RAF Regiment personnel at Flensburg. They are respectively the last German head of state and head of government until 1949.source
  • 23 May – President of Germany Karl Dönitz and Chancellor of Germany Count Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk are arrested by British forces at Flensburg. They are respectively the last German Head of state and Head of government until 1949.Germanysource
  • May 28 – U.S.-born Irish-raised William Joyce ("Lord Haw-Haw") is captured on the German border. He is later charged in London with high treason for his earlier English-language wartime broadcasts from German radio, convicted, and then hanged in January 1946.source
  • May 29 – Dutch painter Han van Meegeren is arrested for collaboration with the Nazis, but the "Dutch Golden Age" paintings he has sold to Hermann Göring (Koch) are later proved to be his own fakes.source
  • Interpol (being headquartered in Berlin) effectively ceases to exist (it is recreated on June 3, 1946).source
  • 5 July – Yosef Shapira, Israeli judge, current State Comptroller of IsraelMandatory Palestinesource
  • July 23 – WWII: French marshal Philippe Pétain, who headed the Vichy government during WWII, goes on trial for treason.source
  • August 11 – The Holocaust: Kraków pogrom – Róża Berger is shot dead by Polish militia.source
  • September 5 – Iva Toguri D'Aquino, a Japanese American suspected of being wartime radio propagandist "Tokyo Rose", is arrested in Yokohama.source
  • September 5 – Russian code clerk Igor Gouzenko comes forward with numerous documents implicating the Soviet Union in many spy rings in North America, both in the United States and in Canada.source
  • September 10 – Vidkun Quisling is sentenced to death for being a Nazi collaborator in Norway.source
  • October 9 – Former prime minister Pierre Laval is sentenced to death, for collaboration with the Nazis in Vichy France.source
  • October 23 – Jackie Robinson signs a contract with the Montreal Royals baseball team.Canadasource
  • October 29 – At Gimbels Department Store in New York City, the first ballpoint pens go on sale at $12.50 each.source
  • November 20 – The Nuremberg trials begin: Trials against 22 Nazis for war crimes of World War II start at the Palace of Justice, Nuremberg.source
  • tribunals begin to condemn thousands of "war criminals" and "enemies of the people" to death or to prisonAlbaniasource
  • Men's pair champions – J.W. Darroch, L. Russell (skip) (Auckland Bowling Club)New Zealandsource

Disasters & Accidents

  • January 21–22 (night) – At the Grünhagen railroad station, located in East Prussia at this date, two trains, heading for Elbing, collide. At dawn the station is reached by Soviet Army infantry and tanks which destroy the station, killing between 140 and 150 people.source
  • February 10 – WWII: German troopship SS General von Steuben is sunk by the Soviet submarine S-13; 3,608 drown.source
  • February 16 – The Bombing of Wesel begins, destroying 97% of the town over three days.source
  • March 9–10 – WWII: Bombing of Tokyo: USAAF B-29 bombers attack Tokyo, Japan with incendiary bombs, killing 100,000 citizens in the firebombing. It is the single most destructive conventional air attack of the war.source
  • March 16 – The Bombing of Würzburg, as part of the Allied strategic bombing campaign against Nazi Germany, destroys 89% of the city and causes 4,000 deaths.source
  • March 19 – Off the coast of Japan, bombers hit the aircraft carrier USS Franklin, killing about 800 of her crewmen and crippling the ship.source
  • March 19 – Adolf Hitler issues the "Nero Decree" ordering that all industries, military installations, machine shops, transportation facilities and communications facilities in Germany be destroyed ahead of Allied advances, but Albert Speer, placed in charge of the implementation, deliberately disobeys it.source
  • April 16 – MV Goya is sunk by Soviet submarine L-3 in the Baltic Sea while evacuating German troops and civilians as part of Operation Hannibal; 7,000–8,000 drown.source
  • May 1 – Mass suicide in Demmin: An estimated 700–2,500 suicides take place, after 80% of the town has been destroyed by the Soviets during the past three days.source
  • May 3 – The prison ships Cap Arcona (5,000 dead), Thielbek (2,750 dead) and Deutschland (all survive) are sunk by the British Royal Air Force in Lübeck Bay.source
  • May 4 – German auxiliary cruiser Orion is sunk on her way to Copenhagen carrying refugees, with a loss of over 3,800 lives.source
  • 19 June – 1945 El Teniente mining accident;355 workers die from carbon monoxide emissions. It is considered the largest accident in a metallurgical mine in the world.Chilesource
  • 23 June – the last serviceable Breda Ba.28 aircraft (Italian) crash-lands in Kabul and is written off as a complete loss, leaving the Afghan aircraft with 12 serviceable Hawker Hind aircraft (British), 6 Romeo aircraft (Italian) and one Stearman aircraft (American) by 31 October.Afghanistansource
  • July 4 – Brazilian cruiser Bahia is sunk by an accidentally induced explosion, killing more than 300 and stranding the survivors in shark-infested waters.source
  • July 16 – A train collision near Munich, Germany kills 102 war prisoners.source
  • 16 July – A train collision near Munich kills 102 war prisoners.Germanysource
  • July 27 – WWII: Bombing of Aomori – Two USAAF B-29s drop a total of 60,000 leaflets on the Japanese city of Aomori, warning civilians of an air raid and urging them to leave immediately.source
  • July 28 – Bombing of Aomori – The Japanese city of Aomori is firebombed by 63 USAAF B-29 heavy bombers, killing 1,767 civilians and destroying 18,045 homes.source
  • July 28 – 1945 Empire State Building B-25 crash: A North American B-25 Mitchell crashes into the Empire State Building in New York City, killing 14 people.source
  • July 30 – WWII: Heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis is hit and sunk by torpedoes from the Japanese submarine I-58 in the Philippine Sea. Some 900 survivors jump into the sea and are adrift for up to four days. Nearly 600 die before help arrives. Captain Charles B. McVay III of the cruiser is later court-martialed and convicted; in 2000, he is posthumously exonerated.source
  • August 6 – WWII: Atomic bombing of Hiroshima – United States Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay drops a uranium-235 atomic bomb, codenamed "Little Boy", on the Japanese city of Hiroshima at 8:15 a.m. local time, resulting in between 90,000 and 146,000 deaths.source
  • 18 August – Subhas Chandra Bose, one of the Indian Freedom movement leaders, presumed dead in a plane crash in TaiwanIndiasource
  • September 11 – The Kyongui line officially ceases operation due to the division of Korea.North Koreasource
  • October 12 — Peip'ing C-46 crash near Beiping.Chinasource
  • November 6 – According to Japan Coast Guard official confirmed report, a passenger ship Toyo-maru No 10, capsized off Hakata Island, Seto Inland Sea, Ehime Prefecture, 397 persons were perished.Japansource
  • December 5 – Flight 19 of United States Navy Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers disappears on a training exercise from Naval Air Station Fort Lauderdale.source

Climate & Environment

  • 18 January – Winds of 113 mph are recorded at St. Ann's Head Lighthouse, Pembrokeshire.Walessource
  • March 10 - Major bombing of TokyoJapansource
  • 27 May – basic food ration reduced.United Kingdomsource
  • June 11 – The Franck Committee recommends against a surprise nuclear bombing of Japan.source
  • July 16 – The Trinity nuclear test in New Mexico, the first of an atomic bomb, using about six kilograms of plutonium, succeeds in unleashing an explosion equivalent to that of 22 kilotons of TNT.source
  • August 9 – Atomic bombing of Nagasaki: United States B-29 Bockscar drops a plutonium-239 atomic bomb, codenamed "Fat Man", on the Japanese city of Nagasaki at 11:02 a.m. local time, resulting in between 39,000 and 80,000 deaths.source
  • September 15–16 – 1945 Homestead hurricane: The ninth tropical storm of the season makes landfall in Florida, the first intense storm to do so in the state since 1935. It affects Key Largo and Dade County, killing 4 people in Florida and 22 others in the Bahamas and in the Turks and Caicos Islands.source
  • September 15-16 - Hurricane Nine, or known as the 1945 Homestead Hurricane, made landfall and affected Florida, the first intense storm to do so in the state since 1935. The hurricane made landfall in Key Largo and Dade County, killing 4 people in Florida and 22 others in The Bahamas and in the islands of the Turks And Caicos.United Statessource
  • September 18 – Typhoon Makurazaki kills 3,746 people in Japan.source
  • 22 November: A storm causes the partial collapse of the Onekaka Wharf, causing the wharf to be abandoned.New Zealandsource
  • November 28 – The 1945 Balochistan earthquake causes a tsunami and kills 4,000.source
  • 8 to 30 June – Perth receives 476.1 mm of rain in twenty-three days, easily its heaviest monthly rainfall on record and unlikely to be approached due to anthropogenic global warming.Australiasource
  • 1944–1945: World War II: Japan's Special Balloon Regiment launched 9,000 Fu-Go balloon bombs towards the Pacific Northwest, intended to cause panic, by starting forest fires. Six casualties, a woman and her five children in American state of Oregon, were reported. The ten metre-wide balloons contained 540 cubic metres of hydrogen and reached as far inland as Manitoba. The Japanese project was declared a failure and abandoned, after six months.Canadasource
  • The National Pro Patria Party was dissolved.El Salvadorsource

Culture & Society

  • 23 January - Annie Landau (born 1873), British-born educator, head of the Tehilla-Evelina de Rothschild Secondary School, recipient of the OBE.Mandatory Palestinesource
  • 28 February – The opening of Central Library of Dornogovi Province.Mongoliasource
  • March 16 – Establishment of the Congress of Labor Organizations (CLO), a federation of labor organizations organized by former leaders of the Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon (Hukbalahap).Philippinessource
  • March 24 – The cartoon character Sylvester the cat debuts in Life with Feathers.source
  • March 29 – The "Clash of Titans": George Mikan and Bob Kurland duel at Madison Square Garden in New York, as Oklahoma State University defeats DePaul 52–44 in basketball.source
  • April 12 – Richard Strauss completes composition of his Metamorphosen.source
  • April 19 – Rodgers and Hammerstein's Carousel, a musical play based on Ferenc Molnár's Liliom, opens on Broadway, and becomes their second long-running stage classic. It includes the standard "You'll Never Walk Alone".source
  • April 29 – Adolf Hitler marries his longtime mistress Eva Braun, in a closed civil ceremony in the Berlin Führerbunker, and signs his last will and testament.source
  • May 4 – The Holy Crown of Hungary is found in Mattsee, Austria, by the United States Army 86th Infantry Division. The U.S. government keeps the crown in Fort Knox for safekeeping from the Soviets until it is returned to Hungary on January 6, 1978.source
  • June 24 – WWII: A victory parade is held in Red Square in Moscow.source
  • June 24 — Moscow Victory ParadeSoviet Unionsource
  • July 5 – The 1945 United Kingdom general election is held, though some constituencies delay their polls for local holiday reasons. Counting of votes and declaration of results are delayed until July 26 to allow for voting by the large number of service personnel still overseas.source
  • 8 July – Establishment of the Islamic University of Indonesia, in Sleman, YogyakartaIndonesiasource
  • August 16 - Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence (CPKI) is founded by Lyuh Woon-hyung.South Koreasource
  • 20 August – C.D. Once Municipal, a Salvadoran soccer team, was established.El Salvadorsource
  • August 25 – Paris marks the first anniversary of its liberation.source
  • October 4 – The JSD Partizan sports club is founded in Belgrade, Serbia.source
  • October 16 – The Food and Agriculture Organization is established at a meeting in Quebec City as a specialized agency of the United Nations.source
  • November 9 – Soo Bahk Do and Moo Duk Kwan martial arts are founded in Korea.source
  • 14 November – A convention meeting in Dungannon establishes the nationalist Irish Anti-Partition League.Northern Irelandsource
  • November 16 – The foundation of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is agreed at a meeting in London.source

Births

  • January 7 – Raila Odinga, prime minister of Kenya (died 2025)source
  • January 10 – Sir Rod Stewart, British rock singersource
  • 28 February – Zahir Howaida (died 2012)Afghanistansource
  • 9 March - Llazi Sërbo, movie and theater actor, directorAlbaniasource
  • March 28 – Rodrigo Duterte, 16th President of the Philippinessource
  • March 30 – Eric Clapton, English rock guitarist and singer-songwritersource
  • June 19 – Aung San Suu Kyi, Myanmar politician and poet, Nobel Peace Prize recipientsource
  • 29 June: Lali Armengol — Spanish-born playwright, director of the Maracay University Theater.Venezuelasource
  • August 15 – Khaleda Zia, Bangladesh politician, Prime Minister of Bangladesh (died 2025)source
  • August 24 – Vincent K. "Vince" McMahon, American professional wrestling promoter, chairman and CEO of WWEsource
  • August 31 – Sir Van Morrison, Irish rock musiciansource
  • October 27 – Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, 35th President of Brazilsource
  • November 8 – Joseph James DeAngelo, American serial killer and serial rapistsource
  • November 11 – Daniel Ortega, 58th and 62nd President of Nicaraguasource
  • November 12 – Neil Young, Canadian singer-songwriter, musiciansource
  • November 18 – Mahinda Rajapaksa, Sri Lankan politician, 6th President of Sri Lankasource
  • November 23 – Dennis Nilsen, Scottish serial killer (died 2018)source
  • Paula Fortes, independence activist (died 2011)Cape Verdesource

Deaths

  • January 15 – Pedro Abad Santos, Filipino politician. (born 1876)Philippinessource
  • January 24 – WWII: AP war correspondent Joseph Morton, nine OSS men, and four SOE agents are executed by the Germans at Mauthausen concentration camp under Hitler's Commando Order of 1942, which stipulates the immediate execution of all captured Allied commandos or saboteurs without trial, even those in proper uniforms. Morton is the only Allied correspondent to be executed by the Axis during the war.source
  • January 30 – MV Wilhelm Gustloff, with over 10,000 mainly civilian Germans from Gotenhafen (Gdynia) is sunk in Gdańsk Bay by three torpedoes from Soviet submarine S-13 in the Baltic Sea; up to 9,400, 5,000 of whom are children, are thought to have died – the greatest loss of life in a single ship sinking in history.source
  • February 13 – Bombing of Dresden (Germany) by the British Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Forces; 25,000-35,000 are estimated to have died.source
  • February (or March) – Anne Frank, German-born Jewish diarist, writer (typhus in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp) (born 1929)source
  • March 26 – David Lloyd George, British politician and statesman, 51st Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (born 1863)source
  • April 9 – Johann Georg Elser, would-be assassin of Adolf Hitler, is executed at Dachau concentration camp.source
  • April 12 – Franklin D. Roosevelt, American political leader and statesman, 32nd President of the United States (born 1882)source
  • April 18 – American war correspondent Ernie Pyle is killed by Japanese machine gun fire on the island of Ie Shima off Okinawa.source
  • 18 April - William, Prince of AlbaniaAlbaniasource
  • April 28 – Benito Mussolini, Italian politician, journalist, 27th Prime Minister of Italy and Duce of Fascism (born 1883)source
  • April 30 – Death of Adolf Hitler: Adolf Hitler and his wife of one day, Eva Braun, commit suicide as the Red Army approaches the Führerbunker in Berlin. Großadmiral Karl Dönitz succeeds Hitler as Reichspräsident (President of Germany) and Joseph Goebbels succeeds as Reichskanzler (Chancellor of Germany), in accordance with Hitler's political testament the day earlier.source
  • April 30 – Adolf Hitler, Austrian-born German politician, Führer of Germany (suicide) (born 1889)source
  • August 18 – Subhas Chandra Bose, Leader of Indian National Army (Third-degree burns from aircrash) (born 1897)source
  • August 18 – WWII: Death of Subhas Chandra Bose – Indian nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose is killed as a result of his overloaded Japanese plane crashing in Japanese Taiwan.source
  • 18 August – Indian nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose died in a plane crash at Taihoku (Taipei).Taiwansource
  • 26 August – Muhammad Ishan Khan, commander of the Afghan air force, dies of illness; his illness and death contribute to a decline in aviation training between the end of July and the end of OctoberAfghanistansource
  • October 24 – Norwegian Nazi leader Vidkun Quisling is executed by firing squad, for treason against Norway.source