1835 CE

Matua, High Priest (taura tupua) of the Polynesian island of Mangareva, is baptized into the Roman Catholic Church. The Bertelsmann company is founded by Carl Bertelsmann as a religious printer and publisher in Prussia. Weobley in Herefordshire is the site of the consecration of the first Roman Catholic chapel in England since the Reformation.

In the 1830s, the 19th century.

1835 at a glance

World population: about 1.19 billion Our World in Data
United States: Andrew Jackson (President) Wikipedia rev. 1360994931
United Kingdom: William IV (King); Robert Peel, then William Lamb (Prime minister) Wikipedia rev. 1360994931
Russian Empire: Nicholas I (Emperor) Wikipedia rev. 1360994931
Qing dynasty: Daoguang (Emperor) Wikipedia rev. 1360994931
July Monarchy of France: Louis Philippe I (King); Édouard Mortier, then Victor de Broglie (Prime minister) Wikipedia rev. 1360994931
Tokugawa shogunate of Japan: Ninkō (Emperor) Wikipedia rev. 1360994931

Who led every country in 1835 →

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

February 1 – Slavery is finally abolished in British-administered Mauritius, with compensation to slaveowners.source
March 2 – Ferdinand becomes Emperor of Austria.source
April 7: Diogo Feijó wins the election as Regent of Brazil by just a difference of approximately 600 votes.Brazil source
April 18 – Lord Melbourne succeeds Sir Robert Peel as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
28 April - Lord Eliot ConventionSpain source
May 5 – Braulio Carrillo is sworn in as Head of State of Costa Rica.source
May 23 – The Mexican State of Aguascalientes is formed, by decree of President Antonio López de Santa Anna.source
May 23 – President Santa Anna separates by decree the State of Aguascalientes from the State of Zacatecas.Mexico source
6 June – Batman's Treaty is created between John Batman and Wurundjeri elders to secure the land around Port Phillip Bay for the establishment of Melbourne. The treaty was later declared void by the Governor of New South Wales, Richard Bourke.Australia source
23 July – Mariano Enrique Calvo is appointed as the 3rd vice president of Bolivia, succeeding José Miguel de Velasco.Bolivia source
10 October – Second provisional postal convention between Belgium and the Office of the Prince of Tour and Taxis signed in Brussels.Belgium source
October 28 – The United Tribes of New Zealand is founded at Waitangi, with the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand.source
October - First printing in English in New Zealand made by William Colenso, a notice warning against French influence in New Zealand.New Zealand source
December 7 – Future U.S. President James K. Polk becomes Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.source
December 20 – The Texas Declaration of Independence is signed by American residents rebelling against Mexico at Goliad, Texas.source
December 29 – The Treaty of New Echota is signed between the United States Government and representatives of the Cherokee Nation.source
English becomes the official language of India.source
Juan Manuel de Rosas becomes Caudillo of Argentina.source
The French word for their language changes to français, from françois.source
The Voortrekkers start leaving the Cape Colony in what is called the Great Trek into the interior to escape British dominationSouth Africa source

Conflict & Security

January 24 – Malê Revolt: African slaves of Yoruba Muslim origin revolt against Brazilian owners at Salvador, Bahia.source
January 24-25: The Muslim slave revolt, known as the Malê Revolt, takes place in Salvador, capital of the Province of Bahia.Brazil source
January 30 – Attempted assassination of Andrew Jackson: The first assassination attempt against a President of the United States is carried out against President Andrew Jackson at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., by English-born delusional unemployed house painter Richard Lawrence; the attempt fails when his pistols misfire due to humidity.source
12 February – Court of Cassation finds that the laws on injury and manslaughter apply to participants in duels.Belgium source
16 July - Battle of MendigorríaSpain source
July 28 – An assassination attempt against King Louis Philippe I of France is attempted by Giuseppe Marco Fieschi, who uses a home-made volley gun and kills 10 people. The King escapes with a minor wound.source
13 August – Salaverry-Santa Cruz War – Battle of Yanacocha: A united Peru-Bolivian army commanded by Andrés de Santa Cruz defeats Agustín Gamarra at Yanacocha.Bolivia source
September 20 – The Ragamuffin War begins in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.source
October 2 – The Texas Revolution – Battle of Gonzales: Mexican soldiers attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, Texas, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia.source
October 2 – Texas Revolution – Battle of Gonzales: Mexican soldiers attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, Texas but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia.Mexico source
October 28 – Texas Revolution – Battle of Concepción: The Texian Army defeats the Mexicans.source
December 5 – Start of Moriori genocide, the killing and enslavement of the indigenous people of the Chatham Islands by 500 Māori people from New Zealand.source
December 9 – The Army of the Republic of Texas captures San Antonio.source
December 28 — The Second Seminole War, led by Seminole Chief Osceola breaks out in the U.S. state of Florida.source
December 28 – The Second Seminole War breaks out. Seminole fighter Osceola and his warriors attack government agent Thompson outside Fort King in central Florida.United States source
Fort Cass is established, the military headquarters and site of the largest internment camps during the 1838 Trail of Tears.source
Fighting between Te Arawa and Ngaiterangi against Waikato tribes.New Zealand source
AmaXhosa chiefdoms invade the Cape Colony to reclaim land taken in the previous Sixth War of Dispossession.South Africa source

Exploration & Expansion

January 7 – HMS Beagle anchors off the Chonos Archipelago on her second voyage, with Charles Darwin on board as a scientist.source
August 30 – European settlers, landing on the north banks of the Yarra River in Victoria, Australia, found the settlement of Melbourne.source
September 7 – Charles Darwin arrives at the Galápagos Islands, aboard HMS Beagle.source
7 September – Charles Darwin arrives at the Galapagos Islands aboard HMS Beagle.United Kingdom source
September 9 – José Figueroa, Governor of Alta California (born 1792)Mexico source
December 3 – Limerick-owned barque Francis Spaight is badly damaged homebound from Newfoundland and the surviving crew resort to cannibalism at sea to escape starvation before being rescued.Ireland source
19 December – HMS Beagle, captained by Robert FitzRoy and carrying Charles Darwin, arrives in New Zealand.New Zealand source
December – Charles Darwin witnesses a game of cricket at the Bay of Islands.New Zealand source
The British East India Company negotiates a lease of the Darjeeling area west of the Mahananda River, from the Kingdom of Sikkim.source
Aoruk – A.C. Perch's Tea House opens on Kronprinsensgade in Copenhagen.Denmark source
Roderick Murchison names the Silurian period in geology.Scotland source
Missionaries publish the first IsiXhosa grammar in Grahamstown.South Africa source

Religion & Belief

10 May – Gaspard-Joseph Labis becomes bishop of Tournai.Belgium source
May 11 – Matua, High Priest (taura tupua) of the Polynesian island of Mangareva, is baptized into the Roman Catholic Church.source
23 May – Viscount of Torre de Moncorvo, a title created by Queen Maria II as a barony by decreePortugal source
29 May – the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland confirms the Veto Act which allows a majority of heads of families to exclude a presentee from a parish, legislation which is subsequently ruled as invalid.Scotland source
July 14 – The universal Catholic Apostolic Church is organized, initially in the U.K.source
August – H. Fox Talbot exposes the world's first known photographic negatives, at Lacock Abbey in England.source
13 September - John Bede Polding, the first Catholic bishop in Australia, arrives in Sydney.Australia source
15 November – Weobley in Herefordshire is the site of the consecration of the first Roman Catholic chapel in England since the Reformation.United Kingdom source
David Strauss begins publication of Das Leben Jessu, kritisch bearbeitet ("The life of Jesus, critically examined") in Tübingen.source
Pedro Patiño Ixtolinque, sculptor who worked on the Puebla Cathedral and the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral (born 1774)Mexico source
The Anglican mission at Te Papa peninsula, Tauranga, opens. (see also 1837 & 1838)New Zealand source
Y Fwyalchen (poetry anthology)Wales source

Economy & Finance

January 8 – The United States public debt contracts to zero, for the only time in history.source
July – The Bertelsmann company is founded by Carl Bertelsmann as a religious printer and publisher in Prussia.source
3 November – Sparekassen for Roskilde By og Omegn is established.Denmark source
December 16– The Great Fire of New York begins and lasts until the next day, destroying 530 buildings, including the New York Stock Exchange.source
The British Geological Survey is founded, as the world's first national geological survey.source
In the British Parliament, Mr. Stanley says there is no evidence to justify any one of the 92 Resolutions.Canada source
Alloa Coal Company established as a partnership by William Mitchell and others to work coal pits in Clackmannanshire.Scotland source

Technology & Infrastructure

21 January – Airdrie Savings Bank opens its doors to business; it will remain as an independent trustee savings bank until 2017.Scotland source
May 5 – The first railway in continental Europe is opened between Brussels and Mechelen in Belgium.source
June 1 – Kingston Penitentiary opens in Kingston, Ontario.source
June 1 – Official opening of the Kingston Penitentiary.Canada source
July 4 – The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad completed construction of its Thomas Viaduct then the longest bridge in the United States, and second only to London Bridge in the world; the longer Canton Viaduct is completed two weeks later.United States source
15 September – Exposition des produits de l'industrie nationale opens in Brussels.Belgium source
September - John Frost is one of the first councillors elected in Newport under the terms of the Municipal Reform Act.Wales source
November 12 – Construction is completed on the Wilberforce Monument in Kingston Upon Hull.source
December 7 – The Bavarian Ludwig Railway opens between Nuremberg and Fürth, with a train hauled by the English-built Der Adler ("The Eagle"), the first railway in Germany.source
7 December – The Bavarian Ludwig Railway opens between Nuremberg and Fürth, with a train hauled by the British-built Der Adler ("The Eagle"), the first railway in Germany.Germany source
December 21 – The Raleigh and Gaston Railroad is chartered in Raleigh, North Carolina.source
The Cachar Levy, forerunner of the Assam Rifles, is founded in India.source
Charles-Louis Havas creates Havas, the first news agency in the world (which later spawns Agence France-Presse).source
The Søholm pottery is founded in Rønne on Bornholm.Denmark source
Early in the year Alfred Nesbitt Brown opens the mission at Matamata. (see also 1833, 1834 & 1836)New Zealand source

Science & Discovery

25 July – The first demonstration of an incandescent light bulb is made by James Bowman Lindsay in Dundee, Scotland.United Kingdom source
August 25 – In the U.S., The New York Sun prints the first of six installments of the Great Moon Hoax.source
August 25 – The Great Moon Hoax begins.United States source
November 16 – Halley's Comet reaches perihelion, its closest approach to the Sun.source
30 December – The Beagle leaves New Zealand.New Zealand source
Cell division is first observed under the microscope by German botanist Hugo von Mohl as he works over green algae Cladophora glomerata.Germany source
Hugh Miller publishes Scenes and Legends in the North of Scotland.Scotland source
Adam Sedgwick names the Cambrian period in geology.Wales source

Health & Medicine

August – The September Laws ban all criticism of Louis Philippe and regulate publications and the theatre.France source
10 September – The Cruelty to Animals Act extends protection of domesticated animals from maltreatment, including outright prohibition on bear-baiting and cockfighting in England and Wales.United Kingdom source
20 September - outbreak of the Ragamuffin WarBrazil source
29 November – Population Census: Norway had 1,194,827 inhabitants.Norway source
November/December – The German Federal Convention prohibits circulation of work by members of the "Young Germany" group of writers (Karl Gutzkow, Heinrich Heine, Heinrich Laube, Theodor Mundt and Ludolf Wienbarg) and the exiled poet Heinrich Heine.Germany source
29 December – Mary Gilbert gives birth to her son, James Port Phillip Gilbert, the first European child born in the Port Phillip settlement of Melbourne.Australia source
There are approximately 80 Europeans at the Weller brothers whaling station at Otakou.New Zealand source
Judge William Harper of South Carolina rules that a person's acceptance as white, not the proportion of white and black blood, determine a person's race.United States source

Crime & Justice

25 August – Prisons Act aims to secure greater uniformity in practice across prisons in England and Wales and introduces Inspectors of Prisons.United Kingdom source
November 27 – Two London men, James Pratt and John Smith, are hanged in front of Newgate Prison in London, after a conviction of buggery. They are the last to suffer capital punishment for homosexual acts in England.source
27 November – Two men, James Pratt and John Smith, are hanged in front of Newgate Prison in London after a conviction of buggery. They are the last to suffer capital punishment for homosexual acts in England.United Kingdom source
Joseph Howe, a Halifax printer and owner since 1828 of the weekly Novascotian, is arrested for libel but successfully argues his own case for freedom of the press. A local hero, he begins advocating the kind of responsible government that is only established in 1848.Canada source
Chief Hintsa of the AmaXhosa is captured under a false truce by Governor D'Urban's troops and interrogated. He was murdered while attempting to escape, with his ears taken as trophies.South Africa source
Edward Herbert, 2nd Earl of Powis - The Lyvys of the SeyntysWales source

Disasters & Accidents

12 April – British ship George III, transporting male convicts from Woolwich to Hobart sinks in D'Entrecasteaux Channel with the loss of around 134 (128 convicts) of the 294 people on board.Australia source
May 13 – At least 224 people, most of them female convicts being transported from Cork, Ireland, to Australia, are drowned when the British barque Neva is wrecked in the Bass Strait. Only 15 people survive.source
13 May – British barque Neva, transporting female convicts from Cork, Ireland, is wrecked in the Bass Strait with the loss of 224 people and only 15 survivors.Australia source
May 13 – British barque Neva, transporting female convicts from Cork to Australia, is wrecked in the Bass Strait with the loss of 224 people and only 15 survivors.Ireland source
18 June – An underground explosion at Wallsend Colliery kills 102.United Kingdom source
5 November - Christiania Offentlige Theater burns down.Norway source
December 16–17 – The Great Fire of New York destroys 530–700 buildings and kills two.United States source

Climate & Environment

January 26 – Saint Paul's in Macau is largely destroyed by fire after a typhoon hits.source
February 20 – 1835 Concepción earthquake: Concepción, Chile, is destroyed by an earthquake. The resulting tsunami destroys the neighboring city of Talcahuano.source
20 February - 1835 Concepción earthquakeChile source
Civil war erupts in Uruguay, between supporters of the Blanco and Colorado parties.source
Johnny Jones and Edwin Palmer buy the whaling station at Preservation Inlet but it closes within a year. (see also 1829 & 1836)New Zealand source
In geology, Roderick Murchison names the Silurian period, and Adam Sedgwick the Cambrian.United Kingdom source

Culture & Society

28 January – Medical College, Bengal is established; later became Medical College Kolkata.India source
March 23 – The Academia Mexicana de la Lengua (Mexican Academy of Language) is established.source
March 23 – The Mexican Academy of Language is established.Mexico source
May 6 – James Gordon Bennett, Sr. publishes the first issue of the New York Herald.United States source
May 8 – Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection. is first published.source
July 25 – James Bowman Lindsay demonstrates a constant electric light at a public meeting in Dundee, Scotland.source
August 28 – St. Vincent's Ecclesiastical Seminary, a predecessor of Castleknock College, is founded by the Vincentian community in Dublin, Ireland.source
17 September – Viscount of Vilarinho de São Romão, a title created by Queen Maria IIPortugal source
September 19 – William Lloyd Garrison publishes Angelina Grimké's anti-slavery letter in The Liberator.source
October 3 – The Staedtler Company (pencil manufacturers) is founded by J. S. Staedtler in Nuremberg, Germany.source
3 October – The Staedtler Company (pencil manufacturers) is founded by J. S. Staedtler in Nuremberg, Germany.Germany source
3 November – The Savings Bank for Roskilde and Surroundings is established in Roskilde.Denmark source
1 December – Catholic University of Mechelen relocates to Leuven, becoming Catholic University of Leuven.Belgium source
The first Bulgarian-language school opens in the Ottoman Empire.source
Edward Strutt Abdy publishes his Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States of North America: From April, 1833, to October 1834.source
The first Egyptian Museum in Cairo opened.source
The magazine Fjölnir began its circulation. The publication was made by the so-called Fjölnir men. They were Jónas Hallgrímsson, Konráð Gíslason, Tómas Sæmundsson and Brynjólfur Pétursson.Iceland source

Births

February 13 – Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (died 1908)source
March 12 – Simon Newcomb, Canadian-American astronomer (died 1909)source
April 9 – King Leopold II of Belgium (died 1909)source
May 23: José Alves de Cerqueira César, politicianBrazil source
June 2 – Pope Pius X (died 1914)source
9 June - Ramón Barros Luco (died 1919)Chile source
July 27 – Giosuè Carducci, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1907)source
August 2 – Elisha Gray, American inventor, businessman (died 1901)source
August 19 – Tom Wills, Australian cricketer, pioneer of Australian rules football (died 1880)source
October 9 – Camille Saint-Saëns, French composer (died 1921)source
October 23 – Adlai Stevenson I, American lawyer and politician, 23rd Vice President of the United States (died 1914)source
November 6 – Cesare Lombroso, Italian criminologist (died 1909)source
10 November – Manuel António de Sousa, Portuguese merchant and military officer of Goan origin (died 1892).Portugal source
November 25 – Andrew Carnegie, American industrialist, philanthropist (died 1919)source
November 29 – Empress Dowager Cixi of China (died 1908)source
November 30 – Mark Twain, American author, humorist (died 1910)source
December 4 – Samuel Butler, English writer (died 1902)source
? – Mirza Hasan Ali Nasir ol-Molk, Qajar politician.Iran source

Deaths

January 26 – Queen Maria II of Portugal marries Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg, in Lisbon; he dies only two months later.source
February 20: Clemente Malcher, rebel leader (assassinated)Brazil source
March 2 – Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1768)source
28 March – Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg, the first prince consort of Maria II of Portugal (born 1810)Portugal source
March 30 – Richard Sharp, English hat-maker, banker, merchant, poet, critic, Member of Parliament, and conversationalistsource
April 8 – Wilhelm von Humboldt, German linguist, philosopher (born 1767)source
April 21 – Samuel Slater, American industrialist (born 1768)source
May 13 – John Nash, English architect (born 1752)source
June 18 – William Cobbett, English journalist, author (born 1763)source
24 June - Tomás de ZumalacárreguiSpain source
June 25 – Ebenezer Pemberton, American educator (born 1746)source
July 6 – John Marshall, influential American Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (born 1755)source
July 15 – Izabela Czartoryska, Polish magnate princess (born 1746)source
July 28 – Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise, French marshal (born 1768)source
September 23 – Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (born 1801)source
November 14 – James Freeman, first American clergyman to call himself a Unitarian (born 1759)source
29 November – Princess Catharina of Württemberg, wife of Jérôme Bonaparte (born 1783)Germany source
December 22 – David Hosack, American physician and educator, attending doctor at the Hamilton-Burr duel (born 1769)source