1828 CE

Treaty of Turkmenchay: By this Russian-Persian peace treaty signed on February 10 at Torkamanchay, Persia (Iran), the latter country is forced irrevocably to cede the territories of the Erivan Khanate (most of modern-day central Armenia and the northern Iğdır Province of Turkey), the Nakhichevan Khanate (most of the modern-day Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan), the remainder of the Talysh Khanate (southeastern Azerbaijan), and the Ordubad and Mughan regions (also part of modern-day Azerbaijan) to Imperial Russia. By this and the Treaty of Gulistan (1813) Persia has now lost all its territories north of the Aras River, comprising modern-day Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan and Armenia to Russia. Armenians from Persian Azerbaijan are to be resettled in the Caucasus. In South America, the Empire of Brazil and United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (modern-day Argentina) recognize the independence of Uruguay, causing the end of the Cisplatine War. Simón Bolívar declares himself dictator of Gran Colombia. James Beaumont Neilson patents the hot blast process for ironmaking.

In the 1820s, the 19th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

January 4 – Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac, succeeds the Comte de Villèle as Prime Minister of France.source
January 8 – The Democratic Party of the United States is organized.source
January 22 – Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, succeeds Lord Goderich as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
February 10 – Treaty of Turkmenchay was signed between Persia and Russia.Iran source
February 21 – The Cherokee Phœnix, the earliest newspaper published by Native Americans in the United States and in one of their indigenous languages, Cherokee, is first issued in New Echota.source
February 22 – Treaty of Turkmenchay: By this Russian-Persian peace treaty signed on February 10 at Torkamanchay, Persia (Iran), the latter country is forced irrevocably to cede the territories of the Erivan Khanate (most of modern-day central Armenia and the northern Iğdır Province of Turkey), the Nakhichevan Khanate (most of the modern-day Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan), the remainder of the Talysh Khanate (southeastern Azerbaijan), and the Ordubad and Mughan regions (also part of modern-day Azerbaijan) to Imperial Russia. By this and the Treaty of Gulistan (1813) Persia has now lost all its territories north of the Aras River, comprising modern-day Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan and Armenia to Russia. Armenians from Persian Azerbaijan are to be resettled in the Caucasus.source
March 3 – Dom Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil and former King of Portugal, signs a document "to complete my abdication of the Portuguese crown" (made in 1826), to renounce all claims in favor of his daughter Queen Maria II, and to declare "indubitable proof" that he wishes Portugal to be "perpetually separated from the Brazilian nation....in such a manner as may render even the idea of reunion impracticable."source
April 11 – The city of Bahía Blanca in modern-day Argentina is founded.source
April 26 – The Treaty of Commerce and Navigation is signed between Brazil and Denmark, establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries.source
19 June - The Llanelly Dock is established by Act of Parliament.Wales source
6 July – Peruvian–Bolivian War: The Treaty of Piquiza is signed between Sucre and Gamarra. Gran Colombian troops are required to withdraw while Peruvian troops will remain for some time.Bolivia source
9 August: The Chilean Constitution is promulgated.Chile source
August 27 – In South America, the Empire of Brazil and United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (modern-day Argentina) recognize the independence of Uruguay, causing the end of the Cisplatine War. Simón Bolívar declares himself dictator of Gran Colombia.source
October 4 – Uruguay gains independence from Brazil.source
November 11 – Greek War of Independence: the London Protocol entails the creation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty encompassing the Morea and the Cyclades.source
December 3 – 1828 United States presidential election: Andrew Jackson is elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent John Quincy Adams in a landslide.source
December 3 – U.S. presidential election: Challenger Andrew Jackson beats incumbent John Quincy Adams and is elected President of the United States.United States source
William Lyon Mackenzie elected to the Assembly with the first Reform majority.Canada source
John Guard establishes a subsidiary whaling station at Kakapo Bay in Port Underwood. (see 1827)New Zealand source
Cape Colony's Ordinance 50 ensures legal equality, limits employer power, exempts Coloureds from carrying passes, and revises apprenticeship laws.South Africa source

Conflict & Security

February 10 – Black War: Cape Grim massacre – About 30 Aboriginal Tasmanians gathering food at a beach are probably ambushed, shot with muskets and killed by four indentured "servants" (or convicts) employed as shepherds for the Van Diemen's Land Company as part of a series of reprisal attacks, with the bodies of some of the men thrown from a 60 metre (200 ft) cliff.source
March 18 – Simón Bolívar, President of Colombia (and former President of Venezuela, Peru and Bolivia), departs from the capital at Bogotá in order to help his ally, General José Antonio Páez, suppress an uprising near the Venezuelan border, but is sidetracked by another rebellion in Cartagena.source
18 April – Military mutiny in Chuquisaca. President Antonio José de Sucre is wounded and delegates command to President of the Council of Ministers José María Pérez de Urdininea.Bolivia source
April 26 – Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire, beginning the Russo-Turkish War.source
30 April – The revolt in Chuquisaca is quelled.Bolivia source
1 May – Peruvian–Bolivian War: Peruvian forces under Agustín Gamarra cross the Desaguadero River into Bolivia, seeking to expel Gran Colombian influence in the country.Bolivia source
May 21 – Antonio José de Sucre tries to invade Paraguay, reaching the northern city of Fuerte Olimpo, but the planned invasion is immediately cancelled.source
June 3 – Gran Colombia–Peru War: Gran Colombia's President Simón Bolívar declares war on Peru.source
June 23 – King Miguel I of Portugal overthrows his niece, Queen Maria II, beginning the Liberal Wars.source
1 July – Offences against the Person Act 1828 ("Lord Lansdowne's Act") comes into force in England and Wales as one of "Peel's Acts", consolidating and simplifying the law related to cases of violent offence against the person, repealing clause XXXVI of Magna Carta and abolishing the crime of petty treason.United Kingdom source
July 9 – The 1828–29 United States House of Representatives elections commence; they will increase the majority of the Jacksonian Democrats.United States source
August 28 – Russian forces succeed in the Battle of Akhaltsikhe against the Ottomans, capturing the fortress after an 8-day siege.source
September 29 – Russo-Turkish War (1828–29): Varna is taken by the Russian army.source
November 12 – Anouvong, ruler of the Kingdom of Vientiane, is deposed and the kingdom is annexed by Siam. During the war, the city of Vientiane is obliterated by Siamese forces.source
December 1 – Decembrist revolution (Argentina): Juan Lavalle, returning to Buenos Aires with troops that fought in the Cisplatine War, deposes the provincial governor Manuel Dorrego, reigniting the Argentine Civil Wars.source
December 9 – An attempt to assassinate Gran Colombia's President Simon Bolívar fails while he is visiting Jamaica. Bolivar accepts a last-minute invitation to be elsewhere and his servant, hired by the Spanish royal government to kill Bolivar, kills Bolivar's paymaster by mistake.source
Russo-Persian War (1826–28) finished.Iran source
Dingane assassinates Shaka and succeeds him as AmaZulu leader.South Africa source
Colonial forces, AmaXhosa, AmaThembu, and white soldiers defeat the AmaNgwane chief Matiwane, at the Battle of Mbholompo. He flees to Zululand, where Dingane executes him.South Africa source

Exploration & Expansion

31 March – HDMS hvalfisken sets out from Copenhagen, marking the beginning of the 1828–1831 Danish East Greenland Expedition.Denmark source
April 18 – Ornithologist Carl Julian (von) Graba lands in the little-studied Faroe Islands for a three-month visit to research the bird life.source
April 20 – French explorer René Caillié becomes the first non-Muslim to enter Timbuktu and later return alive.source
4 May - The 40-ton schooner Enterprise, the second sailing ship built in New Zealand, is wrecked in a storm north of the Hokianga, with the loss of all hands.New Zealand source
October 26 – English naturalist and explorer William John Burchell collects the only known specimen of Parabouchetia brasiliensis, an exceptionally rare member of the nightshade family Solanaceae, in central Brazil.source
October 27 – Gold is discovered by Benjamin Parks in or near Cherokee First Nation land in Hall County - later reorganized into Lumpkin County - in, Georgia.United States source
10 November - Charles Sturt and Hamilton Hume trace the course of the Macquarie River.Australia source
Settlement begins in Stratford, OntarioCanada source
Unknown date – Guangdong Pharmacy Store, as predecessor of Watsons a cosmetics and pharmacy retailer around Southeast Asia, was founded.China source
Inhabitants of the island of Muck emigrate to Nova Scotia.Scotland source
T. J. Llewelyn Prichard - The Adventures and Vagaries of Twm Shon Catti, descriptive of life in Wales; interspersed with poemsWales source

Religion & Belief

9 May – Sacramental Test Act removes most prohibitions on nonconformists and Catholics holding public office.United Kingdom source
8 August – William Howley elected as Archbishop of Canterbury (enthroned by proxy 28 August) in succession to Charles Manners-Sutton.United Kingdom source
Guangyun Temple is a Buddhist temple located in Cangyuan Va Autonomous County of Yunnan, China. first built in 1828 by the Yunnan governmentChina source
In the election in County Clare, Daniel O'Connell wins the seat, with the Catholic Association.Ireland source
Ellis Evans - Unoliaeth a Gweledigaeth yr Eglwys, sef, Llythyr Cymanfa Cefn MawrWales source
David Saunders (Dafydd Glan Teifi) - Awdl ar Fordaith yr Apostol PaulWales source
William Owen (Gwilym Ddu Glan Hafren) - Y Caniedydd Crefyddol (collection of hymn tunes)Wales source
John Thomas - Telyn y CantorionWales source

Economy & Finance

May 19 – The Tariff of 1828 is enacted. Critics name it the 'Tariff of Abominations' because they see it as unfairly protective of northern industry to the detriment of the southern economy.United States source
December 19 – A document written by U.S. Vice President John C. Calhoun, the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, is presented to the South Carolina House of Representatives protesting the 'Tariff of Abominations'.United States source
The Cornwall Bank, earliest constituent of ANZ bank in Australasia, is formed in Launceston, Van Diemens Land.source
Glasgow Co-operative Society established.Scotland source
Two minor political parties are formed: The single-issue Anti-Masonic Party in upstate New York, and the Nullifier Party advocating states' rights in opposition to the 'Tariff of Abominations'.United States source

Technology & Infrastructure

1 June - The Saundersfoot Railway and Harbour Company is formed.Wales source
July 4 – Construction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad commences with a cornerstone laid by Charles Carroll of Carrollton.United States source
8 August – the Ballochney Railway (near Airdrie, horse worked) is completed throughout.Scotland source
August 11 – The Working Men's Party is founded in the City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania as the 1st 'worker oriented' political party in the United States.United States source
1 October – James Beaumont Neilson patents the hot blast process for ironmaking.United Kingdom source
Ányos Jedlik creates the world's first electric motor.source
Australia's first postman, a private servant of George Panton, is appointed Sydney Postmaster.Australia source
Kings Bridge opens across the River Liffey in Dublin.Ireland source
An iron suspension bridge is built to link South Stack with Holy Island, Anglesey.Wales source

Science & Discovery

7 January – Rev. Henry Duncan describes his discovery of the fossil footmarks of quadrupeds (Chelichnus duncani) in Permian red sandstone at Cornockle Muir, near Lochmaben in Dumfriesshire, the first scientific report of a fossil track, in a paper read to the Royal Society of Edinburgh.Scotland source
December – Mary Anning discovers Britain's first pterosaur fossil at Lyme Regis on the south coast.United Kingdom source
Friedrich Wöhler synthesizes urea, possibly discrediting a cornerstone of vitalism.source
John Walters - An English and Welsh DictionaryWales source

Health & Medicine

February 19 – The Boston Society for Medical Improvement is established in the United States.source
17 April – Royal Free Hospital, established as the London General Institution for the Gratuitous Care of Malignant Diseases by surgeon William Marsden, opens.United Kingdom source
December 20 – The U.S. State of Georgia legislature charters the Medical Academy of Georgia, which becomes the Medical College of Georgia, and authorizes it to award a Bachelor of Medicine degree, making it the 13th oldest U.S. medical school and the sixth public medical school to be established.source
December 20 – The Georgia state legislature charters the Medical Academy of Georgia, which becomes the Medical College of Georgia, and authorizes it to award a Bachelor of Medicine degree, making it the 13th oldest U.S. medical school and the 6th public medical school to be established.United States source

Crime & Justice

9 March – an English gang make off with £28,350 after holding up the Glasgow branch of the Greenock Bank.Scotland source
May 26 – The supposed feral child Kaspar Hauser is discovered in Nuremberg, Germany.source
26 May – Supposed feral child Kaspar Hauser is discovered in Nuremberg, Germany.Germany source
August 11 – William Corder is hanged at Bury St Edmunds, England, for the murder of Maria Marten at the Red Barn a year earlier.source
11 August – William Corder is hanged at Bury St. Edmunds for the murder of Maria Marten at the Red Barn a year ago.United Kingdom source
13 September - Robbers break into the vault of the Bank of Australasia in Sydney - first bank robbery in Australia.Australia source
17 December – Trial of the case of the murderers and body snatchers William Burke and William Hare begins in Edinburgh.United Kingdom source
31 December – President Blanco is arrested by anti-Peruvian rebels.Bolivia source
Criminal Law (India) Act (British statute)India source
17–24 December – Burke and Hare murders trial in Edinburgh: William Burke is sentenced to hang for his part in the murder of 17 victims (up to 31 October) to provide bodies for dissection by anatomist Robert Knox; his accomplice William Hare is released having turned King's evidence.Scotland source

Climate & Environment

September 17 – 1828 Siebold typhoon: A typhoon kills approximately 10,000 people in Kyūshū, Japan.source
December 28 – The province of Echigo, Japan, is hit by a 6.8 magnitude earthquake, killing more than 1,500 people.source

Culture & Society

February 19 – The Boston Society for Medical Improvement is established.United States source
April 27 – The London Zoo opens for members of the Zoological Society of London as the first scientific zoo in the United Kingdom.source
May 9 – The Sacramental Test Act in the United Kingdom removes most prohibitions on nonconformists and Catholics holding public office.source
July 4 – Lord William Bentinck arrives at Calcutta (modern-day Kolkata) to begin his administration as the new Governor-General of India, on behalf of King George IV of the United Kingdom.source
July 5 – The British weekly The Spectator is founded by Robert Rintoul as a radical magazine.source
September - Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, visits the eisteddfod at Denbigh, making it the first to receive a royal visit.Wales source
October 26 – The Office of the Institutions of Empress Maria is established in Russia to maintain the charitable institutions previously under the patronage of the late Empress.source
1 November – The wedding of Prince Frederick (VII) and Princess Vilhelmine Marie of Denmark takjes place in Copenhagen.Denmark source
December 30 – Publication (begun on January 14) of Franz Schubert's song cycle Winterreise is concluded posthumously.source
In Stykkishólmur, Árni Thorlacius built a large house for his home and companies, the Norwegian house, which has been renovated and accommodates the local museum.Iceland source
Celebrating the Norwegian Constitution Day was banned, but the ban was lifted the next year.Norway source
Office of the Institutions of Empress MariaRussia source
Sir Walter Scott's novel The Fair Maid of Perth (or St. Valentine's Day; Chronicles of the Canongate, 2nd series) is published.Scotland source
Malte-Brun map of scandinavia is published as part of Conrad Malte-Brun's System of Geography, Vol. I.Sweden source

Births

11 January - Miguel Luis Amunátegui (died 1888)Chile source
January 23 – Saigō Takamori, Japanese samurai (died 1877)source
January 23 - Saigō Takamori (died 1877), samuraiJapan source
February 8 – Jules Verne, French science fiction author (died 1905)source
March 17 – Patrick Cleburne, Irish soldier, Confederate general (died 1864)source
March 20 – Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian playwright (died 1906)source
17 April – Johanna Mestorf, German prehistoric archaeologist (died 1909)Germany source
April 20 – Josephine Butler, British social reformer (died 1906)source
May 8 – Henry Dunant, Swiss founder of the Red Cross, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (died 1910)source
9 May – Andrew Murray, author, educationist and pastor, is born in Cape TownSouth Africa source
May 12 – Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English poet, painter (died 1882)source
August 6 – Andrew Taylor Still, American father of osteopathy (died 1917)source
August 25 – Jane Stanford, American philanthropist, co-founder of Stanford University, first lady of California (died 1905)source
August 28 – William A. Hammond, American military physician, neurologist and 11th Surgeon General of the United States Army (1862–1864) (died 1900)source
September 8 – Joshua Chamberlain, Governor of Maine, President of Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine (died 1914)source
September 9 (O.S.)/August 28 (N.S.) – Leo Tolstoy, Russian writer (died 1910)source
October 31 – Sir Joseph Swan, English physicist, chemist (died 1914)source
November 19 – Rani Lakshmibai, queen of the Maratha-ruled princely Indian state of Jhansi (died 1858)source

Deaths

February 11 – DeWitt Clinton, 6th Governor of New York, United States Senator (born 1769)source
April 16 – Francisco Goya, Spanish painter (born 1746)source
30 April – José Miguel García Lanza, guerilla. (born 1791)Bolivia source
May 8 – Mauro Giuliani, Italian composer (born 1781)source
May 16 – William Congreve, British rocket pioneer (born 1772)source
June 1 – Lyncoya Jackson, second adopted son of American President Andrew Jackson (born c. 1811)source
June 25 – Richard W. Meade, American merchant and art collector (born 1762)source
2 July - Martín Calvo Encalada (born 1756)Chile source
July 9 – Gilbert Stuart, American painter from Rhode Island (born 1755)source
September 22 – Shaka, most influential leader of the Zulu Kingdom (born 1787)source
October 26 – Albrecht Thaer, German agronomist (born 1752)source
November 5 – Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg), Empress of Paul I of Russia (born 1759)source
5 November – Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg), Empress of Paul I of Russia (born 1759)Germany source
November 19 – Franz Schubert, Austrian composer and songwriter (born 1797)source
December 4 – Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (born 1770)source
December 22 – William Hyde Wollaston, English chemist (born 1766)source
December 22 – Rachel Jackson, wife of U.S. President Andrew Jackson (born 1767)source
Griqua leader Cornelius Kok II dies, and Adam Kok II regains leadership.South Africa source