1862 CE

Global financial group UBS is founded in Switzerland as the Bank in Winterthur. American Civil War: Capture of New Orleans – Forces under Union Admiral David Farragut occupy the Confederate city of New Orleans, Louisiana, securing access to the Mississippi. American Civil War: Preliminary announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Abraham Lincoln: From January 1, 1863, slaves in the Confederate States will be considered free.

In the 1860s, the 19th century.

1862 at a glance

World population
about 1.30 billion Our World in Data
United States
Abraham Lincoln (President) Wikipedia rev. 1370561602
United Kingdom
Victoria (Queen); Henry John Temple (Prime minister) Wikipedia rev. 1370561602
Russian Empire
Alexander II (Emperor) Wikipedia rev. 1370561602
Qing dynasty
Tongzhi (Emperor) Wikipedia rev. 1370561602
Second French Empire
Napoleon III (Emperor) Wikipedia rev. 1370561602
Tokugawa shogunate of Japan
Kōmei (Emperor) Wikipedia rev. 1370561602

Who led every country in 1862 →

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • January 15 – Sir Philip Wodehouse becomes Governor of the Cape of Good Hope and High Commissioner for Southern Africa.South Africasource
  • February 22 – Jefferson Davis is officially inaugurated in Richmond, Virginia, to a six-year term as president of the Confederate States.source
  • 21 March – James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin appointed Governor-General of India.United Kingdomsource
  • May 15 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs a bill into law creating the U.S. Bureau of Agriculture (later renamed U.S. Department of Agriculture).source
  • May 20 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs the Homestead Act into law.source
  • May 20 – Macdonald-Cartier government falls. Free interprovincial trade granted by the Crown.Canadasource
  • June 5 – Treaty of Saigon: Emperor Tự Đức of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam cedes Saigon, Côn Sơn Island and three southern provinces of what is to become known as French Cochinchina (Biên Hòa, Gia Định and Định Tường) to become part of the French colonial empire. Guerilla leader Trương Định refuses to recognize the treaty.source
  • July 2 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs the Morrill Land-Grant Act into law, creating a system of land-grant colleges, to teach agricultural and mechanical sciences across the United States.source
  • 7 July – Parliament meets in Wellington for the first time. (see also 1863; 1865)New Zealandsource
  • 23 July – Anglo-Belgian Treaty of Commerce and Navigation signed.Belgiumsource
  • 25 July – The Isted Lion is inaugurated in Glensburg.Denmarksource
  • September 10 – Francisco Solano López is appointed second President of Paraguay.source
  • September 22 – American Civil War: The preliminary announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation is made by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln: From January 1, 1863, slaves in the Confederate States will be considered free.source
  • September 22 – Otto von Bismarck becomes Minister President of Prussia, following refusal by the country's Landtag to accept the military budget.source
  • September 22 – American Civil War: Preliminary announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Abraham Lincoln: From January 1, 1863, slaves in the Confederate States will be considered free.United Statessource
  • September 26 – Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein signs into law the 1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein.source
  • September 29 – New Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck delivers his Blood and Iron (Blut und Eisen) speech to the Prussian Landtag.source
  • October 23 – Otto is deposed as King of Greece.source
  • October 24 – Ramón Castilla loses the Presidency of Peru for a second time.source
  • December 1 – In his State of the Union address, President Abraham Lincoln reaffirms the necessity of ending slavery, as he ordered ten weeks earlier in his Emancipation Proclamation.source
  • U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs an act that admits West Virginia to the Union, thus dividing Virginia into two.source
  • Rudberg publishes a minor revision of his proposal of the Stockholm city plan. A new administrative reform comes into effect.Swedensource

Conflict & Security

  • January 6 – French intervention in Mexico: French, Spanish and British forces arrive in Veracruz, Mexico.source
  • February 11–16 – Battle of Fort Donelson – General Ulysses S. Grant attacks Fort Donelson, Tennessee, capturing it on the last day.source
  • March 8 – Ironclad CSS Virginia (formerly USS Merrimack) is launched at Hampton Roads, Virginia; the Battle of Hampton Roads starts the same day.source
  • March 13 – American Civil War: The U.S. federal government forbids all Union army officers from returning fugitive slaves, thus effectively annulling the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and setting the stage for the Emancipation Proclamation.source
  • April 1 – Second French intervention in Mexico: The Spanish and the British ended their alliance with France.source
  • April 6–7– Battle of Shiloh – The Union Army, under General Ulysses S. Grant, defeats the Confederates near Shiloh, Tennessee.source
  • 11 April – Belgian Navy abolished.Belgiumsource
  • April 25 – American Civil War: Capture of New Orleans – Forces under Union Admiral David Farragut occupy the Confederate city of New Orleans, Louisiana, securing access to the Mississippi.United Statessource
  • May 5 – Second French intervention in Mexico: Battle of Puebla – Mexican General Ignacio Zaragoza defeats the French Army; commemorated each year as Cinco de Mayo (Spanish for Fifth of May).source
  • May 18 – Battle of Barranca SecaMexicosource
  • June 8 – Battle of Cross Keys – Confederate troops under General Stonewall Jackson save the Army of Northern Virginia from a Union Army attack on the James Peninsula that is led by General George B. McClellan.source
  • June 26 – American Civil War: Battle of Mechanicsville – Confederate General Robert E. Lee defeats the troops of General George B. McClellan in the first of the Seven Days Battles.source
  • July 23 – American Civil War: Henry Halleck takes command of the Union Army.source
  • 25 July – Herman Wilhelm Bissen' Isted Lion is unveiled in Flensburg Cemetery on the 12th anniversary of the Battle of Isted.Denmarksource
  • August 5 – Battle of Baton Rouge – Along the Mississippi River near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Confederate troops drive Union forces back into the city.source
  • August 6 – Confederate ironclad CSS Arkansas is scuttled on the Mississippi River after suffering damage in a battle with USS Essex, near Baton Rouge, Louisiana.source
  • August 9 – Battle of Cedar Mountain – Confederate General Stonewall Jackson narrowly defeats Union forces under General John Pope at Cedar Mountain, Virginia.source
  • August 17 – The Dakota War of 1862 begins in Minnesota, as Dakota Sioux attack white settlements along the Minnesota River. They are overwhelmed by the U.S. Army six weeks later.source
  • August 19 – Dakota War of 1862: During an uprising in Minnesota, Dakota warriors decide not to attack heavily defended Fort Ridgely and instead turn to the settlement of New Ulm, killing white settlers along the way.source
  • August 28–30 – Second Battle of Bull Run – Confederate forces inflict a crushing defeat on Union General John Pope.source
  • September 2 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln restores Union General George B. McClellan to full command, after General John Pope's disastrous defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run.source
  • September 5 – In the Confederacy's first invasion of the North, General Robert E. Lee leads 55,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River at White's Ford near Leesburg, Virginia, into Maryland.source
  • 30 September – Otto von Bismarck gives the speech named Blood and Iron in Berlin.Germanysource
  • October 8 – American Civil War: Battle of Perryville – Union Army forces under General Don Carlos Buell halt the Confederate invasion of Kentucky by defeating troops led by General Braxton Bragg at Perryville, Kentucky.source
  • October 11 – American Civil War: In the aftermath of the Battle of Antietam, Confederate General J. E. B. Stuart and his men loot Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, during a raid into the North.source
  • October 25 – In the Granadine Confederation (modern-day Colombia), rebel troops of the southern states defeat government forces.source
  • November 14 – President Abraham Lincoln approves the plan by General Ambrose Burnside to capture the Confederate capital city of Richmond, Virginia. This plan leads to a disastrous Union defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13.source
  • December 13 – Battle of Fredericksburg – The Union Army suffers massive casualties and abandons its attempts to capture the Confederate capital city of Richmond, Virginia.source
  • December 26–29 – Battle of Chickasaw Bayou – Another victory for the Confederate Army, outnumbered two to one, results in six times as many Union casualties, defeating several assaults commanded by Union general William T. Sherman.source
  • Christie Question - British sailors were arrested in Rio de Janeiro for promoting mutinies.Brazilsource
  • Dungan Revolt (1862–77) beginsChinasource
  • Fort George in Bombay (now Mumbai) is destroyedIndiasource

Exploration & Expansion

  • 1 May – Cape Western – Cape Town to Stellenbosch, 30 mi.South Africasource
  • July 4 – Charles Dodgson (better known as Lewis Carroll) extemporises the story that becomes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, for ten-year-old Alice Liddell and her sisters, on a rowboat trip on The Isis from Oxford to Godstow.source
  • 24 July – Explorer John McDouall Stuart successfully returns from crossing the Australian continent from north to south on his third attempt.Australiasource
  • 31 August – last mail coach runs from Carlisle to Hawick.Scotlandsource
  • December 12 – Yazoo Pass Expedition – Union ironclad gunboat USS Cairo is sunk by a remotely-detonated "torpedo" (naval mine) while clearing mines from the Yazoo River, the first armored ship sunk by mine.source
  • December 12 – American Civil War: Yazoo Pass Expedition – Union ironclad gunboat USS Cairo is sunk by a remotely-detonated "torpedo" (naval mine) while clearing mines from the Yazoo River, the first armored ship sunk by mine.United Statessource
  • Donald McIntyre builds a settlement in northwest Queensland (Australia) which becomes the town of Julia Creek (named after his niece).source
  • William Duncan, an Anglican missionary on the northwest coast, establishes the village of Metlakatla with 50 Tsimshian followers, who adopt the Christian faith and a European lifestyle. By 1880, more than 1,000 converts live there.Canadasource
  • date unknown - Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez advances to Malleco.Chilesource
  • The Nelson Intelligence is a short-lived newspaper in the Nelson, New Zealand area.New Zealandsource
  • Guillermo Rawson, Interior Minister of Argentina, meets Love Jones-Parry and Lewis Jones to discuss the Welsh colonisation of Patagonia.Walessource

Religion & Belief

  • 2 July – Calcutta High Court is established under the High Courts Act, 1861.Indiasource
  • August 2 – Victoria, British Columbia, is incorporated as a cityCanadasource
  • 16 September – Victor Hugo's Brussels publisher, Albert Lacroix, holds a banquet to celebrate the success of Les MisérablesBelgiumsource
  • October 9 – The Transvaal Civil War breaks out, following Stephanus Schoeman's unconstitutional ousting of the acting President of the Executive Council of the South African Republic.source
  • October 9 – The Transvaal Civil War breaks out following Stephanus Schoeman's unconstitutional ousting of the acting President of the Executive Council of the South African Republic on 6 December 1860.South Africasource
  • Undated – Wilhelm Marstrand paints the murals in Christian IV's Chapel at Roskilde Cathedral.Denmarksource
  • Bishop Robert Eden is elected Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church, an office he will hold until his death in 1886.Scotlandsource
  • The theological seminary Johannelunds Teologiska Högskola is founded in Uppsala.Swedensource
  • Jane Williams (Ysgafell) – Celtic Fables, Fairy Tales and Legends versifiedWalessource

Economy & Finance

  • 1 January – a formal partnership between Edward Harland and Gustav Wilhelm Wolff establishes the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff.Irelandsource
  • April 22 – Global financial group UBS is founded in Switzerland as the Bank in Winterthur.source
  • 18 June - The liberalization of the Swedish economy is completed by the law of free commerce of 1864; all privileges and monopolies of the guilds are abolished, all manners of trade, craftsmanship, industries and other businesses are liberalized and allowed to be practiced freely in both the cities and the countryside by all citizens, regardless of gender, who are either of legal majority or of legal minors who have been given permits of their legal guardians.Swedensource
  • 7 August – Companies Act 1862 facilitates creation of limited liability companies.United Kingdomsource
  • Standard Bank of British South Africa Limited is established in London.South Africasource
  • Iwai Fumisuke Shoten (岩井文助商店), predecessor of Japanese conglomerate Sojitz, is founded in Osaka.source
  • Indian Stock Transfer Act (British statute)Indiasource
  • Prime gilt, a duty levied by Trinity House of Leith on goods coming into the port, is abolished.Scotlandsource

Technology & Infrastructure

  • 1 January – South Wales Railway leased to Great Western Railway prior to merger.Walessource
  • January 30 – American Civil War: The first U.S. ironclad warship, USS Monitor, is launched in Brooklyn.source
  • February 2 – The first railway is opened in New Zealand, by the Dun Mountain Copper Mining Company.source
  • March 17 – The first railway line in Finland, between the cities of Helsinki and Hämeenlinna, is officially opened.source
  • April 12 – Great Locomotive Chase (Andrews' Raid) – Union volunteers steal Confederate steam railroad locomotive The General (which will still exist in the 21st century) in an attempt to sabotage the rail network.source
  • May 24 – Westminster Bridge is opened across the Thames in London. This new iron bridge, designed by Thomas Page, replaces the previous stone one.source
  • July 1 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs into law the Pacific Railroad Acts, authorizing construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad.source
  • 1 July – The first telegraph transmission in New Zealand is made from Lyttelton Post Office to Christchurch.New Zealandsource
  • July 1 – President Abraham Lincoln signs into law the Pacific Railway Acts, authorizing construction of the first transcontinental railroad.United Statessource
  • July 18 – Dent Blanche, one of the highest summits in the Alps, is first ascended.source
  • 9 August – Theater Baden-Baden opens with Béatrice et Bénédict.Germanysource
  • August 21 – The Vienna Stadtpark opens its gates.source
  • 2 September – The first Aarhus and Randers railway stations oen when the new Aarhus–Randers railway line is inaugurated.Denmarksource
  • October 2 – A breakwater construction locomotive for Table Bay Harbour arrives on the ship Navarino.South Africasource
  • 3 October – Kongsvingerbanen, Norway's third railway opens between Lillestrøm and Kongsvinger, is opened.Norwaysource
  • November 4 – Richard Jordan Gatling patents the Gatling gun in the United States.source
  • Japanese construction company Satō Kōgyō is founded in Toyama as Satō-gumi.source
  • Saint Petersburg–Warsaw RailwayRussiasource

Science & Discovery

  • January 31 – Alvan Graham Clark makes the first observation of Sirius B, a white dwarf star, through an eighteen-inch telescope at Northwestern University in Illinois.source
  • 29 July – Confederate commerce raider CSS Alabama is launched clandestinely at Birkenhead by John Laird Sons and Company.United Kingdomsource
  • David Kirkaldy publishes Results of an Experimental Inquiry into the Comparative Tensile Strength and other properties of various kinds of Wrought-Iron and Steel in Glasgow describing his pioneering work in tensile testing.Scotlandsource

Health & Medicine

  • March 13 – A smallpox epidemic in San Francisco spreads to British Columbia.source
  • 16 May – Habeas Corpus Act restricts the right of English courts to issue writs of habeas corpus in British colonies or dominions.United Kingdomsource
  • December 2 – The first United States Navy hospital ships enter service.source
  • December 2 – The first U.S. Navy hospital ships enter service.United Statessource
  • The 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic sweeps through Fort Victoria area and up the length of the northwest coast, killing an estimated 20,000 First Nations peopleCanadasource
  • Around 40% of the Fair Isle population migrates to New Brunswick.Scotlandsource
  • Henry Littlejohn becomes Edinburgh's first Medical Officer of Health, serving until 1908.Scotlandsource
  • A smallpox epidemic breaks out in California.United Statessource

Crime & Justice

  • June 12 – John Winter Robinson, the Secretary of State of Kansas, is convicted and removed from office as the result of a bond scandal, becoming the first state executive official to be impeached and removed from office in American history.source
  • 15 August – Horatio Hartley and Christopher Reilly arrive in Dunedin with 87 pounds of gold from the banks of the Clutha river in Cromwell George leading to the Dunstan Gold Rush.New Zealandsource
  • November 5 – American Indian Wars: In Minnesota, more than 300 Santee Sioux are found guilty of rape and murder of white settlers, and are sentenced to hang.source
  • November 5 – Dakota War: In Minnesota, more than 300 Santee Sioux are found guilty of rape and murder of white settlers and are sentenced to hang.United Statessource
  • Waterfall, Strath Creek – Eugene von GuérardAustraliasource
  • Charles Soubre, View of the Castle in RemouchampsBelgiumsource
  • Habeas Corpus Act (British statute)Indiasource
  • Congregation of the Sisters of Our Lady of MercyRussiasource
  • Peggy Hård is employed as a clerk at a bank office in Stockholm, regarded as a pioneer within the profession of women clerks.Swedensource
  • John Ceiriog Hughes – Oriau'r BoreWalessource

Disasters & Accidents

  • January 16 – Hartley Colliery disaster in north-east England: 204 men are trapped and die underground when the only shaft becomes blocked.source
  • 16 January – Hartley Colliery Disaster: 204 miners die following collapse of machinery at the Hartley Colliery in Northumberland.United Kingdomsource
  • 19 February – Gethin Pit disaster, Abercanaid: the first of two firedamp explosions at this colliery near Merthyr Tydfil kills 47 men and boys.Walessource
  • March 6 – An ammunition warehouse explosion in San Andres Chalchicomula, Mexico, kills between 1,400 and 2,280 during the Second French intervention in Mexico.source
  • 7 August – Ferry from Porthmadog to Talsarnau sinks with the loss of 8 lives.Walessource
  • 13 October – Winchburgh rail crash: A head-on collision on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway kills 15.Scotlandsource
  • December 17 – General Order No. 11, which expels all Jews from his military district, is issued by General Ulysses S. Grant. This order is rescinded just a few weeks later.source
  • December 17 – General Order No. 11, expelling all Jews in his military district, is issued by General Ulysses S. Grant (it is rescinded a few weeks later).United Statessource
  • 27 December – The Swedish brig Daphne is wrecked off Skagen North Beach. A rescue boat from Skagen with 11 men capsizes and only two of the men survives, leaving eight women in Skagen as widows and 25 children fatherless.Denmarksource
  • December 30 – USS Monitor sinks in a storm in the Atlantic, off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.source
  • December 30 – USS Monitor sinks off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.United Statessource
  • December – Peruvian slave raiders land on Easter Island, beginning a decade of the destruction of the society and population on the island.source
  • The Dublin Fire Brigade is established under the Dublin Corporation Fire Brigades Act.Irelandsource

Climate & Environment

  • In the Great Flood of 1862, San Francisco receives 24.49 in of rainfall for January, its highest monthly rainfall on record, and the “rain year” total from July 1861 to June of 49.27 in is also the highest ever.United Statessource
  • 15 March – riots in Stalybridge resulting from the Lancashire Cotton Famine.United Kingdomsource
  • 18 December – "Day of the Great Drowning": 31 men, the entire crews of five fishing boats from Ness, Lewis, are drowned in a storm.Scotlandsource

Culture & Society

  • February 1 – American Civil War: Julia Ward Howe's "Battle Hymn of the Republic" is published for the first time in the Atlantic Monthly.source
  • February 1 – Julia Ward Howe's Battle Hymn of the Republic is published for the first time in the Atlantic Monthly.United Statessource
  • 3 March – Leopold I of Belgium writes a letter to the dean of Windsor expressing a desire to be buried alongside his first wife, Princess Charlotte of Wales.Belgiumsource
  • March 31 – Victor Hugo's epic French historical novel Les Misérables begins publication in Brussels.source
  • May 1–November 1 – The 1862 International Exhibition is held at South Kensington in London; it is particularly noteworthy for an exhibit from Japan, influential in the development of Anglo-Japanese style.source
  • May 2 – The California State Normal School (later San Jose State University) is created by an Act of the California legislature.source
  • July 1 – The Russian State Library is founded, as The Library of the Moscow Public Museum.source
  • July 1 – Princess Alice, the second daughter of Queen Victoria, marries Prince Ludwig of Hesse and by Rhine.source
  • July 1 – The Bureau of Internal Revenue, the forerunner of the Internal Revenue Service, is established in the United States.source
  • 19 July – A banquet attended by Frederick VII and Carl XV of Sweden-Norway takes place in the Grand Hall of Børsen in Copenhagen.Denmarksource
  • August 19 – Horace Greeley publishes an editorial, "The Prayer of Twenty Millions", in the New York Tribune, in which he urges U.S. President Abraham Lincoln to make abolition of slavery an official aim of the Union war effort.source
  • 21 September – Deutscher Sängerbund is founded.Germanysource
  • 4 November – Archer wins the second Melbourne Cup (List of Melbourne Cup winners).Australiasource
  • November 28 – Notts County F.C. is founded in Nottingham, England, making it (by the 21st century) the world's oldest professional Association football team.source
  • Anglo-Indian teacher Anna Leonowens accepts an offer made by the Siamese consul in Singapore, Tan Kim Ching, to teach the wives and children of Mongkut, the King of Siam.source
  • The first female student is accepted into Mount Allison University in Sackville, New BrunswickCanadasource
  • The poem Terje Vigen, written by Henrik Ibsen, is published.Norwaysource
  • Queen Louise and Princess Louise takes swimming lessons for the pioneer Nancy Edberg, making swimming socially acceptable for females.Swedensource

Births

  • 17 January - Javier Ángel Figueroa (died 1945)Chilesource
  • January 23 – David Hilbert, German mathematician (died 1943)source
  • January 24 – Edith Wharton, American fiction writer (died 1937)source
  • January 29 – Frederick Delius, English composer (died 1934)source
  • April 11 – Charles Evans Hughes, American jurist, politician, Chief Justice of the United States (died 1948)source
  • July 14 – Gustav Klimt, Austrian artist (died 1918)source
  • July 16 – Ida B. Wells, American journalist, suffragist, and anti-lynching crusader (died 1931)source
  • August 5 – Joseph Merrick (the Elephant Man), English sufferer from deformities (died 1890)source
  • August 16 – Amos Alonzo Stagg, American football player, coach (died 1965)source
  • August 22 – Claude Debussy, French composer (died 1918)source
  • August 29 – Andrew Fisher, 5th Prime Minister of Australia (died 1928)source
  • September 12 – Carl Eytel, German-American artist working in Palm Springs, California (died 1925)source
  • September 25 – Billy Hughes, 7th Prime Minister of Australia (died 1952)source
  • November 19 – Billy Sunday, American baseball player, evangelist and prohibitionist (died 1935)source
  • 28 November – Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal (died 1959)Portugalsource
  • December 8 – Georges Feydeau, French playwright (died 1921)source
  • December 13 – Soltan-Ali Vazir-e Afkham, Iranian politician.Iransource
  • Olafur Davidsson, natural scientist, ethnographer and folklore collector.Icelandsource

Deaths

  • January 10 – Samuel Colt, American firearms inventor (born 1814)source
  • January 18 – John Tyler, 71, 10th President of the United States (born 1790)source
  • February 3 – Jean-Baptiste Biot, French physicist, astronomer and mathematician (born 1774)source
  • February 20 – Francisco Balagtas, Filipino poet (born 1788)source
  • March 23 – Manuel Robles PezuelaMexicosource
  • April 6 – Albert Sidney Johnston, American Confederate general (born 1803)source
  • April 19 – Louis P. Harvey, Governor of Wisconsin (born 1820)source
  • May 6 – Henry David Thoreau, American author, philosopher (born 1817)source
  • May 16 – Edward Gibbon Wakefield, English theorist of colonization (born 1796)source
  • May 29 – Henry Thomas Buckle, English historian sometimes called "the father of scientific history" (born 1821)source
  • June 17 – Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning, English Viceroy of India (born 1812)source
  • July 24 – Martin Van Buren, 79, 8th President of the United States (born 1782)source
  • August 18 – Simon Fraser, Canadian explorer (born 1776)source
  • 20 August - Javiera Carrera (born 1781)Chilesource
  • November 7 – Bahadur Shah II, 19th and Last mughal emperor (born 1775)source
  • December 18 – Barbara Fritchie, American Civil War patriot (born 1766)source
  • 28 December – Joaquim Casimiro, composer and organist (born 1808).Portugalsource
  • Frederick Townsend Ward, mortally wounded in the Battle of CixiChinasource