1825 CE

After no presidential candidate receives a majority of United States Electoral College votes following the 1824 United States presidential election, the United States House of Representatives elects John Quincy Adams President of the United States in a contingent election. After no presidential candidate receives a majority of U.S. Electoral College votes, the United States House of Representatives elects John Quincy Adams as President of the United States in a contingent election. The sloop Restauration set sail from Stavanger to New York City. It is considered the first organized emigration from Norway to the United States.

In the 1820s, the 19th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

7 January - Parliament of TapihueChile source
February 9 – After no presidential candidate receives a majority of United States Electoral College votes following the 1824 United States presidential election, the United States House of Representatives elects John Quincy Adams President of the United States in a contingent election.source
February 9 – After no presidential candidate receives a majority of U.S. Electoral College votes, the United States House of Representatives elects John Quincy Adams as President of the United States in a contingent election.United States source
February 12 – Second Treaty of Indian Springs: The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government and migrate west.source
April 17 – Charles X of France recognizes Haiti, 21 years after it expelled the French following the successful Haitian Revolution, and demands the payment of 150 million gold francs, 30 million of which Haiti must finance through France itself, as down payment.source
May – History of Brisbane: The Australian city of Brisbane is founded.source
June 2 – The United States Senate ratifies the treaties with the Great Osage and the Little Osage tribes.source
June 3 – The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaty with the Kansas tribe.source
June 9 – The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaty with the Poncas tribe.source
14 June – Van Diemen's Land is separated administratively from New South Wales.Australia source
July 6 – A new Combinations of Workmen Act in the United Kingdom makes trade unions legal according to narrowly defined principles.source
July 6 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Cheyenne tribe.source
July 6 – The Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck gains possession of Glücksburg and changes his title to Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. Den 6te Julii har det behaget Hs. Majestæt allernaadigst at tillade Hs. høifyrstelige Durchlauchtighed, Hertug Friederich Wilhelm Paul Leopold til Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderburg Beck, for sig og hans samtlige ægte Descendentere, tillige at føre det Hertugelige Navn og Titel som Hertug af Glücksburg.source
6 July – The Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck gains possession of Glücksburg and changes his title to Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. The line of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg later becomes the royal house of Greece, Denmark and Norway.Germany source
July 16 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Hunkpapa tribe.source
July 30 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Mandan, Belantae, Eloa and Minnetaree tribes.source
August 4 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Ricara tribes.source
August 6 – Bolivia gains its independence from Spain as a republic, at the instigation of Simón Bolívar.source
6 August – War of Independence: The Bolivian Declaration of Independence, in which Bolivia officially declares independence from the Spanish Empire, is approved by the General Assembly of Deputies of the Province of Upper Peru.Bolivia source
August 11 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Crow tribe.source
August 25 – Uruguay is declared independent of the Empire of Brazil by the Thirty-Three Orientals, a militant revolutionary group led by Juan Antonio Lavalleja.source
August 29 – The Treaty of Rio de Janeiro between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Empire of Brazil, recognizes Brazil as an independent nation; formally ending Brazil’s war of independence.Brazil source
September 26 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Missouri and Ottoe tribes.source
September 30 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Pawnee tribe.source
November 7 – The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaty with the Shawnee tribe.source
November 15 – King Joao VI of Portugal promulgates a law recognizing his eldest son, Dom Pedro, as the Emperor of Brazil.source
Colonial frontier extended to the Orange River.South Africa source
Sir Thomas Foley becomes an admiral.Wales source

Conflict & Security

Invasion of Chiquitos: The Empire of Brazil attempts to annex Chiquitos, now part of the Santa Cruz DepartmentBolivia source
April 30 – Upper Creek chief Menawa leads an attack that assassinates William McIntosh for signing the Treaty of Indian Springs.United States source
June 15 – A rebellion is started by 200 slaves in the Guamacaro region of Cuba, and is suppressed after 12 hours; in the ensuing months, most who were not killed in the battle will be hunted down and killed.source
July 20 – A skirmish takes place between Dutch-Yogyakartan forces and Javanese rebels, triggering the Java War.source
September 25 – General Hendrik Merkus de Kock lifts the siege of Jogjakarta, the first major action of the Java War.source
October 12 – The Battle of Sarandí between troops of the Banda Oriental and the Empire of Brazil.Brazil source
October–December – Dispute between the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Empire of Brazil over the Banda Oriental region leads to the Cisplatine War.source
December 9 – The British began the Siege of Bharatpur (1825–1826) in India.source
December 26 (O.S.)/December 14 (N.S.) – Some Imperial Russian Army officers stage the Decembrist revolt against Nicholas's accession in Saint Petersburg, but it is thoroughly suppressed by the government.source
December 26 (December 14 O.S.) – 3000 Imperial Russian Army officers stage the Decembrist Revolt against Nicholas's accession in Saint Petersburg. The rebellion, however, is successfully suppressed by the government.Russia source
London becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Beijing.source
Ngāpuhi chief Hongi Hika's campaign against Ngāti Whātua ends with the battle Te Ika a Ranganui on the Kaiwaka River (approximately 105 km north of modern downtown Auckland). Hongi's eldest son is killed in the battle. Most of the Ngāti Whatua survivors, heavily defeated, flee south, leaving Tāmaki-makau-rau (Auckland) almost deserted until the arrival of Governor William Hobson in 1840. Hongi later pursues the Ngāti Whatua survivors into the Waikato.New Zealand source
Slave and Khoikhoi uprising in Worcester district over rights.South Africa source
At about this date, London is estimated to overtake Peking as the world's largest city.United Kingdom source
Peter Bailey Williams – Tragwyddol Orphwysfa'r SaintWales source

Exploration & Expansion

May – the British Ordnance Survey begins its survey of Ireland.Ireland source
4 July – The sloop Restauration set sail from Stavanger to New York City. It is considered the first organized emigration from Norway to the United States.Norway source
11 July – The Danish schooner Vigilant captures the Spanish privateering schooner Adolpho north of Colibra in the West Indies.Denmark source
July 30 – Malden Island (an uninhabited island in the central Pacific Ocean) is discovered by George Byron, 7th Baron Byron.source
1 November – George Thompson establishes the Aberdeen Line of shipping to the Empire.Scotland source
Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan is founded as a mudfort on the Silk Roadsource
The Peter Robinson settlement brings 2,000 poor Irish families to Scott's Plains (now Peterborough, Ontario)Canada source
Wesleyan missionary William White becomes possibly the first European to visit the central Waikato.New Zealand source
The 1825 New Zealand Company forms. A preliminary expedition to New Zealand, with 60 artisans, leaves Great Britain on the Rosanna (Captain James Herd) and the Lambton (Captain Barnett) before the end of the year.New Zealand source
The first horse-drawn short-stage coaches run in the London area.United Kingdom source

Religion & Belief

January - Anti-Sacrilege Act, law against blasphemy and sacrilege passed under King Charles X. The law is never applied (except for a minor point).France source
February 10 – Simón Bolívar gives up his title of dictator of Peru and takes the alternative title of El Libertador.source
May 26 – Two Unitarian Christian bodies, the American Unitarian Association in the United States and the British and Foreign Unitarian Association in the United Kingdom are founded, coincidentally on the same date.source
May 29 – The Coronation of Charles X takes place at the historic site of Reims Cathedral, the last coronation of a French monarch.source
22 June – Sir Walter Scott's "Tales of the Crusaders" The Betrothed and The Talisman are published (as "by the author of Waverley") by Archibald Constable in Edinburgh.Scotland source
3 December – Van Diemen's Land becomes fully independent from New South Wales. The Legislative Council of Tasmania is established and George Arthur, former Lieutenant-Governor, is promoted as its first Governor.Australia source
29 December – Bolívar renounces his position and delegates command to Antonio José de Sucre.Bolivia source
The National Library was moved to the loft of the newly renovated Reykjavík Cathedral.Iceland source
Allan Cunningham edits the anthology The Songs of Scotland, Ancient and Modern.Scotland source
Publication of Seren Gomer moves to Carmarthen.Wales source

Economy & Finance

March 17 – The Norfolk & Dedham Group is founded as The Norfolk Mutual Fire Insurance Company in the United States.source
March 17 – The Norfolk & Dedham Group is founded as The Norfolk Mutual Fire Insurance Company.United States source
March – the National Bank of Scotland is constituted in Edinburgh; it opens for business in October.Scotland source
June 27 – The Canada Company is foundedCanada source
27 June – the Excise Licences Act raises Irish excise licences to bring them in line with those of Great Britain.Ireland source
August 18 – Scottish adventurer Gregor MacGregor issues a £300,000 loan with 2.5% interest, through the London bank of Thomas Jenkins & Company, for the fictitious Central American republic of Poyais. His actions led to the Panic of 1825, the first modern stock market crash, in England.source
18 August – Scottish adventurer Gregor MacGregor issues a £300,000 loan with 2.5% interest through the London bank of Thomas Jenkins & Company for the fictitious Central American republic of Poyais. His actions lead to the Panic of 1825, the first modern stock market crash, starting in the Bank of England and precipitating the closure of six London banks and sixty country ones in England.Scotland source
Foundation of the Provincial Bank of Ireland.Ireland source
Rix dollar converted to British currency.South Africa source
Vicksburg, Mississippi is incorporated.United States source

Technology & Infrastructure

June 11 – The first cornerstone is laid for Fort Hamilton in New York City.United States source
September 27 – The world's first modern railway, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opens in England.source
27 September – The world's first modern railway, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opens with engineer George Stephenson driving the first public train pulled by the steam engine Locomotion No 1.United Kingdom source
October 25 – The Erie Canal opens, granting passage from Albany, New York to Lake Erie.United States source
October 26 – The Erie Canal opens, providing passage from Albany, New York to Buffalo and Lake Erie.source
October 26 – US finishes Erie Canal from Buffalo to Hudson River and New York City.Canada source
4 November - Canal Saint-Martin opened in Paris.France source
Hans Christian Ørsted reduces aluminium chloride to produce metallic aluminium.source
The first horse-drawn omnibuses established in London.source
The Fort Vancouver trading post is established on the lower Columbia River by the Hudson's Bay Company.source
The United States Postal Service starts a dead letter office.source
Portlaw in County Waterford is established as a model village by the Malcomson family, Quaker cotton mill owners.Ireland source
The following Scotch whisky distilleries are established: Ben Nevis (at Lochy Bridge); Edradour (in Pitlochry); Glenkinchie (in East Lothian); and Glenury (at Stonehaven).Scotland source
Rails for the Stockton and Darlington Railway (opened 27 September) are made at Ebbw Vale.Wales source

Science & Discovery

1 February – windstorm passes over Scotland with winds around 140 kn.Scotland source
February 10 – Gideon Mantell names and describes the second known dinosaur Iguanodon.source
23 April – Royal charter granted to the Geological Society of London.United Kingdom source
Sydney, Lady Morgan, publishes Absenteeism.Ireland source
Thomas Crofton Croker publishes the first volumes of his Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland.Ireland source
Robert Davidson's Poems are published.Scotland source
Michael Faraday isolates benzene.United Kingdom source
John Neal publishing serially the first written history of American literature, American Writers (1824–1825)United States source

Health & Medicine

22 June – Cotton Mills Regulation Act establishes a maximum of 12-hour day for children under 16.United Kingdom source
27 November – Population Census: Norway had 1,051,318 inhabitants.Norway source
Vancouver, Washington is established by Dr. John McLoughlin on behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company.United States source

Crime & Justice

3 February - Swedish Prison and Probation Service is founded.Sweden source
4 March – A penal settlement is established on Maria Island, Tasmania.Australia source
March 5 – Capture of the sloop Anne: Roberto Cofresí, one of the last successful pirates in the Caribbean, is defeated by an international naval force.source
9 March – the Unlawful Societies (Ireland) Act proscribes both the Catholic Association and the Orange Order.Ireland source
November 7 – Beauchamp–Sharp Tragedy: Lawyer Jereboam O. Beauchamp murders Kentucky legislator Solomon P. Sharp in a family feud, becaming the first person legally executed in the state.United States source
Jedediah Richards – Diddanwch y PererinionWales source
John Brickdale Blakeway and Hugh Owen – A History of ShrewsburyWales source

Disasters & Accidents

January 2 – The Parliament House, in Toronto, is burned.Canada source
2 January – The square-rigged transatlantic ocean liner Diamond strikes Sarn Badrig in Cardigan Bay and sinks.Wales source
March 1 – The outbound British East Indiaman Kent 1820 EIC ship is destroyed by fire in the Bay of Biscay with the loss of more than 80 lives, but over 550 are saved by passing ships.source
1 March – A fire destroys the outbound East Indiaman Kent 1820 EIC ship in the Bay of Biscay with the loss of more than 80 lives, but passing ships save over 550.United Kingdom source
September 7 – Soldiers of the 70th Regiment subdue a fire, which consumes over eighty buildings, in Montreal.Canada source
September to October: The Great Miramichi Fire destroys at least 10 000 km 2 to 20,000 km 2 and killing at least 280 people.Canada source
October 21 – PS Comet II sinks off Gourock (Scotland) with the loss of 62 lives.source
21 October – PS Comet II sinks off Gourock in the Firth of Clyde with the loss of 62 lives.Scotland source
Minh Mạng outlaws the teaching of Christianity in Vietnam.source

Climate & Environment

February 3 – Vendsyssel-Thy, once part of the Jutland peninsula forming westernmost Denmark, becomes an island after a flood drowns its 1 km wide isthmus.source
February – February flood of 1825Germany source
July – England and Wales' dryest July on record, with a rainfall average of 8.2mm; from 14–19 July consecutively, the daytime maxima in London exceed 90 °F (32 °C).United Kingdom source
October 7 – The Miramichi Fire, a forest fire, breaks out in New Brunswick (Canada).source
Felicia Hemans – The Forest SanctuaryWales source

Culture & Society

21 March – British première of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 (1824) is presented by the Philharmonic Society of London at its Argyll Rooms conducted by Sir George Smart (and with the choral "Ode to Joy" sung in Italian).United Kingdom source
29 May - Coronation of Charles X in Reims. This was the only coronation following the Bourbon Restoration and the last ever to take place.France source
May – the Royal Hibernian Academy holds its first exhibition of art in Dublin.Ireland source
28 July – foundation stone of the Royal High School's new building on Calton Hill in Edinburgh is laid.Scotland source
August 22 – The National Mexican Rite is created in Mexico City.source
September – The Lady Margaret Boat Club is founded by 12 members of St John's College, Cambridge.source
November 26 – At Union College in Schenectady, New York a group of college students form Kappa Alpha Society as the first college social fraternity (it is the first to combine aspects of secret Greek-letter societies, literary societies and formalized student social groups).United States source
December 1 (O.S.)/November 19 (N.S.) – Nicholas I of Russia succeeds his older brother Alexander I.source
December 1 (November 19 O.S.) – Nicholas I succeeds his brother Alexander I, as emperor.Russia source
The Copenhagen Art Society is founded by a circle of the most influential figures of the Danish art world during the Danish Golden Age.Denmark source
Det Dramatiske Selskab in Egersund is founded.Norway source

Births

January 25 – George Pickett, American Confederate general (died 1876)source
March 13 – Hans Gude, Norwegian romanticist landscape painter (died 1903)source
April 11 – Ferdinand Lassalle, Prussian-German philosopher, socialist and politician (died 1864)source
May 4 – Thomas Henry Huxley, English biologist (died 1895)source
4 August - Domingo Santa María (died 1889)Chile source
September 4 – Dadabhai Naoroji, Indian politician (died 1917)source
September 17 – Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (died 1893)source
October 10 – Paul Kruger, Boer resistance leader (died 1904)source
October 13 – Charles Frederick Worth, English-born fashion designer, father of haute couture (died 1895)source
October 25 – Francis March, American comparative linguist (died 1911)source
October 25 – Johann Strauss, Junior, Austrian composer (died 1899)source
November 9 – A. P. Hill, American Confederate general (died 1865)source
20 November – António de Serpa Pimentel, politician (died 1900)Portugal source
November 29 – Jean-Martin Charcot, French physician, neurologist (died 1893)source
November 30 – William-Adolphe Bouguereau, French painter and educator (died 1905)source
December 2 – Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil (died 1891)source
2 December – Pedro II of Brazil, Emperor of Brazil from 1831 to 1889 (died 1891).Brazil source
? – Emam Gholi Khan Haji Ilkhani, great ilkhan.Iran source

Deaths

January 4 – King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies dies in Naples and is succeeded by his son, Francis.source
January 4 – Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (born 1751)source
January 8 – Eli Whitney, American inventor (born 1765)source
13 January: Frei Caneca, religious leaderBrazil source
16 March - Camilo Henríquez (born 1769)Chile source
2 April – Pedro Antonio Olañeta, Spanish Royalist general (born 1774)Bolivia source
May 7 – Antonio Salieri, Italian composer (born 1750)source
May 13 – Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth, British diplomat (born 1752)source
May 19 – Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon, French politician (born 1760)source
May 22 – Laskarina Bouboulina, Greek independence fighter, heroine (shot) (born 1771)source
June 11 – Daniel D. Tompkins, 6th Vice President of the United States (born 1774)source
June 14 – Pierre Charles L'Enfant, French architect (born 1754)source
August 16 – Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, American politician, soldier (born 1746)source
October 13 – King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria (born 1756)source
November 14 – Jean Paul, German writer (born 1763)source
December 28 – James Wilkinson, American soldier, statesman (born 1757)source
December 29 – Jacques-Louis David, French painter (born 1748)source
Christian Adolph Friedrich EbenPortugal source