Conflict & Security in the 19th century

2,008 sourced entries, 1800 CE to 1899 CE, oldest first. Also see Conflict & Security across every century or everything else in the 19th century.

1800January 1 – Quasi-War: Action of 1 January 1800 – A naval battle off the coast of Haiti, between four United States merchant vessels escorted by naval schooner USS Experiment, and a squadron of armed barges manned by Haitian pirates (known as picaroons), under the command of general André Rigaud, ends indecisively.source
1800March 17 – The British Royal Navy ship of the line, HMS Queen Charlotte, catches fire off the coast of Capraia, with the loss of 673 lives.source
1800April 6 – War of the Second Coalition: Siege of Genoa – General André Masséna is surrounded by 40,000 Austrian troops under Field Marshal Michael von Melas and blockaded by a strong British squadron under Lord Keith.source
1800April – United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland.Canada source
1800May 14 – Second Coalition: French forces under General Louis-Alexandre Berthier are halted by 400 Austro-Piedmont soldiers, at Fort Bard in the Aosta Valley.source
1800May 15 – Napoleon and his French army (40,000 men)—not including the field artillery and baggage trains—(35,000 light artillery and infantry, 5,000 cavalry) begin crossing the Alps. He selects the shortest route through the Great St Bernard Pass, and invades after five days traversing the northern region of Italy.source
1800May 21 – President John Adams issues general amnesty for the Pennsylvania Dutch farmers who participated in Fries's Rebellion.United States source
1800June 4 – War of the Second Coalition: Siege of Genoa: The French army is evacuated from Genoa. Marshal André Masséna is allowed to march out, with all the honours of war. A portion of his force joins General Louis-Gabriel Suchet, and the rest is conveyed in British ships to Antibes.source
1800June 14 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Marengo: Napoleon Bonaparte defeats the Austrian army (some 30,000 men) under General Michael von Melas near Marengo. The arrival of French reinforcements under General Louis Desaix reverses the battle. A late counterstroke turns a near-defeat into a political and strategic triumph. Desaix dies during the battle. Napoleon strengthens his position as First Consul and becomes the 'savior of France'. The Austrians lose 6,000 men killed or wounded and some 8,000 prisoners of war. The French lose over 5,000 men (25% total casualties).source
1800June 15 – Convention of Alessandria (Armistice of Marengo): Austria agrees to evacuate much of Italy and suspends military operations.source
1800June 19 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Höchstädt – General Jean Victor Marie Moreau leads French forces to victory, opening the Danube passageway to Vienna.source
180019 June – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Höchstädt – General Jean Victor Marie Moreau leads French forces to victory, opening the Danube passageway to Vienna.Germany source
1800June 27 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Neuburg – General Claude Lecourbe leads French forces to victory, securing control of the Danube from Austria.source
1800August 30 – The plot by African-American blacksmith and slave Gabriel Prosser to seize Richmond, Virginia, and guide a slave uprising, is thwarted by a massive downpour on the evening that it is set to begin; two other slaves have revealed Prosser's plans to authorities, who have prepared to follow him to the rendezvous point and arrest the conspirators, so that "neither the geographical extent of the plot nor the number of insurgents in the conspiracy was revealed"; eventually, 25 slaves, including Prosser, will be captured, tried and hanged.source
1800August – the 93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot is first mustered by William Wemyss at Strathnaver; in September they are sent from Fort George via Aberdeen to Guernsey and in October formally gazetted into the British Army.Scotland source
1800September 4 – Siege of Malta (1798–1800): The French garrison in Valletta surrenders to British troops, who had been called at the invitation of the Maltese. The islands of Malta and Gozo become the Malta Protectorate.source
18004 September – Siege of Malta (1798–1800): The French garrison in Valletta surrenders to British troops who have been called at the invitation of the Maltese. The islands of Malta and Gozo become the Malta Protectorate.United Kingdom source
1800November 22 – War of the Second Coalition: Hostilities resume.source
1800December 3 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden – The French army defeats Habsburg and Bavarian troops.source
1800December 18 - Annexation of Kingdom of Kartli-KakhetiRussia source
1800December 24 – The Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise fails to kill Napoleon Bonaparte.source
180024 December - Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise, assassination attempt on Napoleon Bonaparte in Paris.France source
1800December 25 – The Armistice of Steyr is signed between French and Imperial forces in Germany, ending active hostilities of the War of the Second Coalition in Germany.source
1800War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Montebello: French forces under General Jean Lannes defeat the Austrians at Montebello. Lannes distinguishes himself in battle; the Austrians lose 659 killed and 1,445 wounded. The French claim only 600 casualties, but a more realistic assessment is that they suffer about 3,000 losses.source
1800The Argentine Army, suspicious of invasion, increases its force to 14,141 soldiers.Argentina source
1801April 2 – War of the Second Coalition: First Battle of Copenhagen – The British Royal Navy, under Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, forces the Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy to accept an armistice. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson leads the main attack, deliberately disregarding his commander's signal to withdraw. He is created a Viscount on May 19; Denmark-Norway is forced to withdraw from the Second League of Armed Neutrality.source
18012 April – War of the Second Coalition – First Battle of Copenhagen: The British Royal Navy, under Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, forces the Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy to accept an armistice. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson leads the main attack, deliberately disregarding his commander's signal to withdraw. He is created a Viscount on 19 May; Denmark-Norway is forced to withdraw from the Second League of Armed Neutrality.Norway source
18012 April – Battle of Copenhagen in the War of the Second Coalition: The Royal Navy under Admiral Sir Hyde Parker forces the Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy to accept an armistice. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson leads the main attack, deliberately disregarding his commander's signal to withdraw.United Kingdom source
18019 April – A meeting between Crown Prince Frederik and Vice Admiral Lord Nelson at Amalienborg Palace results in a ceasefire. Denmark-Norway has to leave the neutrality pact.Denmark source
1801May 6 – French Revolutionary Wars: Action of 6 May 1801 off Barcelona – British Royal Navy brig HMS Speedy, although outmanned and outgunned, captures the 32-gun Spanish frigate El Gamo.source
1801May 10 – The pascha of Tripoli declares war on the United States, by having the flagpole on the consulate chopped down.source
18014 June – Soldiers of the Ross and Cromarty Rangers fire on a mob in Aberdeen celebrating the King's birthday, killing two.Scotland source
1801June 15 – A bull breaks through barriers at a bullfight in Madrid, killing two people (including the mayor of Torrejón de Ardoz) and injuring a number of other spectators.source
1801June 27 – Siege of Cairo ends: Cairo falls to British troops.source
1801July 6 – First Battle of Algeciras: The French fleet defeats the British fleet.source
1801July 12 – Second Battle of Algeciras: The British fleet defeats the French and Spanish fleets.source
1801August 1 – First Barbary War: Action of 1 August 1801 – United States Navy schooner USS Enterprise captures the 14-gun Tripolitan corsair polacca Tripoli off the north African coast, in a single-ship action.source
1801August 1 – Action of 1 August 1801 (First Barbary War): United States Navy schooner USS Enterprise captures the 14-gun Tripolitan corsair polacca Tripoli off the north African coast in a single-ship action.United States source
1801September 2 - Siege of Alexandria: French troops (some 10,000 men) under General Jacques-François Menou surrender to the British after a siege of 17 days. According to the terms, the French are allowed to keep their personal weapons and baggage.source
1801October 17 – A coup d'état is staged in the Batavian Republic.source
1801Annexation of Allahabad by the British.India source
1801Indian March of Paul - attempted Russian attack on British IndiaRussia source
1801Hester Thrale - Retrospection: or a review of the most striking events, characters, situations, and their consequences, which the last eighteen hundred years have presented to the view of mankindWales source
1802January 5 – Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, begins removal of the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens, claiming they are at risk of destruction during the Ottoman occupation of Greece; the first shipment departs Piraeus on board Elgin's ship, the Mentor, "with many boxes of moulds and sculptures", including three marble torsos from the Parthenon.source
18025 January – Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, begins removal of the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens, where they are at risk of destruction during the Ottoman occupation of Greece; the first shipment departs Piraeus on board Elgin's ship, the Mentor, "with many boxes of moulds and sculptures", including three marble torsos from the Parthenon.United Kingdom source
1802February 3 – Leclerc and the first 5,000 of 20,000 troops arrive at Cap-François (modern Cap-Haïtien).source
1802April 21 – About 12,000 Wahhabi Sunnis under the command of Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad, the second ruler of the First Saudi State attack and sack Karbala, kill between 2,000 and 5,000 inhabitants and plunder the tomb of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of Muhammad and son of Ali ibn Abi Talib.source
1802May – Madame Marie Tussaud first exhibits her wax sculptures in London, having been commissioned, during the Reign of Terror in France, to make death masks of the victims.source
1802June 8 – Haitian revolutionary Toussaint Louverture is seized by French troops and imprisoned at the Fort de Joux.source
18029 July - The Lærdal Rebellion ends.Norway source
1802July 22 – Gia Long captures Hanoi, completing his unification of Vietnam.source
1802October 2 – War ends between Sweden and Tripoli. The United States also negotiates peace, but war continues over the size of compensation.source
1802October 2 – First Barbary War: Fighting ends between Sweden and Tripoli. The United States also negotiates peace, but war continues over the size of compensation.United States source
1802October 15 – French Army General Michel Ney enters Switzerland with 40,000 troops, on orders of Napoleon Bonaparte.source
1802The Tlingit start resisting Russian incursions into their territory.Canada source
1802A Panoramic painting of the Battle of Copenhagen created by Heinrich August Grosch (1763-1843) is on public display in a purpose-built wooden rotunda ay present-day Sølvgade 20–22 in Copenhagen. In 1800,Denmark source
1802Margrave of Baden- Charles Frederick (21 October 1771–27 April 1803)Germany source
1802Ministry of War of the Russian EmpireRussia source
1802John Home publishes History of the Rebellion of 1745.Scotland source
1803February 20 – Kandyan Wars: Kandy, Ceylon is taken by a British detachment.source
1803February 21 – Edward Despard and six others are hanged and beheaded for plotting to assassinate King George III, and to destroy the Bank of England.source
1803April 30 – The Louisiana Purchase is made from France by the United States.source
1803April 30 – Louisiana Purchase is made by the United States from France.United States source
1803May 18 – The Napoleonic Wars begin, when the United Kingdom declares war on France, after France refuses to withdraw from Dutch territory.source
180330 May – Following Britain's declaration of war on France, Édouard Mortier leads 12,000 troops in an Invasion of HanoverGermany source
1803May – First Consul of France, Citizen Bonaparte, begins making preparations to invade England.source
1803May - The First Consul of France Citizen Bonaparte begins making preparations to invade England.France source
1803June 14 – Napoleon Bonaparte orders the establishment of five military camps to defend the coast of France, located at Bayonne, Ghent, Saint-Omer, Compiègne, Saint-Malo, and one in the occupied Netherlands, at Utrecht. Each one has 20,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry to defend it.source
1803July 23 – Robert Emmet's uprising in Ireland begins.source
180323 July – Emmet's insurrection: United Irishman Robert Emmet stages a rising in Dublin which is quelled by the military, with approximately fifty rebels and twenty soldiers dead. The Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, Lord Kilwarden, is hacked to death. Neither Michael Dwyer (from County Wicklow), nor Thomas Russell (in the North), nor rebels from Kildare, are able to offer support for the rebellion as planned.Ireland source
180323 July – Emmet's insurrection in Ireland: United Irishman Robert Emmet stages a rising in Dublin which is quelled by the military, with approximately fifty rebels and twenty soldiers dead. The Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, Lord Kilwarden, is hacked to death.United Kingdom source
1803August 3 – The British begin the Second Anglo-Maratha War, against the Scindia Dynasty of Gwalior.source
1803September 11 – Second Anglo-Maratha War: Battle of Delhi – British troops under General Lake defeat the Marathas of Scindia's army, under General Louis Bourquin.source
180311 September – Battle of Delhi, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, between British troops under General Lake, and the Marathas of Scindia's army under General Louis Bourquin.India source
1803September 23 – Second Anglo-Maratha War: Battle of Assaye – British-led troops defeat Maratha forces.source
1803November 18 – Haitian Revolution: Battle of Vertières – The Haitian army, led by Jean-Jacques Dessalines, defeats the French army sent by Napoleon.source
1803November 22 - Siege of Ganja beginsRussia source
1803December – Scorpion, William Dagg, master, lands in Dagg Sound.New Zealand source
1804February 14 – The First Serbian uprising begins the Serbian Revolution. By 1817, the Principality of Serbia will have proclaimed self-rule from the Ottoman Empire, the first nation-state in Europe to do so.source
1804February 16 – First Barbary War: Stephen Decatur leads a raid to burn the pirate-held frigate USS Philadelphia at Tripoli to deny her further use by the captors.source
1804February 16 – First Barbary War: Stephen Decatur leads a raid to burn the pirate-held frigate Philadelphia.United States source
1804February 22–April 22 – 1804 Haiti massacre, an ethnic cleansing with the goal of eradicating the white population on Haiti.source
1804March 4–March 5 – The Castle Hill convict rebellion breaks out in New South Wales, led by Irish convicts in Australia.source
18044 March – The Castle Hill convict rebellion, also known as the Battle of Vinegar Hill, takes place: 200 convicts, mostly Irish, rebel. Fifty-one convicts are punished, and nine hanged.Australia source
1804July - September - Siege of Erivan (1804)Russia source
1804October 5 – Action of 5 October 1804: War between Spain and the United Kingdom is triggered by the battle between four British warships (Indefatigable, Medusa, Amphion and Lively) and four Spanish frigates (Medee, Fama, Clara and Mercedes), all carrying treasure and merchandise. Captain Graham Moore of Indefatigable informs Spanish Admiral Jose Bustamante of his orders to detain the treasure-laden ships and, "not receiving a satisfactory answer, an Action commenced"; La Mercedes is sunk and the other three ships surrender.source
1804December 12 – Spain declares war on the United Kingdom.source
180412 December – Spain declares war on Britain.United Kingdom source
1804Russians return to Sitka and attack Kiksadi fort on Indian River. Russians lose the battle, but Natives are forced to flee. Baranov re-establishes trading post.Canada source
1804Delhi becomes a British possession though the King of Delhi remains in the city till 1857.India source
1804Russo-Persian War (1804–13) begins.Iran source
1804Godongwana, son of Chief Jobe of the AmaMthethwa, fails in an assassination plot and is exiled.South Africa source
1805February 7 – King Anouvong becomes ruler of Vientiane on the death of his brother Inthavong.source
1805April 27 – Battle of Derne: United States Marines and Berbers attack the Tripolitan city of Derna (The "Shores of Tripoli").United States source
1805May 31–June 2 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Diamond Rock – A Franco-Spanish fleet captures the strategic island of Diamond Rock off Martinique in the West Indies, from the British.source
1805June 4 – The First Barbary War ends between Tripoli and the United States of America.source
1805August 27 – Napoleon orders the Grande Armée ("The Great Army") of some 165,000 men to march to the Rhine River to deal with the Austrian and Russian threats on the frontier. The French army is organized into seven corps and is supported by 36–40 cannons each. Napoleon orders Marshal Joachim Murat with his I Cavalry Corps (some 20,000 men), to make feint attacks through the Black Forest in south-west Germany.source
1805October 14 – Napoleonic Wars: War of the Third Coalition – Ulm Campaign: Battle of Elchingen – An Austrian corps under Johann von Riesch is defeated by Marshal Ney, near Elchingen, Bavaria.source
180514 October – Napoleonic Wars: War of the Third Coalition – Ulm Campaign: Battle of Elchingen – An Austrian corps under Johann von Riesch is defeated by Marshal Ney, near Elchingen, Bavaria.Germany source
1805October 16–October 19 – War of the Third Coalition: Ulm Campaign – Battle of Ulm: Austrian General Mack von Leiberich is forced to surrender his entire army to Napoleon, after being surrounded.source
1805October 20: Shoragel sultanate surrendersRussia source
1805October 21 – Napoleonic Wars: War of the Third Coalition – Battle of Trafalgar: The British fleet, led by Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, defeated a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain; however, Admiral Nelson is fatally shot.source
180521 October – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Trafalgar – British naval fleet led by Admiral Horatio Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain. Admiral Nelson is fatally shot.United Kingdom source
180521 October - Battle of Trafalgar: A British Royal Navy fleet led by Admiral Horatio Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain. About 465 of the 18,000 men on the British ships were born in Wales.Wales source
1805October 31 – Sweden, led by King Gustav IV Adolf, declares war on France.source
1805November 11 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Dürenstein – 8,000 French troops attempt to slow the retreat of a vastly superior Russian and Austrian force.source
1805November 16 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Schöngrabern – Russian forces, under Pyotr Bagration, delay the pursuit by French troops under Joachim Murat.source
1805December 2 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Austerlitz – French troops under Napoleon decisively defeat a joint Russo-Austrian force.source
18052 December - Battle of Austerlitz. A decisive victory for the French army over Austria and Russia.Austria source
180524 December – A British warship arrives at the Cape Colony and attacks 2 supply shipsSouth Africa source
1805December 31 – The French Republican Calendar (which featured a 10-day week until 1802) is used for the last time, 8 days after being annulled by Napoleon, with the final official date being "9 Nivôse in Year XIV of the Revolution".source
1805Dagens stunder by Johan Gabriel OxenstiernaSweden source
1806January 8 – Battle of Blaauwberg: British infantry force troops of the Batavian Republic in the Dutch Cape Colony to withdraw.source
18068 January – British troops land at Losperds Bay, between Bloubergstrand and Melkbosstrand in the Cape Colony.South Africa source
1806January 9 – The Dutch commandant of Cape Town surrenders to British forces. On January 10, formal capitulation is signed under the Treaty Tree in Papendorp (modern-day Woodstock).source
1806January 23 – Invasion of Naples: Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies flees to the Kingdom of Sicily under British protection.source
1806January 23 – Following the death of William Pitt the Younger, his cousin Lord Grenville succeeds him as wartime Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
1806February 6 – Battle of San Domingo: The British Royal Navy gains a victory over the French off Santo Domingo.source
1806February 15 – Invasion of Naples: Joseph Bonaparte enters Naples.source
1806May 30 – Future President of the United States Andrew Jackson fights his third duel, killing lawyer Charles Dickinson following a dispute over payment of a forfeit.source
1806May 30 – Future President Andrew Jackson fights his second duel, killing Charles Dickinson.United States source
1806July 4 – Invasion of Naples (War of the Third Coalition): Battle of Maida – Britain defeats the French in Calabria.source
1806July 10 – Vellore Mutiny: Indian sepoys mutiny against the East India Company, for the first time.source
1806July 23 – British invasions of the River Plate: A British expeditionary force of 1,700 men lands on the left bank of the Río de la Plata and invades Buenos Aires.source
1806September 25 – Prussia issues an ultimatum to Paris, threatening war if France does not halt marching its troops through Prussian territory to reach Austria; the message does not reach Napoleon Bonaparte until October 7, and he responds by attacking Prussia.source
1806October 8 – Napoleon responds to the September 25 ultimatum from Prussia, and begins the War of the Fourth Coalition; Prussia is joined by Saxony and other minor German states.source
18068 October – Napoleon responds to the 25 September ultimatum from Prussia, and begins the War of the Fourth Coalition; Prussia is joined by Saxony and other minor German states.Germany source
1806October 9 – Battle of Schleiz: French and Prussian forces fight for the first time since the war began. A more numerous French force easily defeats the Prussian army.source
1806October 10 - Battle of Saalfeld: French forces under Marshal Jean Lannes clash at Saalfeld with a Prussian advance guard. The Prussian troops are routed, and Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia is killed in combat.source
1806October 14 – Battle of Jena–Auerstedt: At Jena, Napoleon defeats the Prussian army of Prince Hohenlohe, while at Auerstedt, Marshal Davout defeats the main Prussian army under Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick (who is fatally wounded).source
180621 October - Battle of Trafalgar: A British Royal Navy fleet led by Admiral Horatio Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain. About 465 of the 18,000 men on the British ships were born in Wales.Wales source
1806October 24 – French forces enter Berlin.source
1806October 30 – Capitulation of Stettin: Believing themselves massively outnumbered, the 5,300-man garrison at Stettin in Prussia surrenders to a much smaller French force without a fight.source
18066 November - Swedish defeat at Lübeck in the Franco-Swedish War.Sweden source
180619 November – Akbar II Akbar Shah, Mughal Emperor ascended to the throne of Delhi.India source
1806November 24 – The last major Prussian field force, under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, surrenders to the French near Lübeck. Frederick William III has by this time fled to Memel in East Prussia.source
1806November 28 – French troops enter Warsaw.source
1806Battle of Golymin – Russian forces under General Golitsyn fight a successful rearguard action against French forces, under Marshal Murat.source
1806Battle of Pułtusk – Russian forces under General Bennigsen narrowly escape from a direct confrontation with Napoleon, who goes into winter quarters.source
1806War of the Third Coalition endsRussia source
1806Napoleonic Wars: Defensive gun batteries placed on the island of Inchgarvie in the Firth of Forth.Scotland source
1807January - French occupation of Swedish Pomerania.Sweden source
1807February 3 – Napoleonic Wars and Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Montevideo – The British Army captures Montevideo from the Spanish Empire, as part of the British invasions of the Río de la Plata.source
1807February 7 – Napoleon leads the forces of the French Empire in an invasion of the Russian Empire, and begins fighting at the Battle of Eylau against Russian and Prussian forces.source
1807February 8 – Battle of Eylau: Napoleon fights a hard but inconclusive battle against the Russians under Bennigsen.source
1807March–2 July – Siege of KolbergGermany source
1807April 4–12 – Froberg mutiny: The British suppress a mutiny at Fort Ricasoli, Malta, by men of the irregularly-recruited Froberg Regiment.source
1807May 24 – Siege of Danzig ends after 6 weeks with Prussian and Russian defenders capitulating to French forces.source
1807June 5–6: Battle of Guttstadt-DeppenRussia source
1807June 10 – The Battle of Heilsberg ends in a draw.source
1807June 14 – Battle of Friedland: Napoleon decisively defeats Bennigsen's Russian army.source
1807June 22 – Chesapeake–Leopard affair: British Royal Navy fourth rate HMS Leopard attacks and boards United States Navy frigate USS Chesapeake off Norfolk, Virginia, seeking deserters. This act of British aggression plays a role in the run-up to the War of 1812.source
1807June 22 – The Chesapeake–Leopard affair: The British warship HMS Leopard captures and boards the USS Chesapeake.United States source
1807July 5 – A disastrous British attack is mounted against Buenos Aires, during the second failed invasion of the Río de la Plata.source
180712 August - Start of the Gunboat War between Denmark-Norway and the United Kingdom.Norway source
180729 August – The Battle of Køge, also known as the 'Clogs Battle', between British troops besieging Copenhagen and Danish militia raised on Zealand ends in British victory.Denmark source
1807November 24 – Battle of Abrantes, Portugal: The French under Jean-Andoche Junot take the town.source
1807December 5–11 – Napoleonic Wars: Raid on Griessie – A British Royal Navy squadron attacks the Dutch port of Griessie on Java in the Dutch East Indies, eliminating the last Dutch naval force in the Pacific and concluding the Java campaign of 1806–1807.source
1807Battle of Hingakaka between two factions of Māori people, the largest battle ever fought in New Zealand, and the last fought there without firearms. In 1807 or 1808 is fought the Battle of Moremonui, first of the Musket Wars.source
1807Coup d'état of Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddien by Pengiran Digadong Ayah.source
1807Trade with Denmark and Norway ends due to the invasion of the British during the Napoleonic Wars and their capture of the neutral Danish fleet at Copenhagen, they had credible intel that Napoleon using the Continental System was going to seize that fleet and invade Great Britain.Iceland source
1807Either this year or early 1808, Ngāpuhi are defeated at the battle of Moremonui near Maunganui Bluff. Although armed with a few muskets the Ngā Puhi are ambushed by Murupaenga, leader of Ngāti Whātua, who successfully takes advantage of the time taken to reload the muskets. The fighting chief of Ngāpuhi, Pokaia, is killed as are two of Hongi Hika's brothers. After this Hongi becomes the war leader of Ngāpuhi.New Zealand source
1808January 26 – Rum Rebellion: On the 20th anniversary of the foundation of the colony of New South Wales, disgruntled military officers of the New South Wales Corps (the "Rum Corps") overthrow and imprison Governor William Bligh and seize control of the colony.source
1808February 6 – The ship Topaz (from Boston April 5, 1807, hunting seals) "rediscovers" the Pitcairn Islands; only one HMS Bounty mutineer is still alive, John Adams, who is using the pseudonym Alexander Smith.source
1808February 6 – The ship Topaz (from Boston April 5, 1807, hunting seals) rediscovers the Pitcairn Islands; only one HMS Bounty mutineer is found alive, Alexander Smith (John Adams).United States source
1808February 21 – The Finnish War begins as Russian troops cross the border into Finland without a declaration of war.source
1808March 2 – A minor naval battle which takes place off the coast of Scarborough results in the capture of the Danish brig Admiral Yawl, commanded by Danish adventurer Jørgen Jørgensen.source
1808March 2 – Russian troops occupy Helsinki and threaten Sveaborg.source
18082 March – Action of 2, a naval battle between the British 18-gun Brig-sloop HMS Sappho, and the Danish 28-gun Danish brig of war Admiral YawlDenmark source
1808March 13 – Upon the death of Christian VII, Frederick VI becomes king of Denmark. The next day (March 14), Denmark declares war on Sweden.source
180814 March – Denmark-Norway declares war on Sweden.Norway source
1808March 22 – English Wars (Scandinavia): Battle of Zealand Point – British ships defeat those of Denmark and Norway.source
1808May 2 – Peninsular War: Dos de Mayo Uprising – The people of Madrid rise up against the French troops.source
1808May 3 – Finnish War: The fortress of Sveaborg is lost by Sweden to Russia.source
1808June 12 – Finnish War: A landing of Swedish troops at Ala-Lemu, near Turku, fails.source
1808June 15–August 14 – Peninsular War: First siege of Zaragoza – Spanish resist the French.source
1808June 19 – Finnish War: A second landing of Swedish troops at Ala-Lemu fails.source
1808June 30 – Finnish War – Battle of Turku: The Swedish archipelago fleet defeats the Russians.source
1808July 14 – Finnish War: Swedish troops under Colonel Adlercreutz force the Russians to withdraw in Lapua.source
1808July 22 – Peninsular War: Battle of Bailén: French General Dupont surrenders to Spanish irregular forces.source
1808August 10 – Finnish War: Swedish troops under Carl von Döbeln defeat a Russian attack in Kauhajoki.source
1808August 17 – The Finnish War: the Battle of Alavus is fought.source
1808August 17 – Peninsular War: Battle of Roliça: A British-Portuguese army under Sir Arthur Wellesley defeats an outnumbered French army under General Henri Delaborde.source
1808August 21 – Peninsular War: Battle of Vimeiro – British-Portuguese troops under Wellesley defeat the French under General Jean-Andoche Junot.source
1808September 1–2: Battle of Ruona–SalmiRussia source
1808September 13 – Finnish War – Battle of Jutas – Swedish forces under Lieutenant General Georg Carl von Döbeln beat the Russians, making von Döbeln a Swedish war hero.source
1808September 29 – Finnish War: A truce is declared between Swedish and Russian troops in Finland.source
1808November 7-December 5 - Siege of Roses (1808)Spain source
1808November 15 – Mahmud II (1808–1839) succeeds Mustafa IV (1807–1808), as sultan of the Ottoman Empire.source
1808November 23 – Peninsular War: Battle of Tudela: French forces under Marshal Jean Lannes defeat a Spanish army.source
1808November 30 – Peninsular War: Battle of Somosierra: A French cavalry charge of the Polish Chevau-léger (some 8,000 horsemen) of the Imperial Guard under Baron Jan Kozietulski overwhelm the Spanish positions at Somosierra. The victory removes the last obstacle barring the road to Madrid.source
1808The Upper Canada Militia Act 1808 states that all males between ages of sixteen and sixty are required to enroll as militiamen and are to be called out once a year for exercisesCanada source
1808Napoleonic Wars: English raiders arrived, after sinking or capturing most of the Danish-Norwegian Navy in the Battle of Copenhagen, the amount of gunpowder in Iceland was so small that the governor of Iceland, Count Trampe, could not offer any resistance.Iceland source
1808Either 1807 or early this year, Ngāpuhi are defeated at the battle of Moremonui at Maunganui Bluff. Although armed with a few muskets the Ngā Puhi are ambushed by Murupaenga, leader of Ngāti Whātua, who successfully takes advantage of the time taken to reload the muskets. The fighting chief of Ngāpuhi, Pokaia, is killed as are 2 of Hongi Hika's brothers. After this Hongi becomes the war leader of Ngāpuhi.New Zealand source
1809January 10 – Peninsular War – French Marshal Jean Lannes begins the Siege of Zaragoza.source
1809February 25 – Battle of Valls: Spanish forces are defeated in Catalonia by Marshal Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr.source
1809March 12 – Marques de Someruelos, captain-general of Cuba, issues a proclamation that causes 9,000 Francophone Saint-Domingue refugees to sail for New Orleans.United States source
1809March 13 – A military coup ousts Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden; he is confined in Gripsholm Castle.source
1809March 28 – Battle of Medellín at Extremadura: Massive casualties are suffered, in a rout by French cavalry, under Marshal Victor.source
1809April 8 - September 4 - Campaign of DobrujaRussia source
1809April 9 – Tiroleans rise, under the command of Andreas Hofer, against French and Bavarian occupation.source
18099 April – Tiroleans rise, under the command of Andreas Hofer, against French and Bavarian occupation.Germany source
1809April 10 – Napoleonic Wars – The War of the Fifth Coalition begins when forces of the Austrian Empire invade Bavaria.source
1809April 11–15 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of the Basque Roads: The British Royal Navy defeats the French fleet in the mouth of the Charente, although officers on both sides face subsequent courts-martial.source
1809April 20 – Battle of Abensberg, Bavaria: Napoleon defeats Austria.source
1809April 21 – Battle of Landshut: Napoleon defeats Austria, in yet another battle.source
1809April 22 – Battle of Eckmühl: French troops under Napoleon I and Marshal Davout defeat the Austrians, under Archduke Charles.source
1809April 23 – Battle of Ratisbon: Napoleon I fights his last battle during the Bavarian phase of the War of the Fifth Coalitionsource
1809May 3 – Battle of Ebelsberg: André Masséna defeats Austrian General Johann von Hiller, forcing him to retreat.source
1809May 10–11 – Peninsular War – Battle of Grijó: the Anglo-Portuguese Army, commanded by Sir Arthur Wellesley, defeats the French army, commanded by Marshal Soult, in Portugal.source
1809May 12 – Peninsular War – Second Battle of Porto: The Anglo-Portuguese Army, commanded by Wellesley, drives the French army, commanded by Marshal Soult, out of Porto, and forces them to retreat from the country.source
1809May 22 – Battle of Aspern-Essling: Austrian troops under Archduke Karl beat the French under Napoleon, in a hard-fought battle.source
1809June 14 – A French victory, in the battle of Raab, prevents archduke John of Austria from bringing any significant force to the Battle of Wagram.source
1809July 5 – Battle of Wagram begins.source
1809July 6 – Napoleon defeats the Austrians at the Battle of Wagram.source
1809July 8–9 – Finnish War – Naval Battle of Porkala: The Swedish archipelago fleet defeats the Russians.source
180910 July – 1,800 men under the command of Major General Georg Frederik von Krogh attacked Jemtland from Norway.Norway source
1809July 27–28 - Battle of TalaveraSpain source
1809July 28 – Peninsula War – Battle of Talavera: Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force.source
1809July 30 – Walcheren Campaign: A British invasion army lands on Walcheren.source
1809September 21 – British Secretary of War Lord Castlereagh and Foreign Secretary George Canning meet in a duel on Putney Heath, with Castlereagh wounding Canning in the thigh.source
18098 November – Boyd massacre: The Boyd, Captain John Thompson, leaves Port Jackson for New Zealand with two Māori as crew including Te Aara ('George'). During the trip George is flogged for not working as instructed.New Zealand source
1809November 18 – Napoleonic Wars: Action of 18 November 1809 – In the Bay of Bengal, a French frigate squadron captures three British East Indiamen mainly carrying recruits for the presidency armies in India.source
1809December – Boyd massacre: Whangaroa Māori people kill and eat 66 crew and passengers of the brigantine Boyd in New Zealand.source
1809From 1809 to 1811, Tecumseh, Shawnee chief, and the Prophet campaign to unite tribes of the Great Lakes, Ohio Valley, and Southeast against the United States. His brother Tenskwatawa, the Shawnee Prophet, is defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.Canada source
1809More Xhosa clans push westward into the neutral zone between the Sundays and the Great Fish Rivers. The British send in seasoned troops.South Africa source
1810January – A Governor declares that, in case of hostilities, a force of regulars, adequate for the defence of Canada, will cooperate with the Militia.Canada source
1810February 13 – After seizing Jaén, Córdoba, Seville and Granada, Napoleonic troops enter Málaga under the command of General Horace Sebastiani.source
181028 February – The convict ship Ann (second ship of the name), Captain Charles Clarke, arrives in Port Jackson with Samuel Marsden, William Hall, John King, and Ruatara. Ruatara stays with Marsden twice over the next 18 months, his attempt to reach New Zealand having failed. The news of the Boyd massacre delays Marsden's plans for a mission in New Zealand until 1814.New Zealand source
1810April 30 - Battle of the Cherek RiverRussia source
1810May 1 – Macon's Bill Number 2 becomes law in the United States, intending to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars.source
1810May 1 – Macon's Bill Number 2 becomes law, intending to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars.United States source
1810July 9 – Napoleon I dissolves the Kingdom of Holland, ruled by his younger brother Louis Bonaparte, and annexes the country into the French Empire.source
1810July 10 - Peninsular War: Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo: French forces (28,000 men) under Marshal André Masséna take the fortified city of Ciudad Rodrigo on route into Portugal.source
1810July 24 – Paraguay governor Bernardo de Velasco and the Cabildo of Asunción declare their loyalty to Ferdinand VII of Spain and break up their relationship with Buenos Aires.source
1810August 2 – In Quito, Ecuador, 200 citizens are slaughtered in the Royal barracks and the surrounding streets by royalist troops.source
1810August 20–27 – Battle of Grand Port: The French defeat a Royal Navy frigate squadron attempting to blockade a harbour on Isle de France (Mauritius).source
1810August 27 – Peninsular War: Siege of Almeida: French forces under André Masséna capture the fortified city of Almeida before the advance toward Lisbon.source
1810September 14 - Battle of La Bisbal: A Spanish division led by Henry O'Donnell (also known as Enrique José O'Donnell) and supported by an Anglo-Spanish naval squadron led by Francis William Fane and Charles William Doyle surprises an Imperial French brigade commanded by François Xavier de Schwarz.Spain source
1810September 16 – Grito de Dolores: Miguel Hidalgo, a Catholic priest from Guanajuato, incites the revolt that becomes the Mexican War of Independence.source
1810September 16 – Grito de Dolores: Miguel Hidalgo, a Catholic priest from Dolores, Guanajuato, incites the revolt that becomes Mexico's Independence War.Mexico source
1810September 22 – Manuel Belgrano prepares his invasion to the Provincia del Paraguay.source
1810September 27 - Peninsular War: Battle of Bussaco: Anglo-Portuguese forces under General Arthur Wellington repel several attacks of the French invasion force (65,000 men) under André Masséna at Bussaco. Wellington is forced to withdraw to the Lines of Torres Vedras after Masséna's troops outflank his positions. The French lose 522 dead and 3,612 wounded. The allied losses are 200 dead and 1,001 wounded.source
181027 September - Thomas Picton serves with distinction under Wellington at the Battle of Bussaco.Wales source
1810November 17 – Anglo-Swedish War (1810–12): Sweden declares war on the United Kingdom.source
1810November 29–December 3 – Invasion of Isle de France: British forces force the French to surrender Isle de France (Mauritius).source
1810December 20 – Manuel Belgrano crosses the Paraná River to Itapúa Department, starting his invasion of Paraguay.source
1810Ching Shih and Cheung Po Tsai surrender their pirate fleet to the Chinese government.source
1810Amadou Lobbo initiates his jihad, in present-day Mali.source
1810Shaka is appointed chief of the army of the AmaMthethwa.South Africa source
1811January 8 – An unsuccessful slave revolt is led by Charles Deslondes, in St. Charles and St. James Parishes, Louisiana.source
1811January 17 – Mexican War of Independence – Battle of Calderón Bridge: A heavily outnumbered Spanish force of 6,000 troops defeats nearly 100,000 Mexican revolutionaries.source
1811January 22 – The Casas Revolt begins in San Antonio, Spanish Texas.source
1811January 26 – First Siege of Badajoz: French troops (17,000 men) under Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult begin the siege at the fortress of Badajoz.source
1811February 5 – British Regency: George, Prince of Wales becomes prince regent, because of the perceived insanity of his father, King George III of the United Kingdom.source
1811February 19 – Peninsular War – Battle of the Gebora: An outnumbered French force under Édouard Mortier routs and nearly destroys the Spanish, near Badajoz, Spain.source
1811March 1 – Citadel Massacre in Cairo: Egyptian ruler Muhammad Ali kills the last Mamluk leaders.source
1811March 5 – Peninsular War – Battle of Barrosa: A French attack fails, on a larger Anglo-Portuguese-Spanish force attempting to lift the Siege of Cádiz in Spain.source
1811March 13 – Battle of Lissa: The British fleet defeats the French.source
181116 March - Battle of Grimstad Bay.Norway source
181125 March – Battle of Campo MaiorPortugal source
1811March 27 – Battle of Anholt: The British Navy defeats Denmark.source
18111 April - The Figueroa mutiny, a failed attempt to restore royalism, occurs.Chile source
1811April 5–6 – Revolutionary riots occur in Buenos Aires.source
1811May 3–5 – Peninsular War – Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro: An Anglo-Portuguese Army under General Arthur Wellington defeats the French forces under Marshal André Masséna.source
1811May 16 – Peninsular War – Battle of Albuera: Spain, Portugal, and Great Britain defeat the French.source
1811May 18 – Battle of Las Piedras near Las Piedras, Banda Oriental: The independentists of Uruguay gain their first victory.source
1811May 18-June 10 - Second Siege of Badajoz (1811)Spain source
1811June 15 – The Klågerup riots erupt in Sweden.source
1811November 4 – Luddite uprisings, in which workers destroy industrial machines, begin in northern England and the Midlands. According to one historian, "The first attack on textile machines by men who used the name 'General Ludd' and called themselves his followers, was on the night of 4th November 1811 in the village of Bulwell, four miles north of Nottingham, when a small band of men gathered in the darkness and marched to the home of a master weaver called Hollingsworth," then destroyed six of his weaving machines.source
1811November 7 – Battle of Tippecanoe: American troops led by William Henry Harrison defeat the Native American spiritual leader Tenskwatawa, also known as The Prophet (Chief Tecumseh's brother).source
1811November 7 – Battle of Tippecanoe: American troops led by William Henry Harrison defeat the Native American chief Tecumseh.United States source
1811December – The Fourth Cape Frontier War begins and lasts until March 1812. The conflict involved British colonial forces and the Xhosa people.South Africa source
1811U.S. President James Madison, in his message to Congress, says: "We have seen the British Cabinet not only persist, in refusing satisfaction demanded for the wrongs we have already suffered, but it is extending to our own waters that blockade, which is become a virtual war against us, through a stoppage of our legitimate commerce."Canada source
1811Mikhail Kutuzov and his army defeat the Turkish troops of Laz Aziz Ahmed Pasha in the Battle of Rusçuk.Russia source
18121 January – Tron riot in Edinburgh concludes.Scotland source
1812March 16–April 6 – Siege of Badajoz (Peninsular War): The Anglo-Portuguese Army, under the Earl of Wellington, besieges Badajoz, Spain and forces the surrender of the French garrison.source
1812March 16-April 6 - Siege of Badajoz (1812)Spain source
1812March – The whaling ship King George, Captain Lasco Jones, calls at the Bay of Islands. John Besent, an American in the crew, deserts the ship worried that locals will hear about ill-treatment of a Māori crew member by the Captain and massacre the crew as happened with the Boyd. He stays with the Ngā Puhi for 12 months and during that time hears a detailed account of what happened with the Boyd from chief Te Aara (who speaks fluent English). He later reports the ill-treatment by Captain Lasco and relates the Boyd account to the authorities in Port Jackson.New Zealand source
1812May 11 – Assassination of Spencer Perceval, the British Prime Minister, by John Bellingham, in the lobby of the British House of Commons in London.source
1812June 1 – War of 1812: U.S. President James Madison asks the U.S. Congress to declare war on Great Britain.United States source
1812June 18 – The United States declaration of war upon the United Kingdom begins the War of 1812 between the U.S., Britain and Canada.source
1812June 24 – Napoleon's Grande Armée crosses the Neman River, and invades Russia.source
1812June 24 - The French invasion of Russia begins, as Napoleon crosses the Nieman river.Russia source
1812July 12 – Americans invade Canada at Windsor, Ontario.source
1812July 18 – Russia's Patriotic War – Battle of Klyastitsy: Kulnev defeats Oudinot, but sustains a mortal wound.source
1812July 22 – Peninsular War – Battle of Salamanca: British forces led by the Earl of Wellington defeat French troops near Salamanca, Spain.source
1812August 5 – War of 1812: Tecumseh's Indian force ambushes Thomas Van Horne's 200 Americans at Brownstone Creek, causing them to flee and retreat.source
1812August 12 – Peninsular War: The combined English and Portuguese army under the command of Wellington enters Madrid, following the Battle of Salamanca.source
1812August 15 – War of 1812 – Battle of Fort Dearborn: Potawatomi warriors overrun the United States fort in Illinois Territory.source
1812August 16 – War of 1812: American General William Hull surrenders Fort Detroit, without a fight, to the British Army.source
1812August 16–18 – Battle of Smolensk: The Grande Armée (180,000 men) under Emperor Napoleon I defeats the Russian army on the road to Moscow.source
1812August 16 – Isaac Brock with a force of 1,350, nearly half Aboriginals, takes Detroit. He paroles many of Hull's 2,000.Canada source
1812August 19 – War of 1812: USS Constitution defeats the British frigate HMS Guerriere, off the coast of Nova Scotia. The British shot is said to have bounced off Constitutions sides, earning her the nickname "Old Ironsides".source
181219 August – War of 1812: USS Constitution defeats the British frigate HMS Guerriere off the coast of Nova Scotia.United Kingdom source
1812August 24 – Siege of Cádiz: Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult abandons the two-and-a-half-year siege at Cádiz. He withdraws eastward with his forces to join King Joseph Bonaparte and Louis-Gabriel Suchet in Valencia.source
1812September 7 – Napoleonic Wars – French invasion of Russia – Battle of Borodino: The bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic Wars so far ends in a tactical victory for Napoleon. There are at least 70,000 casualties, with a minimum of 6,562 dead from the French Grande Armée alone.source
1812September 14 – French invasion of Russia and Fire of Moscow: Napoleon's troops enter Moscow, which is deliberately set on fire by Muscovites, on orders of Fyodor Rostopchin. Later accounts report that France lost 40,000 troops during four days of fire between September 17 and 20, and that 20,000 Russian soldiers were killed in what would be described in 1876 as "the greatest example in history of national self-sacrifice for the destruction of an invader."source
1812September - Rioting occurs at Nefyn over enclosures.Wales source
1812October 9 – War of 1812: American naval forces under Lieutenant Jesse Duncan Elliott capture two British warships, HMS Detroit and HMS Caledonia.source
1812October 13 – War of 1812 – Battle of Queenston Heights: As part of the Niagara campaign in Ontario, Canada, United States forces under General Stephen Van Rensselaer are repulsed from invading Canada by British and native troops, led by Sir Isaac Brock (who dies during the battle).source
1812October 21 – Siege of Burgos: British troops under Arthur Wellington are forced to abandon the siege of Burgos after a month. Meanwhile, Joseph Bonaparte makes plans to recapture Madrid. He assembles an army led by Louis-Gabriel Suchet and Jean-de-Dieu Soult to drive Wellington out of central Spain.source
1812October 23 – Malet coup of 1812: General Claude François de Malet attempts unsuccessfully to overthrow the Napoleonic régime in Paris.source
1812October 24 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Maloyaroslavets: An inconclusive encounter between the French vanguard and a Russian force leads Napoleon to decide to retreat along the same line as his advance, with disastrous results.source
1812November 3 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Vyazma: The rearguard of Napoleon's retreating army is defeated.source
1812November 15–18 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Krasnoi: Napoleon's retreating army is again defeated in a series of skirmishes.source
1812December 14 – The French invasion of Russia comes to an end as the remnants of the Grande Armée are expelled from Russia.source
1813January 18–23 – War of 1812: The Battle of Frenchtown is fought in modern-day Monroe, Michigan between the United States and a British and Native American alliance.source
1813February 3 – Argentine War of Independence: José de San Martín and his Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers gain a largely symbolic victory against a Spanish royalist army in the Battle of San Lorenzo.source
18134 February – Major Thomas Davey succeeds David Collins as Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen's Land.Australia source
1813March 17 – Napoleonic Wars: Prussia declares war on France, and introduces the Iron Cross military award (backdated to March 10).source
1813March 29 – Mexican War of Independence: Battle of Rosillo Creek – The Republican Army of the North defeats the Spanish Royalist Army in modern-day Bexar County, Texas.source
1813April 8 – War of 1812: Colonel James Ball arrives at Fort Meigs with 200 dragoons.source
1813April 27 – War of 1812: Battle of York – United States troops raid and destroy but do not hold the capital of Upper Canada, York (modern-day Toronto).source
1813May 1–9 – War of 1812: Fort Meigs is first besieged, by British allied forces under General Henry Proctor and Chief Tecumseh.source
1813May 1–9 – War of 1812: First Siege of Fort Meigs: British allied forces, under General Henry Proctor and Chief Tecumseh, lay siege to the fort but do not capture it.United States source
1813May 2 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Lützen – Napoleon wins against the German alliance.source
1813June 1 – War of 1812: Capture of USS Chesapeake in Boston Harbor by British Royal Navy frigate HMS Shannon.source
1813June 6 – War of 1812: Battle of Stoney Creek – A British force of 700 under John Vincent defeats an American force three times its size, under William H. Winder and John Chandler.source
1813June 25 – Battle of Tolosa (1813)Spain source
1813July 5 – War of 1812: Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, New York begin.source
1813July 13 – The Carabinieri, the national military police of Italy, are founded by Victor Emmanuel I as the police force of the Kingdom of Sardinia.source
181327 July–August 10 - Siege of ChillánChile source
1813August 23 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Großbeeren: Napoleon is defeated by Prussia and Sweden.source
1813August 26 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Katzbach: Napoleon's troops are defeated by Prussia and Russia.source
1813August 26–27 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Dresden: Napoleon's troops are victorious.source
1813August 30 – Creek War – Fort Mims massacre: A force of Creeks, belonging to the Red Sticks faction, kills hundreds of settlers in Fort Mims, Alabama.source
1813August 31 – After besieging San Sebastián, allied troops in Spain rampage, ransack and burn down the town almost entirely.source
1813September 6 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Dennewitz: The armies of Napoleon I are again defeated by Prussia and Russia.source
18136 September – Battle of Dennewitz: The armies of Napoleon are defeated by Prussia and Russia.Germany source
1813September 10 – War of 1812 – Battle of Lake Erie: An American squadron under Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry defeats a British squadron, capturing 6 ships.source
1813October 5 – The Battle of Moraviantown, also known as the Battle of the Thames, is an American victory. British supporter and Shawnee Indian Chief Tecumseh is killed.Canada source
1813October 16–19 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Leipzig: Napoleon is defeated by the forces of the Sixth Coalition. More than 600,000 troops are in the field, with well over 10% killed, wounded or missing. Many of the German states forming the Confederation of the Rhine defect from Napoleon I to the Coalition, as a result of the battle.source
1813October 26 – War of 1812 – Battle of the Chateauguay: Charles de Salaberry defeats an American invasion.source
1813November 11 – War of 1812 – Battle of Crysler's Farm: An outnumbered British–Canadian force defeats the Americans, forcing them to give up their attempt to capture Montreal.source
1813December 8 – Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 7, together with his Wellington's Victory, are premiered in Vienna under the composer's baton, in a benefit concert for Austrian and Bavarian soldiers wounded at the Battle of Hanau.source
1813December 13 - Siege of Hamburg begins; the French garrison left the city on May 12, 1814Russia source
1813December 18–19 – War of 1812: British soldiers and native allies invade the United States, and are successful in the Capture of Fort Niagara, and attack Lewiston, New York.source
1813Russo-Persian War (1804–13) finished.Iran source
1814January 1 – War of the Sixth Coalition – The Royal Prussian Army led by Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher crosses the Rhine.source
18141 January – War of the Sixth Coalition – The Royal Prussian Army led by Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher crosses the Rhine.Germany source
1814January 3 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Siege of Metz: Allied armies lay siege to the French city and fortress of Metz.source
1814January 11 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Hoogstraten: Prussian forces under Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow defeat the French.source
1814January 14 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Siege of Antwerp: Allied forces besiege French Antwerp.source
1814January 29 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Brienne: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against von Blücher.source
1814February 1 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of La Rothière: Blücher's Allied army defeats the French under Napoleon.source
1814February 10 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Champaubert: A French army led by Napoleon effectively destroys a small Russian corps led by Zakhar Dmitrievich Olsufiev, opening the Six Days' Campaign.source
1814February 11 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Montmirail: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against Fabian Gottlieb von der Osten-Sacken and Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg in the Six Days' Campaign.source
1814February 12 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Château-Thierry (1814): A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg and Fabian Gottlieb von der Osten-Sacken in the Six Days' Campaign.source
1814February 14 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Vauchamps: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against von Blücher, the last major action of the Six Days' Campaign.source
1814February 15 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Garris: An Allied army led by the Duke of Wellington is victorious against the French under Jean Isidore Harispe.source
1814February 18 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Montereau: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against Austrian forces.source
1814February 27 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Orthez: An Allied army led by the Duke of Wellington is victorious against the French under Jean-de-Dieu Soult.source
1814March 5 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Berry-au-Bac: French cavalrymen led by Napoleon defeat Cossacks under Ferdinand von Wintzingerode.source
1814March 27 – War of 1812 – Battle of Horseshoe Bend: In northern Alabama, United States forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat the Creek Indians.source
1814March 27 – Creek War – Battle of Horseshoe Bend: In northern Alabama, United States forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat the Creek Indians.United States source
1814March 28 – War of 1812 – Battle of Valparaíso: Two British Royal Navy ships easily defeat and capture USS Essex and a sister ship off the coast of Chile.source
1814May 28 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Barcelona is restored to Spanish Bourbon rule as the French garrison leaves the city.source
1814June 20 – Gaspar de Vigodet, Spain's last colonial administrator of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (covering nearly all of modern-day Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay), surrenders the city of Montevideo to independence fighters, led by General Carlos María de Alvear.source
1814July 13 – The Carabinieri (the national military police of Italy) is established by Victor Emmanuel, as the police force of the Kingdom of Sardinia.source
1814July 25 – War of 1812 – Battle of Lundy's Lane: Reinforcements arrive near Niagara Falls, Ontario for General Riall's British and Canadian force, and a bloody, all-night battle with Jacob Brown's Americans commences at 18.00 hours; Americans retreat to Fort Erie.source
1814July 25 – The United States lose about 1,000 of 3,000 at the Battle of Lundy's Lane.Canada source
181425 July – The Active departs the Bay of Islands for Sydney. Along with Kendall and Hall are the Ngāpuhi chiefs Ruatara, Hongi Hika, Korokoro, Te Nganga, Punahou and Hongi's son Ripiro.New Zealand source
181426 July – The Swedish campaign against Norway started.Norway source
1814August 24 – War of 1812 – Burning of Washington: British troops, after defeating American forces at the Battle of Bladensburg, occupy Washington, D.C., setting numerous buildings on fire, including the Capitol and Presidential Mansion.source
1814September 11 – War of 1812 – Battle of Lake Champlain: An American squadron under Thomas Macdonough defeats the British squadron, ultimately forcing the invading army to retreat back into Canada.source
1814October 5: The Royalist forces enter Santiago. Begins the mass exodus of patriots towards Mendoza.Chile source
1814November 1 – Francis Rawdon-Hastings, the Governor-General of India declares war on Kingdom of Nepal and Anglo-Nepalese War begins.source
1814December 15 – War of 1812: The Hartford Convention is convened, by members of the American Federalist Party.source
1814Anglesea Barracks is established.Australia source
1814The Anglo-Nepalese War (also known as the Nepal War or the Gorkha War) began.India source
1815January 8 – Battle of New Orleans: American forces led by Andrew Jackson defeat British forces led by Sir Edward Pakenham. American forces suffer around 60 casualties and the British lose about 2,000 (the battle lasts for about 30 minutes).source
1815January 8 – War of 1812 – Battle of New Orleans: American forces under Andrew Jackson, John Coffee, and William Carroll, and John Adair defeat an invading British force.United States source
1815January 13 – War of 1812: British troops capture Fort Peter in St. Marys, Georgia, the only battle of the war to take place in the state.source
1815January 15 – War of 1812: Capture of USS President – American frigate USS President, commanded by Commodore Stephen Decatur, is captured by a squadron of four British frigates.source
1815January – Unaware of the Treaty of Ghent, General Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) wins the Battle of New Orleans.Canada source
181510 February – British forces enter Kandy during the Second Kandyan War.Sri Lanka source
1815February 26 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon Bonaparte escapes from Elba.source
1815March 1 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon returns to France from his banishment on Elba.source
1815March 15 – Joachim Murat, King of Naples, declares war on Austria in an attempt to save his throne, starting the Neapolitan War.source
1815March 20 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon enters Paris, after escaping from Elba with a regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of around 200,000, beginning his Hundred Days rule.source
181529 March – The Duke of Wellington leaves Vienna, where he has been leading Britain's delegation at the Congress of Vienna, to take command of British and allied army gathering near BrusselsUnited Kingdom source
1815April 21 – In India, the eastern part of the former Garhwal Kingdom is joined with Kumaon division, under the administration of the British Raj.source
1815April 24 – The Second Serbian Uprising against Ottoman rule takes place in Takovo, Ottoman Serbia. By the end of the year Serbia is acknowledged as a semi-independent state, temporarily achieving the ideals of the First Serbian Uprising.source
1815May 3 – Battle of Tolentino: Austria defeats the Kingdom of Naples, which quickly ends the Neapolitan War. Joachim Murat, the defeated King of Naples, is forced to flee to Corsica, and is later executed.source
181530 May - The Arniston, a British troop transport East Indiaman, is wrecked at Waenhuiskrans near Cape Agulhas while returning from the British campaigns in CeylonSouth Africa source
1815June 16 – Battle of Ligny – Napoleon defeats a Prussian army under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher.source
1815June 16 – Battle of Quatre Bras – Marshal Ney engages Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, resulting in a tactical and strategic draw.source
181516 June-Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Ligny: Napoleon defeats a Prussian army under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher.Germany source
1815June 18 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Waterloo – Allied forces led by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher decisively, and this time permanently, defeat Napoleon.source
181518 June – Battle of Waterloo: Ensign Charles Ewart of the Royal Scots Greys captures the French Imperial Eagle standard.Scotland source
181518 June - Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey, famously loses a leg at the Battle of Waterloo. General Thomas Picton is killed in the same battle.Wales source
1815June 26 – Napoleonic Wars: Wellington's advancing Allied Army takes Péronne, Somme, on its way to Paris.source
1815July 8 – Napoleonic Wars: Louis XVIII returns to Paris, and is 'restored' as King of France (he had declared himself king on 8 June 1795, at the death of his nephew, 10-year-old Louis XVII, and had lived in Westphalia, Verona, Russia, and England).source
1815July 15 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon boards HMS Bellerophon off Rochefort, and surrenders to Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland of the Royal Navy.source
1815August 7 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon is transferred to HMS Northumberland, to begin his forced and final second exile, on the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. Andrew Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington: The Battle of Waterloo- and the Great Commanders who Fought it (Simon and Schuster, 2001) p199source
1815November 20 – The Napoleonic Wars come to an end after 12 years, with the British government restoring the status quo of France, prior to when the French Revolution began in 1789, after 26 years of turmoil.source
181622 May – Littleport and Ely riots break out as a result of economic distress in East Anglia.United Kingdom source
181618 June – A riot breaks out on Wimbledon Common after inaccurate newspaper reports that a military review will commemorate the first anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo. After a drunken crowd sets fire to the heath, cavalry are called in to disperse them.United Kingdom source
1816June 19 – Battle of Seven Oaks: The Hudson's Bay Company is defeated by the North West Company, near Winnipeg, Canada.source
1816June 19 – After several years of harassment, sabotage, and minor skirmishes between members of the Hudson's Bay and North West Companies, a full-scale battle (today known at Battle of Seven Oaks) breaks out between parties led by Cuthbert Grant and Robert Semple. The Hudson's Bay men, instigators of the confrontation though outnumbered nearly three to one, suffer 21 deaths, while Grant's party suffers two deaths, one Métis and one Native. The battle is frequently cited as a seminal moment in the history of the Métis people.Canada source
1816June – Fort Dearborn is reestablished in the place that will become Chicago, Illinois.United States source
1816July 27 – U.S. forces destroy the Negro Fort in Spanish Florida.United States source
1816August 27 – Bombardment of Algiers: An Anglo-Dutch fleet forces Omar Agha, Dey of Algiers to free Christian slaves.source
1816November 10 – The British troop transport Harpooner, returning from Quebec to Britain, is wrecked at Cape Pine on Newfoundland (island) with the loss of 208 of the 385 people on board.source
1816In 1816, Brazil was still under Portuguese colonial rule as part of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves. This year is notably remembered for the arrival of the French Artistic Mission in Brazil.Brazil source
1816The Neue Wache, a listed building on Unter den Linden boulevard in the historic centre of Berlin. Erected from 1816 to 1818.Germany source
1816Around July, Shaka becomes king of the Zulu people after the death of his father, Senzangakhona kaJama. With the support of Dingiswayo, chief of the Mthethwa, Shaka seized power by killing his half-brother and rival, Sigujana. His accession marked the beginning of major military reforms that saw the Zulu army expand significantly within a year.South Africa source
1817January 19 – An army of 5,423 soldiers, led by General José de San Martín, starts crossing the Andes from Argentina, to liberate Chile and then Peru.source
1817January – Hongi Hika leads 800 Ngāpuhi in a fleet of 30 canoes to make peace with the North Cape tribes. He quarrels with tribes at Whangaroa on the way and immediately returns to the Bay of Islands in case they attack the Rangihoua mission in his absence.New Zealand source
1817February 12 – Battle of Chacabuco: Argentine and Chilean soldiers of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata defeat the Spanish royalist troops in what is now Chile, marking the turning point in the war against European rule of South America.source
181712 February - The Battle of Chacabuco is fought, resulting in a Spanish defeat and the Patriot capture of Santiago.Chile source
181712 February - Spanish Royal Governor of Chile Francisco Marcó del Pont is captured by Patriot forces after the Battle of Chacabuco.Chile source
18174 March – Habeas corpus suspended amidst fears of insurrection (to January 1818).United Kingdom source
1817June 18 – Henry Perry, a former member of the Republican Army of the North, is defeated near Coleto Creek after leading a force to capture Presidio La Bahía.United States source
1817June 25 – A large riot breaks out in Copenhagen Prison, and the army is sent to quell it.source
1817September 11 – The Great Rebellion of 1817-18 begins in Sri Lanka.source
1817November 5 – Third Anglo-Maratha War breaks out with the Battle of Khadki.source
1817November 20 – The first Seminole War begins in Florida.source
1817November – Third Anglo-Maratha War begins and continues through to 1818.India source
1817Brothers-in-law Charles Gordon and William Carlisle and their wives arrive to bolster the CMS mission at Rangihoua.New Zealand source
1817First Seminole War (1817–1818)United States source
1818January 1 – Battle of Koregaon: Troops of the British East India Company score a decisive victory over the Maratha Empire.source
18187 February – Hongi Hika leads a second Ngā Puhi campaign against Ngāti Porou. They ravage many villages in the Bay of Plenty before passing East Cape and attacking Ngāti Porou in Hicks Bay.New Zealand source
1818February 11 – Marie André Cantillon attempts to assassinate the Duke of Wellington in Paris.source
181811 February – Marie André Cantillon attempts to assassinate the Duke of Wellington in Paris.United Kingdom source
1818February – The Third Anglo-Maratha War which started in 1817 ends with the Marathas defeated by the BritishIndia source
18185 March - Johan Andreas Cornelius Ohme, army officer (born 1746)Norway source
1818March 15 – First Seminole War: General Andrew Jackson and his American army invade Florida.source
181815 March - Battle of QuechereguasChile source
1818April 1 – First Seminole War – Battle of Miccosukee, Florida: General Andrew Jackson defeats chief Kinhagee.source
1818April 5 – Chilean War of Independence – Battle of Maipú: Patriot rebels, led by José de San Martín, decisively defeat the Spanish Royalists.source
1818April 29 – Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident – Alexander George Arbuthnot and Robert Ambrister are captured by Andrew Jackson's forces and later executed for aiding the Spanish and the Seminoles.United States source
1818June 3 – Baji Rao II, Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy, surrenders to Sir John Malcolm of the British East India Company, bringing an end to the Third Anglo-Maratha War and giving the company control of almost all of modern-day India.source
1818June – Battle of Kafir Qala: The Afghans defeat a Persian invasion.source
1818July 1 – After a war that began on November 5, 1817, the forces of the East India Company defeat Baji Rao II in battle and acquire control over the Maratha Empire.source
1818July 15 – U.S. President James Monroe convenes a cabinet meeting, to discuss whether General Andrew Jackson's unauthorized invasion and conquest of Spanish Florida should be disavowed by the White House. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams persuades the President that the action is justifiable, in stopping terror caused by the Seminole tribes.source
1818September 9 - Ottoman Empire Defeats the First Saudi State and captures Abdullah bin Saud Al Saudsource
1818The Barakzai brothers expel Mahmud Shah and the Sadozais out of Afghanistan, dividing the provinces up amongst themselves.source
1818Catholic–Orthodox clash in Aleppo.source
1818Akure–Benin War: Benin invasion of Akure.source
1818Pennefejden: A bitter literary feud between Jens Baggesen and Adam Oehlenschläger.Denmark source
1818Xhosas clash with the white settlers on the eastern frontier starting the 5th Cape Frontier War that only ends the following yearSouth Africa source
18191 February – Sultan Hussein (then known as Tungku Long) arrives from Riau.Singapore source
181923 February - Battle of MesamávidaChile source
181912 May – Trial begins in Paris of Marie André Cantillon and Joseph Stanislas Marinet accused of involvement in the plot to assassinate the Duke of Wellington the previous February. Both men are ultimately acquitted.France source
1819August 2 – The first Hep-Hep riots, communal pogroms against Ashkenazi Jews in the German Federation begin at Würzburg in Bavaria. They continue until October with many Jews killed.source
1819August 7 – Battle of Boyacá: Simón Bolívar is victorious over the Royalist Army in Colombia. Colombia acquires its definitive independence from Spanish rule.source
1819August 16 – Peterloo Massacre: A yeomanry unit charges into a crowd of radical protesters in Manchester, England, resulting in 15 deaths and over 600 injuries.source
181916 August – Peterloo Massacre in St. Peter's Field, Manchester: a cavalry charge into a crowd of radical protesters results in eleven deaths and over 400 injuries.England source
1819September 20 – The Carlsbad Decrees are issued throughout the German Confederation in response to the March assassination of August von Kotzebue, suppressing liberal and nationalist views.source
1819September – Antisemitic riots in Copenhagen.Denmark source
1819November 2 – Bagyidaw is crowned as Emperor of Burma, at the imperial capital of Inwa.source
1819November 3 – The USS Congress becomes the first American warship to visit China, landing at Lintin Island, off of the coast of Canton.source
1819November 3 – The USS Congress, commanded by Captain John D. Henley, becomes the first U.S. warship to visit China, landing at Lintin Island off of the coast of Canton.United States source
1819November 25 – A British expeditionary force reaches Ras Al Khaimah in the Persian Gulf, preparatory to the bombardment and invasion of the town, which led to the signing of the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 between the British and what were to become known as the Trucial States.source
1819Te Rauparaha joins a Ngāpuhi attack on Ngāti Maru in Taranaki. The Ngāpuhi have enough muskets to soon win several battles (the Ngāti Maru have never seen muskets before) and capture a number of pa before continuing on to Cook Strait. When they pass through Kawhia on their return the Ngāpuhi give the Ngāti Toa some muskets. Later in the year Ngāti Toa (possibly led by Te Rauparaha) return to the Cook Strait region looking for a new place to settle as they are under severe pressure from Waikato and Ngāti Maniapoto at Kawhia.New Zealand source
1819AmaZulu under Shaka defeat AmaNdwandwe at Gqokoli Hill.South Africa source
182022 January – Battle of TacuarembóPortugal source
1820February 13 – The Assassination of the Duke of Berry takes place in Paris. The Duke of Berry, nephew of Louis XVIII, is stabbed to death while attending the Paris Opera.source
1820February 14 – Emperor Minh Mạng starts to rule in Vietnam.source
1820February 20 – A revolt begins against the Spanish crown in Santa María Chiquimula (now in Guatemala).source
1820February 23 – The Cato Street Conspiracy, a plot to assassinate Britain's Prime Minister, Lord Liverpool, and his Cabinet is thwarted when police in London arrest 13 plotters after being warned by an informant.source
18203-4 February - Capture of ValdiviaChile source
182013 March – Clan Grant raid on Elgin in a disputed election to the town council.Scotland source
1820March 28 – An attempted coup d'état against Paraguayan dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia fails after a plot by Fulgencio Yegros and Pedro Juan Caballero.source
1820April 1 – A proclamation, signed "By order of the Committee of Organisation for forming a Provisional Government", begins the "Radical War" in Scotland.source
1820April 12 – Alexander Ypsilantis becomes the leader of Filiki Eteria, a secret organization to overthrow Ottoman rule over Greece.source
18201 May – The Cato Street conspirators are the last to suffer judicial decapitation in the UK following their public hanging for treason outside Newgate Prison in London (legally, a mitigation of the last sentence in Britain of hanging, drawing and quartering).United Kingdom source
1820June 29 – The cause of action that will lead to the U.S. Supreme Court case known as The Antelope arises, when a U.S. Treasury cutter captures a ship of the same name, which is transporting 281 Africans who had been captured as slaves, in violation of the U.S. law prohibiting the slave trade.source
1820July 13 – A revolt under Guglielmo Pepe forces Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies to sign a constitution modeled on the Spanish Constitution of 1812.source
1820August 24 – A Constitutionalist insurrection breaks out at Oporto, Portugal.source
182024 August – Military revolt in PortoPortugal source
1820September 2 – The Daoguang Emperor succeeds to the throne of Qing dynasty China.source
1820September 5 – José Gervasio Artigas flees to Paraguay.source
1820September 15 – Revolution breaks out in Lisbon against John VI of Portugal.source
182026 September - Battle of TarpellancaChile source
1820Waikato and Ngāti Maniapoto defeat Ngāti Toa in two battles near at Kāwhia Harbour. After a siege at the harbour Ngāti Toa agree to cede their land and move south. Te Wherowhero is one of the leaders of Waikato, Te Rauparaha and Te Pēhi Kupe lead Ngāti Toa.New Zealand source
1820King Moshoeshoe moves the Basotho capital to Butha Buthe Mountain to escape conflict.South Africa source
18212 February – Cinderloo Uprising: Shropshire Yeomanry fire on a crowd of miners striking over a pay cut in the Coalbrookdale Coalfield, killing three.United Kingdom source
1821February 10 – In Mexico, the Embrace of Acatempan takes place between Agustín de Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero, which seals the peace between the viceroyalty troops and the insurgents.source
182116 February – John Scott, editor of The London Magazine, is fatally wounded in a duel fought over a literary dispute near the Chalk Farm Tavern just outside London.United Kingdom source
1821February 24 – Army of the Three Guarantees formedMexico source
1821February 28 – Congress of Laibach formally comes to an end. However the leading participants remain as fresh uprisings break out in Northern Italy and Greece.source
1821March 7 – The Battle of Rieti is fought in Italy between intervening Austrian forces and Neapolitan rebels.source
1821March 21 – Austrian forces under Johann Frimont enter Naples and restore the authority of Ferdinand I.source
1821May 8 – Greek War of Independence: At the Battle of Gravia Inn, a 120-man Greek force led by Odysseas Androutsos repulses an Ottoman army of 8,000.source
1821June 7 (O.S.)/June 19 (N.S.) – Battle of Drăgășani, Wallachia: The Filiki Eteria are decisively defeated by the Ottomans.source
1821June 14 – Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824): King Badi VII of Sennar surrenders his throne and realm without a fight to Ismail Pasha, general of the Ottoman Empire, ending the existence of the Funj Sultanate in Sudan.source
1821June 24 – Battle of Carabobo: Simón Bolívar wins Venezuela's independence from Spain.source
1821August 7 (O.S.)/August 19 (N.S.) – Navarino massacre: Greek rebels massacre 3,000 inhabitants of the city of Navarino.source
18215 September – Hongi Hika and 2000 Ngā Puhi, armed with 1000 muskets, lay siege to Mauinaina pā at Tamaki. The pā is taken and the inhabitants massacred.New Zealand source
1821September 23 (O.S.)/October 5 (N.S.) – The Siege of Tripolitsa ends when Greek rebels capture the city of Tripoli, Greece; the massacre of 8,000 civilians follows. (Greek forces under the command of General Theodoros Kolokotronis have besieged the city for several months during the Greek War of Independence from Turkey and the Ottoman Empire.)source
18219-10 October - Battle of las Vegas de SaldíasChile source
1821December 1 – History of the Dominican Republic: On the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, General José Núñez de Cáceres ends the España Boba era of Spanish rule in the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo by establishing the Republic of Spanish Haiti. It will last for three months before being invaded by Haiti.source
1821Prince Ludwig I of Bavaria, wishing to build a monument to German unity and heroism (and the defeat of Napoleon), commissions Leo von Klenze to build a replica of the Parthenon on a bluff overlooking the Danube River near Regensburg, the Walhalla memorial.Germany source
1821Late in the year Hongi Hika and Ngā Puhi lay siege to the Ngāti Maru pā at Te Totara (Thames), but after 2 days they make peace with the defenders and withdraw. They return that night and take the pā without difficulty.New Zealand source
1821Te Rauparaha and Ngāti Toa move south from Kawhia to resettle in Taranaki after several defeats by Waikato and Ngāti Maniapoto.New Zealand source
1822February 9 – The invading Haitian forces, led by Jean-Pierre Boyer, arrive in Santo Domingo, to overthrow the newly founded Dominican Republic.source
18222 March: The start of the Siege of Salvador, where the newly formed Brazilian army would attempt to capture the city of Salvador in Bahia from its Portuguese defenders.Brazil source
1822March 19 – The Holy Alliance sends the Ottoman Empire a final ultimatum after Ottoman repression of Austrian subjects in Bucharest during the Wallachian uprising, otherwise facing war with Austria.source
1822March 31 – Greek War of Independence – Chios massacre: 20,000 Greeks on the island of Chios are slaughtered by Ottoman troops, and 23,000 more are exiled.source
1822May 16 – Nairs, the upper caste in British Raj, attack Sandar women for covering their upper body and breasts.source
1822May 24 – Battle of Pichincha: Simón Bolívar secures the independence of Quito.source
1822June 18 – Greek War of Independence: Konstantinos Kanaris blows up the Ottoman navy's flagship at Chios, killing the Kapudan Pasha Nasuhzade Ali Pasha.source
1822July 2 – Denmark Vesey is hanged for plotting a slave rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina.United States source
1822July 7 – July 1822 Spanish coup d'état, an attempt by supporters of Ferdinand VII to overthrow the Liberal government of Spain, fails.source
1822September 8–13 – Battle of Nauplia: In a series of naval engagements, the Ottoman Fleet fails to break through the Greek Fleet, under Admiral Andreas Vokos Miaoulis.source
18228 November: The Battle of Pirajá. It was the largest engagement in the fight for the independence of Bahia, involving approximately 10,000 troops.Brazil source
1822November 13 – Greek War of Independence: Nafplio falls to the Greek rebels.source
1822Large group of Griqua join Koranna, form "Bergenaars," and begin to raid cattle and attack communities along the Orange & Vaal Rivers.South Africa source
1822A committee is formed to collect remains from the remote location where the Battle of Minisink had been fought in 1779.United States source
1822Beginning of "Rhyfel y Sais Bach" ("War of the Little Englishman"), a dispute over enclosures in Pembrokeshire.Wales source
1822William Owen Pughe - Hu GadarnWales source
182313 January – Edward Paget, former MP for Caernarvon, is appointed Commander-in-Chief of British forces in India.Wales source
1823January 22 – By secret treaty signed at the Congress of Verona, the Quintuple Alliance gives France a mandate to invade Spain for the purpose of restoring Ferdinand VII (who has been captured by armed revolutionary liberals) as absolute monarch of the country.source
182322 January - By secret treaty signed at the Congress of Verona, the Quintuple Alliance gives France a mandate to invade Spain for the purpose of restoring Ferdinand VII (who has been captured by armed revolutionary liberals) as absolute monarch of the country.France source
182328 January - O'Higgins is deposed by a conservative coup. An interim Government Junta takes power.Chile source
1823March 13: The Battle of Jenipapo took place, where Brazilian patriots were defeated by Portuguese troops in Piauí during the Brazilian War of Independence.Brazil source
1823April 7 – French forces, the "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis", cross the Spanish border at the Bidasoa River.source
1823April 10 – Siege of Pamplona begins in Navarre as French troops besiege the city's garrison.source
1823May 23 – The rebel Spanish government withdraws from Madrid to Seville following the French advance.source
1823May 25 – The Duke of Angoulême, commander of the invading French forces, establishes a regency in Madrid on behalf of Ferdinand VII who remains a captive of the Spanish government.source
1823August 9 – The Arikara War breaks out between the Arikara nation and the United States, the first American military conflict with the Plains Indians.United States source
1823August 31 – Battle of Trocadero: French infantry of the "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis" capture the fort of Trocadero and turn its guns on Cádiz.source
1823August 31 - Spanish liberal revolutionaries suffer a major defeat against the French at the Battle of TrocaderoSpain source
1823September 17 – Pamplona surrenders to French forces after a five-month siege.source
1823September 23 – First Anglo-Burmese War: Burmese forces attack the British on Shapura, an island close to Chittagong.source
182323 September – First Burmese War: Burmese attack the British on Shapura, an island close to Chittagong.United Kingdom source
1823September 30 – Cádiz surrenders to the French and Ferdinand VII of Spain is restored to his throne, immediately repealing the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812. Despite French advice, he begins an era of repression against his opponents known as the Ominous Decade.source
1823The first Anglo-Ashanti War begins.source
1823The Sealers' War, also known as 'The War of the Shirt', in the Otago region, finally comes to an end (before July). (see also 1810)New Zealand source
1824January 21 – First Anglo-Ashanti War: Battle of Nsamankow – forces of the Ashanti Empire crush British forces in the Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana), killing the British governor Sir Charles MacCarthy.source
182422 January – First Anglo-Ashanti War: Battle of Nsamankow – forces of the Ashanti Empire crush British forces in the Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana), killing the British governor Sir Charles MacCarthy.United Kingdom source
1824March 5 – The First Anglo-Burmese War begins in much of what is now Bangladesh, and lasts for almost two years until the surrender of territories by the Kingdom of Burma on February 24, 1826.source
18245 March – First Anglo-Burmese War begins.United Kingdom source
1824March 11 – The United States War Department creates the Bureau of Indian Affairs.source
1824April 30 – The April Revolt (La Abrilada) in Portugal begins when Prince Miguel acts against his Liberal opponents in defiance of his father John VI.source
182410 May – First Burmese War: the British take Rangoon.United Kingdom source
1824May 24 – First Anglo-Burmese War: The British take Rangoon, capital of the Kingdom of Burma (now Yangon, Myanmar), in a surprise attack.source
1824July 10 – Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States: Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette and a beloved hero of the American Revolution, departs from the port of Le Havre in France on the ship Cadmus for a triumphant return to the United States; he arrives in New York on August 15.source
1824August 6 – Peruvian War of Independence: Battle of Junín – Pro-independence forces defeat the Spanish in the highlands of the Junín region.source
1824August 7 – The First Anglo-Ashanti War ends when forces of the Ashanti Empire flee the field.source
18247 August – First Anglo-Ashanti War ends when forces of the Ashanti Empire flee the field.United Kingdom source
1824August 15 – The visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States begins at Staten Island. He will remain for more than a year before departing on September 7, 1825.source
182423 November – Great storm in the English Channel; The Cobb (Lyme Regis) and Chesil Beach are breached.United Kingdom source
1824December 9 – Peruvian War of Independence: Battle of Ayacucho – Colombian and Peruvian forces led by Antonio José de Sucre defeat the Spanish. The commander, Viceroy de la Serna, surrenders, ending Spain's domination of South America.source
1824December 28 – In Australia, in what is now New South Wales, the Bathurst War comes to an end, with the defeat of the Wiradjuri indigenous nation and the peaceful surrender of their leader, Chief Windradyne, at a feast at Parramatta.source
1824Egyptian and Albanian troops of the Ottoman Empire overturn the Greek revolt on Crete.source
1825Invasion of Chiquitos: The Empire of Brazil attempts to annex Chiquitos, now part of the Santa Cruz DepartmentBolivia source
1825April 30 – Upper Creek chief Menawa leads an attack that assassinates William McIntosh for signing the Treaty of Indian Springs.United States source
1825June 15 – A rebellion is started by 200 slaves in the Guamacaro region of Cuba, and is suppressed after 12 hours; in the ensuing months, most who were not killed in the battle will be hunted down and killed.source
1825July 20 – A skirmish takes place between Dutch-Yogyakartan forces and Javanese rebels, triggering the Java War.source
1825September 25 – General Hendrik Merkus de Kock lifts the siege of Jogjakarta, the first major action of the Java War.source
1825October 12 – The Battle of Sarandí between troops of the Banda Oriental and the Empire of Brazil.Brazil source
1825October–December – Dispute between the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Empire of Brazil over the Banda Oriental region leads to the Cisplatine War.source
1825December 9 – The British began the Siege of Bharatpur (1825–1826) in India.source
1825December 26 (O.S.)/December 14 (N.S.) – Some Imperial Russian Army officers stage the Decembrist revolt against Nicholas's accession in Saint Petersburg, but it is thoroughly suppressed by the government.source
1825December 26 (December 14 O.S.) – 3000 Imperial Russian Army officers stage the Decembrist Revolt against Nicholas's accession in Saint Petersburg. The rebellion, however, is successfully suppressed by the government.Russia source
1825London becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Beijing.source
1825Ngāpuhi chief Hongi Hika's campaign against Ngāti Whātua ends with the battle Te Ika a Ranganui on the Kaiwaka River (approximately 105 km north of modern downtown Auckland). Hongi's eldest son is killed in the battle. Most of the Ngāti Whatua survivors, heavily defeated, flee south, leaving Tāmaki-makau-rau (Auckland) almost deserted until the arrival of Governor William Hobson in 1840. Hongi later pursues the Ngāti Whatua survivors into the Waikato.New Zealand source
1825Slave and Khoikhoi uprising in Worcester district over rights.South Africa source
1825At about this date, London is estimated to overtake Peking as the world's largest city.United Kingdom source
1825Peter Bailey Williams – Tragwyddol Orphwysfa'r SaintWales source
182613 January – The Army Secretariat is divided into two: one of the government and finance sections and the other military.Bolivia source
1826January 18 – In India, the Siege of Bharatpur ends in British victory as Lord Combermere and Michael Childers defeat the princely state of Bharatpur, part of the modern-day Indian state of Rajasthan.source
182618 January: The Siege of Bharatpur concluded with a British victory.India source
1826April 10 – The Third Siege of Missolonghi ends and is followed by the massacre of thousands of Greek defenders by the Ottoman besiegers.source
1826June 8 – A mob of the ruling party, the Family Compact, destroy the Colonial Advocate's press at York. Wilton, Carol. William Lyon Mackenzie, publisher, prosecutes and is awarded £625 in damages.Canada source
1826June 14–15 – The Auspicious Incident: Mahmud II, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, crushes the last mutiny of janissaries in Istanbul.source
182620 June – Burney Treaty increases British control over south-east Asia.United Kingdom source
1826June 21 – Greek War of Independence: The attempted Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani begins.source
1826July 4 – Former U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both die on the 50th anniversary of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence.source
18268 July - Start of the Russo-Persian WarRussia source
1826July 25 (O.S.: July 13) – Five leaders of the Decembrist revolt of 1825 in Russia (Pyotr Kakhovsky, Pavel Pestel, poet Kondraty Ryleyev, Sergey Muravyov-Apostol and Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin) are hanged in Senate Square, Saint Petersburg, where they had launched their attempted coup d'état. Other conspirators begin their journey into exile in Siberia.source
1826December 21 – American settlers in Mexican Texas begin the Fredonian Rebellion, making the first attempt to secede from Mexico. The Republic of Fredonia will survive for less than six weeks.source
1826December 21 – Fredonian Rebellion: American settlers in Mexican Texas make the first attempt to secede from Mexico, establishing the Republic of Fredonia, which will survive for just over a month.United States source
1826December 25 – The Eggnog Riot breaks out at the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York during the early morning hours.source
1826Russo-Persian War (1826–28) started.Iran source
1826Construction of the National Monument, Edinburgh on Calton Hill (to the dead of the Napoleonic Wars) is commenced; it will never be completed.Scotland source
1827January – In Laos, King Anouvong of Vientiane leads the Laotian Rebellion against Siam and successfully attacks Nakhon Ratchasima (the Siamese later invade Vientiane and nearly destroy the whole city).source
1827February 20 – Battle of Ituzaingó (Passo do Rosário): A Brazilian Imperial Army force is tactically defeated on the border of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata by Argentine and Uruguayan troops.source
1827February 20 – Cisplatine War: Battle of ItuzaingóArgentina source
1827March 7 – Brazilian marines sail up the Rio Negro and attack the temporary naval base of Carmen de Patagones, Argentina; they are defeated by the local citizens.source
1827April 8 – Battle of Monte Santiago: A squadron of the Brazilian Imperial Navy defeats Argentine vessels after a two-day naval battle.source
1827April 24 – Greek War of Independence: Battle of Phaleron – Ottoman troops defeat the Greek rebels.source
1827April 29 – The Fly Whisk Incident in Ottoman Algeria: Hussein Dey slaps French consul Pierre Deval on the face, eventually leading to the Invasion of Algiers in 1830.source
1827June 7 – Greek defenders in Athens surrender to Egyptian forces under the command of General Rashid Pasha.source
182718 June - James Stirling establishes the Fort Wellington settlement at Raffles Bay, on the Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory.Australia source
182728 August – The rebels establish the Junta Suprema Provisional de Gobierno del Principado de Cataluña in Manresa, presided over by Agustín Saperes.Spain source
1827September 3 – Ho-Chunk leader Red Bird surrenders to U.S. officials, ending the Winnebago War.United States source
1827September 30 – Greek War of Independence: Battle of Itea, a naval battle fought in the Gulf of Corinth.source
1827October 1 – Russo-Persian War, 1826–1828: The Russians under Ivan Paskevich storm Yerevan, ending a millennium of Muslim domination in Armenia.source
1827October 20 – Greek War of Independence: Battle of Navarino – British, French and Russian naval forces destroy the Turko-Egyptian fleet in Greece. This is the last naval action to be fought under sail alone.source
182720 October - Battle of Navarino: A combined British, French and Russian naval force destroys a combined Ottoman and Egyptian armada.France source
182720 October – Battle of Navarino (Greek War of Independence): British, French and Russian naval forces destroy the Turko-Egyptian fleet in Greece. This is the last naval action to be fought under sail alone.United Kingdom source
182724 October - Ivan Paskevich captures the Iranian city of Tabriz in the Russo-Persian WarRussia source
182787,000 people in Lower Canada sign a petition denouncing the political abuses of the Château Clique.Canada source
1828February 10 – Black War: Cape Grim massacre – About 30 Aboriginal Tasmanians gathering food at a beach are probably ambushed, shot with muskets and killed by four indentured "servants" (or convicts) employed as shepherds for the Van Diemen's Land Company as part of a series of reprisal attacks, with the bodies of some of the men thrown from a 60 metre (200 ft) cliff.source
1828March 18 – Simón Bolívar, President of Colombia (and former President of Venezuela, Peru and Bolivia), departs from the capital at Bogotá in order to help his ally, General José Antonio Páez, suppress an uprising near the Venezuelan border, but is sidetracked by another rebellion in Cartagena.source
182818 April – Military mutiny in Chuquisaca. President Antonio José de Sucre is wounded and delegates command to President of the Council of Ministers José María Pérez de Urdininea.Bolivia source
1828April 26 – Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire, beginning the Russo-Turkish War.source
182830 April – The revolt in Chuquisaca is quelled.Bolivia source
18281 May – Peruvian–Bolivian War: Peruvian forces under Agustín Gamarra cross the Desaguadero River into Bolivia, seeking to expel Gran Colombian influence in the country.Bolivia source
1828May 21 – Antonio José de Sucre tries to invade Paraguay, reaching the northern city of Fuerte Olimpo, but the planned invasion is immediately cancelled.source
1828June 3 – Gran Colombia–Peru War: Gran Colombia's President Simón Bolívar declares war on Peru.source
1828June 23 – King Miguel I of Portugal overthrows his niece, Queen Maria II, beginning the Liberal Wars.source
18281 July – Offences against the Person Act 1828 ("Lord Lansdowne's Act") comes into force in England and Wales as one of "Peel's Acts", consolidating and simplifying the law related to cases of violent offence against the person, repealing clause XXXVI of Magna Carta and abolishing the crime of petty treason.United Kingdom source
1828July 9 – The 1828–29 United States House of Representatives elections commence; they will increase the majority of the Jacksonian Democrats.United States source
1828August 28 – Russian forces succeed in the Battle of Akhaltsikhe against the Ottomans, capturing the fortress after an 8-day siege.source
1828September 29 – Russo-Turkish War (1828–29): Varna is taken by the Russian army.source
1828November 12 – Anouvong, ruler of the Kingdom of Vientiane, is deposed and the kingdom is annexed by Siam. During the war, the city of Vientiane is obliterated by Siamese forces.source
1828December 1 – Decembrist revolution (Argentina): Juan Lavalle, returning to Buenos Aires with troops that fought in the Cisplatine War, deposes the provincial governor Manuel Dorrego, reigniting the Argentine Civil Wars.source
1828December 9 – An attempt to assassinate Gran Colombia's President Simon Bolívar fails while he is visiting Jamaica. Bolivar accepts a last-minute invitation to be elsewhere and his servant, hired by the Spanish royal government to kill Bolivar, kills Bolivar's paymaster by mistake.source
1828Russo-Persian War (1826–28) finished.Iran source
1828Dingane assassinates Shaka and succeeds him as AmaZulu leader.South Africa source
1828Colonial forces, AmaXhosa, AmaThembu, and white soldiers defeat the AmaNgwane chief Matiwane, at the Battle of Mbholompo. He flees to Zululand, where Dingane executes him.South Africa source
1829January 30 – Massacre at the Russian Embassy in Tehran.Iran source
1829February 27 – Battle of Tarqui: Troops of Gran Colombia and Peru battle to a draw.source
1829March 2 – Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, conspirator and supporter of the Mexican War of Independence.Mexico source
1829March 21 – The bloodless Wellington–Winchilsea duel takes place at Battersea near Londonsource
1829March 25 – Ignacio Zaragoza, General of the Mexican Army best known for his 1862 victory against the French forces during the Battle of Puebla on May 5.Mexico source
182917 May – Henrik Wergeland became a symbol of the fight for celebration of the constitution at May 17, which was later to become the Norwegian National Day. He became a public hero after the infamous "Battle of the Square" in Christiania.Norway source
1829June 5 – HMS Pickle captures the armed slave ship Voladora off the coast of Cuba.source
1829July 2 – Russo-Turkish War (1828–29): Russian Field-Marshal Hans Karl von Diebitsch launches the Trans-Balkan Offensive, which brings the Russian army within 68 km of Istanbul.source
182912 July – Orange Institution parades in Belfast are banned, leading to demonstrations and serious rioting in Belfast. This spreads to County Armagh and County Tyrone, lasting several days and resulting in at least 20 deaths.Ireland source
182926 July – Red trousers (pantalon rouge) adopted as standard Army uniform.France source
1829August 15–22 – Cincinnati riots of 1829.United States source
1829October 17 – Kaspar Hauser is found wounded.source
1829Narrative poem on Cossack hetman Ivan Mazepa's involvement in the Battle of Poltava between Sweden and Russia that took place in 1709Russia source
1830March 28 – The Java War ends with the capture of Prince Diponegoro during negotiations with Dutch commander Hendrik Merkus de Kock.source
1830April 17 - Chilean Civil War of 1829–30: Battle of Lircay, decisive Pelucones (Conservative) victoryChile source
1830July 5 – French invasion of Algiers, leading to creation of French Algeria.source
1830July 5 – France invades Algiers.Algeria source
1830July 26 – The July Revolution in France begins when people in Paris rebel against the July Ordinances, issued earlier in the day at Saint-Cloud by King Charles X of France.source
1830July 27 – "The Three Glorious Days" of the July Revolution in France begin. The Paris mob clashes with the National Guard: over the period 1,800 rioters and 300 soldiers will die.source
1830July 27–29 – July Revolution ("Three Glorious Days") – people in Paris rebel against the Ordinance of St. Cloud by King Charles X of France and clash against the National Guard – 1,800 rioters and 300 soldiers die and the king has to flee the capital.France source
1830July 31 – King Charles X of France flees to the Château de Rambouillet.source
1830August 25 – The Belgian Revolution begins in Brussels with revolts against King William I of the Netherlands.source
18306 September – Otmoor riots: mass demonstration against enclosure of Otmoor in Oxfordshire.United Kingdom source
18307 October - The 'Black Line' campaign of the Black War begins in an attempt to capture all Tasmanian Aborigines. The campaign lasts 7 weeks and only succeeds in bringing two Aborigines to the authorities.Australia source
183027 October – Belgian forces take Antwerp; Dutch forces bombard the city from Antwerp Citadel.Belgium source
18306 November – After 3 or 4 days hidden aboard the Elizabeth while anchored in Akaroa, Te Rauparaha and his warriors attack and massacre a village of local Kāi Tahu, and then cannibalise them.New Zealand source
1830November 29 – The Polish November Uprising begins in Warsaw against Russian rule.source
1830The November Uprising (November Insurrection)Russia source
1831February 5 – Dutch naval lieutenant Jan van Speyk blows up his own gunboat in Antwerp rather than strike his colours on the demand of supporters of the Belgian Revolution.source
1831February 14 – Battle of Debre Abbay: Ras Marye of Yejju marches into Tigray, and defeats and kills the warlord Sabagadis.source
183114 February – Vicente Guerrero, leader of Mexican War of Independence and 2nd President of Mexico, assassinated (born 1782)Mexico source
1831February 25 – Battle of Olszynka Grochowska (Grochów): Polish rebel forces divide a Russian army.source
1831March 13-15: Night of the Bottle Fight – A street fight between the Portuguese and the Brazilians.Brazil source
1831March 18 – Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: An injunction requested by the Cherokee nation, claiming that Georgia's state legislature had created laws which, "go directly to annihilate the Cherokees as a political society", is denied.United States source
1831March 29 – The Bosnian uprising (1831–32) against the Ottoman Empire begins.source
1831April 27 – Ending of the First Anglo-Ashanti War (1823–1831).source
18316 May: The Battle of Balakot took place which saw the Sikh forces under prince Sher Singh defeat the Mujahideen under Syed Ahmad Barelvi at Balakot.India source
1831May 26 – Battle of Ostrołęka: The Poles fight another indecisive battle.source
1831August 2 – The Dutch Ten Days' Campaign against Belgium is halted by a French army.source
1831August 21 - Nat Turner's slave rebellion in the United States breaks out in Southampton County, Virginia.source
18312–12 August – Ten Days' Campaign – Dutch attempt to re-establish rule over Belgium fails, but Dutch forces retain control of Antwerp Citadel.Belgium source
1831September 8– Battle of Warsaw: The Army of Russia takes the Polish capital after a two-day battle to crush the Polish uprising.source
1831October 21 – The November Uprising ends in the defeat of Polish forces.source
183122 October – John Jones of Ystrad and Robert Fulke Greville fight a duel at Tafarnspite.Wales source
1831October 29 – The 1831 Bristol riots ("Queen Square riots") in Bristol (England) begin, in connection with the Great Reform Bill controversy. Quelled by the authorities and the military on October 31, 100 city centre properties are destroyed, at least 120 are estimated to have been killed, 31 of the rioters will be sentenced to death and a colonel facing court-martial for failure to control the riot commits suicide.source
1831October 30 – In Southampton County, Virginia, escaped slave Nat Turner is captured and arrested for leading the bloodiest slave rebellion in United States history.source
1831November 22 – First Canut Revolt: After a bloody battle with the military causing 600 deaths, rebellious silk workers seize Lyon, France.source
1831November 26 – Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833): The start of the one year Siege of Akka by Egyptian forces.source
1831December 27 – The Baptist War (Christmas Rebellion) begins in Jamaica, with the setting afire of the Kensington House in St James Parish, inspiring thousands of black slaves to revolt against their British masters. At its peak, more than 20,000 people will be involved, and more than 500 killed.source
1831Scholar Rifa'a at-Tahtawi returns from study in Paris to Egypt, where he will participate in the Nahda.source
1831Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833): Egyptian forces under Muhammad Ali occupy Ottoman Syria.source
1831Ngāti Toa under chief and war leader Te Rauparaha besiege Ngāi Tahu stronghold of Kaiapoi pā.New Zealand source
1831Order of the White Eagle (Russian Empire)Russia source
1832January 13 – The Christmas Rebellion of slaves is brought to an end in Jamaica, after the island's white planters organize militias and the British Army sends companies of the 84th regiment to enforce martial law. More than 300 of the slave rebels will be publicly hanged for their part in the destruction.source
183214 January - Battle of EpulafquenChile source
1832March 24 – In Hiram, Ohio, a group of men beat, tar and feather Mormon leader Joseph Smith.source
1832March – Attempted assassination of William Lyon Mackenzie at Hamilton.Canada source
1832April 6 – The Black Hawk War begins in the United States.source
1832May 10 – The Egyptians, aided by Maronites, seize Acre from the Ottoman Empire after a 7-month siege.source
1832June 5–6 – The June Rebellion in France, anti-monarchist riots led chiefly by local students and workers, breaks out in Paris.source
18325 June - Anti-monarchist June Rebellion briefly breaks out in Paris.France source
1832July 9 – The Commissioner of Indian Affairs post is created within the United States Department of War.source
1832August 2 – The Bad Axe Massacre ends the last major Native American rebellion east of the Mississippi in the United States.source
1832August 27 – Black Hawk (Sauk leader) surrenders to the United States authorities, ending the Black Hawk War.source
1832September 22 – Qasim al-Ahmad is appointed as the new Ottoman Governor (mutasallim) of Jerusalem (Kudüs), after Sultan Mahmud II dismisses Muhammad Said Agha.source
1832October 8 – Washington Irving and Henry Leavitt Ellsworth arrive at Fort Gibson, Indian Territory (later Fort Gibson, Oklahoma) in the late morning hours. They leave the fort on October 10, with a small company of Rangers who escort them to the camp of Captain Jesse Bean who is waiting for them near the Arkansas River. Thus begins one of the first steps in the United States effort to remove the indigenous peoples of the Americas from their homes on the east coast in what would become known as the "Trail of Tears" some six years later.United States source
183215 November to 23 December – Siege of Antwerp: Belgian army with French support invests Antwerp Citadel, held by Dutch forces.Belgium source
1832December 4 – Siege of Antwerp: The last remaining Dutch stronghold, Antwerp Citadel, comes under French attack in the aftermath of the Belgian Revolution.source
1832December 21 – Battle of Konya: The Egyptians defeat the main Ottoman army in central Anatolia.source
1832December 23 – The Siege of Antwerp ends with the Dutch garrison losing the citadel.source
1832Publication begins (posthumously) of Carl von Clausewitz's Vom Kriege ("On War").source
1832The Bombay Dog Riots occurred, sparked by an attempt by municipal colonial authorities to exterminate the city's stray dogs, which was opposed by Bombay's Parsis due to dogs being considered sacred in Zoroastrianism.India source
1832Te Rauparaha and Ngāti Toa capture the Ngāi Tahu pā at Onawe on Akaroa harbour and massacre the inhabitants.New Zealand source
1832Ngāti Toa under chief and war leader Te Rauparaha capture and destroy the Ngāi Tahu stronghold of Kaiapoi pa.New Zealand source
1833February 6 – Prince Otto Friedrich Ludwig of Bavaria arrives at the port of Nafplio to assume the title King Othon the First of Greece.source
1833May 6 – In Alexandria, Virginia, an attack is made on U.S. President Andrew Jackson.source
1833May 10 – The Le Van Khoi revolt breaks out in southern Vietnam against Emperor Minh Mang, who has desecrated the deceased mandarin Le Van Duyet.source
183321 May – Convention of London indefinitely extends ceasefire with the Kingdom of the Netherlands following the Belgian Revolution of 1830Belgium source
1833June 9 – Dubai secedes from Abu Dhabi.source
1833July 5 – Liberal Wars: The forces of Queen Maria II of Portugal win the Battle of Cape St. Vincent, defeating the supporters of her uncle, King Miguel, who usurped the throne in 1828.source
1833September 19 – Military riot at Montreal.Canada source
1833September 29 – Three-year-old Isabella II becomes Queen of Spain, under the regency of her mother, Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies. Her uncle Don Carlos, Conde de Molina challenges her claim, beginning the First Carlist War.source
18338 October – Belgian Iron Cross established to honour bravery during the Belgian RevolutionBelgium source
1833November 12–13 – A very spectacular occurrence of the Leonid meteor shower is observed all over North America, and is the inspiration for the song "Stars Fell on Alabama".source
1833Basotho kingdom under King Moshoeshoe repels attacks from mounted "Bergenaars" using horses and firearms, maintaining sovereignty.South Africa source
1834May 19 – The Peasants' Revolt in Egyptian-ruled Palestine begins; it is suppressed in August.source
183426 May – Concession of Evoramonte, ending the civil war period; Miguel I of Portugal surrenderedPortugal source
1834July 7–10 – Anti-abolitionist riots break out in New York City.source
1834July 8 – Imam Faisal bin Turki enters Riyadh and upon entering his father's palace, assassinates his father's murderer, Ibrahim Hamza, and his master; Mishari, and becomes the ruler and founder of the Second Saudi State.source
1834July 15 – The Spanish Inquisition, which began in the 15th century, is suppressed by royal decree.source
1834October 27 - Battle of Alegría de ÁlavaSpain source
183428 October – The Battle of Pinjarra occurs in the Swan River Colony in present-day Pinjarra, Western Australia. Between 14-40 Aborigines are killed by British colonists.Australia source
183412 November – The Landgraviate of Hesse-Rotenburg loses its independence when the estates not bequeathed to princes Victor and Chlodwig of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst are reunited with Hesse-Kassel.Germany source
183418 December – Tithe War: "Rathcormac massacre": At Gortroe, near Rathcormac, County Cork, armed Constabulary reinforced by the regular British Army kill at least nine and wound thirty protesters.Ireland source
183418 December – Tithe War in Ireland: "Rathcormac massacre": At Gortroe, near Rathcormac, County Cork, armed Constabulary reinforced by the regular British Army kill at least nine and wound thirty protesters against tithes.United Kingdom source
1834Mr. Neilson replies: "The American revolutionists and the British Liberals contended for the maintenance of franchises already acquired; we oppositionists are reaching out our hands for freedom which we never possessed. The Resolutions can not be justified, for they favour the refusal of supplies, without which there would be no means of defraying the expense of governing the Province."Canada source
1834Sir Harford Jones Brydges - An Account of His Majesty's Mission to Persia in the years 1807-11Wales source
1835January 24 – Malê Revolt: African slaves of Yoruba Muslim origin revolt against Brazilian owners at Salvador, Bahia.source
1835January 24-25: The Muslim slave revolt, known as the Malê Revolt, takes place in Salvador, capital of the Province of Bahia.Brazil source
1835January 30 – Attempted assassination of Andrew Jackson: The first assassination attempt against a President of the United States is carried out against President Andrew Jackson at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., by English-born delusional unemployed house painter Richard Lawrence; the attempt fails when his pistols misfire due to humidity.source
183512 February – Court of Cassation finds that the laws on injury and manslaughter apply to participants in duels.Belgium source
183516 July - Battle of MendigorríaSpain source
1835July 28 – An assassination attempt against King Louis Philippe I of France is attempted by Giuseppe Marco Fieschi, who uses a home-made volley gun and kills 10 people. The King escapes with a minor wound.source
183513 August – Salaverry-Santa Cruz War – Battle of Yanacocha: A united Peru-Bolivian army commanded by Andrés de Santa Cruz defeats Agustín Gamarra at Yanacocha.Bolivia source
1835September 20 – The Ragamuffin War begins in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.source
1835October 2 – The Texas Revolution – Battle of Gonzales: Mexican soldiers attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, Texas, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia.source
1835October 2 – Texas Revolution – Battle of Gonzales: Mexican soldiers attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, Texas but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia.Mexico source
1835October 28 – Texas Revolution – Battle of Concepción: The Texian Army defeats the Mexicans.source
1835December 5 – Start of Moriori genocide, the killing and enslavement of the indigenous people of the Chatham Islands by 500 Māori people from New Zealand.source
1835December 9 – The Army of the Republic of Texas captures San Antonio.source
1835December 28 — The Second Seminole War, led by Seminole Chief Osceola breaks out in the U.S. state of Florida.source
1835December 28 – The Second Seminole War breaks out. Seminole fighter Osceola and his warriors attack government agent Thompson outside Fort King in central Florida.United States source
1835Fort Cass is established, the military headquarters and site of the largest internment camps during the 1838 Trail of Tears.source
1835Fighting between Te Arawa and Ngaiterangi against Waikato tribes.New Zealand source
1835AmaXhosa chiefdoms invade the Cape Colony to reclaim land taken in the previous Sixth War of Dispossession.South Africa source
1836February 23 – Texas Revolution: The Battle of the Alamo begins, with an American settler army surrounded by the Mexican Army, under Santa Anna.source
1836March 6 – Texas Revolution: The Battle of the Alamo ends. At least 182 Texan settler soldiers die in a struggle against more than 2,000 Mexican soldiers.source
1836March 6 – The Battle of the Alamo ends; 189 Texans are slaughtered by about 1,600 Mexicans.Mexico source
1836March 27 – Texas Revolution – Goliad massacre: 342 Texan prisoners are shot and killed, along with Texan General James Walker Fannin, by Mexican troops in Goliad, near the Presidio La Bahía.source
1836April 21 – Texas Revolution – Battle of San Jacinto: Mexican forces under General Antonio López de Santa Anna are defeated at San Jacinto, Texas.source
1836April 22 – Texas Revolution: Forces under Texas General Sam Houston capture Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna.source
1836May 19 – Fort Parker massacre: Among those captured by Native Americans is 9-year-old Cynthia Ann Parker. She later gives birth to a son named Quanah, who becomes the last chief of the Comanche.source
1836September 20 - Battle of VillarrobledoSpain source
1836October 30 – Louis Napoleon launches the unsuccessful Strasbourg Coup to overthrow the July Monarchy in Francesource
183628 December - Chile declares war on the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation, starting the War of the Confederation.Chile source
1836Antoine Wiertz, The Greeks and the Trojans Fighting over the Body of PatroclusBelgium source
1836Lord Gosford disappointedly declares "I will not predict all the consequences which may result from the factious opposition."Canada source
1836Late in the year Alfred Nesbitt Brown closes the mission at Matamata. (see also 1835 & 1838)New Zealand source
1836Andries Potgieter and Pieter Uys, with Griqua, Barolong, Koranna, and BaTlokwa allies, seize Mosega, forcing Mzilikatsi to flee north to Marico Valley.South Africa source
1837February 4 – Seminoles attack Fort Foster in Florida.source
1837April - Peasants from Sullia and Puttur carried out Amara Sullia Rebellion against British Raj and took over South Canara administration for two weeks under the leadership of Kedambadi Ramaiah Gowda.India source
1837May 10 – The Panic of 1837 begins in New York City.source
18373 June - Chilean Army officer Jose Antonio Vidaurre attempts to overthrow the Prieto government. The coup fails and Vidaurre is later executed.Chile source
1837June 11 – The Broad Street Riot occurs in Boston, Massachusetts, fueled by ethnic tensions between the Irish and the Yankees.source
1837July – Morrison incident: A US ship is fired on by cannon when entering Tokyo Bay while attempting to repatriate castaway Japanese citizens.Japan source
1837August 16 – The Dutch colonial forces sack the fortress of Bonjol, Indonesia, ending the Padri War.source
1837August 24 - Battle of Villar de los NavarrosSpain source
1837September 19 – First Carlist War: Battle of Aranzueque – The liberal forces loyal to Queen Isabel II of Spain are victorious, ending the Carlist campaign known as the Expedición Real.source
1837October 13 – The French army under Sylvain Charles Valée captures the city of Constantine in French Algeria after a siege of three days.source
1837October 21 – General Thomas Jesup captures Seminole leader Osceola under pretext of negotiations.United States source
1837November 6 Louis-Joseph Papineau begins the Lower Canada Rebellion in the Quebec city of Montreal.source
1837November 23 – Patriotes defeat British army at St. Denis, Lower Canada. At St. Denis, Col. Gore, with five companies of regulars, fails to dislodge rebel Dr. Nelson, with 200 men, behind walls.Canada source
1837December 4 – Samuel Lount begins the Upper Canada Rebellion by marching with rebel followers to Toronto, one month after a similar rebellion against British rule had begun in Lower Canada.source
1837December 29 – The Caroline Affair, on the Niagara River, becomes the basis for the Caroline test for anticipatory self-defence in international relations.source
1837The Anglican mission at Tauranga closes because of intertribal Maori wars. (see also 1835 & 1838)New Zealand source
1837Potgieter and Uys attack Mzilikazi, driving him and the AmaNdebele beyond the Limpopo into present-day Zimbabwe.South Africa source
1838January 12–13: War of the Confederation: Battle of IslayChile source
1838January 12 and 13 - War of the Confederation: Battle of IslayPeru source
183826 January – A surprise attack by mounted police attack on a Kamilaroi camp organised by the colonial government killing at least 40 people. Part of the Waterloo Creek massacre.Australia source
1838February 17 – Weenen massacre: Zulu impis massacre about 532 Voortrekkers, Khoikhoi and Basuto around the site of Weenen in South Africa.source
1838February 24 – U.S. Representatives William J. Graves of Kentucky and Jonathan Cilley of Maine face each other in a duel with rifles at 80 yards near Bladensburg, Maryland. On the third attempt, Congressman Cilley is fatally wounded and bleeds to death.source
183811 April - Battle of Italeni where the AmaZulu repulsed the Voortrekkers close to uMgungundlovu.South Africa source
1838June 20–22 - Battle of PeñacerradaSpain source
1838June 24 - War of the Confederation: Battle of MontenegroBolivia source
183824 September – Monument to the fallen of the Belgian Revolution inaugurated on Place des Martyrs, Brussels.Belgium source
1838October 1 – First Carlist War – Battle of Maella: Supporters of Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain are victorious.source
1838October 5 – Killough massacre, believed to be both the largest and last Native American attack on white settlers in East Texas. 18 casualties are either killed or carried away.source
1838November 27 – Pastry War: Mexico is invaded by French forces.source
183813 December: The beginning of the Balaiada; a rebellion that took place in Maranhão.Brazil source
1838December 16 – Battle of Blood River: The Boers win a decisive victory over the Zulus.source
1838December – First Anglo-Afghan War: British and Presidency armies set out from Punjab in support of Shah Shujah Durrani's claim to the throne of Afghanistan.source
1838Lord Durham and his entourage arrive in Upper Canada, to investigate the cause of the 1837 rebellion in that province. This leads to Durham submitting the Durham Report to Britain.source
1839January 20 – Battle of Yungay: Chile defeats the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, leading to the restoration of an independent Peru.source
1839January 20 - War of the Confederation: Battle of YungayBolivia source
1839March 9 – The Pastry War between France and Mexico ends.source
183930 April – Chartists riot in Llanidloes and seize control of the town for five days.Wales source
1839May 12 – Socialist activist Louis Auguste Blanqui and the Société des Saisons begin an uprising against the government of France. The insurrection is suppressed, but not before 50 people are killed and 190 wounded. Blanqui is imprisoned until 1848.source
183913 May – First Rebecca Riots targeted against turnpikes in Wales, at Efailwen in Carmarthenshire.source
1839May 23 – Turkish troops cross the Euphrates River and invade Syria, but are defeated in battle in June.source
1839July 1 – Slaves aboard the Amistad rebel, and capture the ship.source
1839July 23 – First Anglo-Afghan War: Battle of Ghazni – British forces capture the fortress city of Ghazni in Afghanistan.source
1839August 31 – The First Carlist War (Spain) ends with the Convenio de Vergara, also known as the Abrazo de Vergara ("the embrace in Vergara"; Bergara in Basque), between liberal general Baldomero Espartero, Count of Luchana and Carlist General Rafael Maroto.source
1839September 4 – Battle of Kowloon: British vessels open fire on Chinese war junks enforcing a food sales embargo on the British community in China in the first armed conflict of the First Opium War.source
1839October 15 – Emir Abdelkader declares a jihad against the French.source
1839Tanzimat starts in the Ottoman Empire.source
1839Khalid bin Saud Al Suad usurps the throne from Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud, who assumed power of Nejd in 1834, and is sent to Cairo as prisoner. Omar bin Ofaysan, the Amir Faisal's governor in the Eastern Province seeks asylum in Bahrain, but Khalid the pretender demands his surrender and the surrender of the fort at Dammam; then under the control of the Al Khalifa of Bahrain.source
1839Territorial disputes between lumbermen from Maine and New Brunswick lead to armed conflict in the Aroostook River valley (the Aroostook War).Canada source
1839early July 1839 - a group of British merchant sailors in Kowloon became intoxicated after consuming rice liqueur. Two of the sailors became agitated with and beat to death Lin Weixi, a villager from nearby Tsim Sha Tsui. They are disciplined by British military court and the British refuse to hand them over to Chinese prosecutorsChina source
1839Battle of Ghazni, part of the First Anglo-Afghan War, occurs on 23 July 1839 in Ghazni, AfghanistanIndia source
1839Francisco María Ruiz – soldier and settler of San Diego, Alta California (born 1754)Mexico source
1839Henry Jervis is elected the Military Administrator of Port NatalSouth Africa source
1839Second Seminole War (1835–1842)United States source
184013 January – The Battle of Yering occurs between Indigenous Australians of the Wurundjeri nation and the Border Police.Australia source
1840February – The Rhodes blood libel is made against the Jews of Rhodes.source
1840March 19 - The Council House Fight results in the deaths of 35 Comanche and seven Texas Rangers/militia, ending any hopes for peace in the Texas–Indian wars.source
1840June 10 — Queen Victoria and Prince Albert are shot at.Canada source
1840June 18 – Maria massacre: British brigantine Maria is wrecked off South Australia. All 26 passengers and crew make it to the shore but none survive the trek to safety over the following two weeks, most being massacred by Aboriginal Australians.source
1840August 19 – The Battle of the Barrier.source
1840September 10 – Ottoman and British troops bombard Beirut, and land troops on the coast, to pressure Egyptian Muhammad Ali to retreat from the country.source
1840September 30 – The French frigate Belle Poule arrives in Cherbourg, bringing back the remains of Napoleon from Saint Helena to France.source
1840October 8 – A firman (imperial decree) of Sultan Abdulmejid I replaces Bashir Shihab II as Emir of Mount Lebanon with Prince Bashir Chehab III (Bashir Qasim al-Chehab).source
1840October 11 – Maronite leader Bashir Shihab II surrenders to the Ottomans, and on October 14 goes into exile, initially in Malta.source
184011 October – the Lettsom raid in Melbourne, the mass-arrest and imprisonment of approximately 400 Wurundjeri, Woiworrung, Boonwurrung and Taungurung people (collectively known as the Kulin nation of Indigenous Australians).Australia source
184011 October – Maronite leader Bashir Shihab II surrenders to the Ottomans (in alliance with the British) and on 14 October goes into exile, initially in Malta.United Kingdom source
1840December 15 – The body of Napoleon is laid to rest in Les Invalides in Paris.source
1840Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41)source
1840First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842)source
1840Ragamuffin War: rebels of the Riograndense Republic refused an offer of amnesty by the Empire of Brazil, although it was clear that they had no chances of winningBrazil source
1840Last remaining group of Cabanagem rebels, under leadership of Gonçalo Jorge de Magalhães, surrendersBrazil source
1840Bundelkhand Agency oversees Jalaun's annexation in accordance with the doctrine of lapseIndia source
1840Second Seminole War (1835–1842)United States source
184111 February – Uruguayan Civil War: The right of prize was decreed as a "good prize" to seize every Argentine ship with credentials of the Governor of Buenos Aires along with its cargo, that were navigating in Uruguay, Paraná and de la Plata rivers, and later those from high seas, except for ships coming from Corrientes province.Uruguay source
1841February 18–March 11 – First ongoing filibuster in the United States Senate.United States source
184127 February — Battle of First Bar, Nemesis sank Cambridge, an old, but re-armed East Indiaman that the Chinese had purchased.China source
1841May 22 – The Georgian province of Guria revolts against the Russian Empire.source
1841May – The Sino-Sikh War begins.source
184110 June – President José Miguel de Velasco is ousted in a coup d'état by Sebastián Ágreda.Bolivia source
1841August 16 – U.S. President John Tyler vetoes a bill which called for the re-establishment of the Second Bank of the United States. Enraged Whig Party members riot outside the White House, in the most violent demonstration on White House grounds in U.S. history.source
184127 August – Rufus River massacre.Australia source
1841October 10 – First Opium War: Battle of Chinhai – British capture a Chinese garrison.source
1841October 13 – First Opium War: British occupy Ningbo.source
1841December 23 – First Anglo-Afghan War: At a meeting with the Afghan general Akbar Khan, British diplomat Sir William Hay Macnaghten is shot dead at close quarters.source
1841First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42)source
1841Antoine Wiertz, La Chute des Anges rebellesBelgium source
1841Sino-Sikh War, May 1841 to August 1842, General Zorawar Singh Kahluria of the Sikh Empire invaded Qing TibetIndia source
1841The Auckland Town Plate is contested at Epsom Downs. A committee of army officers and townspeople forms to control racing in Auckland (Epsom). (see also 1849).New Zealand source
1842January 6–13 – First Anglo-Afghan War – Massacre of Elphinstone's army (Battle of Gandamak): British East India Company troops are destroyed by Afghan forces on the road from Kabul to Jalalabad, Afghanistan, by Akbar Khan, son of Dost Mohammad Khan.source
1842January 10 – Governor General of Canada Sir Charles Bagot arrives at Kingston, Ontario.Canada source
1842February 7 – Battle of Debre Tabor: Ras Ali Alula, Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia, defeats warlord Wube Haile Maryam of Semien.source
1842February 1842 — the Nemesis saw action at Taisam in, in a successful skirmish associated with repulse of a much larger Chinese attack on Ningbo.China source
1842March 5 – Mexican troops led by Ráfael Vásquez invade the Republic of Texas, briefly occupy San Antonio, and then head back to the Rio Grande. This is the first such invasion since the Texas Revolution.source
1842March 5 – Mexican troops led by Rafael Vasquez invade Texas, briefly occupy San Antonio, and then head back to the Rio Grande. This is the first such invasion since the Texas Revolution.Mexico source
1842April 13 – First Anglo-Afghan War: Battle of Jellalabad – British troops are victorious.source
1842May 19 – Dorr Rebellion: Militiamen supporting Thomas Wilson Dorr attack the arsenal in Providence, Rhode Island, but are repulsed.source
1842June 4 – In South Africa, hunter Dick King rides into a British military base in Grahamstown, to warn that the Boers have besieged Durban (he had left 11 days earlier). The British army dispatches a relief force.source
18424 June – In South Africa, hunter Dick King rides into the British military base in Grahamstown to warn that Boers have besieged Durban. He had set out eleven days earlier. The British Army dispatches a relief force.United Kingdom source
184221 June – Norfolk Island convict rebellionAustralia source
1842August 4 – The Armed Occupation Act is signed, providing for the armed occupation and settlement of the unsettled part of the Peninsula of East Florida.source
1842August 14 – American Indian Wars: United States general William J. Worth declares the Second Seminole War to be over.source
184230 August – Sir William Nott defeats the Afghans at Ghazni.Wales source
1842War breaks out between the British and the Boers in Natal in the Battle of Congella.South Africa source
1843February 3 – Uruguayan Civil War: Argentina supports Oribe of Uruguay, and begins a siege of Montevideo.source
1843February – Shaikh Ali bin Khalifa Al-Khalifa captures the fort and town of Riffa after the rival branch of the family fails to gain control of the Riffa Fort and flees to Manama. Shaikh Mohamed bin Ahmed is killed at the battle, called the Battle of Hunayniya.source
1843March 24 – Battle of Hyderabad: The Bombay Army, led by Major General Sir Charles Napier, defeats the Talpur Mirs, securing Sindh as a province of British India.source
184324 March – Battle of Hyderabad: The Bombay Army led by Major General Sir Charles Napier defeats the Talpur Mirs, securing Sindh province for the British Raj.United Kingdom source
1843April 30 – May 16 – Naval Battle of Campeche: Naval Battle between the Mexican Navy versus the Texas Navy and the Yucatán Navy. The battle featured the most advanced warships of its day.Mexico source
1843April 30–May 16 – Naval Battle of Campeche: Naval Battle between the Mexican Navy versus the Texas Navy and the Yucatán Navy. The battle features the most advanced warships of its day.United States source
184316 May – French conquest of Algeria: Battle of the Smala - French troops led by Henri d'Orléans, duc d'Aumale, are victorious over Algerian forces led by Emir Abdelkader.France source
1843June 17 – In New Zealand, a posse of British settlers sent to arrest Māori chief Te Rauparaha clash with members of his Ngāti Toa tribe, resulting in 26 deaths.source
184322 June – The Times sends a special correspondent to South Wales to cover the Rebecca Riots.Wales source
1843July – Margaret Fuller's "The Great Lawsuit. Man versus Men. Woman versus Women" appears in The Dial magazine in the United States.source
184312 September – The Battle of One Tree Hill was a conflict between European settlers and Aboriginals.Australia source
1843September 15 (Sept. 3, O.S.) – A Popular uprising in Athens, Greece, including citizens and military captains, demands from King Otto a liberal Constitution from the state, which has been governed since independence (1830) by various domestic and foreign business interests.source
1843December – Gwalior campaign was fought between the United Kingdom and Marathan forces in Gwalior in IndiaIndia source
1843The Berlin Peace Column is a column located in Mehringplatz in Berlin, Germany. Designed by Christian Gottlieb Cantian and erected in 1843.Germany source
1844February 28 – The "Peacemaker", the largest naval gun in the world, explodes during a demonstration aboard the USS Princeton on the Potomac River, killing six, including Secretary of State Abel P. Upshur and Secretary of the Navy Thomas Walker Gilmer.United States source
1844June 4 – Start of the Silesian weavers' uprising. It is crushed by Prussian military on June 6, with 11 weavers killed and numerous arrested.source
18446 August - First Franco-Moroccan War begins.France source
1844August 14 – Abdelkader El Djezairi is defeated at the Battle of Isly in Morocco; sultan Abd al-Rahman of Morocco soon repudiates his ally.source
184414 August – Battle of Isly, French victory over Moroccan forces near Oujda, Morocco, ending the First Franco-Moroccan War.France source
18448 October – Louis-Phillipe, King of the French, arrives in Portsmouth on a visit to Britain.United Kingdom source
1844"Surplice riots" in Exeter and London break out in opposition to supposed Catholicisation of the Church of England.United Kingdom source
184519 January: Hone Heke cuts down the British flagstaff at Kororareka for the third time in the lead-up to the Flagstaff War.New Zealand source
1845March 11 – The New Zealand Wars open with the Flagstaff War. Chiefs Kawiti and Hōne Heke lead 700 Maoris in the burning of the British colonial settlement of Kororareka (modern-day Russell, New Zealand).source
184511 March – Flagstaff War: Chiefs Kawiti and Hōne Heke lead 700 Māori people in the burning of the British colonial settlement of Kororāreka, later known as Russell, New Zealand.United Kingdom source
184512 July – Henrik Wergeland, poet (born 1808)Norway source
1845September 18 – The Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata is formally declared.source
184531 October–1 November: an emergency meeting of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom (summoned on 15 October by Sir Robert Peel, the prime minister of the United Kingdom) votes against Peel on the distribution of relief in Ireland, considering it would call the Corn Laws into question.Ireland source
1845November 20 – Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata – Battle of Vuelta de Obligado: The Argentine Confederation is narrowly defeated by an Anglo–French fleet on the waters of the Paraná River, but the victors suffer serious damage to their ships, and Argentina attracts political support in South America.source
184520 November – Battle of Vuelta de Obligado between the Argentine Confederation and an Anglo-French fleet on the waters of the Paraná River.France source
1845December 11 – First Anglo-Sikh War: Sikh army crosses the Sutlej in the Punjab.source
1845December 22–23 – Battle of Ferozeshah (Anglo-Sikh War): East India Company forces are victorious over those of the Sikh Empire.source
1845Undated – Port Augusta War endsAustralia source
1845The Rebellion Losses Commission sits.Canada source
1845a wave of Jewish immigration occurs to ShanghaiChina source
1846February 10 – First Anglo-Sikh war: Battle of Sobraon – British forces in India defeat the Sikhs.source
1846February 18 – The Galician Peasant Uprising of 1846 begins in Austria.source
1846February 20–March 3 – Kraków uprising: Polish nationalists stage an uprising in the Free City of Kraków; it is suppressed by forces of the Austrian Empire, supported by peasants.source
1846February 22 – The Liberty Bell in Philadelphia is cracked while being rung for George Washington's birthday.source
1846April 18 – The commission on Rebellion Losses reports.Canada source
1846April 25 – Mexican–American War: Open conflict begins, over the disputed border of Texas.source
1846May 8 – Mexican–American War – Battle of Palo Alto: Zachary Taylor defeats a Mexican force north of the Rio Grande at Palo Alto, Texas in the first major battle of the war.source
1846May 13 – Mexican–American War: The United States declares war on Mexico.source
1846May 16 – The Revolution of Maria da Fonte begins in Portugal. It will be by royalist troops on February 22, 1847.source
184616 May: Māori led by Te Mamaku attack the fortified outpost at Boulcott's farm near the modern-day Belmont in the Hutt Valley. Six troopers and an unknown number of Māori are killed as the attack is repulsed.New Zealand source
1846June 14 – Bear Flag Revolt: American settlers in Sonoma, California, start a rebellion against Mexico and proclaim the California Republic.source
18461 July – William Westwood, a bushranger, leads the Cooking Pot Uprising in the penal colony of Norfolk Island in response to the confiscation of convicts' cooking vessels under the orders of the Commandant of the penal settlement, Major Joseph Childs.Australia source
1846July 7 – Mexican–American War: Battle of Monterey – Acting on instructions from Washington, D.C., Commodore John Drake Sloat orders his troops to occupy Monterey and Yerba Buena, thus beginning the United States annexation of California.source
1846July 7 – Acting on instructions from Washington, DC, Commodore John Drake Sloat orders his troops to occupy Monterey and Yerba Buena, thus beginning the United States annexation of California.Mexico source
1846September 14 – Jang Bahadur and his brothers massacre about 40 members of the Nepalese palace court.source
1846September – The Second Carlist War (or the War of the Matiners or Madrugadores) begins in Spain.source
18466 October – Emboscada (palace coup)Portugal source
1846Approximately 103 settlers start arriving in Port Elizabeth from war-torn Buenos Aires, Argentina.South Africa source
1846Sir Samuel Rush Meyrick - Heraldic Visitations of Wales and Part of the Marches between the years 1586 and 1613...Wales source
1847February 22 – Mexican–American War: Battle of Buena Vista – 5,000 American troops under General Zachary Taylor use their superiority in artillery to drive off 15,000 Mexican troops under Antonio López de Santa Anna, defeating the Mexicans the next day.source
1847March 9 – Mexican–American War: United States forces under General Winfield Scott invade Mexico near Veracruz.source
1847March 9 – Mexican–American War: United States forces under General Winfield Scott invade Mexico near Veracruz in the first large-scale amphibious assault conducted by U.S. military forces.United States source
1847March 29 – Mexican–American War: United States forces under General Winfield Scott take Veracruz after a siege.source
1847April 16 – New Zealand Wars: A minor Māori chief is accidentally shot by a junior British Army officer in Whanganui on New Zealand's North Island, triggering the Wanganui Campaign (which continues until July 23).source
1847July 12 – A riot occurs in Woodstock, New Brunswick, between Catholics and members of the Orange Order that results in up to ten deaths.source
1847August 12 – Mexican–American War: U.S. troops of General Winfield Scott begin to advance along the aqueduct around Lakes Chalco and Xochimilco in Mexico.source
1847August 20 – Mexican–American War – Battle of Churubusco: U.S. troops defeat Mexican forces.source
1847September 14 – Mexican–American War: U.S. general Winfield Scott enters Mexico City, marking the end of organized Mexican resistance.source
1847October 5 – Liberian general election, 1847Liberia source
1847October 23 – 65 immigrants die in a week at Pointe St. Charles neighbourhood of Montreal.Canada source
1847November 3–29 – Sonderbund War: In Switzerland, General Guillaume-Henri Dufour's Federal Army defeats the Sonderbund (an alliance of seven Catholic cantons) in a civil war, with a total of only 86 deaths.source
1847November 17 – The Battle of Um Swayya Spring takes place near a spring in Qatar, after a Bahraini force under Shaikh Ali bin Khalifa Deputy Ruler of Bahrain defeats the Al Binali tribe. The chief of the Al Binali, Isa bin Tureef, is slain in battle with over 70 fatalities from his side.source
184717 November – The first fencibles move to Onehunga.New Zealand source
1847December 21 – Emir Abdelkader surrenders to the French in Algeria.source
1847Annexation of Punjab (1847): The British East India Company annexed Punjab after the First Anglo-Sikh War.India source
1847The AmaXhosa Resistance rejects British peace terms, but avoids direct warfare. The British then destroy homes, cattle, and crops to force a surrender.South Africa source
1847Sir Stephen Glynne, 9th Baronet, loses his Flintshire seat to Edward Lloyd-Mostyn for the second time.Wales source
1848January 31 – John C. Frémont is court-martialed on grounds of mutiny and disobeying orders. The verdict is set aside by U.S. President James K. Polk, but Frémont retires to California Territory.source
1848February - Publication of The Communist ManifestoGermany source
1848February – Pro-republic uprising in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Le Locle, and Val-de-TraversSwitzerland source
1848March 2 – The March Unrest breaks out in Sweden.source
1848March 18 – At a Berlin barricade, fighting between revolutionaries and royalist forces marks the culmination of the German revolutions of 1848–49. As a result, King Frederick William IV of Prussia is forced to appoint a liberal government.source
1848March 24 – The First Schleswig War (Schleswig-Holsteinischer Krieg, or Three Years' War (Treårskrigen)), a military conflict in southern Denmark and northern Germany rooted in the Schleswig-Holstein Question, contesting the issue of who should control the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, begins.source
184829 March – Risquons-Tout incident: Belgian troops disperse a revolutionary republican force entering the country from France.Belgium source
1848March 31 – Lt. Col. Henry Stanton Burton defeated Mexican forces in Baja California SurMexico source
1848April 18 – The Second Anglo-Sikh War breaks out in the Punjab.source
1848May 15 – Radicals invade the French Chamber of Deputies.source
1848June 22 – The French government dissolves the national workshops in Paris, giving the workers the choice of joining the army or going to workshops in the provinces. The following day, the June Days Uprising begins in response.source
1848June – The Serbians from Vojvodina start a rebellion against the Hungarian government.source
1848July 26 – The Matale Rebellion breaks out against British rule in Sri Lanka.source
1848July 29 – Young Irelander Rebellion: A nationalist revolt in County Tipperary, against British rule, is put down by the Irish Constabulary.source
1848September 10 – The Austrian commander Karl von Urban makes the first stand against the Revolution in Hungary, assembling in his headquarters in Năsăud hundreds of delegates from all districts of the Principality of Transylvania. As a result, 918 communities in the region distance themselves from the Revolution.source
1848September 11 – The Croatian army of Josip Jelačić, encouraged in secret by the Habsburg government, crosses the Drava River and attacks Hungary, with the goal of ending the revolution in that country.source
1848September 25 – The Hungarian king and Habsburg emperor Ferdinand V refuses to recognise the Hungarian government, led by Lajos Batthyány. The Batthyány government resigns and the National Defence Committee is formed, which is a temporary crisis government, totally independent from Vienna, under the leadership of Lajos Kossuth.source
1848September 29 – Battle of Pákozd: The Hungarian revolutionary army, led by János Móga, defeats the Croatian army of Josip Jelačić, forcing him to retreat towards Vienna.source
1848October 3 – General Anton Puchner, commander of the Austrian armies of Transylvania, declares insurrection against Hungary, and, together with Karl von Urban in the north and the Romanian insurgents led by Avram Iancu, attacks and chases away the Hungarian armed forces occupying Transylvania.source
1848October 24 – Romanian bands massacre 640 Hungarian civilians at the town of Zlatna, Transylvania. The massacre continues into 1849.source
1848October 30 – Battle of Schwechat: Hungarian forces which crossed the Austrian border, in order to unite with the Viennese revolutionaries, are defeated by the imperial army, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz and Josip Jelačić.source
1848October 31 – Vienna is occupied by the imperial forces led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, who crushes the revolution here.source
1848November 6 - beginning of Praieira revolt.Brazil source
1848November 13 – At the Battle of Gherla, the Austrian commander Karl von Urban wins a victory with his force of 3.000 against the 12.000-strong Hungarian Revolutionary Army led by Manó Baldacci, the Hungarian commander-in-chief in Transylvania.source
1848November 17 – Karl von Urban liberates Klausenburg (Cluj-Napoca/Kolozsvár), the capital of the Principality of Transylvania, during the Hungarian Revolutionary War.source
1848November 24 – At the Battle of Des, Karl von Urban, with 1.500 men, defeats a Hungarian army of 10.000 led by Katona Miklós.source
1848December 6 – The Austrian imperial army, led by Franz Schlik, attacks Hungary.source
1848December 25 – Hungarian forces, led by Józef Bem, enter Kolozsvár (Cluj), after defeating the Austrian armies in northern Transylvania.source
1848December 30 – Battle of Mór: The imperial army, led by Josip Jelačić, defeats the Hungarian army, led by Mór Perczel.source
1848Russia, despite being largely unaffected by the revolutions of 1848, sends armies to aid the Habsburgs in the Hungarian revolution of 1848.Russia source
1848Sir Harry Smith proposes vagrancy laws to force settlers into labor, but local resistance forces him to abandon the plan.South Africa source
1848Mexican–American War (1846–1848)United States source
1849January 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Austrian army, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, enters in the Hungarian capitals, Buda and Pest. The Hungarian government and parliament flee to Debrecen.source
1849January 8 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Romanian armed groups massacre 600 unarmed Hungarian civilians, at Nagyenyed.source
1849January 21 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: At Nagyszeben (now Sibiu in Romania)– The Hungarian army in Transylvania, led by Josef Bem, is defeated by the Austrians, led by Anton Puchner.source
1849March 11 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian army of Transylvania, under general Josef Bem, defeats the Russian-Austrian army at Second Battle of Nagyszeben, capturing the city which is the headquarters of Austrian general Anton Puchner. Most of Transylvania is liberated from the Austrian rule. The Austrian and the Russian troops flee to Wallachia.source
1849March 23 – First Italian War of Independence: Battle of Novara – The Kingdom of Sardinia suffers a huge defeat after a two day battle, and King Charles Albert of Sardinia abdicates.source
1849April 1 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian Revolutionary Army, under the leadership of Arthur Görgey, starts the victorious Spring Campaign, which leads to the liberation of much of Hungary from the Austrian forces.source
1849April 6 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Isaszeg: The main Hungarian forces, led by Arthur Görgey, defeat the main imperial forces, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, forcing them to retreat westward.source
1849April 21 – The Austrian government asks Russian help against the Hungarian Revolution. Tsar Nicholas I of Russia agrees to send troops against Hungary.source
1849April 25 – James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, the Governor General of Canada, signs the Rebellion Losses Bill, outraging Montreal's English population and triggering the Montreal Riots.source
1849April 25 – For sanctioning the Rebellion Losses Bill, Lord Elgin is mobbed by Tories and the Parliament House in Montreal is burned.Canada source
1849April 26 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Komárom: Hungarian forces relieve the city and castle with the same name from a long Austrian siege. The Austrian imperial forces and their Croatian, Romanian and Serbian allies are chased out from Hungary, or near the borders of the country.source
1849May 3 -The May Uprising in Dresden, last of the German revolutions of 1848–49, begins. Richard Wagner is among the participants.Germany source
1849May 21 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian army, led by Arthur Görgey, captures the Castle of Buda, liberating the Hungarian capital city completely. The leader of the defending Austrian forces, General Heinrich Hentzi, dies because of his injuries. The Hungarian government moves back from Debrecen to Budapest.source
1849May 21 - Warsaw Agreement leads to Russian intervention in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848Russia source
1849May – A clash between European settlers and Aboriginal Australians resulted in the Waterloo Bay massacre.Australia source
1849June 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The first Russian troops, led by Lieutenant General Fyodor Sergeyevich Panyutin, who come in the aid of the Habsburgs, cross the Hungarian border at Pozsony, in order to crush the Hungarian revolution.source
1849June 17 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The main Russian forces, led by Ivan Paskevich, cross the Hungarian border, and together with the Austrian troops, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau, start the final attack against the Hungarian Revolution. Now the Hungarian revolutionary troops, numbering 173,000 soldiers, which even before the Russian attack were in inferiority regarding their numbers, and the quality of their weapons and war industry, face a force of 370,000 Austro-Russian forces, and other tens of thousands of Croatian, Serbian and Romanian insurgents, who serve the Habsburg imperial interests.source
1849June 20 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Russian troops, under the command of Alexander von Lüders, break in Transylvania, and, together with the Austrian forces, start to operate against the Hungarian troops, led by Józef Bem.source
1849June 21 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Russo-Austrian army, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau, defeats the Hungarians under the command of Arthur Görgey in the Battle of Pered.source
1849June 28 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Austrian army, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau, defeats the Hungarians, led by Ernő Poeltenberg, in the Battle of Győr. The Hungarian army is forced to retreat towards Budapest.source
1849July 2 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Second Battle of Komárom: The Hungarian army, led by Arthur Görgey, repulses the combined attack of the Austrian and Russian troops led by Julius Jacob von Haynau. During the battle Görgey suffers a heavy head injury, which prevents him from taking advantage of this success.source
1849July 11 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Third Battle of Komárom: The Hungarian army, led by Arthur Görgey, is defeated by the Austrians, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau.source
1849July 13 – Nicholas Kelly instigates the Charleston Workhouse slave rebellion in South Carolina.United States source
1849July 17 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Hungarians, led by Arthur Görgey, and the Russians, led by Ivan Paskevich, battle indecisively in the Second Battle of Vác. The Russians are unsuccessful in destroying the Hungarian army, which retreats towards the east.source
1849July 31 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Segesvár: The Russian troops in Transylvania, led by Alexander von Lüders, crush the Hungarian forces, under the lead of Józef Bem. Hungarian poet and revolutionary Sándor Petőfi is killed in the battle by the Russians.source
1849August 3 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian defenders of Komárom, led by György Klapka, destroy the besieging Austrian forces in the Fourth Battle of Komárom, liberating Győr and Székesfehérvár. But this victory comes too late to change the course of military events in the eastern part of the country, where the Hungarian forces are about to crumble under the heavy Austro-Russian pressure.source
1849August 9 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Temesvár: The main Russo-Austrian forces, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau, win a decisive victory against the Hungarians, led by Józef Bem.source
1849August 11 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Lajos Kossuth and the Hungarian Government of Bertalan Szemere resign, and give all powers to the hands of Arthur Görgey. After this Kossuth, the ministries and many military officers leave Hungary and seek asylum in Turkey.source
1849August 13 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The main Hungarian army, under the lead of Arthur Görgey, capitulates to the Russian troops, led by Theodor von Rüdiger, at Világos. The official end of the Hungarian Revolution, although the fortress of Komárom continue to resist.source
184924-26 March – Rio Nuñez incident off the West African coastBelgium source
184928–29 September — Battle of Tysami, a military engagement involving a warship from the British China Squadron and the Chinese pirates of Chui A-pooChina source
1849Annexation of Jaitpur and Sambalpur.India source
1850February 8–17 – Battle at Fort Utah: The Nauvoo Legion kills Timpanogos hostile to the Mormon settlement at Fort Utah on the orders of Brigham Young.United States source
18508 May – Hans Christian Andersen's Danmark, mit fædreland is first time performed publicly as a song by a men's choir to a melody by Henrik Rung at a concert arranged by the Scandinavian Society in the Casino Theatre in Copenhagen to raise money for a monument commemorating the Danish victory in the Battle of Fredericia.Denmark source
1850May 15 – The Bloody Island Massacre takes place at Clear Lake in northern California.source
1850July – Taiping Rebellion: Hong Xiuquan orders the general mobilisation of rebel forces in China.source
1850September 4: Law n° 581, known as the Eusébio de Queirós Law, is passed, which extinguishes the African slave trade to Brazil.Brazil source
1850September – Outside the village of Särna, the toddler Jon Ersson encounters a female brown bear and her cubs. Believing them to be dogs, Ersson feeds and lies with them. In 1895 Alice Tegnér chronicles the event in her children's song "Mother's little Olle."Sweden source
1850December 1850 - Hong Xiuquan defeats Qing forces sent to quell an uprising in GuangxiChina source
1850Taiping Rebellion: The first clashes of the Taiping Rebellion occur, between the Imperialist militia and the Heavenly Army.source
1850Dost Mohammad Barakzai, emir of Afghanistan, captures Balkh.source
1850Undated – The Port Phillip District Wars endAustralia source
1850Shen-kuang-szu Incident (1850–51)China source
1850Elijah Waring – Recollections and Anecdotes of Edward WilliamsWales source
1851January 11 – Hong Xiuquan officially begins the Taiping Rebellion in China, one of the bloodiest revolts that would lead to 20 million deaths.source
1851April 20-December 31 - 1851 Chilean Revolution (also known as Revolution of 1851)Chile source
18511 May – coup causing the end of Costa Cabral's tenure and of the Septembrist government. Start of the Regeneration period.Portugal source
1851July 1 – Battle of Ras Tanoura, a collision occurs between the Bahrain blockading force off Kateef and the Arab fugitives at Kenn Island, who surprised and attacked the Bahrain fleet. Mubarak bin Abdulla bin Ahmed, along with his brother Rashid and Busher bin Rahma Al Jalahma were all killed in the battle.source
1851August 18 – Rosas declares war on Empire of BrazilArgentina source
1851October 17 – The first Parsi-Muslim riot begins in Bombay, India.source
1851November 21 – Mutineers take control of the Chilean penal colony of Punta Arenas in the Strait of Magellan.source
1851November 26–27 – Morocco: French naval forces bombard the Moroccan city of Salé, in retaliation for looting of a French cargo ship.source
185111 December – Victor Hugo's exile in Belgium begins.Belgium source
1851December 26–27 – A British Royal Navy warship bombards Lagos Island; Oba Kosoko is wounded, and flees to Epe.source
1851December 31 – 1851 Chilean Revolution: At the Battle of Loncomilla, Chilean rebels are defeated, ending the revolution.source
1851Nian Rebellion in China, 1851–68.source
1851Naga raids on the East India Company, 1851–65.source
1851the Nian begins raiding the grain stores and silver caches of villages.China source
1851Naga raided the East India Company from 1851 to 1865India source
1851Caucasian War: over the winter of 1851–1852 Russian forces tighten their control around Greater Chechnya. In November 1851 the Avar leader Hadji Murad defects from Imam Shamil to the Russians.Russia source
1851Xhosas clash with the white settlers on the Cape Colonys eastern boundary starting the 8th Cape Frontier War and ends in 1853 in South AfricaSouth Africa source
18525 January – the troopship HMS Birkenhead boards British Army recruits at Queenstown. It has insufficient lifeboats.Ireland source
1852February 3 – Battle of Caseros, Argentina: The Argentine provinces of Entre Rios and Corrientes, allied with Brazil and members of Colorado Party of Uruguay, defeat Buenos Aires troops under Juan Manuel de Rosas.source
1852February 20 – Brazilian forces, part of victorious anti-Rosas coalition, parade through Buenos Aires to mark 25th anniversary of Battle of Ituzaingó in Cisplatine WarArgentina source
1852February 20 - the victorious Brazilian Army marches through the streets of Buenos Aires, Argentina.Brazil source
185221 February – Earl Russell resigns as Prime Minister after his Militia Bill is amended.United Kingdom source
185226 February – The British troopship, HMS Birkenhead is wrecked near Gansbaai, Western CapeSouth Africa source
1852March 1 – Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton, is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.source
1852April 1 – The Second Anglo-Burmese War begins.source
1852April 18 – Taiping Rebellion in China: Taiping forces begin the siege of Guilin.source
1852May 19 – Taiping Rebellion: The siege of Guilin is lifted.source
1852June 12 – Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces enter Hunan.source
18524 July – Anti-Chinese riots occur in Victoria, Australia.Australia source
1852October 16 – After nearly five years' imprisonment in France, former Algerian Emir Abdelkader El Djezairi is released by orders of then-president Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte.source
1852October 31 – General Joaquin Solares of Guatemala leads an invasion of neighboring Honduras, beginning a war that lasts until February 13, 1856.source
1852December 4 – The French capture Laghouat.source
185210 December – abolishing of the death penalty for political crimes.Portugal source
1852December 23 – Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping army takes Hanyang and begins the siege of Wuchang.source
1852December 29 – Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping army takes Hankou.source
1852The Sami revolt in Guovdageaidnu.Norway source
1853January 8 – Taiping Rebellion: Zeng Guofan is ordered to assist the governor of Hunan in organizing a militia force to search for local bandits.source
1853January 12 – Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping army occupies Wuchang.source
1853February 10 – Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces assemble at Hanyang, Hankou and Wuchang for the march on Nanjing.source
1853March 20 – Taiping Rebellion: A rebel army of around 750,000 seizes Nanjing, killing 30,000 Imperial troops.source
1853May 5 – Perpetual Maritime Truce comes into force between the United Kingdom and the rulers of the Sheikhdoms of the Lower Gulf, later known as the Trucial States.source
18535 May – Perpetual Maritime Truce comes into force between the United Kingdom and the rulers of the Sheikhdoms of the Lower Gulf, later known as the Trucial States.United Kingdom source
1853June 6 – Gavazzi Riot in Quebec are quelled by military.Canada source
1853June 27 – Taiping Rebellion: The Northern Expeditionary Force crosses the Yellow River.source
1853July 27 – Iesada succeeds his father Ieyoshi as Japanese shōgun. The Late Tokugawa shogunate (the last part of the Edo period in Japan) begins.source
18533 October – Hans Jacob Arnold Jensen, military officer and politician (born 1777)Norway source
1853October 4–5 – Crimean War: The Ottoman Empire begins war with Russia.source
1853October 28 – Crimean War: The Ottoman army crosses the Danube into Vidin/Calafat, Wallachia.source
1853October 30 – Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping Northern Expeditionary Force comes within 3 mi of Tianjin.source
1853November 4 – Crimean War: Battle of Oltenitza – Turkish forces defeat the Russians.source
1853November 30 (November 18 O.S.) – Crimean War: Battle of Sinop – The Russian fleet destroys the Turkish fleet.source
1853December 6 – Taiping Rebellion: French minister de Bourboulon arrives at the Heavenly Capital, aboard the Cassini.source
1853December 7 – Erie Gauge War: Citizens of the Erie, Pennsylvania, area act to stop new track being laid to resolve rail gauge differences coming from neighboring Ohio and New York.United States source
1853a conflict between Han and Hui miners in Yunnan contributes to the later Panthay RebellionChina source
1853Annexations of Jhansi and Nagpur.India source
1853The 8th Cape Frontier War endsSouth Africa source
1853John Williams (Ab Ithel) quarrels with his friend and co-editor Harry Longueville Jones and resigns the editorship of Archaeologia Cambrensis.Wales source
1854February 13 – Mexican troops force William Walker and his troops to retreat to Sonora.source
185426 February – Students of the University of Coimbra and locals clash in riots during Carnival.Portugal source
1854February 27 – Britain sends Russia an ultimatum to withdraw from two Romanian provinces it has conquered, Moldavia and Wallachia.source
1854February 28 – The Black Warrior Affair: A ship destined for New York City is detained in Havana, Cuba (under Spanish control at the time). The incident strains U.S.–Spanish relations.United States source
1854March 27 – Crimean War: The United Kingdom declares war on Russia.source
1854March 28 – Crimean War: France declares war on Russia.source
1854May 5–15 – Hokkien–Teochew Riots in Singapore.source
1854May 27 – Taiping Rebellion: United States diplomatic minister Robert McLane arrives at the Heavenly Capital aboard the USS Susquehanna.source
1854June 21 – Battle of Bomarsund in Åland off the coast of Finland: British Royal Navy seaman's mate Charles Davis Lucas throws a live Russian artillery shell overboard by hand before it explodes, for which he is awarded the first Victoria Cross in 1857.source
1854July 17 – The Bienio progresista revolutionary coup occurs in Spain.source
1854August 16 – Battle of Bomarsund: Russian troops on the island of Bomarsund, in Åland, surrender to French–British troops.source
1854August 19 – John Lawrence Grattan leads 29 United States troops and a civilian interpreter in attack on Lakota village over dispute involving emigrant cow. Grattan's command was annihilated.source
1854September 20 – Crimean War: Battle of Alma – The French–British alliance wins the first major land engagement of the war.source
1854September 20 — Battle of the Alma: Menshikov's forces unsuccessfully defend a height above the Alma River from an allied infantry advance commanded by de Saint-Arnaud, Suleiman Pasha, and Lord Raglan.Russia source
1854October 25 – Crimean War: Battle of Balaclava – The allies gain an overall victory, except for the disastrous cavalry Charge of the Light Brigade, from which only 200 of 700 men survive.source
1854November 5 – Crimean War: Battle of Inkerman – The Russians are defeated.source
18545 November — At the Battle of Inkerman, Hugh Rowlands carries out the actions that lead to his becoming the first Welshman to win the Victoria Cross.Wales source
185429 November – The Eureka Flag was flown for the first time during the Eureka Stockade rebellion in Ballarat.Australia source
1854December 3 – The Eureka Stockade Miners' Rebellion breaks out in Ballarat, Victoria (Australia).source
1854The Mute Rebellion breaks out in Sweden.source
1854Florence Nightingale and her team of 38 trained volunteer nurses, having set out on October 21 from England, arrive at Selimiye Barracks in Scutari in the Ottoman Empire, to care for British Army troops wounded in the Crimean War.source
1854Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)China source
1854The British Raj annexed Jhansi, Nagpur, and Oudh and began annexing Udaipur State, ChhattisgarhIndia source
1854The Boers defeat the Ndebele at MakapansgatSouth Africa source
18555 January – The War of Southern Queensland ends with the hanging of Dundalli.Australia source
18559 January – The Earl of Aberdeen loses a vote of no confidence against his government over the management of the Crimean War.United Kingdom source
1855March 17 – Taiping Rebellion: A Taiping army of 350,000 invades Anhui.source
1855April 3 – The Nepalese invasion of Tibet (west of China) to the north across the Himalaya Mountains (tallest and most rugged in the world) starts the Nepalese–Tibetan War (1855–1856).source
1855April 7 – Battle of Kaba: The Kingdom of Tonga in the islands of the southwest Pacific Ocean (Polynesia, Melanesia / Oceania), intervenes in the war between the self-proclaimed Tui Viti (King) of the island of Fiji, Cakobau, and his rivals the Confederation of Rewa. It results in Rewa's defeat and the tenuous unification of Fiji under Cakobau.source
1855April 16 – Emperor of the French Napoleon III, with Empress Eugénie, begins a 6-day state visit to Britain.source
185530 June - Santhal rebellion against British rule in Damin-i-koh, Bengal Presidency.India source
1855August 6 – Bloody Monday: Protestant mobs attack Irish and German Catholics on an election day in Louisville, Kentucky, causing 22 deaths.United States source
185516 August – Battle of Chernaya River: Russian troops are defeated by French and Sardinian forces in the Crimean War.France source
1855September 9 (August 28 O.S.) – Crimean War: Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855) – Sevastopol falls to French and British troops.source
1855October 17 – Crimean War: Battle of Kinburn – Combined French and British forces subdue Russian shore forts. The successful use of French floating batteries makes this the first use of modern ironclad warships in action.source
1855November 15 – The Hejaz rebellion takes place in Hejaz against the Ottoman Empire, triggered by a firman of 1854 against the slave trade, which is condemned by the ulema of Mecca as influenced by Westerners and contrary to Islamic law.source
1855November 21 – Large-scale Bleeding Kansas violence begins, with events leading to the 'Wakarusa War' between antislavery and proslavery forces.source
185529 November The Siege of Kars ends in a Russian victory.Russia source
1855British Empire's Crimean War continues, British troops being withdrawn.Canada source
1855Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)China source
1856January 24 – U.S. President Franklin Pierce declares the new Free-State Topeka government in "Bleeding Kansas" to be in rebellion.source
1856January 26 – First Battle of Seattle: Marines from the USS Decatur suppress an indigenous uprising, in response to Governor Stevens' declaration of a "war of extermination" on Native communities.source
1856February 7 – The Nawab of Oudh, Wajid Ali Shah, is exiled to Metiabruz and the state is annexed by the British East India Company.source
1856March 20 – Filibuster War: Battle of Santa Rosa: – Costa Rican troops rout Walker's soldiers.source
1856March 24 – Taiping Rebellion: Suspecting treachery on the part of East King Yang Xiuqing, Shi Dakai garrisons Anhui and begins his march back to the Heavenly Capital, having defeated a strong Xiang Army detachment.source
1856April 11 - Campaign of 1856–57: Second Battle of RivasCosta Rica source
1856May 3 – Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom gives Norfolk Island to the population of the colony at Pitcairn Island, most being descendants of the Mutiny on the Bounty. They first settle on Norfolk Island on June 8. Women's suffrage, as practiced on Pitcairn, is extended to Norfolk Island.source
1856May 24 – Pottawatomie massacre: A group of followers of radical abolitionist John Brown kill 5 homesteaders in Franklin County, Kansas.source
1856May 24 – Pottawatomie Massacre: A group of followers of radical abolitionist John Brown kill 5 pro-slavery supporters in Franklin County, Kansas.United States source
1856June 2 – Battle of Black Jack: Antislavery forces, led by John Brown, defeat proslavery forces in Bleeding Kansas.source
1856June 13 – Taiping Rebellion: Shi Dakai arrives at Nanjing.source
1856July 14–15 – In Spain, General Leopoldo O'Donnell takes control of the government, bringing an end to the bienio progresista.source
1856August 30 – Battle of Osawatomie: Proslavery forces defeat antislavery forces in Bleeding Kansas.source
1856September 2 – Taiping Rebellion: Wei Changhui and Qin Rigang assassinate Yang Xiuqing.source
18568 September – At the Siege of Sevastopol in the Crimean War, Corporal Robert Shields of the 23rd Regiment of Foot recovers a fatally wounded officer from an exposed position, an action for which he will receive the Victoria Cross.Wales source
1856October 8 – The Second Opium War between several Western powers and China begins with the Arrow Incident on the Pearl River.source
1856November 1 – Anglo-Persian War: War is declared between Great Britain and Persia.source
18561 November – Anglo-Persian War: War is declared between Britain and Persia in response to a Persian invasion of Afghanistan with the objective of capturing Herat.United Kingdom source
1856November 11 – Taiping Rebellion: Shi Dakai arrives at the Heavenly Capital once more with 100,000 men, and demands that Wei Changhui and Qin Rigang be executed. Shi subsequently becomes head of the government.source
1856November 17 – American Old West: On the Sonoita River in modern-day southern Arizona, the United States Army establishes Fort Buchanan, in order to help control new land acquired in the Gadsden Purchase.source
1856December 9 – Bushehr surrenders to the British.source
1856The Tintic War breaks out in Utah.source
1856a massacre of at least 4,000 Muslims organized by a Qing Manchu official responsible for suppressing the revolt in the provincial capital of Kunming sparked a province-wide multi-ethnic insurgency.China source
1856Russia lost The Russo Crimean War (1853-1856) due to an Alliance of France, and The Ottoman EmpireRussia source
1856The Battle of Ndondakusuka: Mpande's sons Mbuyazwe and Cetshwayo battle for kingship of Zululand. Cetshwayo is successful, and 23,000 Zulu die.South Africa source
1856A revolt by Neuchâtel royalists sparks the Neuchâtel Crisis.Switzerland source
1857March 3 – France and the United Kingdom formally declare war on China, in the Second Anglo-Chinese War.source
1857March 3 – The largest slave auction in U.S. history is held, dubbed The Weeping Time. Over a 2-day period (starting March 2), Pierce M. Butler sells 436 men, women, children, and infants, all of whom are kept in stalls meant for horses at a racetrack in Savannah, Georgia, for weeks beforehand.source
1857March 8 – 12 – Spirit Lake Massacre, near Okoboji and Spirit lakes in the northwestern territory of Iowa near the Minnesota border.source
1857March – The Austrian garrison leaves Bucharest.source
1857April 1–8 – Reform War: Crabb MassacreMexico source
1857April 4 – The Anglo-Persian War ends.source
1857April 8 – Mangal Pandey is hanged for mutiny against the British East India Company army; the execution is a precursor event to the Indian Rebellion of 1857.source
1857April 20 — James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin appointed plenipotentiary to China.China source
1857May 10 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: The 3rd Light Cavalry of the British East India Company's army rebels against its British officers, thus beginning the rebellion.source
185710 May (starting date of the revolt)- Indian rebellion of 1857 (also known as the Sepoy Mutiny) or The First War Of Indian Independence, widespread uprising in northern and central India against the rule of the British East India Company.India source
1857May 11 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: Indian combatants capture Delhi from the British East India Company.source
185728 May – Liberal protests near the Palace of the Nation against a proposed "convents" law that would give the Catholic Church more power to manage charitable foundations.Belgium source
1857June 1 – Second Anglo-Chinese War: Battle of Fatshan Creek – The British Royal Navy defeats the Cantonese fleet of Qing dynasty China.source
1857June 12 – U.S. mercenary William Walker is overthrown as ruler of Nicaragua by Honduran general Florencio Xatruch.source
1857June 26 – At a ceremony in London, Queen Victoria awards the first 66 Victoria Crosses to British troops, for actions during the Crimean War.source
1857July 1–November 19 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: Siege of Lucknow.source
18574 July – Anti-Chinese riots occur in the goldfields of the Buckland Valley, Victoria.Australia source
1857July 15 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: The second massacre at Kanpur takes place.source
1857September 11 – The Mountain Meadows massacre occurs in Utah.source
1857September 11 – Mountain Meadows massacre in Utah.United States source
1857September 20 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: British forces recapture Delhi, compelling the surrender of Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor.source
1857November 16 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: British troops win 24 Victoria Crosses in action this day.source
185716 November – the 93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot wins six Victoria Crosses in the storming of Sikandar Bagh during the second relief of Lucknow in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.Scotland source
1857December 28 – Second Anglo-Chinese War: 2nd Battle of Canton – British and French forces begin an assault on the Qing dynasty Chinese city of Canton (Guangzhou).source
1857December – The Reform War in Mexico begins.source
1857Autumn — Aberdare Strike 1857-8 against reductions in coal miners' pay begins.Wales source
1858January 9 – Revolt of Rajab Ali: British forces finally defeat Rajab Ali Khan of Chittagong.source
1858January 14 – Orsini affair: Piedmontese revolutionary Felice Orsini and his accomplices fail to assassinate Napoleon III in Paris, but their bombs kill eight and wound 142 people. Because of the involvement of French émigrés living in Britain, there is a brief anti-British feeling in France, but the emperor refuses to support it.source
1858January – General Sir Hugh Rose begins the Central India campaign; Sir Colin Campbell begins the campaign to recapture Lucknow; trial of Bahadur Shah, King of Delhi, from 27 JanuaryIndia source
1858March 19 – Senekal's War breaks out between the Orange Free State and the Basotho tribe.South Africa source
1858March 21 – Indian Rebellion: British troops retake Lucknow.source
1858April 28–May 1 – Battle of Grahovac: The Ottomans are decisively defeated by Montenegrin forces. The Bawani Imli massacre, (April 28) where 52 Indian freedom fighters were hanged to death on a tamarind tree by British colonial forces.source
1858May 19 – "Bleeding Kansas: The Marais des Cygnes massacre is perpetrated by pro-slavery forces in the U.S. state of Kansas.source
1858May 19 – The Marais des Cygnes massacre is perpetrated by pro-slavery forces in Bleeding Kansas.United States source
1858May–July – Mahtra War: Peasants in the Governorate of Estonia, Russian Empire revolt against ongoing serfdom, which was officially abolished in 1816.source
1858June 20 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: The last rebels surrender in Gwalior.source
185820 June – End of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, which Major General Charles Hinde plays a major role in suppressing.Wales source
1858June – Gwalior army deserts to the rebels and Tatya Tope and the Rani of Jhansi seize Gwalior; General Rose marches from the Kalpi to Gwalior arriving on the 16th; next day the battle of Kotah-i-Serai and on the 19th the Battle of Gwalior; Gwalior fortress recaptured; during June guerrilla forces in Oudh, Bihar and along the Nepalese frontier are suppressedIndia source
1858July 8 – A peace treaty ends the Indian Rebellion.source
1858July 28 – In Bengal, India, British officer William James Herschel uses the hand impression of Rajyadhar Konai, as a contract fingerprint signature.source
1858September – Cochinchina Campaign: French warships, under Charles Rigault de Genouilly, attack and occupy Da Nang, Vietnam.source
1858December 7 — Mexican Conservative interim president Félix María Zuloaga proclaims the Plan of Tacubaya to abolish the Reform Laws, setting off a three-year civil war (1857–1860).source
1858Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour goads Austria into attacking Sardinia.source
1858Joseph Lies, The Disasters of WarBelgium source
1858Third Seminole War (1855–1858)United States source
1859January 5–21 - Revolution of 1859Chile source
1859January 20 - beginning of the Federal War between the Government of Venezuela and the federalistsVenezuela source
185914 February – Ole Rasmussen Apeness, district sheriff, soldier, and farmer (born 1765)Norway source
1859February 17 – French naval forces under Charles Rigault de Genouilly capture the city and Citadel of Saigon in Vietnam, beginning the Siege of Saigon.source
1859March 9 – The army of the Kingdom of Sardinia mobilizes against Austria, beginning the crisis which will lead to the Austro-Sardinian War.source
1859April 18 – Indian Rebellion revolutionary, Tantia Tope is hanged for the 1857 Rebellionsource
1859April 29 – Austrian troops begin to cross the Ticino River to Piedmont.source
1859May 20 – Austro-Sardinian War: Battle of Montebello – The Austrian army led by Karl von Urban faces the French-Sardinian combined forces.source
1859May 26 – Austro-Sardinian War: Battle of Varese – Giuseppe Garibaldi's Hunters of the Alps confront and defeat Austrian forces, led by Field Marshal-Lieutenant Karl von Urban.source
1859May 30 – Austro-Sardinian War: Battle of Palestro – The Sardinians defeat the Austrian army.source
1859June 4 – Austro-Sardinian War: Battle of Magenta – The French and Sardinians defeat the Austrians.source
1859June 15 – Austro-Sardinian War: Battle of Treponti – The Austrian Field Marshall Karl von Urban defeats Giuseppe Garibaldi.source
1859June 15 – The so-called Pig War border dispute between the Americans and the British, over the San Juan Islands, begins by the death of the namesake pig.source
1859June 24 – Austro-Sardinian War – Battle of Solferino: The Kingdom of Sardinia and the armies of Napoleon III of France defeat Franz Joseph I of Austria in northern Italy; the battle inspires Henri Dunant to found the Red Cross.source
1859July 11 – Austro-Sardinian War – By the preliminary treaty signed at Villafranca, Italy, Lombardy is ceded to the French (who immediately cede it to Sardinia), while the Austrians keep Venetia, and the French promise to restore the Central Italian rulers expelled in the course of the war. This brings the Austro-Sardinian War effectively to a close.source
1859October 16 – John Brown raids the Harpers Ferry Armory in Harper's Ferry, Virginia, in an unsuccessful bid to spark a general slave rebellion.source
1859October 16 – Militant abolitionist leader John Brown raids the Harpers Ferry Armory in Harper's Ferry, Virginia, in an unsuccessful bid to spark a general slave rebellion.United States source
1859October 18 – Troops under Colonel Robert E. Lee overpower John Brown at the Federal arsenal.source
1859October 23 – Battle of Cepeda (1859)Argentina source
1859Lyman Cutlar, an American settler, homesteads on San Juan Island in defiance of British claims and triggers off the Pig War.Canada source
1859The Indian rebellion of 1857 ends (formally declared in July).India source
1859The Vodka protests of 1858–1859Russia source
1860January 13 – Battle of Tétouan, Morocco: Spanish troops under General Leopoldo O'Donnell, 1st Duke of Tetuan defeat the Moroccan Army.source
1860February 26 – The Wiyot Massacre takes place at Tuluwat Island, Humboldt Bay in northern California.source
1860March 6 – Reform War: Battle of Anton LizardoMexico source
1860March 17 – The First Taranaki War begins at Waitara, New Zealand, when Māori refuse to sell land to British settlers.source
186017 March: The assault on Te Kohia pā marks the beginning of the First Taranaki War.New Zealand source
1860March 24 – Sakuradamon Incident: Rōnin samurai of the Mito Domain in Japan assassinate tairō (Chief Minister) Ii Naosuke outside the Sakurada Gate of Edo Castle, disaffected with his role in the opening of Japan to foreign powers.source
1860March–August – The second rout of the Jiangnan Daying destroys the Qing dynasty's army of 180,000.source
1860April 4 – A new uprising erupts in Palermo.source
1860May 15 – Expedition of the Thousand – Battle of Calatafimi: Troops under Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat the army of Naples in Sicily.source
1860May 27 – Garibaldi's forces take Palermo, the capital of Sicily.source
1860July 16 — Frederick Townsend Ward's militia captures SongjiangChina source
1860July 20 – Battle of Milazzo: The forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat royal Neapolitan forces near Messina, bringing nearly all of Sicily under Garibaldi's control.source
1860August 25 – The Stone's Prairie Riot takes place in Payson and Plainville, Illinois between the Republican Wide Awakes and armed Democratic supporters of Stephen A. Douglas.United States source
1860September 7 – Giuseppe Garibaldi's forces capture Naples.source
1860September 10 – Piedmontese forces invade the Papal States, hoping to link up with Garibaldi in Naples.source
1860September 18 – Battle of Castelfidardo: The Piedmontese decisively defeat the Papal forces, allowing them to continue their march into Neapolitan territory, and effectively reducing the Papal States to the territory around Rome.source
1860September 24 – Battle of Guayaquil: Ecuadorian forces, led by Juan José Flores and Gabriel García Moreno, take the port of Guayaquil from Supreme Chief Guillermo Franco, who is backed by Peruvian forces.source
1860October 1 – Battle of Volturnus: Garibaldi defeats the last organized army of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.source
1860October 5 – Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and the Ottoman Empire form a commission to investigate the causes of the massacres of Maronite Christians, committed by Druzes in Lebanon earlier in the year.source
1860October 18 – The first Convention of Peking formally ends the Second Opium War.source
1860October 19 – A new Māori revolt begins in New Zealand.source
1860October 26 – Garibaldi again defeats the Neapolitan forces, advancing on Gaeta, the last remaining Neapolitan strong-point.source
1860October 26 – Meeting at Teano: Giuseppe Garibaldi gives Naples to King Victor Emmanuel II, recognizing him as King of Italy.source
1860November 3 – The combined forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel II besiege King Francis II of the Two Sicilies in Gaeta, his last remaining stronghold.source
186012 December – Initial riots on the Lambing Flat goldfields near present-day Young, New South Wales.Australia source
1860December 24 – Mexico's interim president Miguel Miramón flees the country after being defeated in battle.source
1860Christians and Druzes clash in Damascus, Syria.source
1860Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, and Empress Eugénie visit Algiers and stay at the Casbah of Algiers.source
1860A new treaty between the Nizam of Hyderabad (a loyal ally during the rebellion of 1857) and the British.India source
1860Dmitry Milyutin was appointed deputy war ministerRussia source
1860John Ceiriog Hughes — Oriau'r HwyrWales source
1861February 11 – About 850 convicts at Chatham Dockyard in England take over their prison in a riot.source
1861February 13 – Unification of Italy: The Siege of Gaeta, stronghold of the Neapolitan King Francis II, is ended by Piedmontese forces. Francis goes into exile.source
1861February 23 – President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, D.C. in light of suspicions of a conspiracy in Baltimore to kill him.source
1861March 4 – American Civil War: The "Stars and Bars" is adopted as the flag of the Confederate States of America.source
1861March 10 – El Hadj Umar Tall seizes the city of Ségou, destroying the Bamana Empire of Mali.source
1861March 20 – Unification of Italy: The surrender of Civitella del Tronto ends the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.source
1861April 12 – The American Civil War begins with the bombardment of Fort Sumter, South Carolina.source
1861April 27 – American Civil War: President Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus in the United States.source
186121 May – Russian sailors clash with Japanese samurai and farmers at Tsushima island.Russia source
186130 June – Lambing Flat riots of Lambing Flat (Young), New South WalesAustralia source
1861July 1 – Taiping Rebellion: Battle of Shanghai – French and Imperial Chinese troops defeat Taiping forces.source
186114 July – Osckar Becker attempts assassination of William I of Prussia in Baden-Baden.Germany source
186118 July - South Wales Cricket Club defeat MCC at Lord's.Wales source
1861July 21 – First Battle of Bull Run – At Manassas Junction, Virginia, the first major battle of the war ends in a Confederate victory.source
1861July 25 – The Crittenden–Johnson Resolution is passed by the U.S. Congress, stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union, and not to end slavery.source
1861July 26 – George B. McClellan assumes command of the Army of the Potomac, following the disastrous Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run.source
1861August 10 – American Civil War: The first major battle west of the Mississippi River, the Battle of Wilson's Creek, is fought, with a Confederate victory.source
1861September 3 – Confederate General Leonidas Polk invades neutral Kentucky, prompting the state legislature to ask for Union assistance.source
1861September 6 – Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant bloodlessly capture Paducah, Kentucky, which gives the Union control of the mouth of the Tennessee River.source
1861September 17 – Argentine Civil War: Battle of Pavón: Victory of Buenos Aires over the Argentine Confederation, and the re-unification of Argentina.source
1861October 9 – American Civil War: Battle of Santa Rosa Island – Confederate forces are defeated in their effort to take the island.source
1861October 21 – American Civil War: Battle of Ball's Bluff – Union forces under Colonel Edward Baker are defeated by Confederate troops, in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, is also killed in the fighting.source
1861October 31 – American Civil War: Citing failing health, 75-year-old Union General Winfield Scott resigns as Commander of the United States Army.source
1861November 2 – American Civil War: Western Department Union General John C. Frémont is relieved of command and replaced by David Hunter.source
1861November 7 – Battle of Belmont – In Belmont, Missouri, Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant (in his first combat leadership role) overrun a Confederate camp, but are forced to retreat when Confederate reinforcements arrive.source
1861November 8 – The Trent Affair: British packet steamer Trent stopped by United States warship in international waters. Two Confederate diplomats taken off and imprisoned in Boston.Canada source
1861November 8 – American Civil War – Trent Affair: The USS San Jacinto stops the United Kingdom mail ship Trent and arrests two Confederate envoys, James Mason and John Slidell, sparking a diplomatic crisis between the U.K. and U.S.United States source
1861November 19 – Battle of Round Mountain in Indian Territory (modern-day Oklahoma).source
1861November 21 – Confederate President Jefferson Davis appoints Judah P. Benjamin Secretary of War.source
1861December 1 – American Civil War: Trent Affair – The British government dispatches its response, partly drafted by Prince Albert (a fortnight before his death).source
1861December - Occupation of AraucaníaChile source
1861Xinyou Coup, Cixi seizes powerChina source
1862January 6 – French intervention in Mexico: French, Spanish and British forces arrive in Veracruz, Mexico.source
1862February 11–16 – Battle of Fort Donelson – General Ulysses S. Grant attacks Fort Donelson, Tennessee, capturing it on the last day.source
1862March 8 – Ironclad CSS Virginia (formerly USS Merrimack) is launched at Hampton Roads, Virginia; the Battle of Hampton Roads starts the same day.source
1862March 13 – American Civil War: The U.S. federal government forbids all Union army officers from returning fugitive slaves, thus effectively annulling the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and setting the stage for the Emancipation Proclamation.source
1862April 1 – Second French intervention in Mexico: The Spanish and the British ended their alliance with France.source
1862April 6–7– Battle of Shiloh – The Union Army, under General Ulysses S. Grant, defeats the Confederates near Shiloh, Tennessee.source
186211 April – Belgian Navy abolished.Belgium source
1862April 25 – American Civil War: Capture of New Orleans – Forces under Union Admiral David Farragut occupy the Confederate city of New Orleans, Louisiana, securing access to the Mississippi.United States source
1862May 5 – Second French intervention in Mexico: Battle of Puebla – Mexican General Ignacio Zaragoza defeats the French Army; commemorated each year as Cinco de Mayo (Spanish for Fifth of May).source
1862May 18 – Battle of Barranca SecaMexico source
1862June 8 – Battle of Cross Keys – Confederate troops under General Stonewall Jackson save the Army of Northern Virginia from a Union Army attack on the James Peninsula that is led by General George B. McClellan.source
1862June 26 – American Civil War: Battle of Mechanicsville – Confederate General Robert E. Lee defeats the troops of General George B. McClellan in the first of the Seven Days Battles.source
1862July 23 – American Civil War: Henry Halleck takes command of the Union Army.source
186225 July – Herman Wilhelm Bissen' Isted Lion is unveiled in Flensburg Cemetery on the 12th anniversary of the Battle of Isted.Denmark source
1862August 5 – Battle of Baton Rouge – Along the Mississippi River near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Confederate troops drive Union forces back into the city.source
1862August 6 – Confederate ironclad CSS Arkansas is scuttled on the Mississippi River after suffering damage in a battle with USS Essex, near Baton Rouge, Louisiana.source
1862August 9 – Battle of Cedar Mountain – Confederate General Stonewall Jackson narrowly defeats Union forces under General John Pope at Cedar Mountain, Virginia.source
1862August 17 – The Dakota War of 1862 begins in Minnesota, as Dakota Sioux attack white settlements along the Minnesota River. They are overwhelmed by the U.S. Army six weeks later.source
1862August 19 – Dakota War of 1862: During an uprising in Minnesota, Dakota warriors decide not to attack heavily defended Fort Ridgely and instead turn to the settlement of New Ulm, killing white settlers along the way.source
1862August 28–30 – Second Battle of Bull Run – Confederate forces inflict a crushing defeat on Union General John Pope.source
1862September 2 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln restores Union General George B. McClellan to full command, after General John Pope's disastrous defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run.source
1862September 5 – In the Confederacy's first invasion of the North, General Robert E. Lee leads 55,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River at White's Ford near Leesburg, Virginia, into Maryland.source
186230 September – Otto von Bismarck gives the speech named Blood and Iron in Berlin.Germany source
1862October 8 – American Civil War: Battle of Perryville – Union Army forces under General Don Carlos Buell halt the Confederate invasion of Kentucky by defeating troops led by General Braxton Bragg at Perryville, Kentucky.source
1862October 11 – American Civil War: In the aftermath of the Battle of Antietam, Confederate General J. E. B. Stuart and his men loot Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, during a raid into the North.source
1862October 25 – In the Granadine Confederation (modern-day Colombia), rebel troops of the southern states defeat government forces.source
1862November 14 – President Abraham Lincoln approves the plan by General Ambrose Burnside to capture the Confederate capital city of Richmond, Virginia. This plan leads to a disastrous Union defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13.source
1862December 13 – Battle of Fredericksburg – The Union Army suffers massive casualties and abandons its attempts to capture the Confederate capital city of Richmond, Virginia.source
1862December 26–29 – Battle of Chickasaw Bayou – Another victory for the Confederate Army, outnumbered two to one, results in six times as many Union casualties, defeating several assaults commanded by Union general William T. Sherman.source
1862Christie Question - British sailors were arrested in Rio de Janeiro for promoting mutinies.Brazil source
1862Dungan Revolt (1862–77) beginsChina source
1862Fort George in Bombay (now Mumbai) is destroyedIndia source
1863January 8 – American Civil War: The Second Battle of Springfield takes place near Springfield, Missouri. Fighting for the Union, General Egbert B. Brown leads the Missouri militia to victory over Confederate General John S. Marmaduke and the 18th Arkansas Infantry.source
1863January 10–12 – 1st Battle of AcapulcoMexico source
1863January 15 – French intervention in Mexico: French forces bombard Veracruz.source
1863January 22 – The January Uprising breaks out in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. The aim of the national movement is to liberate the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth from Russian occupation.source
1863January 29 – American Indian Wars – Bear River Massacre: The United States Army, led by General Patrick Edward Connor, massacres Chief Bear Hunter and forces of the Shoshone, in the Idaho Territory.source
1863March 25 – U.S. Army Private Jacob Parrott, a soldier in "Andrews' Raiders", becomes the first person to receive the Medal of Honor, presented by U.S. Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton to six of the Raiders. Parrott is followed that day by six others.source
1863May 1–4 – American Civil War: Battle of Chancellorsville – General Robert E. Lee defeats Union forces with 13,000 Confederate casualties, among them Stonewall Jackson (fatally wounded by friendly fire), and 17,500 Union casualties.source
1863May 14 – American Civil War: Battle of Jackson, Mississippi – Union General Ulysses S. Grant defeats Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston, opening the way for the siege of Vicksburg.source
1863May 28 – American Civil War: The 54th Massachusetts, the first African-American regiment, leaves Boston to fight for the Union.source
1863June 7 – French intervention in Mexico: French forces enter Mexico City.source
1863June 14 – Second Battle of Winchester – A Union garrison is defeated by the Army of Northern Virginia in the Shenandoah Valley town of Winchester, Virginia.source
1863June 17 – The Battle of Aldie in the Gettysburg campaign ends inconclusively.source
1863July 1–3 – Battle of Gettysburg – Union forces under George G. Meade turn back a Confederate invasion by Robert E. Lee in the largest battle of the war (28,000 Confederate casualties, 23,000 Union).source
1863July 4 – Siege of Vicksburg – Ulysses S. Grant and the Union army capture the Confederate city Vicksburg, Mississippi, after the town surrenders following a 47-day siege.source
1863July 9 – American Civil War: The Siege of Port Hudson ends, and the Union controls the entire Mississippi River for the first time.source
1863July 13 – New York City draft riots: In New York City, opponents of conscription to the American Civil War begin 3 days of violent rioting, which will be regarded as the worst in the history of the United States with around 120 killed.source
1863July 17 – The New Zealand Wars against the Māori people resume, as British forces in New Zealand led by Duncan Cameron begin their Invasion of the Waikato.source
1863July: The beginning of the Invasion of Waikato under Duncan Alexander Cameron.New Zealand source
1863August 8 – American Civil War: Following his defeat in the Battle of Gettysburg, General Robert E. Lee sends a letter of resignation to Confederate President Jefferson Davis (Davis refuses the request upon receipt).source
1863August 15–17 – Bombardment of Kagoshima: The British Royal Navy bombards the town of Kagoshima in Japan in retribution, after the Namamugi Incident of 1862.source
1863August 15–17 - Bombardment of KagoshimaJapan source
1863August 21 – American Civil War: Battle of Lawrence – Lawrence, Kansas is attacked by William Quantrill's raiders, who kill an estimated 200 men and boys. The raid becomes infamous in the North as one of the most vicious atrocities of the Civil War.United States source
1863Battle of Lawrence: Lawrence, Kansas, is attacked by William Quantrill's raiders, who kill an estimated 200 men and boys. The raid becomes notorious in the North as one of the most vicious atrocities of the Civil War.source
1863September 19–20 – Battle of Chickamauga – Confederate forces turn back a Union invasion of Georgia.source
1863October 29 – American Civil War: Battle of Wauhatchie – Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant, having fought through the night, ward off a Confederate attack led by General James Longstreet. Union forces thus open a supply line into Chattanooga, Tennessee.source
1863November 18 – King Christian IX of Denmark signs the November Constitution, which declares Schleswig to be part of Denmark, regarded by the German Confederation as a violation of the London Protocol of 1852, leading to the German–Danish war of 1864.source
1863November 18 – King Christian IX of Denmark signs the November Constitution, declaring Schleswig to be part of Denmark, regarded by the German Confederation as a violation of the London Protocol of 1852, leading to the Second Schleswig War of 1864.Germany source
1863November 19 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address, at the military cemetery dedication ceremony in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.source
1863November 25 – Battle of Missionary Ridge – At Missionary Ridge in Tennessee, Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant break the siege of Chattanooga, by routing Confederate troops under General Braxton Bragg.source
1863Over 2,400 volunteers are recruited to fight in the New Zealand Wars.Australia source
1863Militia Pay Act for all males 18–60.Canada source
1863Taiping Commander Shi Dakai surrenders to the QingChina source
18641 January – The Queensland Police Force is established and begins operations with approximately 143 employees.Australia source
18641 February – Beginning of Second Schleswig WarGermany source
186411 February: Major Charles Heaphy is recommended for the Victoria Cross. It was not awarded until 1867.New Zealand source
1864April 12 – American Civil War: Battle of Fort Pillow – Confederate forces kill most of the African American soldiers who surrender at Fort Pillow, Tennessee.source
1864May 5 – American Civil War: The Battle of the Wilderness begins in Spotsylvania County, Virginia.source
1864May 7 – American Civil War: The Army of the Potomac, under General Ulysses S. Grant, breaks off from the Battle of the Wilderness and moves southwards.source
1864May 11 – Battle of Yellow Tavern – Confederate General J. E. B. Stuart is mortally wounded at Yellow Tavern, Virginia.source
1864May 21 – The Russian Empire begins the Circassian genocide. More than 1.5 million Circassians are driven from their homeland to the Ottoman Empire, ending the Russo-Circassian War.source
1864& May 15 – Battle of New Market – Cadets from the Virginia Military Institute fight alongside the Confederate Army, forcing Union General Franz Sigel out of the Shenandoah Valley.source
1864June 3 – 2nd Battle of AcapulcoMexico source
1864June 19 – American Civil War: Battle of Cherbourg – Confederate States Navy CSS Alabama is sunk in a single-ship action with USS Kearsarge, in the English Channel off the coast of the Cotentin Peninsula, France.source
1864Battle of Brice's Crossroads – Confederate troops under Nathan Bedford Forrest defeat a much larger Union force, led by General Samuel D. Sturgis, in Mississippi.source
1864July 19 – The Third Battle of Nanking climaxes, when the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom capital of Nanking falls to an assault by Imperial Qing dynasty forces, in the last major action of the Taiping Rebellion in China. There are probably more than a million troops in the battle, and the Taiping army sustains at least 100,000 dead.source
1864July 20 – Battle of Peachtree Creek – Near Atlanta, Confederate forces led by General John Bell Hood unsuccessfully attack Union troops under General William T. Sherman.source
1864July 1864 - Third Battle of Nanking, Fall of Tianjing, Taiping Rebellion mostly endsChina source
1864August 10 – An undeclared Uruguayan War begins, when Uruguay refuses an ultimatum from the Empire of Brazil.source
1864August 18 – American Civil War: Battle of Globe Tavern – Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant try to cut a vital Confederate supply-line into Petersburg, Virginia, by attacking the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, forcing the Confederates to use wagons.source
1864August 31 – American Civil War: Union forces, led by General William T. Sherman, launch an assault on Atlanta.source
1864September 5–6 – Bombardment of Shimonoseki: An American, British, Dutch and French alliance engages the powerful feudal Japanese warlord or daimyō Lord Mōri Takachika, of the Chōshū clan, based in Shimonoseki, Japan.source
1864September 17 – American Civil War: The Second Battle of Cabin Creek is fought in Indian Territory.source
1864October 1 – A calamity is narrowly averted in London at the Erith explosionsource
1864October 12 – Uruguayan War: Forces of the Empire of Brazil invade Uruguay, in support of Venancio Flores' Colorado Party.source
186416 October – Belgian Legion embark for Mexico to take part in the Second French intervention in MexicoBelgium source
1864October 30 – The Second Schleswig War is concluded. Denmark renounces all claim to Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg, which come under Prussian and Austrian administration.source
1864November 4 – American Civil War: Battle of Johnsonville – At Johnsonville, Tennessee, troops under the command of Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest bombard a Union supply base with artillery, and destroy millions of dollars' worth of material.source
1864November 22 – Sherman's March to the Sea – Confederate General John Bell Hood invades Tennessee, in an unsuccessful attempt to draw Union General Sherman from Georgia.source
1864November 29 – American Indian Wars: Sand Creek massacre – Colorado volunteers, led by Colonel John Chivington, massacre at least 400 Cheyenne and Arapaho noncombatants at Sand Creek, Colorado (where they had been given permission to camp); many of the dead are subsequently mutilated.source
1864November 30 – American Civil War: Second Battle of Franklin – The Confederate Army of Tennessee, led by General Hood, mounts a dramatically unsuccessful frontal assault on Union positions around Franklin, Tennessee (Hood loses 6 generals and almost a third of his troops).source
1864December 4 – American Civil War: Sherman's March to the Sea – At Waynesboro, Georgia, forces under Union General Judson Kilpatrick prevent troops, led by Confederate General Joseph Wheeler, from interfering with Union General Sherman's campaign of destroying a wide swath of the South, on his march to Savannah; Union forces suffer more than 3 times the casualties as the Confederates, however.source
186413 December – Paraguayan War: Paraguay declares war on Brazil; war with Argentina follows three months later.Argentina source
1864December 15–16 – American Civil War: Battle of Nashville – Union forces decisively defeat the Confederate Army of Tennessee.source
1864Russia starts the Circassian genocide.Russia source
1865January 13 – American Civil War: Second Battle of Fort Fisher – Union forces launch a major amphibious assault against the last seaport held by the Confederates, Fort Fisher, North Carolina.source
1865February 3 – American Civil War: Hampton Roads Conference: Union and Confederate leaders discuss peace terms.source
1865March 7 – New Brunswick rejects a Confederation scheme.Canada source
1865March 19–21 – American Civil War : Battle of Bentonville: Union troops compel Confederate forces to retreat from Four Oaks, North Carolina.source
1865March 25 – American Civil War: In Virginia, Confederate forces capture Fort Stedman from the Union, although it is retaken the same day. Lee's army suffers heavy casualties: about 2,900, including 1,000 captured in the Union counterattack. Confederate positions are weakened. After the battle, Lee's defeat is only a matter of time.source
1865April 1 – American Civil War – Battle of Five Forks: In Petersburg, Virginia, Confederate General Robert E. Lee begins his final offensive.source
18654 April – Opposition parties accuse government of breaching Belgian neutrality by involving the country in the Second French intervention in Mexico.Belgium source
1865April 9 – American Civil War: Confederate States Army General Robert E. Lee surrenders to Union Army General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, effectively ending the war.source
1865April 14 – Assassination of Abraham Lincoln: President of the United States Abraham Lincoln is shot while attending an evening performance of the farce Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., by actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.source
1865April 14 – United States Secretary of State William H. Seward and his family are attacked in his home, by Lewis Powell.source
1865April 18 – Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his entire cabinet arrive in Charlotte, North Carolina, with a contingent of 1,000 soldiers.source
1865April 26 – American Civil War: Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston surrenders to Union Major General William Tecumseh Sherman, at Durham Station, North Carolina.source
1865May 4 – American Civil War: Lieutenant General Richard Taylor, commanding all Confederate forces in Alabama, Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana, surrenders his forces to Union General Edward Canby at Citronelle, Alabama, effectively ending all Confederate resistance east of the Mississippi River.source
1865May 10 – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is captured by the Union Army near Irwinville, Georgia.source
1865May 12–13 – American Civil War – Battle of Palmito Ranch: In far south Texas, more than a month after Confederate General Lee's surrender, the last land battle of the civil war with casualties, ends with a Confederate victory.source
1865May 29 – American Civil War: President of the United States Andrew Johnson issues a proclamation of general amnesty for most citizens of the former Confederacy.source
1865June 2 – American Civil War: Confederate forces west of the Mississippi River under General Edmund Kirby Smith surrender at Galveston, Texas, under terms negotiated on May 26, becoming the last to do so.source
1865June 11 – Battle of the Riachuelo: The Brazilian Navy squadron defeats the Paraguayan Navy.source
1865June 19 – American Civil War: Union Major General Gordon Granger lands at Galveston, Texas, and informs the people of Texas of the Emancipation Proclamation (an event celebrated in modern times each year as Juneteenth).source
1865June 23 – American Civil War: At Fort Towson in Oklahoma Territory, Confederate General Stand Watie, a Cherokee Indian, surrenders the last significant Rebel army.source
1865July 7 – Following Abraham Lincoln's assassination on April 14, the four conspirators condemned to death during the trial are hanged, including David Herold, George Atzerodt, Lewis Powell and Mary Surratt. Her son, John Surratt, escapes execution by fleeing to Canada, and ultimately to Egypt.source
1865War breaks out for the second time between the Orange Free State and Basothos.South Africa source
1865October 11 – Morant Bay rebellion: Paul Bogle leads hundreds of black men and women in a march in Jamaica; the rebellion is brutally suppressed by the British governor Edward John Eyre with 400 executed.source
1865November 6 – American Civil War: The CSS Shenandoah, last remnant of the Confederate States of America and its military, surrenders in Liverpool after fleeing westward from the Pacific.source
18656 November – American Civil War: Surrender to HMS Donegal at Liverpool of the Confederate commerce raider CSS Shenandoah.United Kingdom source
1865November 10 – Captain Henry Wirz, Confederate superintendent of Andersonville Prison (Camp Sumter) is hanged, becoming the second of two combatants, and only serving regular soldier, to be executed for war crimes committed during the American Civil War.source
1865November 17 – Chincha Islands War: Action of 17 November 1865 – A Spanish gunboat is captured by the Chilean tugboat Independencia off Tomé, in the Bay of Concepción, Chile.source
1865November 26 – Chincha Islands War: Battle of Papudo – The Spanish ship Covadonga is captured by the Chileans and the Peruvians, north of Valparaíso, Chile.source
1865December 24 – The Ku Klux Klan is formed by six Confederate Army veterans, with support of the Democratic Party, in Pulaski, Tennessee, to resist Reconstruction and intimidate "carpetbaggers" and "scalawags", as well as to repress the freed slaves.United States source
1865Battle of Fujian, Qing forces clear remnants of Taiping loyalistsChina source
1865Bombay Castle wall was demolishedIndia source
1865Russian forces capture the Central Asian city of Tashkent, then part of the Khanate of Kokand. At the time, Tashkent had about 70,000 inhabitants and was a major centre of trade with Russia.Russia source
1866January 6 – Ottoman troops clash with supporters of Maronite leader Youssef Bey Karam, at St. Doumit in Lebanon; the Ottomans are defeated.source
1866January 31 – Paraguayan War: The Battle of Pehuajó takes place when about 1500 Paraguayan troops, commanded by General Francisco Isidoro Resquín and Lieutenant Celestino Prieto, engage in a surprise attack Argentinian and Uruguayan battalions with around 2000 men, led by General Emilio Conesa; the Paraguayans are successful and the joint Argentine-Uruguayan force suffers heavy casualties.Argentina source
1866February 7 – Battle of Abtao: A Spanish naval squadron fights a combined Peruvian-Chilean fleet, at the island of Abtao, in the Chiloé Archipelago of southern Chile.source
1866April 4 – Alexander II of Russia narrowly escapes an assassination attempt in the city of St Petersburg.source
1866April 16 - Paraguayan War: Brazilian troops, under Marshal Manuel Luís Osório, cross the Rio Paraguay and stop at Fort Itapirú.Brazil source
1866May 1–3 – The Memphis massacre: a rebellion with a series of violent racial events.source
1866May 2 – Battle of Callao: Peruvian defenders fight the Spanish fleet.source
1866May 2 - Chincha Islands War: Battle of CallaoPeru source
1866May 2 - Paraguayan War: Battle of Estero BellacoUruguay source
1866May 7 – Student Ferdinand Cohen-Blind makes a failed attempt to assassinate Otto von Bismarck in Unter den Linden in Berlin.source
1866May 24 – Battle of Tuyutí: 32,000 soldiers of the Triple Alliance defeat 24,000 Paraguayan soldiers few miles north of the Paraná, Argentina, in the Paraguayan War, with 16,000 casualties.source
1866June 2 – Fenian forces skirmish with Canadian militia at the battles of Ridgeway and Fort Erie.source
1866June 14 – The Austro-Prussian War ("Seven Weeks War") begins when the Austrians and most of the medium-size German states declare war on Prussia.source
1866June 20 – The Kingdom of Italy declares war on Austria.source
1866June 27–29 – Battle of Langensalza: The Prussians defeat the Hanoverian army.source
1866July 3 – Battle of Königgrätz: the Prussian army under King Wilhelm and Helmuth von Moltke defeats the Austrian army of Ludwig von Benedek, leading to a decisive Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War.source
1866July 20 – Austro-Prussian War: Naval Battle of Lissa – The Austrian fleet under Wilhelm von Tegetthoff defeats the Italian fleet of Carlo di Persano.source
1866July 22 – Austro-Prussian War: Battle of Blumenau – Austrians defend Bratislava against the Prussian army, concluding the fighting in the war.source
1866August 22 - Chincha Islands War: Action of 22 August 1866Chile source
18668 September – The Blood or bread riots begin as unemployed men attempt to storm government stores; the riots continue to the 10thAustralia source
1866September 22 – Paraguay successfully defends Curupayty against the Triple Alliance in the Paraguayan War, killing more than 5,000 while sustaining just about 50 casualties.source
186612 October: The Battle of Omaranui takes place near Napier.New Zealand source
1866Federalist revolts occur in Argentina.source
1866British Indian administration established a post at Samaguting to end intertribal warfare and tribal raids on property and personnel in NagalandIndia source
1867January 31 – Maronite nationalist leader Youssef Bey Karam leaves Lebanon aboard a French ship for Algeria.source
1867February 3 (Keiō 2, 29th day of the 12th month) – Mutsuhito ascended to the throne as Emperor Meiji.Japan source
1867February 19 – Battle of Inlon River: The Qing dynasty defeats the Nien rebels in Hubei, China.source
1867March 5 – The Fenian Rising breaks out in Ireland.source
18675 March – Fenian Rising in Ireland.United Kingdom source
1867March 9 - The Republican army, commanded by General Porfirio Díaz, laid siege to the Imperial forces in Puebla. Díaz established his headquarters on Cerro de San Juan, while the Imperial defenders held the forts of Loreto and Guadalupe.Mexico source
1867June 19 – A firing squad executes Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico and two of his lieutenants.source
1867June 29 – Kidder massacre: A Sioux and Cheyenne war party kills U.S. Second Lieutenant Lyman Kidder, along with an Indian scout and ten enlisted men in Kansas.United States source
18678 July – Paraguayan War: Staff Sergeant Roberto A. Chodasiewicz uses an observation balloon during the battle of Humaitá.Argentina source
1867July 18 – The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune: The Serer people defeat the Muslim Marabouts of Senegambia.source
1867November 9 – The last shōgun of Japan, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, tenders his resignation to Emperor Meiji.source
1867December 13 – The Clerkenwell explosion, the most infamous action carried out by the Fenians in Britain in the 19th century.source
1867Battle of Inlon River, Nian forces lose entire Hubei regionChina source
1867Major Charles Heaphy is awarded the Victoria Cross. He is the first soldier from any colony to be so decorated.New Zealand source
1867Charles Octavius Swinnerton Morgan - Penhow CastleWales source
1868January 3 – The 15-year-old Mutsuhito, Emperor Meiji of Japan, declares the Meiji Restoration, his own restoration to full power, under the influence of supporters from the Chōshū and Satsuma Domains, and against the supporters of the Tokugawa shogunate, triggering the Boshin War.source
1868January 5 – Paraguayan War: Brazilian Army commander Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias, enters Asunción, Paraguay's capital. Some days later he declares the war is over. Nevertheless, Francisco Solano López, Paraguay's president, prepares guerrillas to fight in the countryside.source
1868January 10 – Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu declares the emperor's declaration "illegal", and prepares to attack Kyoto.source
1868January 27–31 – Battle of Toba–Fushimi: forces of the Tokugawa shogunate and the allied pro-Imperial forces of the Chōshū, Satsuma and Tosa Domains clash near Fushimi, Kyoto, ending in a decisive victory for the Imperial forces (although in the January 28 naval Battle of Awa, the Shogunate is victorious against Satsuma).source
1868February 19 – In the Passage of Humaitá, a Brazilian naval force succeeds in dashing past a Paraguayan fortress on the River Paraguay, considered by some the turning point in the Paraguayan War.source
1868The Flying Foam massacre, a massacre of Indigenous Australians around Flying Foam Passage in Western Australia by white colonial settlers begins and lasts until May.source
186812 March – Henry James O'Farrell fires a revolver into the back of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh (second son of Queen Victoria) while the latter is picnicking in the beachfront suburb of Clontarf. It was Australia's first attempted political assassination. O'Farrell first claimed that he was acting under instruction from Melbourne Fenians but later retracted the claims. He had problems with alcoholism and mental illness.Australia source
1868The Koranna War breaks out along the Orange River.South Africa source
1868April 9–13 – Battle of Magdala: A British-Indian task force under Robert Napier inflicts 700 deaths and a crushing defeat on the army of Emperor Tewodros II; the British and Indians suffer 30 wounded, two of whom subsequently die. Tewodros commits suicide and Magdala is captured, ending the British Expedition to Abyssinia.source
1868April 9 – Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia massacres at least 197 of his own people at Magdala. These are prisoners incarcerated, for the most part, for very trivial offenses, and are killed for requesting bread and water.source
1868April 11–July – Fall of Edo: The Japanese city surrenders to Emperor Meiji. Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu submits to the Emperor.source
1868May 10–14 – Boshin War – Battle of Utsunomiya Castle, Japan: Forces of the Emperor Meiji resist the retreating troops of the Tokugawa shogunate.source
1868May 30 – Memorial Day is observed in the United States for the first time (it was proclaimed on May 5 by General John A. Logan).source
1868June – Tītokowaru's War breaks out in the South Taranaki District of New Zealand's North Island between the Ngāti Ruanui Māori tribe and the New Zealand Government.source
1868July 4 – Battle of Ueno: Imperial Japanese troops defeat the Shōgitai (elite forces remaining loyal to the shōgun).source
186820 July - due to the death of Venancio Flores, the General Assembly declared a day of national mourning his day of death in 19 February 1869 and that day yearly. This would be held until 1914, when all the holidays of mournings were repealed.Uruguay source
1868July 25 – Paraguayan War: The Allies, in an amphibious operation, capture the fortress of Humaitá.source
1868August 22 – The Yangzhou riot in China targets a station of the China Inland Mission, and nearly leads to war between Britain and China.source
1868September 3 – Emperor Meiji of Japan announces that the name of the city of Edo is to be changed to Tokyo.source
1868September 3 (Keiō 4, 17th day of the 7th month) – Emperor Meiji announces that the name of the city of Edo was being changed to Tokyo, or "eastern capital".Japan source
1868September 7 – Tītokowaru's War: Māori leader Tītokowaru defeats a New Zealand military force at Te Ngutu o Te Manu, North Island.source
1868September 19–27 - Glorious Revolution (Spain)Spain source
1868September 28 – The Opelousas massacre, one of the bloodiest massacres of the Reconstruction era in the United States.source
1868October 10 – Carlos Manuel de Céspedes declares a revolt against Spanish rule in Cuba, in an event known as El Grito de Yara or the Ten Years' War, initiating a war that lasts ten years (Cuba ultimately loses the war at a cost of 400,000 lives and widespread destruction).source
1868October 23 – The current Japanese era name is changed to the Meiji period. The Edo period ends.source
1868November 7 – The Battle of Moturoa, New Zealand, ends in a British defeat, due to an underestimate of Tītokowaru and his fortifications. There are heavy casualties for the colonial army and light casualties for the Māori defenders.source
1868November 27 – American Indian Wars – Battle of Washita River: In the early morning, United States Army Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer leads an attack on a band of Cheyenne living on reservation land with Chief Black Kettle, killing 103 Cheyenne.source
1868November 27 – Indian Wars – Battle of Washita River: In the early morning, United States Army Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer leads an attack on a band of Cheyenne living on reservation land with Chief Black Kettle, killing 103 Cheyenne.United States source
1868December 6 – Paraguayan War – Battle of Ytororó or Itororó: Field-Marshal Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias, leads 13,000 Brazilian troops against a Paraguayan fortified position of 5,000 troops.source
1868December 25 – U.S. President Andrew Johnson grants unconditional pardon to all Civil War rebels.source
1868Remnants of resistance crushed by the combined forces of the government's troops and the Ever Victorious Army.China source
1868The siege of Samarkand takes place in modern day Uzbekistan (previously part of the Russian empire) between the fourteenth of June to the eighteenth of June.Russia source
1869January 3 – Abdur Rahman Khan is defeated at Tinah Khan, and exiled from Afghanistan.source
186913 February: A war party of Ngāti Maniapoto led by Wetere Te Rerenga kills all three men, a woman and three children, and also the Wesleyan missionary John Whiteley who arrives shortly afterwards, at the isolated Pukearuhe Redoubt. This is the final act of the Taranaki wars.New Zealand source
1869February 26 – Mahbub Ali Khan, 2½, begins a 42-year reign as Nizam of Hyderabad.source
18692 March – After several days hiding in bushland near Bunbury, Western Australia, Irish political prisoner John Boyle O'Reilly escapes to America on the whaler Gazelle.Australia source
1869March 24 – Tītokowaru's War ends with the surrender of the last Māori troops at large, in the South Taranaki District of New Zealand's North Island.source
186912 April – Metalworkers' strike at Cockerill in Seraing violently repressed (inspiring Karl Marx to write The Belgian Massacres).Belgium source
1869May 4–10 – Naval Battle of Hakodate: The Imperial Japanese Navy defeats adherents of the Tokugawa shogunate.source
1869May 18 – One day after surrendering at the land Battle of Hakodate (begun 4 December 1868), Enomoto Takeaki turns over Goryōkaku to Japanese forces, signaling the collapse of the Republic of Ezo.source
1869June 26 – President Enomoto Takeaki of the Republic of Ezo surrenders, turning Ezo's main fortress of Goryōkaku over to Satsuma staff officer Kuroda Kiyotaka on June 27.Japan source
1869June 27 – The fortress of Goryōkaku is turned over to Imperial Japanese forces, bringing an end to the Republic of Ezo, the Battle of Hakodate and the Boshin War, the military phase of the Meiji Restoration.source
1869August – Anti-Irish riots at Pontlottyn in the Rhymney Valley result in one death.Wales source
1869October 11 – The Red River Rebellion breaks out against British forces in Canada.source
186916 November – Charles Wilhelm Thesen arrives in Cape Town. After bad weather delays his onward journey, he decides to stay in South Africa.Norway source
1869November 19 – The Hudson's Bay Company surrenders its claim to Rupert's Land in Canada, under its letters patent, back to the British Crown.source
1869November 19 – The Deed of Surrender recognizes the purchase of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory from the Hudson's Bay Company: the lands are placed under the direct control of the Crown, but do not yet formally belong to Canada.Canada source
186919 November – the Hudson's Bay Company surrenders its claim to Rupert's Land in Canada under its letters patent back to the British Crown.United Kingdom source
1869December 31 – Paraguayan War: Triple Alliance forces take Asunción.source
1870January 23 – Marias Massacre: U.S. soldiers attack a peaceful camp of Piegan Blackfeet Indians, led by chief Heavy Runner.source
1870February 9 – The U.S. Army Weather Bureau is created within the Army Signal Corps.source
1870March 1 – Battle of Cerro Corá, Paraguay: Marshal Francisco Solano López's last troops are cornered by those of the Triple Alliance. López refuses to surrender and is killed, ending the Paraguayan War.source
1870May 3 – Liberian constitutional referendum, 1870Liberia source
1870May 12 – The Canadian province of Manitoba is created, in response to Louis Riel's Red River Rebellion.source
1870May 25 The Fenian Brotherhood attacks Eccles hill in Quebec.source
1870May - The Chilean Army resumes operations against the MapuchesChile source
1870June 21 – The Tianjin Massacre of 17 foreigners (mostly European Christian priests and nuns) and 40 Chinese people who had converted to Christianity, takes place in China when an angry mob attacks churches established in the city.source
187016 July – In response to Bismarck's refusal to cede parts of the Rhineland to Emperor Napoleon III of France, the near succession of a Hohenzollern to the Spanish throne, and the Ems telegram, France declares war on Prussia, beginning the Franco-Prussian War.Germany source
1870July 19 – Franco-Prussian War: France declares war on Prussia.source
1870August 8 – The Republic of Ploiești, an uprising against Domnitor Carol of Romania, fails.source
1870August 24 – The Red River Rebellion in Canada ends with the arrival of the Wolseley Expedition and the flight of Louis Riel.source
1870September 2 – Franco-Prussian War: Battle of Sedan – Prussian forces defeat the French armies and take Emperor Napoleon III and 100,000 of his soldiers prisoner at Sedan, France.source
18702 September – Belgian Red Cross despatches medical units to Lorraine in the wake of the Battle of Sedan.Belgium source
1870September 4 – Emperor Napoleon III of France is deposed and the Third Republic is declared. Empress Eugénie flees to England with her son.source
187012 September – A Nelson team, the "Lunatics", defeats Wellington at Petone.New Zealand source
1870September 12 - Revolution of the Lances: Battle of Paso SeverinoUruguay source
1870September 19 – Franco-Prussian War: The Siege of Paris (1870–1871) begins. From September 23, balloon mail is sent out of the city.source
1870October 2 – A plebiscite held in Rome supports, by 133,681 votes to 1,507, the annexation of the city by Italy.source
1870October 8 – Léon Gambetta escapes besieged Paris in a hot-air balloon.source
1870October 27 – Franco-Prussian War: Siege of Metz – Marshal François Achille Bazaine, commanding the French left wing, is forced by starvation to surrender the fortifications of Metz.source
1870October – Battle of the Belly River: the Blackfoot Confederacy decisively defeats the Iron Confederacy.Canada source
1870Just one of the 916 members of the Indian Civil Service is Indian.source
1870Foreign Enlistment Act (British statute)India source
1871January 3 – Franco-Prussian War: Battle of Bapaume – Prussians win a strategic victory.source
18713 January - Battle of Bapaume, a Prussian victory in the continuing Franco-Prussian War.France source
187117 January - General Assembly approved an amnesty to every individual who until that moment took part of the armed uprising and after that deserted the rebel forces and appear before the authorities. This amnesty excuses them of any offences due to being part of the rebel forces, they were promised not being prosecuted for their actions or previous opinions, and they could make use of their civilian and political rights again, along with their warranties to that rights, and in the case of military officers of the Army, they would be restored with the rank they reached up to the time they were discharged.Uruguay source
187119 January – Battle of St. Quentin. Prussian victory defeats French attempts to relieve the besieged city of Paris.Germany source
1871January 21 – Battle of Dijon: Giuseppe Garibaldi's group of French and Italian volunteer troops, in support of the French Third Republic, win a battle against the Prussians.source
1871March 16 – Mokrani Revolt breaks out in French Algeria against colonial rule.source
187121 March – Victor Hugo moves to Brussels.Belgium source
1871March 22 – The United States Army issues an order for the abandonment of Fort Kearny, Nebraska.source
1871May 27 – French government troops massacre 147 Communards from Belleville, at Père-Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.source
1871May 28 – Paris Commune falls to French government forces.source
1871May 1873 — Momien besieged and stormed by imperial troops in, their resistance broke completely. Gov. Ta-sa-kon was captured and executed by order of the Imperial government.China source
1871June 1 – Bombardment of the Selee River Forts: Koreans attack two United States Navy warships.source
1871June 10 – Captain McLane Tilton leads 109 U.S. Marines in a naval attack on the Han River forts in Korea.United States source
1871September 3 – New York City residents, tired of the corruption of the Tammany Hall political machine and "Boss" William M. Tweed, its "Grand Sachem", meet to form the 'Committee of Seventy' to reform local politics.source
1871October 26 – Liberian President Edward James Roye is deposed in a coup d'état.source
1871November 11 – The last of the British Army leaves CanadaCanada source
1871The Martini–Henry rifle enters service with the British Army.United Kingdom source
1872January 20 – The Cavite mutiny was an uprising of Filipino military personnel of Fort San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippine Islands.source
1872May 14 – The Battle of Mañaria, near Bilbao, Spain during the Third Carlist War (1872–1876).source
1872September 1 – A group of Icaiche Maya under Marcos Canul attack the British garrison at Orange Walk Town in British Honduras.source
18721 September – a group of Icaiche Maya under Marcos Canul attack Orange Walk Town in British Honduras as part of the Caste War of Yucatán. British troops are sent against them.United Kingdom source
187216 November – London Metropolitan Police strike.United Kingdom source
1872November 29 – American Indian Wars: The Modoc War begins with the Battle of Lost River.source
1872November 29 – Indian Wars: The Modoc War begins with the Battle of Lost River.United States source
187210 December – Henri Guillaume resigns as Minister of War after failing to get the government to adopt a policy of personal military service.Belgium source
1873January 17 – American Indian Wars: Modoc War: First Battle of the Stronghold – Modoc Indians defeat the United States Army.source
1873January 17 – Indian Wars: The first Battle of the Stronghold is fought during the Modoc War.United States source
187317 February: The Daily Southern Cross Newspaper prints a hoax report of a Russian invasion of Auckland.New Zealand source
1873April 2 – The Pacific Scandal breaks out.Canada source
1873April 15–17 – American Indian Wars: The Second Battle of the Stronghold is fought.source
1873April 23 – Third Carlist War EVENTS IN MADRID, SPAIN -- Brigadier General Carmona confronts the insurgents at the Madrid bullring.source
1873May 5 – Third Carlist War in Spain: Battle of Eraul – Carlists under General Dorregaray defeat Republicans at Eraul, near Estella.source
1873May 9 – Third Carlist War: The Battle of Montejurra is fought at Navarra, Spain.source
1873May 20 – In Chipping Norton, England, rioters attempt to free the Ascott Martyrs –16 women sentenced to imprisonment, for attempting to dissuade strikebreakers in an agricultural labor dispute.source
1873May 23 – North-West Mounted Police are founded to police the Northwest Territories, which then included the region today of Alberta and Saskatchewan.Canada source
1873May 28 – C. Laan brings order to the chaos created by the dockworker riots of Tripoli, Lebanon.source
1873May 28 – The city of Khiva in Turkestan falls to Imperial Russian forces, under the command of General Konstantin von Kaufman.source
1873June 4 – American Indian Wars: The Modoc War ends with the capture of Kintpuash (Captain Jack).source
1873June 4 – Indian Wars: The Modoc War ends with the capture of Kintpuash ("Captain Jack").United States source
1873July 9 – Third Carlist War: Battle of Alpens – Campaigning in Catalonia, a government column under General José Cabrinetty is ambushed at Alpens, 15 miles east of Berga, by Carlist forces under General Francisco Savalls. After heavy fighting, with Cabrinety killed, virtually the entire column of 800 men is killed or captured.source
1873September 16 – German troops leave France upon completion of payment of indemnity for the Franco-Prussian War.source
187316 September – German troops leave France upon completion of payment of indemnity for Franco-Prussian War.France source
187316 September – German troops leave France upon completion of payment of indemnity for the Franco-Prussian War.Germany source
187327 September – Third Anglo-Ashanti War: Royal Engineers land on the Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana) to prepare for an attack on the Kingdom of Ashanti's ruler Kofi Karikari, who has been involved in the trading of slaves.United Kingdom source
1873November 7 – Third Carlist War: Battle of Montejurra – Determined to recapture the key city of Estella in Navarre, Spanish Republican General Domingo Moriones advances on the Carlists under General Joaquín Elío at nearby Montejurra. After very heavy fighting both sides claim victory, but Moriones withdraws, and Estella remains in Carlist hands. Don Carlos is present in the front line.source
1873December 21 – French official Francis Garnier is attacked outside Hanoi by Black Flag mercenaries fighting for the Vietnamese.source
1873December 22 – Third Carlist War: Battle of Bocairente – Campaigning in Valenica, Spanish Republican General Valeriano Weyler is attacked at Bocairente, northwest of Alcoy, by a greatly superior Carlist force under General José Santés. Weyler is initially driven back, losing some of his guns, but in a brilliant counter-attack he turns defeat into victory, and Santés is heavily repulsed and forced to withdraw.source
1873December 27 – Third Carlist War: Siege of Bilbao (until 2 May 1874) – Campaigning in Navarre, Pretender Don Carlos VII and General Joaquín Elío besiege Bilbao, held by General Ignacio del Castillo and 1,200 men. The Carlist force is ten times this number, and includes most of the troops from Navarre, Vizcaya and Álava, although a considerable force is left in Guipúzcoa. Despite defeat at nearby Somorrostro, Republican commander Marshal Francisco Serrano, supported by Generals Manuel de la Concha and Arsenio Martínez-Campos, brilliantly breaks the siege, and Concha then marches on Estella.source
1874January 3 – Third Carlist War: Battle of Caspe – Campaigning on the Ebro in Aragon for the Spanish Republican Government, Colonel Eulogio Despujol surprises a Carlist force under Manuel Marco de Bello at Caspe, northeast of Alcañiz. In a brilliant action the Carlists are routed, losing 200 prisoners and 80 horses, while Despujol is promoted to Brigadier and becomes Conde de Caspe.source
187431 January – British defeat the Ashanti at the Battle of Amoaful.United Kingdom source
1874February 16–April 9 - Saga RebellionJapan source
1874February 24–25 – Third Carlist War: First Battle of Somorrostro – Determined to raise the siege of Bilbao by the Pretender Don Carlos VII, Republican commander Marshal Francisco Serrano sends General Domingo Moriones with a relief force of 14,000 men. Carlists, under General Nicolás Ollo, entrenched at Somorrostro outside Bilbao, drive back a courageous assault by General Fernando Primo de Rivera and then the entire Republican army. The republicans lose 1,200 men, and Moriones loses his nerve, demanding reinforcements and a replacement for himself. Moriones's men entrench and wait.source
1874March 14 – Third Carlist War: Battle of Castellfollit de la Roca – Appointed to command the Spanish Republican army in the north, General Ramón Nouvilas attempts to relieve the Carlist siege of Olot in Girona. But at Castellfollit de la Roca, in one of the Government's worst defeats, Nouvilas is routed by Carlist General Francesc Savalls, and captured along with about 2,000 of his men. Olot capitulates two days later.source
1874March 25–27 – Third Carlist War: Second Battle of Somorrostro – In a renewed attempt to raise the siege of Bilbao by Don Carlos VII, Republican commander Marshal Francisco Serrano himself arrives with 27,000 men and 70 cannons. However, in three days of fierce fighting, the Carlist General Joaquín Elío, with just 17,000 men, once again drives off the attack at nearby Somorrostro, and it is another six weeks before Serrano manages to relieve Bilbao.source
1874May 2 – Third Carlist War: The siege of Bilbao is lifted.source
1874May 24 - Revolt of the Muckers: religious service was held in Ferrabraz, where Jacobina announced the end of the world and ordered the extermination of 16 enemy familiesBrazil source
1874June 28 - Revolt of the Muckers: police attack Muckers but are defeatedBrazil source
1874July 24 – Third Carlist War: Sack of Cuenca – After Carlist forces successfully defend Estella, Don Alfonso de Bourbon, brother of the Don Carlos VII, leads 14,000 Catalan Carlists south to attack Cuenca (136 km from Madrid), held by Republicans under Don Hilario Lozano. After two days the outnumbered garrison capitulates, but Don Alfonso permits a terrible slaughter. The city is sacked. Subsequently, another republican force defeats the disorderly Catalans, who flee back to the Ebro.source
1874August 11 – Third Carlist War: Battle of Oteiza – Two months after Government forces were repulsed from Carlist-held Estella, in Navarre, Republican General Domingo Moriones makes a fresh diversionary attack a few miles to the southeast at Oteiza. In heavy fighting Moriones secures a costly tactical victory over Carlist General Torcuato Mendíri, but the war continues another 18 months, before Estella finally falls.source
1874September 9 – Captain Lyman's wagon train besieged by Indians in Hemphill County, Texas.source
1874September 14 – Battle of Liberty Place: In New Orleans, former Confederate Army members of the White League temporarily drive Republican Governor William P. Kellogg from office, replacing him with former Democratic Governor John McEnery. U.S. Army troops restore Kellogg to office five days later.source
1874September 28 – Texas–Indian wars: U.S. Army Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie leads his force of 600 men on the successful raid of the last sanctuary of the Kiowa, Comanche and Cheyenne Indian tribes, a village inside the Palo Duro Canyon in Texas, and carries out their removal to the designated Indian reservations in Oklahoma.source
1874October 31 – The Quebra-Quilos Revolt starts in Paraíba, Empire of Brazil.source
1874November 28 – King Kalākaua's 1874–75 state visit to the United States begins when the ship carrying him from Hawaii, USS Benicia, docks in San Francisco.United States source
1874November - Quebra–Quilos revoltBrazil source
1874Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874) *China source
1874The first match is played at Cardiff Arms Park, between the Wanderers Club and Glamorgan 2nd XV.Wales source
1875February 3 – Third Carlist War: Battle of Lácar – Carlist commander Torcuato Mendíri secures a brilliant victory, when he surprises and routs a Government force under General Enrique Bargés at Lácar, east of Estella, nearly capturing newly crowned King Alfonso XII. The Carlists take several pieces of artillery, more than 2,000 rifles, and 300 prisoners. 800 men of both sides are killed (mostly government troops).source
187515 February – The Ireland national rugby union team plays its first international match, a 7–0 defeat by England.Ireland source
1875February 18 – The Mason County War begins, as a German-American mob breaks into a prison, and lynches cattle rustlers in central Texas.source
1875February 25 – The majority of the Yavapai (Wipukyipai) and Tonto Apache (Dil Zhéé) tribes are forced by the United States Cavalry, under command of Brigadier General George Crook, to walk at gunpoint from Arizona's Verde Valley, to the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, 180 miles to the southeast. The two tribes are not allowed to return to the Verde Valley until 1900.source
1875February 25 – The majority of the Yavapai (Wipukyipai) and Tonto Apache (Dil Zhéé) tribes are forced by the U.S. Cavalry under command of Brigadier General George Crook to walk at gunpoint from the Arizona's Verde Valley to the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, 180 miles to the southeast. The two tribes are not allowed to return to the Verde Valley until 1900.United States source
1875April 25 – Ten sophomores from Rutgers College (modern-day Rutgers University) steal a one-ton cannon from the campus of the College of New Jersey (modern-day Princeton University), and start the Rutgers–Princeton Cannon War.source
1875Third Carlist War in Spain: Two government armies under General Quesada and Martínez Campos start encroaching on Carlist territory. Both they and their Carlist opponent (Mendiri) drive opposing sympathisers from their homes, and burn crops in areas they can not hold. Several Carlist generals (Dorregaray, Savalls, and others) are unjustly put on trial for disloyalty. Mendiri is also removed from his command, and replaced by the Count of Caserta. Despite having 48 infantry battalions, 3 cavalry regiments, 2 engineer battalions, and 100 pieces of artillery at his disposal, Caserta is heavily outnumbered by the government forces opposing him.source
1875July 1–7 – Third Carlist War: Battle of Treviño – Advancing on the key city of Vitoria, in Navarre, Spanish Republican commander General Jenardo de Quesada sends General Tello to attack the Carlist lines just to the southwest, at Treviño. The newly appointed Carlist commander General José Pérula is heavily defeated and withdraws, and soon afterwards Quesada enters Vitoria in triumph.source
1875The Black Flag Rebellion is staged by white diamond diggers at Kimberley.South Africa source
1875September 2 – The Guibord Affair, violence resulting from the 1874 Guibord case, breaks out.Canada source
1875September 7 – Battle of Agurdat: An Egyptian invasion of Ethiopia fails, when Emperor Yohannes IV defeats an army led by Werner Munzinger.source
1875November 9 – American Indian Wars: In Washington, D.C., Indian Inspector E.C. Watkins issues a report stating that hundreds of Sioux and Cheyenne associated with Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse are hostile to the United States (the Battle of the Little Bighorn is fought in Montana the next year).source
1875November 9 – Indian Wars: In Washington, D.C., Indian Inspector E. C. Watkins issues a report stating that hundreds of Sioux and Cheyenne associated with Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse are hostile to the United States (the Battle of the Little Bighorn is fought in Montana the next year).United States source
1875November 16 – Battle of Gundat: Ethiopian Emperor Yohannes IV defeats another Egyptian army.source
1875December 4 – Notorious New York City politician Boss Tweed escapes from prison and flees to Spain.source
1875December 4 – Notorious New York City politician Boss Tweed escapes from prison and flees to Cuba, then to Spain.United States source
1875December 20 – The ICRM is renamed the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).source
1875British Indian Army officer Neville Chamberlain originates the cue sport of snooker at Jubbulpore (Jabalpur) in India.source
1875The Tong Wars begin in San Francisco.United States source
1876February 2 – Third Carlist War (Spain): Battle of Montejurra – The new commander General Fernando Primo de Rivera marches on the remaining Carlist stronghold at Estella, where he meets a force of about 1,600 men under General Carlos Calderón, at nearby Montejurra. After a courageous and costly defence, Calderón is forced to withdraw.source
1876February 19 – Third Carlist War: Government troops under General Primo de Rivera drive through the weak Carlist forces protecting Estella and take the city by storm.source
1876February 28 – Third Carlist War: The Carlist forces do not succeed, and the promises are never fulfilled. The Carlist pretender Carlos, Duke of Madrid, goes into exile in France, bringing the conflict to an end after four years.source
1876March 2 – United States Secretary of War William W. Belknap resigns his office in the wake of the trader post scandal.source
1876April Uprising: Bulgarian nationalists attacked the Ottoman police headquarters in Oborishte.Russia source
1876May 2 (April 20 O.S.) – April Uprising of 1876 in Ottoman Bulgaria begins: members of the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee rise up against their Ottoman Empire overlords. Over the course of one month and 6 days, the rebellion is suppressed by irregular Ottoman bashi-bazouk units that engage in indiscriminate slaughter of both rebels and non-combatants, killing 15,000–30,000, including the principal rebel leaders and around 5,000 in the Batak massacre. Although the rising does not immediately succeed in its aims, reports of the "Bulgarian Horrors" cause a public outcry in the West and the liberation of Bulgaria is achieved two years later.source
1876May 11/12 – Berlin Memorandum: Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary propose an armistice between Turkey and its insurgents.source
1876May 18 – Wyatt Earp starts work in Dodge City, Kansas, serving under Marshal Larry Deger.source
1876June 17 – American Indian Wars: Battle of the Rosebud – 1,500 Sioux and Cheyenne, led by Crazy Horse, beat back General George Crook's forces at Rosebud Creek in Montana Territory.source
1876June 17 – Indian Wars: Battle of the Rosebud – 1,500 Sioux and Cheyenne led by Crazy Horse beat back General George Crook's forces at Rosebud Creek in Montana Territory.United States source
1876June 25/26 – American Indian Wars: Battle of the Little Bighorn: 300 men of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer are wiped out by 2,000 Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho, led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.source
1876June 25 – Indian Wars: Battle of the Little Bighorn – an army under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer is defeated by 1,500-2,500 Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, suffering over 300 casualties.United States source
1876July 1 – Serbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.source
1876July 2 – Montenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire.source
1876September 7 – In Northfield, Minnesota, Jesse James and the James–Younger Gang attempt to rob the town's bank, but are surrounded by an angry mob and nearly wiped out.source
1876October 24–25 - Shinpūren RebellionJapan source
1876October 27-November 24 - Akizuki RebellionJapan source
1876October 28-November 5 - Hagi RebellionJapan source
1876November 25 – American Indian Wars: Dull Knife Fight – In retaliation for the dramatic American defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, United States Army troops under General Ranald S. Mackenzie sack Chief Dull Knife's sleeping Cheyenne village at the headwaters of the Powder River (Montana). The soldiers destroy all of the villagers' winter food and clothing, and then slash their ponies' throats.source
1876November 25 – Indian Wars: In retaliation for the dramatic American defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, United States Army troops under General Ranald S. Mackenzie sack Chief Dull Knife's sleeping Cheyenne village at the headwaters of the Powder River. The soldiers destroy all of the villagers' winter food and clothing, and then slash their ponies' throats.United States source
1876George Thomas Orlando Bridgeman – History of the Princes of South WalesWales source
1877January 8 – Great Sioux War of 1876: Battle of Wolf Mountain – Crazy Horse and his warriors fight their last battle with the United States Cavalry in Montana.source
1877January 29 – The Satsuma Rebellion, a revolt of disaffected samurai in Japan, breaks out against the new imperial government; it lasts until September, when it is crushed by a professionally led army of draftees.source
1877January 29-September 24 - Satsuma RebellionJapan source
1877February 17 – Major General Charles George Gordon of the British Army is appointed Governor-General of the Sudan.source
1877February 19-April 12 - Siege of Kumamoto CastleJapan source
187715 March to 4 April – 1877 Australia v England series is playedAustralia source
1877April 12 – The United Kingdom annexes the South African Republic, violating the Sand River Convention of 1852, causing the First Boer War.source
1877April 24 – The Compromise of 1877 forces federal troops to withdraw from the Southern United States. This is the latest date disputed by historians when the Reconstruction Era ended and when the Gilded Age started.source
1877April 24 – Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878): Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.source
1877May 5 – Great Sioux War of 1876: Sitting Bull leads his band of Lakota into Canada, to avoid harassment by the U.S. Army under Colonel Nelson Miles.source
1877May 5 – Indian Wars: Sitting Bull leads his band of Lakota into Canada to avoid harassment by the United States Army under Colonel Nelson Miles.United States source
1877May 6 – Chief Crazy Horse of the Oglala Sioux surrenders to U.S. troops in Nebraska.source
1877June 17 – American Indian Wars: Battle of White Bird Canyon – The Nez Perce defeat the U.S. Cavalry at White Bird Canyon, in the Idaho Territory. This begins the Nez Perce War.source
1877July 16 – Great Railroad Strike of 1877: Riots by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad railroad workers in Baltimore lead to a sympathy strike and rioting in Pittsburgh, and a full-scale worker's rebellion in St. Louis, briefly establishing a communist government, before U.S. president Rutherford B. Hayes calls in the armed forces.source
1877July 19 – Russo-Turkish War: The first battle in the siege of Plevna is fought.source
187721 July – the Cabinet decides to declare war on Russia if it occupies Constantinople in the Russo-Turkish War.United Kingdom source
1877July 30 – Russo-Turkish War: The Turkish army and its allies destroy the Bulgarian city of Stara Zagora and massacre the inhabitants.source
1877July 30 – Russo-Turkish War: The second battle in the siege of Plevna is fought.source
1877August 9 – American Indian Wars: Battle of the Big Hole – Near Big Hole River, Montana, a small band of Nez Perce people who refuse government orders to move to a reservation, clash with the United States Army. The army loses 29 soldiers, and the Indians lose 89 warriors, in an Army victory.source
1877September 1 – The Battle of Lovcha, third battle in the siege of Plevna, is fought. Russian forces successfully reduce the Ottoman fortress at Lovcha.source
1877September 5 – American Indian Wars: Oglala Sioux chief Crazy Horse is bayoneted by a United States soldier, after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at Fort Robinson in Nebraska.source
1877December 9 – The fourth battle of the Russo-Turkish War is fought, concluding the siege of Plevna.source
1877December 13 – Serbia restates its previous declaration of war against Turkey.source
1877Refugee Lakota enter Canada near the end of the Great Sioux WarCanada source
1877Provisional Russian Administration in BulgariaRussia source
18773rd Army Corps (Russian Empire)Russia source
1878January 5 – Russo-Turkish War: Battle of Shipka Pass IV – Russian and Bulgarian forces defeat the Ottoman Empire.source
1878January 17 – Russo-Turkish War: Battle of Philippopolis – Russian troops defeat the Ottoman Empire.source
1878January 31 – Turkey agrees to an armistice at Adrianople.source
1878February 2 – Greece declares war on the Ottoman Empire.source
1878February 8 – The British fleet enters Turkish waters, and anchors off Istanbul; Russia threatens to occupy Istanbul, but does not carry out the threat.source
1878February 18 – The Lincoln County War begins in Lincoln County, New Mexico.source
1878February 24 – Anti-Russian demonstrations occur in Hyde Park, London.source
1878March 12 – Commander R.C. Dryer takes possession of the area surrounding Walvis Bay.South Africa source
187812 March – Britain annexes Walvis Bay.United Kingdom source
1878March 27 – In anticipation of war with Russia, Disraeli mobilizes British reserves, and calls up Indian troops to Malta.source
1878April 4 – The Gunfight at Blazer's Mill occurs in Lincoln County, New Mexico.United States source
1878May 11 - Hödel assassination attempt by anarchist Max Hödel targeting the German Kaiser, Wilhelm I.source
1878June 2 – Nobiling assassination attempt by anarchist Karl Nobiling targeting the German Kaiser, Wilhelm I.source
1878October 2 – The Buffalo Bisons of the International League defeat the National League champion Boston Red Caps behind the pitching of Pud Galvin to become Baseball's First Undisputed ChampionUnited States source
1878November 17 – The first assassination attempt is made against Umberto I of Italy by anarchist Giovanni Passannante, armed with a dagger. The King survives with a slight wound in one arm. Prime minister Benedetto Cairoli blocks the aggressor, receiving a leg injury.source
1878November 21 – The Second Anglo-Afghan War commences when the British attack Ali Masjid in the Khyber Pass.source
187821 November – Syria–Lebanon campaign commences when the British attack Ali Masjid in the Khyber Pass.United Kingdom source
1878December 11 – The British present an ultimatum to the Zulu king Cetshwayo, triggering the Anglo-Zulu War.South Africa source
1878Otto von Bismarck abandons his Kulturkampf, and forces through legislation outlawing the Social Democrats.source
1878The 10-year Nauruan Tribal War breaks out.source
1878Jules Massenet - Le roi de LahoreFrance source
1878Vera Zasulich attempts to assassinate Fyodor Trepov (senior)Russia source
1879January 11 – The Anglo-Zulu War begins.source
1879January 11 – Britain declares war against the Zulus and launches the Anglo-Zulu War after an ultimatum issued on 11 December 1878 is rejected.South Africa source
1879January 22 – Anglo-Zulu War – Battle of Isandlwana: A force of 1,200 British soldiers is wiped out by over 20,000 Zulu warriors.source
1879January 23 – Anglo-Zulu War – Battle of Rorke's Drift: Following the previous day's defeat, a smaller British force of 140 successfully repels an attack by 4,000 Zulus.source
18798 February – A controversial umpiring decision at an international cricket match results in the Sydney Riot of 1879.Australia source
1879March 28 – Anglo-Zulu War – Battle of Hlobane: British forces suffer a defeat.source
1879March 29 – Anglo-Zulu War – Battle of Kambula: British forces defeat 20,000 Zulus.source
1879April 5 – War of the Pacific: Chile formally declares war on Bolivia and Peru.source
18791 July – Law secularising primary education passes, triggering First School WarBelgium source
1879July 4 – Anglo-Zulu War – Battle of Ulundi: A British victory effectively ends the war.source
187915 August – The populist revolutionary organization Land and Liberty splits into two factions; the radical terrorist organisation Narodnaya Volya, and the more moderate Black Repartition.Russia source
1879October 8 – War of the Pacific: Battle of Angamos – The Chilean Navy defeats Peruvian naval forces.source
1879November 19 - Battle of San FranciscoBolivia source
1879December 26 - the New Zealand Orange riots unfolds, when sectarian Irish Catholic rioters attacked Orange processions held by the New Zealand Orange Order, taking place in Timaru and Christchurch. These two events became known as the "Siege of Timaru" and the "Battle of the Borough" respectively.New Zealand source
1879Argentina's first anarchist newspaper, El Descamisado, is launched.Argentina source
1880February 4 – The Black Donnelly Massacre takes the lives of five members of one family in Biddulph Township, Middlesex County, Ontario, Canada.source
1880March 22 - Battle of Los ÁngelesBolivia source
188019 April – Second Anglo-Afghan War: British victory at the Battle of Ahmed Khel.United Kingdom source
1880April – The government of Cape Colony sets a deadline for the Basuto people to surrender their weapons; non-compliance leads to the Basuto Gun War.source
188021 June – Battle of Los Corrales: Troops of Carlos Tejedor, governor of Buenos Aires, are defeated by the National Army led by president Nicolás Avellaneda.Argentina source
1880June 29 – France annexes Tahiti.source
188029 June – France annexes Tahiti.France source
1880July 27 – Second Anglo-Afghan War – Battle of Maiwand: Afghan troops under Ayub Khan defeat British and Indian forces, under Brigadier General George Burrows.source
1880September 1 – Second Anglo-Afghan War – Battle of Kandahar: General Frederick Roberts, commanding British forces, defeats the Afghan troops of Mohammad Ayub Khan, bringing an end to the war.source
1880December 20 – First Boer War: The Battle of Bronkhorstspruit results in a Boer victory over the British.source
1880Fietas, Johannesburg is known as the 'Malay Location'. Its population is mainly 'coloured', 'Cape coloured', and Malay.South Africa source
1880The assassination attempt by the People's Deputy I. O. Mlodetsky on M. T. Loris-MelkovRussia source
1880Sir William Boyd Dawkins – Early Man in Britain and his place in the Tertiary PeriodWales source
1881January 1–24 – Siege of Geok Tepe: Russian troops under General Mikhail Skobelev defeat the Turkomans.source
1881January 1–January 24 – Siege of Geok Tepe: the Turkomans is defeated by Russian troops under General Mikhail Skobelev.Russia source
1881January 13 – War of the Pacific – Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos: The Chilean army defeats Peruvian forces.source
1881January 15 – War of the Pacific – Battle of Miraflores: The Chileans take Lima, capital of Peru, after defeating its second line of defense in Miraflores.source
188115 January - Battle of MirafloresChile source
1881January 28 – The Boers defeat the British in the Battle of Laing's Nek during the First Boer War.South Africa source
188119 February – First Wales national game, played at Blackheath against England. Wales lose heavily.Wales source
188127 March – in Basingstoke, antagonism between the Salvation Army and supporters of the licensed trade becomes so great that the Riot Act is read and troops are called in to restore order.United Kingdom source
1881April 15 – Anti-Semitic pogroms in Southern Russia begin.source
1881June 26 – War of the Pacific – Battle of Sangrar: Peruvian and Chilean forces battle to a draw.source
18811 July – formation, under the Childers Reforms of the British Army, of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, Cameronians (Scottish Rifles), Gordon Highlanders, Highland Light Infantry and Seaforth Highlanders.Scotland source
1881July 2 – Assassination of James A. Garfield: United States President James A. Garfield is shot by lawyer Charles J. Guiteau in Washington, D.C. The wound becomes infected, killing Garfield on September 19.source
1881July 2 – Assassination of James A. Garfield: James A. Garfield, President of the United States, is shot by lawyer Charles J. Guiteau at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C. He survives the shooting but suffers from infection of his wound, dying on September 19.United States source
1881July 20 – American Indian Wars: Sioux chief Sitting Bull leads the last of his people in surrender to United States troops at Fort Buford in Montana.source
1881October 26 – The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral occurs in Tombstone, Cochise County, Arizona, USA.source
1881November 3 – The Mapuche uprising of 1881 begins with an attack on Quillem, Chile.source
18815 November – The invasion of Parihaka by a colonial militia aiming to clear the non-violent resistance movement and enable the subdivision of land for European settlementNew Zealand source
1881November 19 – A meteorite strikes the Earth near the village of Großliebenthal, a few kilometers southwest of Odesa, Ukraine.source
1881December 25–27 – The Warsaw pogrom is carried out in Vistula Land, Russian Empire.source
1882January 5 – Charles J. Guiteau is found guilty of the assassination of James A. Garfield (President of the United States), despite an insanity defense raised by his lawyer.United States source
1882March 2 – Roderick Maclean fails in an attempt to assassinate Queen Victoria, at Windsor.source
18822 March – Roderick Maclean fails in an attempt to assassinate Queen Victoria at Windsor, Berkshire.Scotland source
18822 March – Roderick Maclean fails in an attempt to assassinate Queen Victoria outside Windsor railway station, the last attempt on her life.United Kingdom source
1882March 20 – British gunboats enter Monrovia, with Arthur Havelock demanding that Liberia cede disputed territory to the British colony of Sierra Leone, of which he is Governor.source
1882June 6 – Battle of Embabo: The Shewan forces of Menelik II defeat the Gojjame army.source
1882June 11 – The 'Urabi revolt breaks out in Egypt against Khedive Tewfik Pasha and European influence in that country.source
18829 July - Battle of La ConcepciónChile source
1882July 23 – The Imo Incident occurs in Seoul, Korea, as a result of bad rations and late payment for soldiers of the Joseon Army.source
1882July – James Connolly arrives in Ireland for the first time when his British Army regiment is posted to Cork.Ireland source
1882August 29 – The Australian cricket team historically defeats England at The Oval for the first time on English soil, a humiliation for the English and the origin for The Ashes test series.source
1882September 13 – Anglo-Egyptian War: British troops occupy Cairo, and Egypt becomes a British protectorate.source
1882November 16 – The British Royal Navy's HMS Flirt destroys Abari village in Niger.source
1882Pogroms in Southern Russia end.source
1882The Personal Liberty League is established to oppose the temperance movement in the United States.source
1882Presidency Small Cause Courts ActIndia source
1882Reserve Forces Act (British statute)India source
1882Anti-Irish riots break out at Tredegar.Wales source
1883January 8 — January 19 – Trial of the 66 in Lyon, targeting the Black International in France.source
1883March 28 – Battle of Gia Cuc: A French force defeats the Vietnamese in northern Vietnam in the run-up to the Sino-French War.source
1883May 19 - Battle of Cầu Giấy (Paper Bridge)China source
188319 May – Battle of Paper Bridge, French defeat by Black Flag forces.France source
188310 July - Battle of HuamachucoChile source
1883July 22 – Zulu King Cetshwayo barely escapes a rebel attack with his life.source
1883July 22 – Zulu King Cetshwayo barely escapes with his life in a rebel attack.South Africa source
1883September 11 – Major Evelyn Baring becomes Consul-General of Egypt under British rule.source
1883October 15 – The Supreme Court of the United States declares part of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to be unconstitutional, since the Court allows private individuals and corporations to discriminate based on race.United States source
1883October 16 – In five Civil Rights Cases the Supreme Court of the United States declares part of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to be unconstitutional, allowing individuals and corporations to discriminate based on race.source
1883October 30 – Two Clan na Gael dynamite bombs explode in the London Underground, injuring several people. The next day, British Home Secretary Vernon Harcourt drafts 300 policemen to guard the underground, and introduces the Explosives Bill.source
188330 October – two Clan na Gael dynamite bombs explode in the London Underground, injuring several people. Next day the British Home Secretary, William Vernon Harcourt, introduces the Explosives Bill.Ireland source
188330 October – two Clan na Gael dynamite bombs explode in the London Underground, injuring several people. Next day Home Secretary William Vernon Harcourt drafts 300 policemen to guard the Underground and introduces the Explosives Bill.United Kingdom source
1883November 3 – The 14th Century AH begins in the Islamic calendar on the 1st of Muharram, 1301 AH.source
1883December 16 – Tonkin Campaign: French forces capture the Sơn Tây citadel.source
1883First Wales match against Scotland. Wales lose by three goals to one.Wales source
188426 January Ireland 0–5 Scotland (in Belfast)Ireland source
1884March 13 – The Siege of Khartoum begins in the Sudan as part of the Mahdist War: an Egyptian garrison led by British General Charles Gordon and Sudanese civilians are besieged by Mahdist forces; the city falls on January 26, 1885.source
1884March 27–29 – Cincinnati riots of 1884.United States source
1884April 24 – A German protectorate is established over South-West Africa.source
1884April 24 – Germany occupies German South-West Africa.South Africa source
188430 May – Fenian dynamite campaign: Three bombs explode in London: at the headquarters of the Criminal Investigation Department and the Metropolitan Police Service's Special Irish Branch; in the basement of the Carlton Club (a gentlemen's club frequented by members of the Conservative Party); and outside the home of Conservative MP Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn; ten people are injured. A fourth bomb planted at the foot of Nelson's Column fails to explode.United Kingdom source
1884July 5 – Germany takes possession of Togoland.source
188414 July – Commencement of German administration in Cameroon (Kamerun).Germany source
1884August 22 – The Sino-French War (for control of Tonkin) breaks out (continues to April 1885).source
1884August 23 – Sino-French War: Battle of Fuzhou – French Admiral Amédée Courbet's Far East Squadron virtually destroys China's Fujian Fleet.source
1884November 7 – Calgary is incorporated as a town, changing its name from Fort CalgaryCanada source
188411 November – Blackford Hill is acquired by the city of Edinburgh.Scotland source
188423 November – Siege of Tuyên Quang begins in Indochina: The French Foreign Legion is besieged by forces of the Empire of China.France source
1884December 4 – Reformers in Korea who admire the Meiji Restoration in Japan stage the Gapsin Coup, with Japan's help. China intervenes to rescue the king and help suppress the rebels.source
1885January 3–4 – Sino-French War: Battle of Núi Bop – French troops under General Oscar de Négrier defeat a numerically superior Qing Chinese force, in northern Vietnam.source
1885January 17 – Mahdist War in Sudan: Battle of Abu Klea – British troops defeat Mahdist forces.source
18855 February — Italian troops of the Corpo Speciale per l'Africa (Special Corps for Africa), commanded by Colonel Tancredi Saletta, move into Massawa in Italian Eritrea without resistance or protest from its Egyptian garrison. The outbreak of the Mahdist uprising in the Sudan had changed the political situation in the Horn of Africa. Egypt was unable to maintain its garrison in Massawa and, with British approval and using the massacre of the explorer Gustavo Bianchi in 1884 as a pretext, the government had decided to take action in December 1884. The move will eventually lead to the Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889.Italy source
1885February 23 – Sino-French War: Battle of Đồng Đăng – France gains an important victory over China, in the Tonkin region of modern-day Vietnam.source
1885February 26 – The Berlin Conference ends and the Scramble for Africa begins.South Africa source
18853 March – The New South Wales Contingent, consisting of an infantry battalion and an artillery battalion, leaves Sydney to fight in the Sudan Campaign.Australia source
1885March 24 — Battle of Bang Bo (Zhennan Pass)China source
1885March 26 – The North-West Rebellion in Canada by the Métis people, led by Louis Riel, begins with the Battle of Duck Lake.source
1885March 26 – Louis Riel and the Métis battle the North-West Mounted Police at Duck LakeCanada source
1885March 30 – The Battle for Kushka triggers the Panjdeh Incident, which nearly gives rise to war between the British Empire and Russian Empire.source
1885April 2 – Frog Lake Massacre: Cree warriors led by Wandering Spirit kill 9 settlers at Frog Lake in the Northwest Territories.source
1885April 14 – Sino-French War: A French victory at Kép causes China to withdraw its forces from Tonkin, in the final engagement of the conflict.source
1885May 2 – North-West Rebellion: Battle of Cut Knife – Cree and Assiniboine warriors win their largest victory over Canadian forces.source
1885May 5 - Liberian general election, 1885Liberia source
1885May 9–12 – North-West Rebellion: Battle of Batoche – Canadian government forces inflict a decisive defeat on Métis rebels, bringing an end to their part in the rebellion.source
1885June 3 – Battle of Loon Lake: The Canadian North-West Mounted Police and allies force a party of Plains Cree warriors to surrender in the last skirmish of the North-West Rebellion, and the last battle fought on Canadian soil.source
1885July 28 – Louis Riel's trial for treason begins in Regina.source
1885August 29 – John L. Sullivan becomes first World Heavyweight Boxing Champion.United States source
1885September 2 – The Rock Springs massacre occurs in Rock Springs, Wyoming; 150 white miners attack their Chinese coworkers, killing 28, wounding 15, and forcing several hundred more out of town.source
1885November 14–28 – Serbo-Bulgarian War: Serbia declares war against Bulgaria, but is defeated in the Battle of Slivnitsa on November 17–19.source
1885November 27 – St. Helena Anti-Chinese League is formed in Napa County, California.source
1885November – The Third Anglo-Burmese War begins.source
1885The Soldiers' and Sailors' Families Association is established in the United Kingdom, to provide charitable assistance.source
1885Indian Army Pension Deficiency Act (British statute)India source
1886January 1 – Upper Burma is formally annexed to British Burma, following its conquest in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of November 1885.source
1886February 6–9 – Seattle riot of 1886: Anti-Chinese sentiments result in riots in Seattle, Washington.source
1886February 8 – The West End Riots following a popular meeting in Trafalgar Square, London.source
1886March 17 – A white mob storms a courthouse in Carroll County, Mississippi, killing 23 African Americans.source
188610 April – Soldiers fire on strikers in RouxBelgium source
188627 May – Tellef Dahll Schweigaard, politician (born 1806)Norway source
188612 July – mid-September: Belfast riots begin with the Orange Institution parades and continue sporadically throughout the summer; clashes take place between Catholics and Protestants, and also between Loyalists and police. Thirteen people are killed in a weekend of serious rioting, with an official death toll of 31 people over the period.Ireland source
188612 July–mid-September – Belfast riots: Beginning with the Orange Institution parades and continuing sporadically throughout the summer, clashes take place between Catholics and Protestants, and also between Loyalists and police. Thirteen people are killed in a weekend of serious rioting, with an official death toll of 31 people over the period.United Kingdom source
1886August 13 – Nagasaki Incident: Chinese troops riot during shore leave in Nagasaki, Japan.source
1886September 4 – American Indian Wars: After almost 30 years of fighting, Apache leader Geronimo surrenders, with his last band of warriors, to General Nelson Miles, at Skeleton Canyon in Arizona.source
1886September 4 – Indian Wars: After almost 30 years of fighting, Apache leader Geronimo surrenders with his last band of warriors to General Nelson Miles at Skeleton Canyon in Arizona.United States source
18864 November – Ole C. Johnson, soldier in the American Civil War (born 1838)Norway source
1886November – Arsenal wins the Melbourne CupAustralia source
1886Beginning of the tithe revolt in Denbighshire.Wales source
1887January 24 – Battle of Dogali: Abyssinian troops defeat the Italians.source
188725 January – Italian troops move into the hinterland of Massawa, territory claimed by Ethiopia, brought her forces into conflict with those of Ethiopia, specifically those of Ras Alula, governor of Mareb Mellash. On 24 or 25 January 1887, Alula attacked the Italian fort at Saati. In the ensuing skirmish, his troops were beaten back.Italy source
188726 January – An Ethiopian force of about 15,000 men ambushed an Italian battalion sent to reinforce Saati and almost annihilated it at the Battle of Dogali, 10 mi west of Massawa. The Italian response was immediate. The Italian parliament voted 5,000,000 lire for troops to reinforce Massawa. An Italian force was sent to garrison the interior, while Emperor Yohannes IV withdrew his forces to avoid confrontation. Disease ravaged the Italian troops and they were pulled out in March 1887, ending the first phase of the war. The battle marks the start of the Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889.Italy source
1887February 8 – The Dawes Act, or the General Allotment Act, is enacted in the United States.source
1887April 20−30 – Schnaebele incident: A French/German border incident nearly leads to war between the two countries.source
1887May 25 – The Hells Canyon massacre begins: 34 Chinese gold miners are ambushed and murdered in Hells Canyon, Oregon, United States.source
188721 June – Jubilee Plot: Clan na Gael supporters land in Britain from the United States to commit terrorist offences.United Kingdom source
188724 August – Soldiers fire upon Ostend trawlermen protesting the favouritism shown to British trawlermenBelgium source
18871 November – The Helvetia wrecked off Worms Head, Rhossili (remains can still be seen at low tide).Wales source
1887November 13 – Bloody Sunday: Police in London clash with radical and Irish nationalist protesters.source
188713 November – Bloody Sunday: Police in London clash with radical and Irish nationalist protesters.Ireland source
188721–28 April – The Schnaebele incident nearly leads to war between France and Germany.France source
1887Defence Forces Cemetery of TallinnRussia source
18889 January – Crofters War: Aignish riot – Dispossessed crofters on Lewis face armed troops.Scotland source
1888January 19 – The Battle of the Grapevine Creek, the last major conflict of the Hatfield–McCoy feud in the Southeastern United States.source
18883 March Wales 11–0 Ireland (in Wrexham)Ireland source
188816 March – France annexes the Polynesian kingdom of Raiatea and Taha'a.France source
1888April 16 – The German Empire annexes the island of Nauru.source
188815 June – Wilhelm II becomes German Emperor after the death of his father, Friedrich III.Germany source
1888In July, Italian troops of General Antonio Baldissera began operations to extend Italian colonial possessions in Italian Eritrea, starting from the already acquired Massawa they targeted the plateau cities of Keren and Asmara.Italy source
1888August 20 – A mutiny at Dufile, Equatoria, results in the imprisonment of the Emin Pasha.source
1888October 14 – Battle of Guté Dili: Seeking to extend Mahdist control over what is becomes southwestern Ethiopia, governor Khalil al-Khuzani is routed by an alliance of Shewan forces, under Ras Gobana Dacche and Moroda Bekere, ruler of Leqa Naqamte. Only a handful, including Khalil, barely manage to flee the battlefield.source
188825 October – The captain of the HMQS Gayundah, Henry Townley Wright, refuses to relinquish his command after being ordered to do so by the Queensland government. The Colonial Secretary orders Wright be dismissed from the Queensland Maritime Defence Force, and has him removed from the ship by Queensland Police.Australia source
18885 November – Belfast is granted city status by Queen Victoria.United Kingdom source
1888Wellington Cup winner – BeresfordNew Zealand source
188927 January – Former defense minister General Georges Boulanger contemplates a coup.France source
1889March – A German naval force shells a village in Samoa, destroying some American property; three American warships enter the Samoan harbor and prepare to fire on the three German warships found there. Before guns are fired, a hurricane blows in and sinks all the ships, American and German. A compulsory armistice is called because of the lack of warships.United States source
1889April 1 – Following a failure on January 27 to launch a coup, former French defense minister General Georges Boulanger flees to Brussels to avoid arrest for treason.source
1889April 20 – Birth of Adolf Hitler at Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary, the son of customs official Alois Hitler and his third wife, Klara.source
188929 June – Gustav Christian Gjøs, politician (born 1810)Norway source
1889July 15 – The Emperor of Brazil, Pedro II, survives an assassination attempt in Rio de Janeiro.source
1889August 3 – Mahdist War: Battle of Toski – Egyptian and British troops are victorious.source
18893 August – Mahdist War: Egyptian and British victory at the Battle of Toski.United Kingdom source
188911 November – Republicans meet at the home of Rui Barbosa to plan a coup. The chief organizers are Benjamin Constant, Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca, Quintino Bocaiuva and Aristides Lobo.Brazil source
1889November 15 – Field Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca organizes a military coup which deposes Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and abolishes the Brazilian monarchy. Deodoro da Fonseca proclaims Brazil a republic, and forms a provisional government.source
18896-25 May – Subversion trial in Mons reveals activity of security service agents provocateurs in the Parti socialiste républicainBelgium source
1889Langelandsgade Kaserne is completed and opens as a military barracks.Denmark source
1889The Great Scottish National Panorama (Battle of Bannockburn) is opened in Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow.Scotland source
1890January 11 – 1890 British Ultimatum: The United Kingdom demands Portugal withdraw its forces from the land between the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola (most of present-day Zimbabwe and Zambia).source
18908 February Wales 5–2 Ireland (in Shrewsbury)Ireland source
189021 February – First Franco-Dahomean War begins.France source
189027 March – Preston North End finish the second season of the Football League as title winners once again.United Kingdom source
1890June 27 – Canadian-born boxer George Dixon defeats the British bantamweight champion in London, giving him claim to be the first black world champion in any sport.source
189027 June – In the First Battle of Agordat Italy defeats Mahdist Sudan.Italy source
18902 July – Brussels Conference Act of 1890 (anti-slavery convention)Belgium source
1890July 26 – In Buenos Aires, the Revolution of the Park takes place, forcing President Juárez Celman's resignation.source
1890October 11 – In Washington, D.C., the Daughters of the American Revolution is founded.source
1890November 29 – At West Point, New York, the United States Navy defeats the United States Army 24–0 in the first Army–Navy Game of college football.source
1890November 29 – In West Point, New York, the United States Navy defeats the United States Army 24–0 in the first Army–Navy football game.United States source
1890November – Carbine wins the Melbourne CupAustralia source
1890December 29 – Wounded Knee Massacre: At Wounded Knee, South Dakota, a Lakota camp, the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment tries to disperse the non-violent "Ghost-Dance" which was promised to usher in a new era of power and freedom to Native Americans but is feared as a potential rallying tool for violent rebellion by some in the U.S. government. Shooting begins, and 153 Lakota Sioux and 25 troops are killed; about 150 flee the scene. This is the last tribe to be defeated and confined to a reservation as well as the beginning of the decline of both the American Indian Wars and the American frontier.source
1890Armenian Revolutionary FederationRussia source
1891January 1 – A strike of 500 Hungarian steel workers occurs; 3,000 men are out of work as a consequence.source
1891January 5 – A fight between the United States and Lakota people breaks out near Pine Ridge agency.source
1891January 7 – General Nelson A. Miles' forces surround the Lakota in the Pine Ridge Reservation.source
1891January 11 – 3,000 Lakotas approach Pine Ridge with a view to surrender.source
1891January 12 – Canada brings suit before the United States Supreme Court in re seizures of vessels in the Bering Sea.source
1891January 14 – Conference of Lakota chiefs with General Miles at Pine Ridge Reservation: the Lakota agree to surrender.source
189114 January: Bob Fitzsimmons wins the world middleweight boxing title by beating Jack (Nonpareil) Dempsey.New Zealand source
1891January 16 – The Chilean Civil War of 1891 breaks out.source
1891January 31 – The Portuguese republican revolution breaks out, in the northern city of Porto.source
1891February – The Tobacco Protest begins in Iran.source
18917 March England 6–1 Ireland (in Wolverhampton)Ireland source
1891April 23 – Chilean Civil War of 1891: Chilean ironclad Blanco Encalada is sunk at the Battle of Caldera Bay by torpedo boats. This is the first ironclad warship lost to a self-propelled torpedo.source
1891May 1 – Troops fire on a workers' May Day demonstration in support of the 8-hour workday in Fourmies, France, killing 9 and wounding 30.source
18911 May – Fusillade de Fourmies, nine killed and thirty wounded when troops fire on workers' May Day demonstration in support of eight-hour workday in Fourmies.France source
1891May 11 – Ōtsu incident: Tsesarevich Nikolay Alexandrovich (the future Czar Nicholas II) of Russia survives an assassination attempt while visiting Japan.source
1891July 3 - The vessel Maipo arrived in Iquique with arms and munitions for the Congressionalist JuntaChile source
18913 November – President Fonseca dissolves the National Congress and declares a "state of emergency".Brazil source
1891November 11 – Jindandao Incident: The Chinese Juu Uda League in Inner Mongolia massacres tens of thousands of Mongols, before being suppressed by government troops in late December.source
1891December 26 – The Mexican Army is attacked by Garza's followers in a raid from San Ygnacio, TexasMexico source
1891Jindandao incident, a rebellion by a Chinese secret society called Jindandao (金丹道), who rose in revolt in Inner Mongolia in November 1891 and massacred 150,000 Mongols before being suppressed by government troops in late December.China source
1891Football – The Welsh Cup is won by Shrewsbury Town.Wales source
18925 March Ireland 0–2 England (in Belfast)Ireland source
1892April 30 – Lynching of Ephraim Grizzard, an African American, in Nashville, Tennessee.United States source
1892April – The Johnson County War breaks out between small farmers and large ranchers in Wyoming.source
1892May 19 – Battle of Yemoja River: British troops defeat Ijebu infantry in modern-day Nigeria, using a maxim gun.source
1892May 22 – The British conquest of Ijebu Ode marks a major extension of colonial power into the Nigerian interior.source
1892June 26 – Battle of Serobeti between Italy and Mahdist Sudan.Italy source
1892June 30 – The Homestead Strike begins in Homestead, Pennsylvania, culminating in a battle between striking workers and private security agents on July 6.source
18922 September – Everton F. C. play their first game at their new Goodison Park stadium following their exit from Anfield earlier this year. Their first game at the stadium ends in a 2–2 draw with Nottingham Forest.United Kingdom source
1892October 24 – Boston Beaneaters win their Fifth National League Pennant by defeating Cleveland Spiders 5 games to 0.United States source
1892November 8 – An anarchist bomb kills six in a police station in Avenue de l'Opéra, Paris.source
1892November 17 – French troops occupy Abomey, capital of the kingdom of Dahomey.source
189217 November – French troops occupy Abomey, capital of kingdom of Dahomey.France source
1892The Conquest of Bread by Peter KropotkinRussia source
1892Chair – Evan Jones, "Y Cenhadwr"Wales source
1893January 13 – U.S. Marines from the USS Boston land in Honolulu, Hawaii, to prevent the queen from abrogating the Bayonet Constitution.source
1893January 17 – Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii: Lorrin A. Thurston and the Citizen's Committee of Public Safety in Hawaii, with the intervention of the United States Marine Corps, overthrow the government of Queen Liliuokalani.source
1893January 17 – The U.S. Marines intervene in Hawaii, resulting in overthrow of the government of Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii.United States source
189310 March – The Government takes control of Uganda from the British East Africa Company.United Kingdom source
1893July 11 – Liberal general and politician José Santos Zelaya leads a successful revolt in Nicaragua.source
1893July 13 – Paknam Incident: Two French Navy ships are fired upon by Siamese cannons stationed at the Paknam Fort, that guards the Chao Phraya River. Three months later, Siam is forced to cede modern-day Laos to France.source
1893August 15 – The Ibadan area becomes a British protectorate, after a treaty signed by Fijabi, the Baale of Ibadan, with the British acting Governor of Lagos, George C. Denton.source
1893August 16–17 – Massacre of Italian workers of the Compagnie des Salins du Midi in Aigues-Mortes (France) by French villagers and workers. The New York Times, reporting from the trial of ringleaders later in the year, reported that "ten men were killed and twenty-six wounded". Anti-French riots erupt in Italy. In Rome the windows of the French Embassy were smashed and for a while the angry mob seemed to get out of hand.Italy source
1893August 23 – Start of a three-day popular revolt in Naples incited by horse-cab drivers notoriously linked to the Camorra, who called for a strike against the agreement between the city administration and the Belgian tram company Société Anonyme des Tramways Provinciaux (it), which provides for the extension of the tramway line to other parts of the city. The coachmen created riots and wreak havoc on the streets of Naples together with thousands of other demonstrators descending from the working-class neighbourhoods. Carriages that did not participate in the strike were attacked and a tram was burnt down. The police fired on the demonstrators, injuring some of them and killing a boy. His corpse is carried in a tumultuous procession and continuous clashes with the police, from San Carlo all'Arena to the Prefecture. The riot spreads, shops are attacked, shop windows smashed. Devastations multiply, but do not result in looting.Italy source
1893September – Revolta da Armada launched by Royalist admiral Custódio José de MeloBrazil source
1893October 23 – The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) is founded in the town of Thessaloniki. Its aim is to liberate the region of Macedonia from the Ottoman Turks.source
1893November 1 – First Matabele War: Battle of Bembezi, British South Africa Company defeats an assault by the Matabele.source
1893December 4 – First Matabele War: The Shangani Patrol of British South Africa Company soldiers is ambushed and annihilated, by more than 3,000 Matabele warriors.source
189316–17 August – Massacre of Italians at Aigues-Mortes: Italian workers of the Compagnie des Salins du Midi are attacked in Aigues-Mortes (France) by French villagers and workers with at least 8 deaths. Anti-French riots erupt in Italy. In Rome the windows of the French Embassy are smashed and for a while the angry mob seems to get out of hand.France source
1893Winners: Linfield 5–1 CliftonvilleIreland source
1893New Zealand Derby – SkirmisherNew Zealand source
1894January 3 – Prime Minister Francesco Crispi declares a state of siege throughout Sicily to quell the revolt of the Fasci Siciliani. General Roberto Morra di Lavriano is dispatched with 40,000 troops. A solidarity revolt of anarchists and republicans in the Lunigiana was crushed as well. The old order is restored through the use of extreme force, including summary executions. The Fasci are outlawed, the army and the police kill scores of protesters, and hundreds wounded.Italy source
18947 January – Søren Jaabæk, politician and farmer (born 1814)Norway source
1894February 12 – Ère des attentats: Café Terminus attack – In one of the first acts of modern terrorism, French anarchist Émile Henry throws a bomb into the Café Terminus in Paris, France, killing one person and injuring at least seventeen.source
1894May Day riots break out in Cleveland, Ohio.source
1894June 18 – Britain establishes a protectorate over Uganda.source
1894June 27 - Federalist Revolution: Battle of Passo Fundo in the state of Rio Grande do SulBrazil source
1894June 28 – July 9 – Colonial Conference of 1894 held in Ottawa.Canada source
1894August 1 – War is declared between the Qing Empire of China and the Empire of Japan over their rival claims of influence on their common ally, the Joseon dynasty of Korea. The event marks the start of the First Sino-Japanese War.source
1894September 17 - Battle of the Yalu River (1894)China source
1894November 3 – Waziristan campaign (1894–1895): Battle of Wana Camp – British colonial forces stationed in Wana would come under attack by rebel Mahsud tribesmen. The battle began a campaign of offensive actions against the Mahsud tribes in Waziristan to reduce their strength.source
189410 November - Jandamarra, an Indigenous Australian of the Bunuba people, leads one of the few armed insurrections against Europeans.Australia source
1894November 21 – First Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Lushunkou – Japanese troops secure a decisive victory over the Chinese, capture the port city of Lüshunkou, and begin the Port Arthur massacre, in which more than 1,000 Chinese servicemen and civilians die.source
1894Top New Zealand stakes earner – Blue FireNew Zealand source
1895January 6 – The Wilcox rebellion, an attempt led by Robert Wilcox to overthrow the Republic of Hawaii and restore the Kingdom of Hawaii, begins with royalist troops landing at Waikiki Beach in O'ahu and clashing with republican defenders. The rebellion ends after three days and the remaining 190 royalists are taken prisoners of war.source
1895January 13 – First Italo-Ethiopian War: Battle of Coatit – Italian forces defeat the Ethiopians.source
1895January 13 – Battle of Coatit between Italy and Ethiopian proxies led by Tigrian warlord Ras Mengesha Yohannes in what is now Eritrea. It was the opening battle of the First Italo–Ethiopian War, and was a significant victory for the Italians, as they rebuffed an invasion force.Italy source
1895January 20 – February 12 – First Sino-Japanese War: Battle of WeihaiweiChina source
1895February 24 – The first rebellions of the Cuban War of Independence break out.source
1895March 4 – Japanese troops capture Liaoyang and land in Taiwan.source
1895April - Kalugumalai riots of 1895India source
1895May 29-October 21 - Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)Japan source
189529 May – The start of Japanese invasion of Taiwan.Taiwan source
189524 June – Battle of Campo OsórioBrazil source
1895July 10–11 – The Doukhobors' pacifist protests culminate in the "burning of the arms" in the South Caucasus.source
1895August 29 – The Mat Salleh Rebellion in North Borneo is incited.source
1895October 1 – French troops capture Antananarivo, Madagascar.source
1895October 23 – The city of Tainan, last stronghold of the Republic of Formosa, capitulates to the forces of the Empire of Japan, ending the short-lived republic, and beginning the era of Taiwan under Japanese rule.source
1895December 7 – A corps of 2,350 Italian troops, mostly Askari, are crushed by 30,000 Abyssinian troops at Amba Alagi.source
1895December 29 – The Jameson Raid is launched when Leander Starr Jameson and his forces cross into Transvaal from Bechuanaland.South Africa source
1895Ottoman troops burn 3,000 Armenians alive in Urfa.source
1895The Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War begins.source
1895Victoria wins the Sheffield ShieldAustralia source
1896January 2 – The Jameson Raid comes to an end as Jameson surrenders to the Boers.source
1896January 6 – Cecil Rhodes is forced to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape of Good Hope for his involvement in the Jameson Raid.source
1896January 6 – Cecil Rhodes is forced to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony for his involvement in the Jameson Raid.South Africa source
1896January 17 – Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War: British redcoats enter the Ashanti capital, Kumasi, and Asantehene Agyeman Prempeh I is deposed.source
1896January – Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War: British redcoats enter the Ashanti capital, Kumasi, and Asantehene Agyeman Prempeh I is deposed.United Kingdom source
1896February 6–August 12 – Yaqui Uprising in Arizona and Mexico.United States source
1896March 1 – Battle of Adwa: Ethiopia defends its independence from Italy, ending the First Italo-Ethiopian War.source
1896March 1 – The Battle of Adwa between Ethiopia and Italy near the town of Adwa, Ethiopia, in Tigray. It was the climactic battle of the First Italo-Ethiopian War, securing Ethiopian sovereignty and ending Italian attempts at its conquest for another three and a half decades. The Italians suffered about 7,000 killed and 1,500 wounded in the battle and subsequent retreat back into Eritrea, with 3,000 taken prisoner. Ethiopian losses have been estimated at around 4,000–5,000 killed and 8,000 wounded. When the news reached Italy, street demonstrations and rioting broke out in major cities.Italy source
1896May 30 – Khodynka Tragedy: a crowd crush at Khodynka Field in Moscow kills at least 1,200 of those marking the coronation year of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia.source
1896June 7 – Mahdist War: Battle of Ferkeh – British and Egyptian troops are victorious.source
1896August 23 – The Cry of Pugad Lawin initiates the Philippine Revolution.source
1896August 27 – The shortest war in recorded history, the Anglo-Zanzibar War, starts at 9:00 in the morning, and lasts for 45 minutes of shelling.source
1896November 9-11 – Governor-General Ramón Blanco y Erenas with more than 6,000 soldiers attacked the revolutionaries under Emilio Aguinaldo, resulting to the simultaneous Battle of Binakayan and Battle of Dalahican. It was the first major Filipino victory during the Philippine Revolution.Philippines source
189621 November - The War of Canudos begins with an attack by the small force led by Pires Ferreira. They are fiercely counter-attacked by a band of 500 armed men; the Brazilian force retreats, after incurring severe losses and killing 150 of the attackers, many of whom are armed only with machetes, primitive lances and axes.Brazil source
1896Dungan Revolt (1895–96), a rebellion of various Chinese Muslim ethnic groups in Qinghai and Gansu against the Qing dynastyChina source
1896Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar ascends to the throne in May 1896 after the assassination of Naser al-Din Shah.Iran source
18972 February – Despite the guarantees given by the Great Powers on the Ottoman sovereignty over Crete, Colonel Timoleon Vassos unilaterally proclaimed the union of the island with Greece. The Powers reacted by demanding that the Greek Prime Minister Theodoros Deligiannis immediately withdraw Greek forces from the island in exchange for a statute of autonomy. The demand was rejected, and on 7 February the first full-scale battle between Greeks and Turks occurred, when the Greek expeditionary force in Crete defeated a 4,000-strong Ottoman force at the Battle of Livadeia, Crete. The bold action of the Greeks excites popular admiration in Italy and sympathy with the Cretan Christians.Italy source
1897February 13 – Governor-General Camilo de Polavieja begins his campaign with 16,000 Spanish soldiers to regain Cavite from Filipino revolutionaries.Philippines source
1897February 17 – Filipino forces win in the Battle of Zapote Bridge at the boundary of Las Piñas and Cavite.Philippines source
189720 February England 6–0 Ireland (in Nottingham)Ireland source
1897April 18 – The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 breaks out.source
1897April 27–6 May – Greco-Turkish War of 1897: Battle of Velestino.source
1897May 5 – Port Elizabeth is flooded.South Africa source
1897July 26–August 2 – Siege of Malakand: British troops are besieged by Pashtun tribesmen in Malakand, on the Northwest frontier of British India (modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan).source
189726 July–2 August – Siege of Malakand: British troops are besieged by Pashtun tribesmen in Malakand.United Kingdom source
1897September 10 – Lattimer massacre: A sheriff's posse kills 19 unarmed immigrant miners in Pennsylvania.source
1897September 10 – Lattimer Massacre: A sheriff's posse kills more than 19 unarmed immigrant miners in Pennsylvania.United States source
1897September 11 – After months of searching, generals of Menelik II of Ethiopia capture Gaki Sherocho, the last king of Kaffa, bringing an end to that ancient kingdom.source
1897September 12 – Battle of Saragarhi: Twenty-one Sikhs of the 36th Sikhs regiment of the British Indian Army defend an army post to the death, against 10,000 Afghan and Orakzai tribesmen, in the Tirah Campaign on the Northwest frontier of the British Raj (modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan).source
18972 October – the War of Canudos comes to a brutal end, when a large Brazilian army force overruns the village and kills nearly all the inhabitants.Brazil source
1897October 5 – After a long siege, Brazilian government troops take Canudos in north Brazil, crushing Antônio Conselheiro and his followers.source
1897October 6 – Ethiopia adopts the tricolor flag: green is for the land, yellow for gold, and red is symbolic of strength and the blood shed.source
1897Karl Lueger becomes mayor of Vienna.source
189819 March — Wales defeat Ireland 11–3 in a game played at Thomond Park, LimerickWales source
1898April 5 – Annie Oakley promotes the service of women in combat situations, with the United States military. On this day, she writes a letter to President William McKinley "offering the government the services of a company of 50 'lady sharpshooters' who would provide their own arms and ammunition should war break out with Spain."source
1898April 21 – Spanish–American War: The United States Navy begins a blockade of Cuban ports and the USS Nashville captures a Spanish merchant ship.source
1898April 21 – Spanish–American War: The United States Navy begins a blockade of Cuban ports and USS Nashville captures a Spanish merchant ship.United States source
1898April 23 – Spanish–American War: A conference of senior Spanish Navy officers led by naval minister Segismundo Bermejo decide to send Admiral Pascual Cervera's squadron to Cuba and Puerto Rico.source
1898April 25 – Spanish–American War: The United States declares war on Spain; the U.S. Congress announces that a state of war has existed since April 21 (later backdating this one more day to April 20).source
1898May 1 – Spanish–American War: Battle of Manila Bay – Commodore Dewey destroys the Spanish squadron, in the first battle of the war, as well as the first battle in the Philippines Campaign.source
1898May 12 – Spanish–American War: The Puerto Rican Campaign begins with the Bombardment of San Juan.source
189822 May - Belgian general election, 1898Belgium source
189828 May – Fall of the administration of Antonio di Rudinì following the May massacres in Milan. Indignation at the results of his policy against the uprisings in May left him without support of both the Left – who blamed him for the bloodshed – and the Right – who blamed him for the permissiveness that allegedly had promoted the uprisings and led to his overthrow.Italy source
1898July 1 – Spanish–American War: Battle of San Juan Hill – United States troops (including Buffalo Soldiers and Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders) take a strategic position close to Santiago de Cuba from the Spanish.source
1898July 1 – Filipino revolutionaries began the Siege of Baler in part of the offensive against Spanish troops.Philippines source
1898July 3 – Spanish–American War: Battle of Santiago de Cuba – The United States Navy destroys the Spanish Navy's Caribbean Squadron.source
1898July 3 – Spanish–American War: Battle of Santiago de CubaSpain source
1898July 17 – Spanish–American War: Battle of Santiago Bay. Troops under United States General William R. Shafter take the city of Santiago de Cuba from the Spanish.source
1898July 25 – Spanish–American War: The United States invasion of Puerto Rico begins, with a landing at Guánica Bay.source
1898August 12 – Spanish–American War: Hostilities end between American and Spanish forces in Cuba.source
1898August 13 – Spanish–American War: Battle of Manila – By prior agreement, the Spanish commander surrenders the city of Manila in the Philippines to the United States, in order to keep it out of the hands of Filipino rebels, ending the war.source
1898September 10 – Italian anarchist Luigi Lucheni assassinates Empress Elisabeth of Austria in Geneva, as an act of propaganda of the deed.source
1898September 18 – Fashoda Incident: A powerful flotilla of British gunboats arrives at the French-occupied fort of Fashoda on the White Nile, leading to a diplomatic stalemate, until French troops are ordered to withdraw on November 3.source
1898September 21 – Empress Dowager Cixi of China engineers a coup d'état, marking the end of the Hundred Days' Reform; the Guangxu Emperor is arrested.source
1898October 5 – At the Battle of Sugar Point in the Indian Wars, some Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians (a group of Ojibwe, referred to at the time as Chippewa) warriors, led by Bugonaygeshig, defeat U.S. Army infantry troops in northern Minnesota, with seven U.S. troops killed and 19 wounded. Bugonayegeshig, whom the American soldiers were sent to capture, escapes and is never apprehended.source
1898October 12 – The "Battle of Virden" takes place in the coal mining town of Virden, Illinois, when strikebreakers of the Thiel Detective Service Company exchange gunfire with armed members of the United Mine Workers of America. Thirteen people are killed and 35 wounded in the fight. In all, eight UMWA miners and five strikebreakers die from their injuries. The train, attempting to bring about 100 African-American coal miners to Virden, departs without disembarking its passengers.source
1898October 21 – General Leonard Wood, the U.S. military governor of Cuba, issues a proclamation guaranteeing personal rights to the Cuban people.source
1898October 28 – A general uprising by Filipinos, led by Adriano Hernández against the remaining Spanish authorities in the Philippines begins in the province of Iloilo on the island of Panay.source
1898November 3 – With increasing violence threatened by rebels in China, the Russian fleet at Port Arthur and the British warships at Wei-Hai-Wei are readied for battle.source
1898November 9 – In the U.S., the racial violence in Phoenix, South Carolina, comes to an end after 12 African-Americans have been lynched.source
1898November 10 – The Wilmington massacre of 1898 begins as a coup d'état by the white Democratic Party of the U.S. state of North Carolina against the Republican Mayor of Wilmington. On the first day, a building housing a negro newspaper is burned and eight African Americans are killed.source
1898November 17 – Fighting begins in Pana, Illinois, between striking white coal miners and black miners hired to replace them.source
1898November 26 – The U.S. Marines arrive on USS Boston at Tientsin in China in order to guard the American legation at Beijing.source
1898Victoria wins the Sheffield ShieldAustralia source
1898Kit Coleman covers the Spanish–American War as Canada's first female war correspondent.Canada source
1899February 5 – The first major battle of the Philippine–American War concludes with the capture by the U.S. of the San Juan River Bridge that connects Manila and San Juan.source
1899February 11 – In the Philippines, the city of Iloilo is captured by troops led by U.S. Army Brigadier General Marcus P. Miller.source
189914 March – Kaiser Wilhelm II takes direct command of the Imperial Navy.Germany source
1899March 16 – In the U.S. at Palmetto, Georgia, a lynch mob kills four African-American suspects who had been arrested on suspicion of arson.source
1899March 19 – The Battle of Taguig takes place in the Philippines as the USS Laguna de Bay bombards the Katipunan stronghold.source
1899March 31 – In the Philippine–American War, Malolos, capital of the First Philippine Republic, is captured by American forces.source
1899April 7 – The Shootout at Wilson Ranch, the last major gunfight of the Wild West era in the U.S., takes place in Tombstone, Arizona. Brothers William Halderman and Thomas Halderman, kill two lawmen. They will be hanged on November 16, 1900.source
1899April 9 – The Battle of Santa Cruz begins in the Philippines between U.S. Army troops and nationalists of the First Philippine Republic. After a two-day battle, 93 Filipino fighters and one American soldier are dead.source
1899April 9 – In Uganda, King Chwa II Kabalega of the Bunyoro kingdom, a leader of the fight against British colonial occupation, is taken prisoner after being shot in a battle near Hoima. Kabalega is exiled to the Seychelles and remains there until 1923.source
1899April 14 – British Army troops in Hong Kong attack the Walled City of Kowloon, based on intelligence that Chinese Imperial Army troops have been stationed behind the walls to subvert Britain's 1898 lease.source
1899May 2 – The Kingdom of Siam (modern-day Thailand) cedes its province of Luang Prabang (now Laos) to France.source
1899May 8 – In the French West African colony of Niger, Paul Voulet massacres the Hausa inhabitants of the village of Birni-N'Konni in retaliation for the continued resistance of Queen Sarraounia.source
1899May 14 – Prime Minister Pelloux resigns over his Chinese policy. Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Felice Napoleone Canevaro had demanded that the Chinese Empire grant it a lease for a naval coaling station at China's Sanmen Bay (known as "San-Mun Bay" to the Italians) similar to the lease the German Empire had secured in 1898 at Kiautschou Bay. China refused to comply and Italy had to withdraw its ultimatum, becoming the first and only Western power to fail to achieve its territorial goals in China. The fiasco was an embarrassment that gave Italy – still stung by its defeat at the hands of the Ethiopian Empire in the Battle of Adowa in 1896 – the appearance of a third-rate power. Pelloux and his fellow cabinet ministers stated that Canevaro had acted without informing them, and it was widely believed that king Umberto I was the one who had given Canevaro the orders to acquire a concession in China. Pelloux forms a new government, the most decisively conservative since 1876, without Canevaro.Italy source
1899May 19 – The U.S. Army captures Tawi-Tawi, the southernmost island in the Philippines.Philippines source
1899June 26 – Joseph Chamberlain sets into motion the Second Boer War after receiving an appeal from the British Cape Colony in South Africa to help British subjects oppressed in the Transvaal Republic.source
1899June 28 – In Nigeria, British authorities publicly hang King Ologbosere Irabor outside of the courthouse at Benin City, after he was convicted of ordering the massacre of a party dispatched by the British consul.source
1899July 17 – In the Battle of Togbao in Chad, the French Bretonnet–Braun mission is destroyed by the warlord Rabih az-Zubayr.source
1899August 13 – The battle for the Philippine city of Angeles begins. The U.S. captures the area, the future site of Clark Air Force Base, by August 16.source
1899September 15 – Preparing for an attack on Britain's Cape Colony from the neighboring Transvaal Republic, Robert Baden-Powell arrives at the border town of Mafeking and begins recruiting volunteers and stockpiling munitions to prepare for an attack and siege.source
189922 September – Following a court-martial, Admiral Patricio Montojo, who had surrendered the Philippines to the U.S. to end the Spanish–American War, is relieved of all commands and placed on the reserve list.Spain source
1899September 26 – General Manuel Guzman Alvarez of the Venezuelan state of Sucre joins with General Cipriano Castro in a revolt against the Venezuelan government.source
189928 September: Prime Minister Richard Seddon asks Parliament to approve the offer to the imperial government of a contingent of mounted rifles and the raising of such a force if the offer were accepted and thus becoming the first British Colony to send troops to the Boer war. The first New Zealand Army contingent leaves for South Africa before the end of the year.New Zealand source
1899October 14 – The Boer invasion of the Cape Colony begins with the siege of Kimberley.source
1899October 17 – The Thousand Days' War begins in Colombia as Colombian Liberal Party soldiers led by General Rafael Uribe Uribe, with support from Venezuela, begin a fight against the government of National Party president Manuel Antonio Sanclemente. The war will continue for 1,130 days.source
1899October 18 – The Boxer Rebellion begins in China as the Battle of Senluo Temple is fought between more than 4,000 Imperial Chinese Army troops and at least 1,000 rebels from the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists.source
1899October 20 – In the first major clash of the Second Boer War, the Battle of Talana Hill, the British Army drives the Boers from a hilltop position, but with heavy casualties, including their commanding general Sir Penn Symons.source
1899October 29 – The Battle of Kouno ends after two days in Chad, as French Army Captain Émile Gentil leads a force of 344 troops against a much larger force of Sudanese Arabs, led by the warlord Rabih az-Zubayr. Gentil routs the Sudanese.source
1899November 5 – The U.S. Army wins the battle to capture the Philippine Republic's capital at Angeles City, after nearly three months of fighting. It also captures the Philippine stronghold of Magalang.source
1899November 20 – Lieutenant-General John French arrives at the Colesberg in the Cape Colony front to co-ordinate the defense of the British colonies in South Africa against the Boer attack and conducts a series of distracting maneuvers that succeed in preventing the South African Republic from attempting an invasion of the Cape Colony.South Africa source
1899December 11 – Second Boer War: Battle of Magersfontein – Boers defeat British forces trying to relieve the Siege of Kimberley.source
1899Victoria wins the Sheffield ShieldAustralia source
189928–30 June – Violent protests in Brussels demanding introduction of universal manhood suffrage with proportional representation.Belgium source