1830 CE

It is known in European history as a rather tumultuous year with the Revolutions of 1830 in France, Belgium, Poland, Switzerland and Italy.

In the 1830s, the 19th century.

1830 at a glance

World population: about 1.16 billion Our World in Data
United States: Andrew Jackson (President) Wikipedia rev. 1360994931
United Kingdom: George IV, then William IV (King); Arthur Wellesley, then Charles Grey (Prime minister) Wikipedia rev. 1360994931
Russian Empire: Nicholas I (Emperor) Wikipedia rev. 1360994931
Qing dynasty: Daoguang (Emperor) Wikipedia rev. 1360994931
Bourbon Restoration of France: Charles X (King); Jules de Polignac (Prime minister) Wikipedia rev. 1360994931
July Monarchy of France: Louis Philippe I (King) Wikipedia rev. 1360994931
Tokugawa shogunate of Japan: Ninkō (Emperor) Wikipedia rev. 1360994931

Who led every country in 1830 →

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

January 12–27 – Webster–Hayne debate: In the United States Congress, Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina debates against Daniel Webster of Massachusetts about the question of states' rights vs. federal authority.source
January 12–27 – Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina debates the question of states' rights vs. federal authority with Daniel Webster of Massachusetts in the United States Congress.United States source
February 3 – The London Protocol establishes the full independence and sovereignty of Greece from the Ottoman Empire, as the result of the Greek War of Independence.source
April 1 - resignation of President Ruiz-TagleChile source
April 6 – The Law of April 6, 1830 was passed encouraging Mexican settlement and forbidding American settlement within Coahuila y TejasMexico source
9 April - The first issue of the Dutch newspaper De Zuid-Afrikaan in the Cape ColonySouth Africa source
May 13 – Ecuador separates from Gran Colombia.source
May 28 – The Indian Removal Act is signed into law by U.S. President Andrew Jackson, beginning the "Trail of Tears" with the forced relocation of more than 60,000 Indigenous Americans from the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations from the southeastern United States to what is now the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The relocation is accomplished by the end of 1838. In addition to the five tribes, thousands of Indian-owned black slaves are moved as well, and the move has the effect of beginning mass destruction of bison in North America.source
June 26 – William IV succeeds his brother George IV, as King of the United Kingdom.source
July 18 – Uruguay adopts its first constitution.source
July 20 – Greece grants citizenship to Romaniote Jews.source
July 29 – "The Three Glorious Days" of the July Revolution in France end with establishment of a provisional government in Paris.source
August 2 – King Charles X abdicates the throne in favour of his grandson Henri, Count of Chambord, who never takes the throne.source
August 9 – Louis Philippe, the "Citizen King", becomes King of the French.source
August 13 – The Duc de Broglie is appointed Prime Minister of France by Louis Philippe.source
25 August – Belgian Revolution beginsBelgium source
20 September - The Port Arthur penal settlement was established.Australia source
September 26 – Belgian Revolution: The army of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands fails to retake Brussels; a National Congress is summoned to draw up a Constitution and a Provisional Government of Belgium is established under Charles Latour Rogier.source
October 4 – Belgian Revolution: The Provisional Government in Brussels declares the creation of the independent state of Belgium.source
October – The Regeneration in Switzerland begins: more liberal constitutions are adopted in most cantons.source
November 2 – Jacques Laffitte succeeds the Duc de Broglie as Prime Minister of France.source
November 8 – Ferdinand II becomes King of the Two Sicilies.source
November 22 – On what becomes called "the Ustertag", men of the Canton of Zürich in Switzerland gather to demand a new constitution.source
November 22 – The Whig Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey succeeds Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
December 20 – The independence of Belgium is recognized by the Great Powers.source
William Lyon Mackenzie re-elected to the Assembly with a Reform minority.Canada source
Colonial Offices Act (British statute)India source

Conflict & Security

March 28 – The Java War ends with the capture of Prince Diponegoro during negotiations with Dutch commander Hendrik Merkus de Kock.source
April 17 - Chilean Civil War of 1829–30: Battle of Lircay, decisive Pelucones (Conservative) victoryChile source
July 5 – French invasion of Algiers, leading to creation of French Algeria.source
July 5 – France invades Algiers.Algeria source
July 26 – The July Revolution in France begins when people in Paris rebel against the July Ordinances, issued earlier in the day at Saint-Cloud by King Charles X of France.source
July 27 – "The Three Glorious Days" of the July Revolution in France begin. The Paris mob clashes with the National Guard: over the period 1,800 rioters and 300 soldiers will die.source
July 27–29 – July Revolution ("Three Glorious Days") – people in Paris rebel against the Ordinance of St. Cloud by King Charles X of France and clash against the National Guard – 1,800 rioters and 300 soldiers die and the king has to flee the capital.France source
July 31 – King Charles X of France flees to the Château de Rambouillet.source
August 25 – The Belgian Revolution begins in Brussels with revolts against King William I of the Netherlands.source
6 September – Otmoor riots: mass demonstration against enclosure of Otmoor in Oxfordshire.United Kingdom source
7 October - The 'Black Line' campaign of the Black War begins in an attempt to capture all Tasmanian Aborigines. The campaign lasts 7 weeks and only succeeds in bringing two Aborigines to the authorities.Australia source
27 October – Belgian forces take Antwerp; Dutch forces bombard the city from Antwerp Citadel.Belgium source
6 November – After 3 or 4 days hidden aboard the Elizabeth while anchored in Akaroa, Te Rauparaha and his warriors attack and massacre a village of local Kāi Tahu, and then cannibalise them.New Zealand source
November 29 – The Polish November Uprising begins in Warsaw against Russian rule.source
The November Uprising (November Insurrection)Russia source

Exploration & Expansion

3 February – John Guard arrives in Sydney with a cargo of whale oil, the first to be shipped from the South Island.New Zealand source
February - Charles Sturt and party discover the mouth of the Murray River.Australia source
April 8 – José María Estudillo an early settler and leader of San DiegoMexico source
Austins of Derry is established in Northern Ireland. Until closure in 2016, it is the world's oldest independent department store.source
Ridout's Hardware Store, later known as Aikenhead's Hardware opens in Toronto.Canada source
The settlements of Alluitsup Paa, Kitsissuarsuit, Narsaq, and Qeqertaq are established in Greenland.Denmark source
The road over Sir Lowry's Pass is openedSouth Africa source
Southern Ocean Expedition: John Biscoe sets out on an expedition to find new seal-hunting grounds in the Southern Ocean.United Kingdom source
Sir Thomas Frankland Lewis is appointed Treasurer of the Navy by the Duke of Wellington.Wales source

Religion & Belief

February 23 - William Carey becomes Bishop of St Asaph.Wales source
February – first Roman Catholics take their seats in the House of Commons at Westminster, among them Daniel O'Connell (for County Clare) and Richard More O'Ferrall (Kildare).Ireland source
March 26 – The Book of Mormon, subtitled "An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon, Upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi", is first published, with E. B. Grandin printing the original edition in Palmyra, New York.source
April 6 – Joseph Smith and five others organize the Church of Christ (later renamed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), the first formally organized church of the Latter Day Saint movement, in northwestern New York.source
27 May – Rev. Alexander Duff arrives in Calcutta as the Church of Scotland's first missionary to India.Scotland source
24 June – Last person to stand in the pillory in England, Peter Bosse, for perjury.United Kingdom source
September 15 – Porfirio Díaz, 29th President of Mexico (died 1915 in France)Mexico source
25 November – Étienne-Modeste Glorieux founds the fraternity in Ronse that would eventually become the Brothers of Our Lady of LourdesBelgium source
Magin Catalá – Franciscan missionary in Santa Clara, CaliforniaMexico source
Ellis Evans - Anogaeth i Athrawon ac Athrawesau ein Hysgolion SabotholWales source

Economy & Finance

March 12 – Craig vs. Missouri: The United States Supreme Court rules that state loan certificates are unconstitutional.United States source
23 July – Beerhouse Act 1830 liberalise regulations on the brewing and sale of beer by individuals.United Kingdom source
Sogo, a Japanese department store brand founded in Osaka, Japan, as predecessor part of Seven & I Retail Group.source
Debts Recovery Act (British statute)India source
National income - ₹9,100 millionIndia source
Austins established in the Diamond, Derry. At closure in 2016 it will be the world's oldest independent department store.Ireland source
McVitie's founded as McVitie & Price's biscuit bakery in Rose Street, Edinburgh.Scotland source
Annandale distillery opened and Talisker distillery founded.Scotland source
Austins of Derry established in Northern Ireland. At closure in 2016 it will be the world's oldest independent department store.United Kingdom source

Technology & Infrastructure

19 March – The suspension bridge at Montrose partly collapses due to movement of a crowd watching a boat race from it, with the loss of at least 4 lives.Scotland source
1 April – The annual Charlottenborg Spring Exhibition opensDenmark source
July 17 – Barthélemy Thimonnier is granted a French patent (#7454) for a sewing machine: it chain stitches at 200/minute.source
July 17 – Barthélemy Thimonnier is granted a patent (#7454) for a sewing machine. It chain stitches at 200/minute.France source
31 July – William Yate returns from 6 months 'training' in printing at Sydney with a printing press. His attempts at printing are not particularly successful. (see also 1834 & 1835)New Zealand source
August 31 – Edwin Beard Budding is granted an English patent for the invention of the lawn mower.source
September 15 – The opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the world's first intercity passenger railway operated solely by steam locomotives, takes place in England, UK.source
15 September – Liverpool and Manchester Railway opens, the world's first intercity passenger railway operated solely by steam locomotives. At the opening, Liverpool MP William Huskisson is accidentally killed by Stephenson's Rocket, thereby becoming the first railway casualty. The works include notable tunnels at Edge Hill, Liverpool.United Kingdom source
October 20 – Thomas Cochrane is granted a patent for the first airlock.source
December - First issue of Aftonbladet.Sweden source
T. & A. Mulholland open the 8000-spindle York Street flax mill in Belfast.Ireland source
The Penydarren works at Merthyr Tydfil produce the rails for the world's first steam railway.Wales source

Science & Discovery

17 May – A meteorite falls on the North Inch at Perth.Scotland source
12 June – The steam ship PS Frederik den Sjette is launched in Copenhagen. It replaces PS Caledonia on the route between Copenhagen and Kiel.Denmark source
15 September HDMS Bellona is launched at Nyholm in Copenhagen.Denmark source
The C.F. Hansen Medaillen is introduced to mark the 50th anniversary of Christian Frederik Hansen's appointment.Denmark source
The private Markree Observatory is set up.Ireland source

Health & Medicine

17 October – Decree of the provisional government prohibiting importation of jenever from the Netherlands.Belgium source
Influenza epidemic strikes tribes of British Columbia.Canada source
First brine bath opened at Droitwich Spa.United Kingdom source

Crime & Justice

12 January: The last executions take place in Iceland at Þrístapi, Vatnsdalur, with Agnes Magnúsdóttir and Friðrik Sigurðsson being beheaded for murder the murder of two men, including Nathan Ketilsson.Iceland source
7 April – Wilhelm Bendz's painting The Waagepetersen Family is included in the exhibition.Denmark source
28 June – First police officer to be killed on duty in the UK, Joseph Grantham of the new Metropolitan Police Service in London.United Kingdom source
October – Garde Civique formed to maintain public orderBelgium source
10,000 chests of opium are sold in China.source
Thuggee and Dacoity DepartmentIndia source
Illusory Appointments Act (British statute)India source
William Carleton publishes Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry and Confessions of a Reformed Ribbonman, a fictionalised account of the Wildgoose Lodge Murders of 1816.Ireland source
Sir Samuel Rush Meyrick - Engraved Illustrations of Antient Arms and Armour, from the Collection at Goodrich CourtWales source

Disasters & Accidents

February 5 – A fire destroys the Argyll Rooms in London, where the Philharmonic Society of London presents concerts, but firefighters are able to prevent its further spread by use of their new equipment, steam-powered fire engines.source
5 February – A fire destroys the Argyll Rooms in London, where the Philharmonic Society of London presents concerts, but firemen are able to prevent its further spread by use of their new equipment, steam-powered fire engines.United Kingdom source
November – Ribbonmen attack an Orange band, puncturing some of their drums. The Orangemen retaliate by burning the Catholic village of Maghery, County Armagh, to the ground.Ireland source

Climate & Environment

June 12 – 7.5 magnitude earthquake kills more than 7,400 people in the Chinese province of Hebei.source
July – potato crop failure the previous year leads to widespread famine. Food riots in Limerick and Leitrim.Ireland source
Sheep dip is invented by George Wilson of Coldstream.Scotland source

Culture & Society

January 11 – LaGrange College (later the University of North Alabama) begins operation, becoming the first publicly chartered college in Alabama.source
March 26 – Joseph Smith's religious text "Book of Mormon" is published in Palmyra, New York.United States source
21 April – Phillip Tapsell is married to Karuhi, sister of a Ngā Puhi chief, by Samuel Marsden.New Zealand source
3 May – The Royal Danish Defence College is established by Frederik VI.Denmark source
May 15 – The Royal Swedish Yacht Club (KSSS) is founded.source
July 13 – The General Assembly's Institution (later the Scottish Church College), one of the pioneering institutions that ushers in the Bengali Renaissance, is founded by Alexander Duff and Raja Ram Mohan Roy, in Calcutta, India.source
September 1 - In the 1830 United Kingdom general election, Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot is elected for Glamorganshire as a Whig; he will continue to sit for a Glamorganshire constituency until his death in 1890.Wales source
December 5 – Hector Berlioz's most famous work, Symphonie fantastique, has its world premiere in Paris.source
16 December – Felix Mendelssohn completes composition of his concert overture The Hebrides as Die einsame Insel ("The Lonely Island").Scotland source
The Glyptothek museum of classical sculpture, commissioned by King Ludwig I of Bavaria, is opened as Munich's first public museum.source
The Entuzjastki society is founded in Poland.source
The Grand Orange Lodge of British North America was founded in Ontario by Ogle Robert Gowan.Canada source
The Glyptothek museum in Munich, designed by Leo von Klenze, is completed.Germany source
Det Dramatiske Selskab in Kristiansund was founded.Norway source

Births

7 January – Albert Bierstadt, German-American painter (died 1902)Germany source
January 31 – James G. Blaine, 28th and 31st United States Secretary of State (died 1893)source
February 3 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (died 1903)source
February 8 – Abdülaziz, Ottoman Sultan (died 1876)source
April 9 – Eadweard Muybridge, English photographer, pioneer of photographic studies of motion (died 1904)source
April 21 – Clémence Royer, French anthropologist (died 1902)source
2 May (in Ireland): Maurice O'Rorke, politician.New Zealand source
May 29 – Louise Michel, French anarchist (died 1905)source
July 10 – Camille Pissarro, French painter (died 1903)source
July 20 – Clements Markham, English explorer (died 1916)source
August 16 – Diego Barros Arana, historian (died 1907)Chile source
August 18 – Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria (died 1916)source
September 15 – Porfirio Díaz, 29th President of Mexico (died 1915)source
October 10 – Queen Isabella II of Spain (died 1904)source
November 8 – Oliver Otis Howard, American Civil War general (died 1909)source
December 5 – Christina Rossetti, English poet (died 1894)source
December 10 – Emily Dickinson, American poet (died 1886)source
? – Nariman Khan Qavam al-Saltaneh, Iranian politician and diplomat.Iran source

Deaths

January 7 – Carlota Joaquina of Spain, Queen consort of Portugal (born 1775)source
January 7 – Thomas Lawrence, English painter (born 1769)source
12 January – Friðrik Sigurðsson, murdererIceland source
March 16 – Sir Robert Farquhar, British merchant, colonial governor and politician (born 1776)source
March 17 – Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr, French marshal (born 1764)source
March 27 – Luis Antonio Argüello former governor of Alta California died in San FranciscoMexico source
June 1 – Swaminarayan (Sahajanand Swami), Indian yogi, central figure in Swaminarayan Hinduism (born 1781)source
June 4 – Antonio José de Sucre, Venezuelan revolutionary leader, statesman (born 1795)source
June 26 – King George IV of the United Kingdom (born 1762)source
August 6 – David Walker, African-American abolitionist (born 1796)source
September 18 – William Hazlitt, English essayist (born 1778)source
September 23 – Elizabeth Monroe, First Lady of the United States (born 1768)source
October 31 – Petar I Petrović-Njegoš, ruler of Montenegro (born 1747)source
18 November – Adam Weishaupt, German philosopher (born 1748)Germany source
November 30 – Pope Pius VIII, Italian pontiff (born 1761)source
December 8 – Benjamin Constant, Swiss writer (born 1767)source
December 17 – Simón Bolívar, Venezuelan revolutionary leader, statesman (born 1783)source
Li Ruzhen, Chinese novelist and phonologistChina source