Climate & Environment in the 19th century

176 sourced entries, 1802 CE to 1899 CE, oldest first. Also see Climate & Environment across every century or everything else in the 19th century.

• 1802October 26 – A powerful 7.9 earthquake shakes the Romanian district of Vrancea destroying hundreds of buildings, triggering landslides and killing 4 people. This earthquake is considered one of the strongest to have shaken Europe.source
• 1805July 26 – 1805 Molise earthquake: 5,573 people in Molise and Campania, Italy, are killed.source
• 1808A volcano erupts from an unknown location in the western Pacific. This causes a localized drop in marine air temperatures during this year and a worldwide drop in marine air temperature for the following decade.source
• 1811June 10 – A volcanic eruption briefly creates Sabrina Island (Azores).source
• 1811December 16 – The New Madrid earthquake in the Mississippi Valley, near New Madrid, reverses the course of the river for a while. Other earthquakes along the fault occur on January 23, 1812 and February 7, 1812.source
• 1812February 7 – The last New Madrid earthquake strikes New Madrid, Missouri, with an estimated moment magnitude of over 8.source
• 1812March 26 – The 1812 Caracas earthquake destroys Caracas, capital of Venezuela.source
• 1812December 8 – The M6.9–7.5 San Juan Capistrano earthquake affects Alta California with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong) to IX (Violent), killing 40 parishioners at Mission San Juan Capistrano.source
• 1813Charles Waterton begins the process of turning his estate at Walton Hall, West Yorkshire, England into what is, in effect, the world's first nature reserve.source
• 1814February 1 – Mount Mayon in the Philippines erupts for the second time; more than 1,200 people die and the Cagsawa Church is destroyed.source
• 1814October 17 – London Beer Flood: A large vat full of porter owned by Meux's Brewery of London bursts, demolishing buildings and killing 8 people.source
• 1815April 10– Mount Tambora in the Dutch East Indies blows its top explosively during its peak eruption, killing more than 92,000 people during week of activity from April 5 to April 12. The blast propels thousands of tons of aerosols (Sulfide gas compounds) into the stratosphere, and the high level gases reflect sunlight, causing widespread cooling from a volcanic winter. During 1816, heavy rains fall arounde the world, snow falls in June and July in the Northern Hemisphere, crops fail and widespread famine occurs. In later years, 1816 will become known as the Year Without a Summer.source
• 1815September 23 – The Great September Gale of 1815 is the first hurricane to strike New England in 180 years.source
• 1815October 23 – A 6.8 earthquake shakes northern China causing many houses and caves to collapse, killing at least 13,000 people.source
• 1817April 15 – An earthquake strikes Palermo in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.source
• 1817July 4 – 1817 Santiago del Estero earthquake. A 7.0 magnitude earthquake hits Argentina's Santiago del Estero Province.source
• 1817August 23 – An earthquake near the site of the ancient Greek city of Helike results in 65 deaths.source
• 1819June 16 – The Rann of Kutch earthquake, estimated at at least 7.7 kills at least 1,543 people in India in what is now the state of Gujarat at the Arabian Sea, causing an 80 - 150 stretch of land to be raised as much as 6 m and creating a natural dam, the Allahbund.source
• 1820Mount Rainier erupts over modern-day Seattle.source
• 1821December 19 – The Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland begins to erupt.source
• 1822August 5–13 – A sequence of earthquakes occurs in the northern part of the Ottoman Empire, causing severe damage from Gaziantep to Antakya in modern Turkey and from Aleppo to Khan Sheikhun in modern Syria. At least 20,000 people are killed.source
• 1822October 8 – The Galunggung volcano erupts on West Java, and is followed four days later by a second, more violent outburst. The two events kill more than 4,000 people and destroy 114 villages.source
• 1822October 21 – The volcano Mount Vesuvius near Naples erupts.source
• 1822November 19 – An earthquake near Valparaíso in Chile kills around 200 people, causes a tsunami and raises the coastal area.source
• 1825February 3 – Vendsyssel-Thy, once part of the Jutland peninsula forming westernmost Denmark, becomes an island after a flood drowns its 1 km mi wide isthmus.source
• 1825October 7 – The Miramichi Fire, a forest fire, breaks out in New Brunswick (Canada).source
• 1826August 28 – The town of Crawford Notch, New Hampshire suffers a landslide; those killed include all seven members of the Willey Family, after whom Mount Willey is named.source
• 1828September 17 – 1828 Siebold typhoon: A typhoon kills approximately 10,000 people in Kyūshū, Japan.source
• 1828December 28 – The province of Echigo, Japan, is hit by a 6.8 magnitude earthquake, killing more than 1,500 people.source
• 1830June 12 – 7.5 magnitude earthquake kills more than 7,400 people in the Chinese province of Hebei.source
• 1831July 15 – The volcanic Graham Island briefly emerges in the Mediterranean.source
• 1833June 29 – An earthquake at Fort Nisqually is experienced by William Fraser Tolmie; his journal entry records the first written eyewitness account of an earthquake in the Puget Sound region.source
• 1833September 6 – At least 6,000 people are killed when an 8.0 magnitude earthquake shakes the Chinese province of Yunnan destroying buildings, homes and temples.source
• 1833November 25 – An 8.7 magnitude earthquake strikes Sumatra in what is now Indonesia.source
• 1835January 26 – Saint Paul's in Macau is largely destroyed by fire after a typhoon hits.source
• 1835February 20 – 1835 Concepción earthquake: Concepción, Chile, is destroyed by an earthquake. The resulting tsunami destroys the neighboring city of Talcahuano.source
• 1835Civil war erupts in Uruguay, between supporters of the Blanco and Colorado parties.source
• 1836December 27 – Lewes avalanche: An avalanche at Lewes in Sussex, England, kills eight of fifteen people buried, when a row of cottages is engulfed in snow.source
• 1837January 1 – The destructive Galilee earthquake causes thousands of deaths in Ottoman Syria.source
• 1837September 26 – The destructive "Racer's hurricane" sweeps across the Caribbean, northeastern Mexico, the Republic of Texas and the Gulf Coast of the United States and lasts until October 9, after killing at least 105 people.source
• 1837November 17 – An earthquake in Valdivia, south-central Chile, causes tsunamis that led to significant destruction along Japan's coast.source
• 1838January 21 – The first known report about the lowest temperature on Earth is made, indicating -60 °C °F in Yakutsk.source
• 1838January 23 – A 7.5 earthquake strikes the Romanian district of Vrancea causing damage in Moldavia and Wallachia, killing 73 people.source
• 1838March 13 – A combination of rain and melting snow causes the Danube River to overflow its banks, washing away villages in western Hungary and inundating the twin cities that become Budapest. More than 150 people are drowned and Europe's nations come to Hungary's aid to prevent the spread of famine and disease.source
• 1839January 6 – Night of the Big Wind: Ireland is struck by the most damaging cyclone in 300 years.source
• 1839March 23 – An earthquake in the Kingdom of Burma kills more than 400 people and destroys three cities, as well as heavily damaging the capital at Ava.source
• 1839November 25 – A disastrous cyclone hits India with terrible winds and a giant 40-foot storm surge, wiping out the port city of Coringa; 300,000 people die.source
• 1840May 7 – Great Natchez Tornado: A massive tornado strikes Natchez, Mississippi during the early afternoon. Before it is over, 317 people are killed and 109 injured (the second deadliest tornado in U.S. history).source
• 1840November 4 – 1840 United States presidential election: William Henry Harrison defeats Martin Van Buren in a landslide.source
• 1840Approximate date – Volcanic eruption of Tinakula in the Solomon Islands causes the island to be depopulated.source
• 1841January 27 – The active volcano Mount Erebus in Antarctica is discovered, and named by James Clark Ross.source
• 1841February 4 – The first known reference is made to Groundhog Day, celebrated in North America, in the diary of a James Morris.source
• 1842October 29 – The Iberian Peninsula is struck by a category 2 hurricane.source
• 1843February 8 – The 1843 Guadeloupe Earthquake hits the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe, killing 1,500–5,000 people.source
• 1843November 25 – Mount Etna erupts in Italy, and kills 69 people in the village of Bronte.source
• 1844June 3 – The last definitely recorded pair of great auks are killed on the Icelandic island of Eldey.source
• 1844June 12 –In the United States, after nine days of heavy rains, the Missouri River and the Mississippi River overflow their banks as the Great Flood of 1844 begins. The water begins to recede by June 28 and the rivers return to their normal level by mid-July.source
• 1844October 18 – 1844 Salta earthquake. A magnitude 6.5 earthquake hits Argentina's Salta Province.source
• 1845April 7 – An earthquake destroys part of Mexico City, along with the nearby towns of Tlalpan and Xochimilco.source
• 1845August 19 – A tornado kills 75 in France at Montville while destroying two large factories.source
• 1845September 9 – Potato blight breaks out in Ireland, beginning the Great Famine.source
• 1846May 15 – Under the leadership of Prime Minister Robert Peel, the House of Commons of the United Kingdom votes to repeal the Corn Laws by passing an Importation Bill, replacing the old colonial mercantile trade system with free trade in response to the Great Famine (Ireland). On June 25 the Duke of Wellington persuades the House of Lords to pass the Act, which will take full effect from February 1849. Peel, however, is forced to resign.source
• 1846November 4 – The Donner Party, a wagon train of 87 settlers traveling to California, is stranded in the Sierra Nevada mountains by the first of several snowstorms. By the time a relief party reaches the starving settlers three months later, only 48 survivors are left, many of whom have survived by cannibalism.source
• 1846The Great Famine continues in Ireland. The first deaths from hunger take place early in the year and Phytophthora infestans almost totally destroys the summer potato crop.source
• 1847May 8 – The Nagano earthquake leaves more than 8,600 people dead in Japan.source
• 1847October – The last volcanic eruption of Mount Guntur in West Java occurs.source
• 1847The Great Famine continues in Ireland.source
• 1848January 12 – Sicilian revolution of 1848: The Palermo rising erupts in Sicily against the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.source
• 1848Great Famine (Ireland) (1845–52).source
• 1849May 3 – The Mississippi River levee at Sauvé's Crevasse breaks, flooding much of New Orleans.source
• 1850September 12 – The 1850 Xichang earthquake (7.9) shakes the Chinese province of Sichuan killing more than 20,000 people.source
• 1850Ongoing – Great Famine (Ireland) subsides.source
• 1851March 30 – A United Kingdom Census is taken. The population has reached 21 million. 6.3 million live in cities of 20,000 or more in England and Wales, and cities of 20,000 or more account for 35% of the total English population. It also shows that a legacy of the Great Irish Famine is that the population of Ireland has fallen to 6,575,000 – a drop of 1,600,000 in ten years, many having emigrated.source
• 1851Mid-May to mid-July – Great Flood of 1851: Extensive flooding sweeps across the Midwestern United States. The town of Des Moines is virtually washed away, and many rainfall records hold for 160 years.source
• 18511851–1855 Yellow River floods in China.source
• 1851Great Famine (Ireland), 1845–52.source
• 1852November 27 – A magnitude 7.5 to 8.8 earthquake strikes near the Banda Islands, Dutch East Indies, triggering a deadly tsunami.source
• 1855January 23 – The 8.2–8.3 Wairarapa earthquake claims between five and nine lives near the Cook Strait area of New Zealand.source
• 1856April – The Xhosa cattle-killing movement and famine begins in Cape Colony.source
• 1856August 10 – The Last Island hurricane destroys Last Island, Louisiana, leaving 400 dead. The whole island is broken up into several smaller islands by the storm.source
• 1856October 12 – 1856 Heraklion earthquake: A powerful earthquake rocks the Mediterranean, killing hundreds on the island of Crete and many more in the Middle East.source
• 1857January 9 – The 7.9 Fort Tejon earthquake shakes Central and Southern California, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent).source
• 1857December 16 – The 7.0 Basilicata earthquake shakes the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Southern Italy) with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), killing about 10,000 people.source
• 1858June 19 – A six-minute earthquake destroys much of Mexico City and devastates Texcoco.source
• 1859June 17 – The only recorded simoom ever in North America hits Goleta and Santa Barbara, California.source
• 1860May 8 – In New Granada (modern-day Colombia) the southern state of Cauca secedes from the central government, in protest at the suggestion of increase of presidential powers; Magdalena and Bolívar join it; civil war erupts.source
• 1861March 20 – An earthquake completely destroys Mendoza, Argentina.source
• 1861May 14 – The Canellas meteorite, an 859 gram chondrite type meteorite, strikes Earth near Barcelona, Spain.source
• 1861October 26 – The Pony Express American transcontinental mail service announces its closure.source
• 1861Statistically, this year is considered the end of the whale oil industry and (in replacement) the beginning of the petroleum oil industry.source
• 1864March 11 – Great Sheffield Flood: A reservoir near Sheffield, England, bursts; 250 die.source
• 1864October 5 – A cyclone kills 70,000 people in and around Calcutta in India.source
• 1865March 25 – The Claywater Meteorite explodes just before reaching ground level in Vernon County, Wisconsin; fragments having a combined mass of 1.5 kg lb are recovered.source
• 1866January 26 – Volcanic eruption in the Santorini caldera begins.source
• 1866The Famine of 1866–68 begins in Finland.source
• 1867The Swedish famine of 1867–1869 begins.source
• 1867Gorse is naturalised in New Zealand, where it soon becomes the worst invasive weed.source
• 1868August 13 – The 8.5–9.0 Arica earthquake strikes southern Peru, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), causing 25,000+ deaths and a destructive basin-wide tsunami, that affects Hawaii and New Zealand.source
• 1870April 11 – A 7.3 magnitude earthquake shakes the Chinese county of Batang causing a fire that leaves about 5,000 dead.source
• 1870October 20 – A 6.6 earthquake shakes the Canadian province of Quebec, killing 6 people.source
• 1871July 21–August 26 – The first ever photographs of Yellowstone National Park region are taken by photographer William Henry Jackson, during the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871.source
• 1871August 9 – One of the few known major hurricanes to strike Hawaii causes significant damage on the islands of Hawaii and Maui.source
• 1871October 8 – The Peshtigo fire begins and destroys the town of Peshtigo, Wisconsin, and kills as many as 2,500 people, becoming the deadliest wildfire in United States history.source
• 1872March 26 – The 7.4–7.9 Lone Pine earthquake shakes eastern California, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme); 27 people are killed and 56 injured.source
• 1875The record-setting American clipper Flying Cloud of 1851 is burned for scrap metal.source
• 1876October 31 – The great 1876 Bengal cyclone strikes the coast of modern-day Bangladesh, killing 200,000.source
• 1876The Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79, which will claim 30 million lives and become the 5th-worst famine in recorded history, begins after the droughts of the previous year.source
• 1877May 9 – Iquique Earthquake and tsunami: An earthquake of at least magnitude 8.5 M s occurs on the west coast of South America, killing 2,541 around the Pacific Rim.source
• 1877June 26 – The eruption of the volcano Cotopaxi in Ecuador causes severe mudflows that wipe out surrounding cities and valleys, killing 1,000.source
• 1878August 9 – The Wallingford Tornado of 1878, the deadliest tornado in Connecticut history, destroys the town of Wallingford, killing 34 people and injuring more than 70.source
• 1879April 26 – The National Park, later renamed the Royal National Park, is declared in New South Wales, Australia, the world's second-oldest purposed national park.source
• 1879June 30 – The 1879 Surigao earthquake measuring 7.4 causes major damage in the northern tip of Mindanao Island.source
• 1879July 1 – An 8.0 earthquake shakes southern Gansu, killing 22,000 people.source
• 1879December 2-28 – the Winter 1879 cold wave freeze Europe with record low temperatures.source
• 1880October 15 – A blizzard marks the start of the Hard Winter in North America.source
• 1880November 9 – A major earthquake strikes Zagreb and destroys many buildings, including Zagreb Cathedral.source
• 1881April 14 – The Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight erupts in El Paso, Texas.source
• 1881August 27 – The fifth hurricane of the Atlantic season hits Florida and the Carolinas, killing about 700.source
• 1882June 6 – Supposedly, the Bombay Cyclone of 1882 in the Arabian Sea causes flooding in Bombay harbor, leaving about 100,000 dead; this alleged event has, however, been proved a hoax.source
• 1883May 20 – 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, Indonesiasource
• 1883August 21 – 1883 Rochester tornado: An F5 tornado strikes Rochester, Minnesota, leading to the creation of the Mayo Clinic.source
• 1883August 26–27 – 1883 eruption of Krakatoa: The volcanic island of Krakatoa erupts at 10:02 am (local time); 163 villages are destroyed, 36,417 killed by tsunami.source
• 1884April 24 – The Colchester earthquake ("the Great English earthquake") measuring EMS-98 VIII (Heavily damaging) is the UK's most destructive, although no direct fatalities can be confirmed.source
• 1884August 10 – An earthquake measuring 5.5 affects a very large portion of the eastern United States. The shock has a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong). Chimneys are toppled in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut and Pennsylvania. Property damage is severe in Jamaica, Queens and Amityville, New York.source
• 1885February 28 – February concludes without having a full moon.source
• 1886August 20 – A massive hurricane demolishes the town of Indianola, Texas.source
• 1886August 31 – The 7.0 Charleston earthquake affects southeastern South Carolina, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme); 60 people are killed, and damage is estimated at $5–6 million.source
• 1886November – The extremely harsh winter of 1886–87 in the United States begins, killing tens of thousands of cattle on the Great Plains of North America.source
• 1887January 21 – Brisbane receives a one-day rainfall of 465 mm in (a record for any Australian capital city).source
• 1887January 28 – In a snowstorm at Fort Keogh, Montana, the largest snowflakes on record are reported. They are 15 in cm wide and 8 in cm thick.source
• 1887February 2 – The first Groundhog Day is observed in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania.source
• 1887February 23 – The French Riviera is hit by a large earthquake, killing around 2,000 along the coast of the Mediterranean.source
• 1887May 3 – An earthquake hits Sonora, Mexico.source
• 1887June 23 – The Rocky Mountains Park Act becomes law in Canada, creating that nation's first national park, Banff National Park.source
• 1887September 28 – The 1887 Yellow River flood begins in China, killing 900,000 to 2,000,000 people.source
• 1888January 12 – The Schoolhouse Blizzard hits Dakota Territory and the states of Montana, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas and Texas, leaving 235 dead, many of them children on their way home from school.source
• 1888March 11 – The Great Blizzard of 1888 begins along the East Coast of the United States, shutting down commerce and killing more than 400.source
• 1888November 16 – First signs of famine in Ethiopia, caused by drought combined with early spread of the 1890s African rinderpest epizootic.source
• 1889A huge locust swarm crosses the Red Sea and destroys crops in the Nile Valley.source
• 1890October 1 – Yosemite National Park is established in California.source
• 1891January 4 – The Earl of Zetland issues a declaration regarding the famine in the western counties of Ireland.source
• 1891March 9–12 – The Great Blizzard of 1891 in the south and west of England leads to extensive snow drifts and powerful storms off the south coast, with 14 ships sunk, and approximately 220 deaths attributed to the weather conditions.source
• 1891October 28 – The 8.0 Mino–Owari earthquake strikes the Gifu region of Japan. This oblique-slip event kills over 7,200, injures more than 17,000, and creates fault scarps that still remain visible.source
• 1892March 17 – The St. Patrick's Day Snowstorm besieges Tennessee with upwards of 26 inches of snow, establishing accumulation records that still stand.source
• 1892July 12 – A hidden lake bursts out of a glacier on the side of Mont Blanc, flooding the valley below and killing around 200 villagers and holidaymakers in Saint-Gervais-les-Bains.source
• 1893January 21 – The Tati Concessions Land, formerly part of Matabeleland, is formally annexed to the Bechuanaland Protectorate (modern-day Botswana).source
• 1893June 6 – The small town of Pomeroy, Iowa, is nearly destroyed by a tornado; 71 people are killed and 200 injured.source
• 1893August 27 – The Sea Islands hurricane hits Savannah, Georgia, Charleston, South Carolina, and the Sea Islands, killing 1,000–2,000.source
• 1893October 14 – A devastating levee collapse, flash flood and landslide hit and damage around Kyushu Island, Shikoku Island and western Honshū in Japan, due to a strong typhoon wind; an official document reports that 2,044 people perish.source
• 1893October 30 – The 1893 World's Fair, also known as the World's Columbian Exposition, closes.source
• 1894February 15 – In Korea, peasant unrest erupts in the Donghak Peasant Revolution, a massive revolt by followers of the Donghak movement. Both China and Japan send military forces, claiming to come to the ruling Joseon dynasty government's aid.source
• 1894April 27 – Canada's largest known landslide occurs in Saint-Alban, Quebec, displacing 185 e6m3 of rock and dirt, and leaving a 40 m scar that covers 4.6 e6m2 .source
• 1894November 6 – Republicans win by a landslide in the United States House of Representatives elections, which sets the stage for the decisive presidential election of 1896.source
• 1895January 17 – A 6.8 magnitude earthquake strikes northeastern Iran near the town of Quchan and causes at least 1,000 deaths.source
• 1895April 14 – A major earthquake severely damages Ljubljana, the capital of Carniola.source
• 1895October 31 – 1895 Charleston earthquake: A major earthquake occurs near Charleston, Missouri, in the New Madrid Seismic Zone of the midwestern United States. As of 2014, the earthquake risk for the region is being closely monitored.source
• 1896May 27 – St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado: The costliest and third deadliest tornado in U.S. history levels a mile wide swath of downtown St. Louis, Missouri, incurring US$2.9 billion (1997 USD) in normalized damages, killing more than 255 and injuring over 1,000 people.source
• 1896June 12 – J. T. Hearne sets a record for the earliest date of taking 100 wickets in cricket, in England (it is equalled by Charlie Parker in 1931).source
• 1896June 15 – The 8.5 Sanriku earthquake and tsunami kills 22,000 in northeastern Japan.source
• 1897January 7 – A cyclone destroys Darwin, Australia.source
• 1897June 12 – 1897 Assam earthquake: An earthquake of magnitude of 8.0 rocks Assam, India, killing over 1,500 people.source
• 1898November 26 – A two-day blizzard known as the Portland Gale piles snow in Boston, severely impacting the Massachusetts fishing industry and several coastal New England towns.source
• 1898December 28 – The Swiss village of Airolo is buried in an avalanche.source
• 1899February 2 – The Tsar of Russia donates $500,000 for the relief of famine suffered by peasants in the Empire.source
• 1899February 12 – An avalanche kills 12 Italian workers in the U.S. at Silver Plume, Colorado.source
• 1899February 13 – An earthquake strikes in the U.S. and is felt in Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia and Ohio, but causes no casualties.source
• 1899February 13 – A blizzard strikes the east coast of the U.S., shutting down all train service in New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, D.C.source
• 1899March 4 – Cyclone Mahina strikes Bathurst Bay, Queensland. A 12-meter-high wave reaches up to 5 km inland, leaving over 400 dead (one of the deadliest natural disasters in Australia's history).source
• 1899April 8 – A flood caused by the collapse of an ice gorge in the Yellowstone River drowns 12 people near Glendive, Montana.source
• 1899April 27 – A tornado in the U.S. kills numerous people in Kirksville and Newtown, Missouri.source
• 1899June 12 – The New Richmond tornado completely destroys the town of New Richmond, Wisconsin, killing 117 and injuring more than 200.source
• 1899June 13 – The village of Herman, Nebraska, with a population of 319, is destroyed by a tornado and 40 people are killed.source
• 1899July 13 – A tornado kills 13 people in the U.S. village of Herman, Nebraska.source
• 1899August 8 – The San Ciriaco hurricane strikes Puerto Rico and leaves 250,000 people homeless. The official death toll is later listed as 3,369 people.source
• 1899September 30 – The 1899 Ceram earthquake kills 3,864 people on Seram Island, through a tsunami after a 7.8 magnitude earthquake. The villages of Paulohy-Samasuru and Mani, with a combined population of 2,400 people, are swept away by a 29 foot wave.source
• 1899A particularly severe flood hits many water areas in Finland. The water level of many lakes, such as lake Saimaa, reach extraordinary heights, which are marked on the coastal cliffs to this day. In Finland the flood is called the Oathbreaker's flood because it coincided with severe dissatisfaction with the emperor Nicholas II among the Finns.source