Conflict & Security in the 19th century

1,262 sourced entries, 1800 CE to 1899 CE, oldest first. Also see Conflict & Security across every century or everything else in the 19th century.

• 1800January 1 – Quasi-War: Action of 1 January 1800 – A naval battle off the coast of Haiti, between four United States merchant vessels escorted by naval schooner , and a squadron of armed barges manned by Haitian pirates (known as picaroons), under the command of general André Rigaud, ends indecisively.source
• 1800April 6 – War of the Second Coalition: Siege of Genoa – General André Masséna is surrounded by 40,000 Austrian troops under Field Marshal Michael von Melas and blockaded by a strong British squadron under Lord Keith.source
• 1800May 14 – Second Coalition: French forces under General Louis-Alexandre Berthier are halted by 400 Austro-Piedmont soldiers, at Fort Bard in the Aosta Valley.source
• 1800May 15 – Napoleon and his French army (40,000 men)—not including the field artillery and baggage trains—(35,000 light artillery and infantry, 5,000 cavalry) begin crossing the Alps. He selects the shortest route through the Great St Bernard Pass, and invades after five days traversing the northern region of Italy.source
• 1800June 4 – War of the Second Coalition: Siege of Genoa: The French army is evacuated from Genoa. Marshal André Masséna is allowed to march out, with all the honours of war. A portion of his force joins General Louis-Gabriel Suchet, and the rest is conveyed in British ships to Antibes.source
• 1800June 14 – French general Jean-Baptiste Kléber is assassinated in Cairo by Syrian Kurdish Muslim student Suleiman al-Halabi.source
• 1800June 14 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Marengo: Napoleon Bonaparte defeats the Austrian army (some 30,000 men) under General Michael von Melas near Marengo. The arrival of French reinforcements under General Louis Desaix reverses the battle. A late counterstroke turns a near-defeat into a political and strategic triumph. Desaix dies during the battle. Napoleon strengthens his position as First Consul and becomes the 'savior of France'. The Austrians lose 6,000 men killed or wounded and some 8,000 prisoners of war. The French lose over 5,000 men (25% total casualties).source
• 1800June 15 – Convention of Alessandria (Armistice of Marengo): Austria agrees to evacuate much of Italy and suspends military operations.source
• 1800June 19 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Höchstädt – General Jean Victor Marie Moreau leads French forces to victory, opening the Danube passageway to Vienna.source
• 1800June 27 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Neuburg – General Claude Lecourbe leads French forces to victory, securing control of the Danube from Austria.source
• 1800August 30 – The plot by African-American blacksmith and slave Gabriel Prosser to seize Richmond, Virginia, and guide a slave uprising, is thwarted by a massive downpour on the evening that it is set to begin; two other slaves have revealed Prosser's plans to authorities, who have prepared to follow him to the rendezvous point and arrest the conspirators, so that "neither the geographical extent of the plot nor the number of insurgents in the conspiracy was revealed"; eventually, 25 slaves, including Prosser, will be captured, tried and hanged.source
• 1800September 4 – Siege of Malta (1798–1800): The French garrison in Valletta surrenders to British troops, who had been called at the invitation of the Maltese. The islands of Malta and Gozo become the Malta Protectorate.source
• 1800November 22 – War of the Second Coalition: Hostilities resume.source
• 1800December 3 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden – The French army defeats Habsburg and Bavarian troops.source
• 1800December 24 – The Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise fails to kill Napoleon Bonaparte.source
• 1800December 25 – The Armistice of Steyr is signed between French and Imperial forces in Germany, ending active hostilities of the War of the Second Coalition in Germany.source
• 1800War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Montebello: French forces under General Jean Lannes defeat the Austrians at Montebello. Lannes distinguishes himself in battle; the Austrians lose 659 killed and 1,445 wounded. The French claim only 600 casualties, but a more realistic assessment is that they suffer about 3,000 losses.source
• 1801April 2 – War of the Second Coalition: First Battle of Copenhagen – The British Royal Navy, under Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, forces the Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy to accept an armistice. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson leads the main attack, deliberately disregarding his commander's signal to withdraw. He is created a Viscount on May 19; Denmark-Norway is forced to withdraw from the Second League of Armed Neutrality.source
• 1801May 6 – French Revolutionary Wars: Action of 6 May 1801 off Barcelona – British Royal Navy brig HMS Speedy, although outmanned and outgunned, captures the 32-gun Spanish frigate El Gamo.source
• 1801May 10 – The pascha of Tripoli declares war on the United States, by having the flagpole on the consulate chopped down.source
• 1801June 15 – A bull breaks through barriers at a bullfight in Madrid, killing two people (including the mayor of Torrejón de Ardoz) and injuring a number of other spectators.source
• 1801June 27 – Siege of Cairo ends: Cairo falls to British troops.source
• 1801July 6 – First Battle of Algeciras: The French fleet defeats the British fleet.source
• 1801July 12 – Second Battle of Algeciras: The British fleet defeats the French and Spanish fleets.source
• 1801August 1 – First Barbary War: Action of 1 August 1801 – United States Navy schooner captures the 14-gun Tripolitan corsair polacca Tripoli off the north African coast, in a single-ship action.source
• 1801September 2 - Siege of Alexandria: French troops (some 10,000 men) under General Jacques-François Menou surrender to the British after a siege of 17 days. According to the terms, the French are allowed to keep their personal weapons and baggage.source
• 1801October 17 – A coup d'état is staged in the Batavian Republic.source
• 1801December 15 – Hadži Mustafa Pasha, Ottoman commander and politician, is assassinated in Belgrade, Sanjak of Smederevo, by Kučuk-Alija.source
• 1802January 5 – Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, begins removal of the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens, claiming they are at risk of destruction during the Ottoman occupation of Greece; the first shipment departs Piraeus on board Elgin's ship, the Mentor, "with many boxes of moulds and sculptures", including three marble torsos from the Parthenon.source
• 1802February 3 – Leclerc and the first 5,000 of 20,000 troops arrive at Cap-François (modern Cap-Haïtien).source
• 1802April 21 – About 12,000 Wahhabi Sunnis under the command of Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad, the second ruler of the First Saudi State attack and sack Karbala, kill between 2,000 and 5,000 inhabitants and plunder the tomb of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of Muhammad and son of Ali ibn Abi Talib.source
• 1802May – Madame Marie Tussaud first exhibits her wax sculptures in London, having been commissioned, during the Reign of Terror in France, to make death masks of the victims.source
• 1802June 8 – Haitian revolutionary Toussaint Louverture is seized by French troops and imprisoned at the Fort de Joux.source
• 1802July 22 – Gia Long captures Hanoi, completing his unification of Vietnam.source
• 1802October 2 – War ends between Sweden and Tripoli. The United States also negotiates peace, but war continues over the size of compensation.source
• 1802October 15 – French Army General Michel Ney enters Switzerland with 40,000 troops, on orders of Napoleon Bonaparte.source
• 1803February 20 – Kandyan Wars: Kandy, Ceylon is taken by a British detachment.source
• 1803February 21 – Edward Despard and six others are hanged and beheaded for plotting to assassinate King George III, and to destroy the Bank of England.source
• 1803May 18 – The Napoleonic Wars begin, when the United Kingdom declares war on France, after France refuses to withdraw from Dutch territory.source
• 1803May – First Consul of France, Citizen Bonaparte, begins making preparations to invade England.source
• 1803June 14 – Napoleon Bonaparte orders the establishment of five military camps to defend the coast of France, located at Bayonne, Ghent, Saint-Omer, Compiègne, Saint-Malo, and one in the occupied Netherlands, at Utrecht. Each one has 20,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry to defend it.source
• 1803July 23 – Robert Emmet's uprising in Ireland begins.source
• 1803August 3 – The British begin the Second Anglo-Maratha War, against the Scindia Dynasty of Gwalior.source
• 1803September 11 – Second Anglo-Maratha War: Battle of Delhi – British troops under General Lake defeat the Marathas of Scindia's army, under General Louis Bourquin.source
• 1803September 20 – Irish rebel Robert Emmet is executed.source
• 1803September 23 – Second Anglo-Maratha War: Battle of Assaye – British-led troops defeat Maratha forces.source
• 1803November 18 – Haitian Revolution: Battle of Vertières – The Haitian army, led by Jean-Jacques Dessalines, defeats the French army sent by Napoleon.source
• 1804February 14 – The First Serbian uprising begins the Serbian Revolution. By 1817, the Principality of Serbia will have proclaimed self-rule from the Ottoman Empire, the first nation-state in Europe to do so.source
• 1804February 16 – First Barbary War: Stephen Decatur leads a raid to burn the pirate-held frigate at Tripoli to deny her further use by the captors.source
• 1804February 22–April 22 – 1804 Haiti massacre, an ethnic cleansing with the goal of eradicating the white population on Haiti.source
• 1804March 4–March 5 – The Castle Hill convict rebellion breaks out in New South Wales, led by Irish convicts in Australia.source
• 1804October 5 – Action of 5 October 1804: War between Spain and the United Kingdom is triggered by the battle between four British warships (Indefatigable, Medusa, Amphion and Lively) and four Spanish frigates (Medee, Fama, Clara and Mercedes), all carrying treasure and merchandise. Captain Graham Moore of Indefatigable informs Spanish Admiral Jose Bustamante of his orders to detain the treasure-laden ships and, "not receiving a satisfactory answer, an Action commenced"; La Mercedes is sunk and the other three ships surrender.source
• 1804December 12 – Spain declares war on the United Kingdom.source
• 1805April 27 – Battle of Derne: United States Marines and Berbers attack the Tripolitan city of Derna (the Shores of Tripoli).source
• 1805May 31–June 2 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Diamond Rock – A Franco-Spanish fleet captures the strategic island of Diamond Rock off Martinique in the West Indies, from the British.source
• 1805June 4 – The First Barbary War ends between Tripoli and the United States of America.source
• 1805August 27 – Napoleon orders the Grande Armée ("The Great Army") of some 165,000 men to march to the Rhine River to deal with the Austrian and Russian threats on the frontier. The French army is organized into seven corps and is supported by 36–40 cannons each. Napoleon orders Marshal Joachim Murat with his I Cavalry Corps (some 20,000 men), to make feint attacks through the Black Forest in south-west Germany.source
• 1805October 14 – Napoleonic Wars: War of the Third Coalition – Ulm Campaign: Battle of Elchingen – An Austrian corps under Johann von Riesch is defeated by Marshal Ney, near Elchingen, Bavaria.source
• 1805October 16–October 19 – War of the Third Coalition: Ulm Campaign – Battle of Ulm: Austrian General Mack von Leiberich is forced to surrender his entire army to Napoleon, after being surrounded.source
• 1805October 21 – Napoleonic Wars: War of the Third Coalition – Battle of Trafalgar: The British fleet, led by Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, defeated a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain; however, Admiral Nelson is fatally shot.source
• 1805October 31 – Sweden, led by King Gustav IV Adolf, declares war on France.source
• 1805November 11 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Dürenstein – 8,000 French troops attempt to slow the retreat of a vastly superior Russian and Austrian force.source
• 1805November 16 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Schöngrabern – Russian forces, under Pyotr Bagration, delay the pursuit by French troops under Joachim Murat.source
• 1805December 2 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Austerlitz – French troops under Napoleon decisively defeat a joint Russo-Austrian force.source
• 1805December 31 – The French Republican Calendar (which featured a 10-day week until 1802) is used for the last time, 8 days after being annulled by Napoleon, with the final official date being "9 Nivôse in Year XIV of the Revolution".source
• 1806January 8 – Battle of Blaauwberg: British infantry force troops of the Batavian Republic in the Dutch Cape Colony to withdraw.source
• 1806January 9 – The Dutch commandant of Cape Town surrenders to British forces. On January 10, formal capitulation is signed under the Treaty Tree in Papendorp (modern-day Woodstock).source
• 1806January 23 – Invasion of Naples: Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies flees to the Kingdom of Sicily under British protection.source
• 1806February 6 – Battle of San Domingo: The British Royal Navy gains a victory over the French off Santo Domingo.source
• 1806February 15 – Invasion of Naples: Joseph Bonaparte enters Naples.source
• 1806April 25 – Rana Bahadur Shah is killed by his step-brother Sher Bahadur Shah in the late night meeting which triggers the two weeks' long Bhandarkhal garden massacre in Khatmandu.source
• 1806May 30 – Future President of the United States Andrew Jackson fights his third duel, killing lawyer Charles Dickinson following a dispute over payment of a forfeit.source
• 1806July 4 – Invasion of Naples (War of the Third Coalition): Battle of Maida – Britain defeats the French in Calabria.source
• 1806July 10 – Vellore Mutiny: Indian sepoys mutiny against the East India Company, for the first time.source
• 1806July 23 – British invasions of the River Plate: A British expeditionary force of 1,700 men lands on the left bank of the Río de la Plata and invades Buenos Aires.source
• 1806September 25 – Prussia issues an ultimatum to Paris, threatening war if France does not halt marching its troops through Prussian territory to reach Austria; the message does not reach Napoleon Bonaparte until October 7, and he responds by attacking Prussia.source
• 1806October 8 – Napoleon responds to the September 25 ultimatum from Prussia, and begins the War of the Fourth Coalition; Prussia is joined by Saxony and other minor German states.source
• 1806October 9 – Battle of Schleiz: French and Prussian forces fight for the first time since the war began. A more numerous French force easily defeats the Prussian army.source
• 1806October 10 - Battle of Saalfeld: French forces under Marshal Jean Lannes clash at Saalfeld with a Prussian advance guard. The Prussian troops are routed, and Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia is killed in combat.source
• 1806October 14 – Battle of Jena–Auerstedt: At Jena, Napoleon defeats the Prussian army of Prince Hohenlohe, while at Auerstedt, Marshal Davout defeats the main Prussian army under Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick (who is fatally wounded).source
• 1806October 17 – Emperor Jacques I of Haiti (Jean-Jacques Dessalines) is assassinated at the Pont-Rouge, Haiti, and Alexandre Pétion becomes first President of the Republic of Haiti.source
• 1806October 24 – French forces enter Berlin.source
• 1806October 30 – Capitulation of Stettin: Believing themselves massively outnumbered, the 5,300-man garrison at Stettin in Prussia surrenders to a much smaller French force without a fight.source
• 1806November 24 – The last major Prussian field force, under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, surrenders to the French near Lübeck. Frederick William III has by this time fled to Memel in East Prussia.source
• 1806November 28 – French troops enter Warsaw.source
• 1806December 26 – War of the Fourth Coalition:source
• 1806Battle of Golymin – Russian forces under General Golitsyn fight a successful rearguard action against French forces, under Marshal Murat.source
• 1806Battle of Pułtusk – Russian forces under General Bennigsen narrowly escape from a direct confrontation with Napoleon, who goes into winter quarters.source
• 1807February 3 – Napoleonic Wars and Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Montevideo – The British Army captures Montevideo from the Spanish Empire, as part of the British invasions of the Río de la Plata.source
• 1807February 7 – Napoleon leads the forces of the French Empire in an invasion of the Russian Empire, and begins fighting at the Battle of Eylau against Russian and Prussian forces.source
• 1807February 8 – Battle of Eylau: Napoleon fights a hard but inconclusive battle against the Russians under Bennigsen.source
• 1807April 4–12 – Froberg mutiny: The British suppress a mutiny at Fort Ricasoli, Malta, by men of the irregularly-recruited Froberg Regiment.source
• 1807May 24 – Siege of Danzig ends after 6 weeks with Prussian and Russian defenders capitulating to French forces.source
• 1807June 10 – The Battle of Heilsberg ends in a draw.source
• 1807June 14 – Battle of Friedland: Napoleon decisively defeats Bennigsen's Russian army.source
• 1807June 22 – Chesapeake–Leopard affair: British Royal Navy fourth rate attacks and boards United States Navy frigate USS Chesapeake off Norfolk, Virginia, seeking deserters. This act of British aggression plays a role in the run-up to the War of 1812.source
• 1807July 5 – A disastrous British attack is mounted against Buenos Aires, during the second failed invasion of the Río de la Plata.source
• 1807September 2–7 – Battle of Copenhagen: The British Royal Navy bombards Copenhagen with fire bombs and phosphorus rockets, to prevent the Dano-Norwegian navy from surrendering to Napoleon; 30% of the city is destroyed, and 2,000 citizens are killed.source
• 1807November 24 – Battle of Abrantes, Portugal: The French under Jean-Andoche Junot take the town.source
• 1807December 5–11 – Napoleonic Wars: Raid on Griessie – A British Royal Navy squadron attacks the Dutch port of Griessie on Java in the Dutch East Indies, eliminating the last Dutch naval force in the Pacific and concluding the Java campaign of 1806–1807.source
• 1807Battle of Hingakaka between two factions of Māori people, the largest battle ever fought in New Zealand, and the last fought there without firearms. In 1807 or 1808 is fought the Battle of Moremonui, first of the Musket Wars.source
• 1807Coup d'état of Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddien by Pengiran Digadong Ayah.source
• 1808January 26 – Rum Rebellion: On the 20th anniversary of the foundation of the colony of New South Wales, disgruntled military officers of the New South Wales Corps (the "Rum Corps") overthrow and imprison Governor William Bligh and seize control of the colony.source
• 1808February 6 – The ship Topaz (from Boston April 5, 1807, hunting seals) "rediscovers" the Pitcairn Islands; only one HMS Bounty mutineer is still alive, John Adams, who is using the pseudonym Alexander Smith.source
• 1808February 21 – The Finnish War begins as Russian troops cross the border into Finland without a declaration of war.source
• 1808March 2 – Russian troops occupy Helsinki and threaten Sveaborg.source
• 1808March 22 – English Wars (Scandinavia): Battle of Zealand Point – British ships defeat those of Denmark and Norway.source
• 1808May 2 – Peninsular War: Dos de Mayo Uprising – The people of Madrid rise up against the French troops.source
• 1808May 3 – The Madrid rebels who rose on May 2 are executed near the hill of Príncipe Pío (Goya paints the fight and the execution in 1814).source
• 1808May 3 – Finnish War: The fortress of Sveaborg is lost by Sweden to Russia.source
• 1808June 12 – Finnish War: A landing of Swedish troops at Ala-Lemu, near Turku, fails.source
• 1808June 15–August 14 – Peninsular War: First siege of Zaragoza – Spanish resist the French.source
• 1808June 19 – Finnish War: A second landing of Swedish troops at Ala-Lemu fails.source
• 1808June 30 – Finnish War – Battle of Turku: The Swedish archipelago fleet defeats the Russians.source
• 1808July 5 – Wooster, Ohio, established and named for General Wooster.source
• 1808July 14 – Finnish War: Swedish troops under Colonel Adlercreutz force the Russians to withdraw in Lapua.source
• 1808July 22 – Peninsular War: Battle of Bailén: French General Dupont surrenders to Spanish irregular forces.source
• 1808August 10 – Finnish War: Swedish troops under Carl von Döbeln defeat a Russian attack in Kauhajoki.source
• 1808August 17 – The Finnish War: the Battle of Alavus is fought.source
• 1808August 17 – Peninsular War: Battle of Roliça: A British-Portuguese army under Sir Arthur Wellesley defeats an outnumbered French army under General Henri Delaborde.source
• 1808August 21 – Peninsular War: Battle of Vimeiro – British-Portuguese troops under Wellesley defeat the French under General Jean-Andoche Junot.source
• 1808September 13 – Finnish War – Battle of Jutas – Swedish forces under Lieutenant General Georg Carl von Döbeln beat the Russians, making von Döbeln a Swedish war hero.source
• 1808September 29 – Finnish War: A truce is declared between Swedish and Russian troops in Finland.source
• 1808November 15 – Mahmud II (1808–1839) succeeds Mustafa IV (1807–1808), as sultan of the Ottoman Empire.source
• 1808November 23 – Peninsular War: Battle of Tudela: French forces under Marshal Jean Lannes defeat a Spanish army.source
• 1808November 30 – Peninsular War: Battle of Somosierra: A French cavalry charge of the Polish Chevau-léger (some 8,000 horsemen) of the Imperial Guard under Baron Jan Kozietulski overwhelm the Spanish positions at Somosierra. The victory removes the last obstacle barring the road to Madrid.source
• 1809January 10 – Peninsular War – French Marshal Jean Lannes begins the Siege of Zaragoza.source
• 1809January 16 – Peninsular War – Battle of Corunna in Galicia (Spain): The British (under General Sir John Moore, who is killed) resist an attempt by the French (under Marshal Soult) to prevent them from embarking.source
• 1809February 25 – Battle of Valls: Spanish forces are defeated in Catalonia by Marshal Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr.source
• 1809March 13 – A military coup ousts Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden; he is confined in Gripsholm Castle.source
• 1809March 28 – Battle of Medellín at Extremadura: Massive casualties are suffered, in a rout by French cavalry, under Marshal Victor.source
• 1809March 29 – Peninsular War – First Battle of Porto: 8,000 Portuguese soldiers are killed in a rout after defeat by the French under Marshal Soult. In the Porto Boat Bridge disaster, 4,000 fleeing civilians drown when a pontoon bridge collapses.source
• 1809April 9 – Tiroleans rise, under the command of Andreas Hofer, against French and Bavarian occupation.source
• 1809April 10 – Napoleonic Wars – The War of the Fifth Coalition begins when forces of the Austrian Empire invade Bavaria.source
• 1809April 11–15 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of the Basque Roads: The British Royal Navy defeats the French fleet in the mouth of the Charente, although officers on both sides face subsequent courts-martial.source
• 1809April 20 – Battle of Abensberg, Bavaria: Napoleon defeats Austria.source
• 1809April 23 – Battle of Ratisbon: Napoleon I fights his last battle during the Bavarian phase of the War of the Fifth Coalitionsource
• 1809May 3 – Battle of Ebelsberg: André Masséna defeats Austrian General Johann von Hiller, forcing him to retreat.source
• 1809May 10–11 – Peninsular War – Battle of Grijó: the Anglo-Portuguese Army, commanded by Sir Arthur Wellesley, defeats the French army, commanded by Marshal Soult, in Portugal.source
• 1809May 12 – Peninsular War – Second Battle of Porto: The Anglo-Portuguese Army, commanded by Wellesley, drives the French army, commanded by Marshal Soult, out of Porto, and forces them to retreat from the country.source
• 1809May 22 – Battle of Aspern-Essling: Austrian troops under Archduke Karl beat the French under Napoleon, in a hard-fought battle.source
• 1809June 14 – A French victory, in the battle of Raab, prevents archduke John of Austria from bringing any significant force to the Battle of Wagram.source
• 1809July 5 – Battle of Wagram begins.source
• 1809July 6 – Napoleon defeats the Austrians at the Battle of Wagram.source
• 1809July 8–9 – Finnish War – Naval Battle of Porkala: The Swedish archipelago fleet defeats the Russians.source
• 1809July 28 – Peninsula War – Battle of Talavera: Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force.source
• 1809July 30 – Walcheren Campaign: A British invasion army lands on Walcheren.source
• 1809September 21 – British Secretary of War Lord Castlereagh and Foreign Secretary George Canning meet in a duel on Putney Heath, with Castlereagh wounding Canning in the thigh.source
• 1809November 18 – Napoleonic Wars: Action of 18 November 1809 – In the Bay of Bengal, a French frigate squadron captures three British East Indiamen mainly carrying recruits for the presidency armies in India.source
• 1809December – Boyd massacre: Whangaroa Māori people kill and eat 66 crew and passengers of the brigantine Boyd in New Zealand.source
• 1810February 13 – After seizing Jaén, Córdoba, Seville and Granada, Napoleonic troops enter Málaga under the command of General Horace Sebastiani.source
• 1810February 20 – Tyrolean rebel leader Andreas Hofer is executed.source
• 1810May 1 – Macon's Bill Number 2 becomes law in the United States, intending to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars.source
• 1810July 9 – Napoleon I dissolves the Kingdom of Holland, ruled by his younger brother Louis Bonaparte, and annexes the country into the French Empire.source
• 1810July 10 - Peninsular War: Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo: French forces (28,000 men) under Marshal André Masséna take the fortified city of Ciudad Rodrigo on route into Portugal.source
• 1810July 24 – Paraguay governor Bernardo de Velasco and the Cabildo of Asunción declare their loyalty to Ferdinand VII of Spain and break up their relationship with Buenos Aires.source
• 1810August 2 – In Quito, Ecuador, 200 citizens are slaughtered in the Royal barracks and the surrounding streets by royalist troops.source
• 1810August 20–27 – Battle of Grand Port: The French defeat a Royal Navy frigate squadron attempting to blockade a harbour on Isle de France (Mauritius).source
• 1810August 27 – Peninsular War: Siege of Almeida: French forces under André Masséna capture the fortified city of Almeida before the advance toward Lisbon.source
• 1810September 16 – Grito de Dolores: Miguel Hidalgo, a Catholic priest from Guanajuato, incites the revolt that becomes the Mexican War of Independence.source
• 1810September 22 – Manuel Belgrano prepares his invasion to the Provincia del Paraguay.source
• 1810September 27 - Peninsular War: Battle of Bussaco: Anglo-Portuguese forces under General Arthur Wellington repel several attacks of the French invasion force (65,000 men) under André Masséna at Bussaco. Wellington is forced to withdraw to the Lines of Torres Vedras after Masséna's troops outflank his positions. The French lose 522 dead and 3,612 wounded. The allied losses are 200 dead and 1,001 wounded.source
• 1810November 17 – Anglo-Swedish War (1810–12): Sweden declares war on the United Kingdom.source
• 1810November 29–December 3 – Invasion of Isle de France: British forces force the French to surrender Isle de France (Mauritius).source
• 1810December 20 – Manuel Belgrano crosses the Paraná River to Itapúa Department, starting his invasion of Paraguay.source
• 1810Ching Shih and Cheung Po Tsai surrender their pirate fleet to the Chinese government.source
• 1810Amadou Lobbo initiates his jihad, in present-day Mali.source
• 1811January 8 – An unsuccessful slave revolt is led by Charles Deslondes, in St. Charles and St. James Parishes, Louisiana.source
• 1811January 17 – Mexican War of Independence – Battle of Calderón Bridge: A heavily outnumbered Spanish force of 6,000 troops defeats nearly 100,000 Mexican revolutionaries.source
• 1811January 22 – The Casas Revolt begins in San Antonio, Spanish Texas.source
• 1811January 26 – First Siege of Badajoz: French troops (17,000 men) under Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult begin the siege at the fortress of Badajoz.source
• 1811February 5 – British Regency: George, Prince of Wales becomes prince regent, because of the perceived insanity of his father, King George III of the United Kingdom.source
• 1811February 19 – Peninsular War – Battle of the Gebora: An outnumbered French force under Édouard Mortier routs and nearly destroys the Spanish, near Badajoz, Spain.source
• 1811March 1 – Citadel Massacre in Cairo: Egyptian ruler Muhammad Ali kills the last Mamluk leaders.source
• 1811March 5 – Peninsular War – Battle of Barrosa: A French attack fails, on a larger Anglo-Portuguese-Spanish force attempting to lift the Siege of Cádiz in Spain.source
• 1811March 13 – Battle of Lissa: The British fleet defeats the French.source
• 1811March 27 – Battle of Anholt: The British Navy defeats Denmark.source
• 1811April 5–6 – Revolutionary riots occur in Buenos Aires.source
• 1811May 3–5 – Peninsular War – Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro: An Anglo-Portuguese Army under General Arthur Wellington defeats the French forces under Marshal André Masséna.source
• 1811May 16 – Peninsular War – Battle of Albuera: Spain, Portugal, and Great Britain defeat the French.source
• 1811May 18 – Battle of Las Piedras near Las Piedras, Banda Oriental: The independentists of Uruguay gain their first victory.source
• 1811June 15 – The Klågerup riots erupt in Sweden.source
• 1811July 30 – Mexican War of Independence: Priest and military leader Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla is executed as a rebel, by the Spanish government of New Spain.source
• 1811November 4 – Luddite uprisings, in which workers destroy industrial machines, begin in northern England and the Midlands. According to one historian, "The first attack on textile machines by men who used the name 'General Ludd' and called themselves his followers, was on the night of 4th November 1811 in the village of Bulwell, four miles north of Nottingham, when a small band of men gathered in the darkness and marched to the home of a master weaver called Hollingsworth," then destroyed six of his weaving machines.source
• 1811November 7 – Battle of Tippecanoe: American troops led by William Henry Harrison defeat the Native American spiritual leader Tenskwatawa, also known as The Prophet (Chief Tecumseh's brother).source
• 1812March 16–April 6 – Siege of Badajoz (Peninsular War): The Anglo-Portuguese Army, under the Earl of Wellington, besieges Badajoz, Spain and forces the surrender of the French garrison.source
• 1812May 11 – Assassination of Spencer Perceval, the British Prime Minister, by John Bellingham, in the lobby of the British House of Commons in London.source
• 1812June 18 – The United States declaration of war upon the United Kingdom begins the War of 1812 between the U.S., Britain and Canada.source
• 1812June 24 – Napoleon's Grande Armée crosses the Neman River, and invades Russia.source
• 1812July 12 – Americans invade Canada at Windsor, Ontario.source
• 1812July 18 – Russia's Patriotic War – Battle of Klyastitsy: Kulnev defeats Oudinot, but sustains a mortal wound.source
• 1812July 22 – Peninsular War – Battle of Salamanca: British forces led by the Earl of Wellington defeat French troops near Salamanca, Spain.source
• 1812August 5 – War of 1812: Tecumseh's Indian force ambushes Thomas Van Horne's 200 Americans at Brownstone Creek, causing them to flee and retreat.source
• 1812August 12 – Peninsular War: The combined English and Portuguese army under the command of Wellington enters Madrid, following the Battle of Salamanca.source
• 1812August 15 – War of 1812 – Battle of Fort Dearborn: Potawatomi warriors overrun the United States fort in Illinois Territory.source
• 1812August 16 – War of 1812: American General William Hull surrenders Fort Detroit, without a fight, to the British Army.source
• 1812August 16–18 – Battle of Smolensk: The Grande Armée (180,000 men) under Emperor Napoleon I defeats the Russian army on the road to Moscow.source
• 1812August 19 – War of 1812: defeats the British frigate , off the coast of Nova Scotia. The British shot is said to have bounced off Constitutions sides, earning her the nickname "Old Ironsides".source
• 1812August 24 – Siege of Cádiz: Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult abandons the two-and-a-half-year siege at Cádiz. He withdraws eastward with his forces to join King Joseph Bonaparte and Louis-Gabriel Suchet in Valencia.source
• 1812September 7 – Napoleonic Wars – French invasion of Russia – Battle of Borodino: The bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic Wars so far ends in a tactical victory for Napoleon. There are at least 70,000 casualties, with a minimum of 6,562 dead from the French Grande Armée alone.source
• 1812September 14 – French invasion of Russia and Fire of Moscow: Napoleon's troops enter Moscow, which is deliberately set on fire by Muscovites, on orders of Fyodor Rostopchin. Later accounts report that France lost 40,000 troops during four days of fire between September 17 and 20, and that 20,000 Russian soldiers were killed in what would be described in 1876 as "the greatest example in history of national self-sacrifice for the destruction of an invader."source
• 1812October 9 – War of 1812: American naval forces under Lieutenant Jesse Duncan Elliott capture two British warships, and .source
• 1812October 13 – War of 1812 – Battle of Queenston Heights: As part of the Niagara campaign in Ontario, Canada, United States forces under General Stephen Van Rensselaer are repulsed from invading Canada by British and native troops, led by Sir Isaac Brock (who dies during the battle).source
• 1812October 21 – Siege of Burgos: British troops under Arthur Wellington are forced to abandon the siege of Burgos after a month. Meanwhile, Joseph Bonaparte makes plans to recapture Madrid. He assembles an army led by Louis-Gabriel Suchet and Jean-de-Dieu Soult to drive Wellington out of central Spain.source
• 1812October 23 – Malet coup of 1812: General Claude François de Malet attempts unsuccessfully to overthrow the Napoleonic régime in Paris.source
• 1812October 24 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Maloyaroslavets: An inconclusive encounter between the French vanguard and a Russian force leads Napoleon to decide to retreat along the same line as his advance, with disastrous results.source
• 1812November 3 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Vyazma: The rearguard of Napoleon's retreating army is defeated.source
• 1812November 15–18 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Krasnoi: Napoleon's retreating army is again defeated in a series of skirmishes.source
• 1812December 14 – The French invasion of Russia comes to an end as the remnants of the Grande Armée are expelled from Russia.source
• 1813January 18–23 – War of 1812: The Battle of Frenchtown is fought in modern-day Monroe, Michigan between the United States and a British and Native American alliance.source
• 1813February 3 – Argentine War of Independence: José de San Martín and his Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers gain a largely symbolic victory against a Spanish royalist army in the Battle of San Lorenzo.source
• 1813March 17 – Napoleonic Wars: Prussia declares war on France, and introduces the Iron Cross military award (backdated to March 10).source
• 1813March 29 – Mexican War of Independence: Battle of Rosillo Creek – The Republican Army of the North defeats the Spanish Royalist Army in modern-day Bexar County, Texas.source
• 1813April 8 – War of 1812: Colonel James Ball arrives at Fort Meigs with 200 dragoons.source
• 1813April 27 – War of 1812: Battle of York – United States troops raid and destroy but do not hold the capital of Upper Canada, York (modern-day Toronto).source
• 1813May 1–9 – War of 1812: Fort Meigs is first besieged, by British allied forces under General Henry Proctor and Chief Tecumseh.source
• 1813May 2 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Lützen – Napoleon wins against the German alliance.source
• 1813June 1 – War of 1812: Capture of USS Chesapeake in Boston Harbor by British Royal Navy frigate .source
• 1813June 6 – War of 1812: Battle of Stoney Creek – A British force of 700 under John Vincent defeats an American force three times its size, under William H. Winder and John Chandler.source
• 1813July 5 – War of 1812: Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, New York begin.source
• 1813July 13 – The Carabinieri, the national military police of Italy, are founded by Victor Emmanuel I as the police force of the Kingdom of Sardinia.source
• 1813August 23 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Großbeeren: Napoleon is defeated by Prussia and Sweden.source
• 1813August 26 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Katzbach: Napoleon's troops are defeated by Prussia and Russia.source
• 1813August 26–27 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Dresden: Napoleon's troops are victorious.source
• 1813August 30 – Creek War – Fort Mims massacre: A force of Creeks, belonging to the Red Sticks faction, kills hundreds of settlers in Fort Mims, Alabama.source
• 1813September 6 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Dennewitz: The armies of Napoleon I are again defeated by Prussia and Russia.source
• 1813September 10 – War of 1812 – Battle of Lake Erie: An American squadron under Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry defeats a British squadron, capturing 6 ships.source
• 1813October 5 – War of 1812 – Battle of the Thames in Upper Canada: William Henry Harrison defeats the British, and native leader Tecumseh is killed in battle.source
• 1813October 16–19 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Leipzig: Napoleon is defeated by the forces of the Sixth Coalition. More than 600,000 troops are in the field, with well over 10% killed, wounded or missing. Many of the German states forming the Confederation of the Rhine defect from Napoleon I to the Coalition, as a result of the battle.source
• 1813October 26 – War of 1812 – Battle of the Chateauguay: Charles de Salaberry defeats an American invasion.source
• 1813November 11 – War of 1812 – Battle of Crysler's Farm: An outnumbered British–Canadian force defeats the Americans, forcing them to give up their attempt to capture Montreal.source
• 1813December 8 – Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 7, together with his Wellington's Victory, are premiered in Vienna under the composer's baton, in a benefit concert for Austrian and Bavarian soldiers wounded at the Battle of Hanau.source
• 1813December 18–19 – War of 1812: British soldiers and native allies invade the United States, and are successful in the Capture of Fort Niagara, and attack Lewiston, New York.source
• 1814January 1 – War of the Sixth Coalition – The Royal Prussian Army led by Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher crosses the Rhine.source
• 1814January 3 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Siege of Metz: Allied armies lay siege to the French city and fortress of Metz.source
• 1814January 11 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Hoogstraten: Prussian forces under Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow defeat the French.source
• 1814January 14 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Siege of Antwerp: Allied forces besiege French Antwerp.source
• 1814January 29 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Brienne: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against von Blücher.source
• 1814February 1 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of La Rothière: Blücher's Allied army defeats the French under Napoleon.source
• 1814February 10 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Champaubert: A French army led by Napoleon effectively destroys a small Russian corps led by Zakhar Dmitrievich Olsufiev, opening the Six Days' Campaign.source
• 1814February 11 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Montmirail: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against Fabian Gottlieb von der Osten-Sacken and Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg in the Six Days' Campaign.source
• 1814February 12 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Château-Thierry (1814): A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg and Fabian Gottlieb von der Osten-Sacken in the Six Days' Campaign.source
• 1814February 14 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Vauchamps: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against von Blücher, the last major action of the Six Days' Campaign.source
• 1814February 15 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Garris: An Allied army led by the Duke of Wellington is victorious against the French under Jean Isidore Harispe.source
• 1814February 18 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Montereau: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against Austrian forces.source
• 1814February 27 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Orthez: An Allied army led by the Duke of Wellington is victorious against the French under Jean-de-Dieu Soult.source
• 1814March 5 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Berry-au-Bac: French cavalrymen led by Napoleon defeat Cossacks under Ferdinand von Wintzingerode.source
• 1814March 27 – War of 1812 – Battle of Horseshoe Bend: In northern Alabama, United States forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat the Creek Indians.source
• 1814March 28 – War of 1812 – Battle of Valparaíso: Two British Royal Navy ships easily defeat and capture USS Essex and a sister ship off the coast of Chile.source
• 1814May 6 – War of 1812 – Battle of Fort Oswego: British forces attack Fort Ontario at Oswego, New York.source
• 1814May 28 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Barcelona is restored to Spanish Bourbon rule as the French garrison leaves the city.source
• 1814June 20 – Gaspar de Vigodet, Spain's last colonial administrator of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (covering nearly all of modern-day Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay), surrenders the city of Montevideo to independence fighters, led by General Carlos María de Alvear.source
• 1814July 13 – The Carabinieri (the national military police of Italy) is established by Victor Emmanuel, as the police force of the Kingdom of Sardinia.source
• 1814August 24 – War of 1812 – Burning of Washington: British troops, after defeating American forces at the Battle of Bladensburg, occupy Washington, D.C., setting numerous buildings on fire, including the Capitol and Presidential Mansion.source
• 1814September 11 – War of 1812 – Battle of Lake Champlain: An American squadron under Thomas Macdonough defeats the British squadron, ultimately forcing the invading army to retreat back into Canada.source
• 1814November 1 – Francis Rawdon-Hastings, the Governor-General of India declares war on Kingdom of Nepal and Anglo-Nepalese War begins.source
• 1814December 15 – War of 1812: The Hartford Convention is convened, by members of the American Federalist Party.source
• 1815January 8 – Battle of New Orleans: American forces led by Andrew Jackson defeat British forces led by Sir Edward Pakenham. American forces suffer around 60 casualties and the British lose about 2,000 (the battle lasts for about 30 minutes).source
• 1815January 13 – War of 1812: British troops capture Fort Peter in St. Marys, Georgia, the only battle of the war to take place in the state.source
• 1815January 15 – War of 1812: Capture of USS President – American frigate , commanded by Commodore Stephen Decatur, is captured by a squadron of four British frigates.source
• 1815February 26 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon Bonaparte escapes from Elba.source
• 1815March 1 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon returns to France from his banishment on Elba.source
• 1815March 15 – Joachim Murat, King of Naples, declares war on Austria in an attempt to save his throne, starting the Neapolitan War.source
• 1815March 20 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon enters Paris, after escaping from Elba with a regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of around 200,000, beginning his Hundred Days rule.source
• 1815April 21 – In India, the eastern part of the former Garhwal Kingdom is joined with Kumaon division, under the administration of the British Raj.source
• 1815April 24 – The Second Serbian Uprising against Ottoman rule takes place in Takovo, Ottoman Serbia. By the end of the year Serbia is acknowledged as a semi-independent state, temporarily achieving the ideals of the First Serbian Uprising.source
• 1815May 3 – Battle of Tolentino: Austria defeats the Kingdom of Naples, which quickly ends the Neapolitan War. Joachim Murat, the defeated King of Naples, is forced to flee to Corsica, and is later executed.source
• 1815June 18 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Waterloo – Allied forces led by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher decisively, and this time permanently, defeat Napoleon.source
• 1815June 26 – Napoleonic Wars: Wellington's advancing Allied Army takes Péronne, Somme, on its way to Paris.source
• 1815Battle of Ligny – Napoleon defeats a Prussian army under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher.source
• 1815Battle of Quatre Bras – Marshal Ney engages Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, resulting in a tactical and strategic draw.source
• 1815July 15 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon boards off Rochefort, and surrenders to Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland of the Royal Navy.source
• 1815August 7 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon is transferred to HMS Northumberland, to begin his forced and final second exile, on the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. Andrew Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington: The Battle of Waterloo- and the Great Commanders who Fought it (Simon and Schuster, 2001) p199source
• 1815November 20 – The Napoleonic Wars come to an end after 12 years, with the British government restoring the status quo of France, prior to when the French Revolution began in 1789, after 26 years of turmoil.source
• 1816June 19 – Battle of Seven Oaks: The Hudson's Bay Company is defeated by the North West Company, near Winnipeg, Canada.source
• 1816August 27 – Bombardment of Algiers: An Anglo-Dutch fleet forces Omar Agha, Dey of Algiers to free Christian slaves.source
• 1816November 10 – The British troop transport Harpooner, returning from Quebec to Britain, is wrecked at Cape Pine on Newfoundland (island) with the loss of 208 of the 385 people on board.source
• 1817January 19 – An army of 5,423 soldiers, led by General José de San Martín, starts crossing the Andes from Argentina, to liberate Chile and then Peru.source
• 1817February 12 – Battle of Chacabuco: Argentine and Chilean soldiers of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata defeat the Spanish royalist troops in what is now Chile, marking the turning point in the war against European rule of South America.source
• 1817June 25 – A large riot breaks out in Copenhagen Prison, and the army is sent to quell it.source
• 1817September 11 – The Great Rebellion of 1817-18 begins in Sri Lanka.source
• 1817November 5 – Third Anglo-Maratha War breaks out with the Battle of Khadki.source
• 1817November 20 – The first Seminole War begins in Florida.source
• 1818January 1 – Battle of Koregaon: Troops of the British East India Company score a decisive victory over the Maratha Empire.source
• 1818February 11 – Marie André Cantillon attempts to assassinate the Duke of Wellington in Paris.source
• 1818March 15 – First Seminole War: General Andrew Jackson and his American army invade Florida.source
• 1818April 1 – First Seminole War – Battle of Miccosukee, Florida: General Andrew Jackson defeats chief Kinhagee.source
• 1818April 5 – Chilean War of Independence – Battle of Maipú: Patriot rebels, led by José de San Martín, decisively defeat the Spanish Royalists.source
• 1818June 3 – Baji Rao II, Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy, surrenders to Sir John Malcolm of the British East India Company, bringing an end to the Third Anglo-Maratha War and giving the company control of almost all of modern-day India.source
• 1818June – Battle of Kafir Qala: The Afghans defeat a Persian invasion.source
• 1818July 1 – After a war that began on November 5, 1817, the forces of the East India Company defeat Baji Rao II in battle and acquire control over the Maratha Empire.source
• 1818July 15 – U.S. President James Monroe convenes a cabinet meeting, to discuss whether General Andrew Jackson's unauthorized invasion and conquest of Spanish Florida should be disavowed by the White House. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams persuades the President that the action is justifiable, in stopping terror caused by the Seminole tribes.source
• 1818September 9 - Ottoman Empire Defeats the First Saudi State and captures Abdullah bin Saud Al Saudsource
• 1818The Barakzai brothers expel Mahmud Shah and the Sadozais out of Afghanistan, dividing the provinces up amongst themselves.source
• 1818Catholic–Orthodox clash in Aleppo.source
• 1818Akure–Benin War: Benin invasion of Akure.source
• 1819March 23 – In Mannheim, Duchy of Baden, German dramatist August von Kotzebue is assassinated by Karl Ludwig Sand.source
• 1819August 2 – The first Hep-Hep riots, communal pogroms against Ashkenazi Jews in the German Federation begin at Würzburg in Bavaria. They continue until October with many Jews killed.source
• 1819August 7 – Battle of Boyacá: Simón Bolívar is victorious over the Royalist Army in Colombia. Colombia acquires its definitive independence from Spanish rule.source
• 1819August 16 – Peterloo Massacre: A yeomanry unit charges into a crowd of radical protesters in Manchester, England, resulting in 15 deaths and over 600 injuries.source
• 1819September 20 – The Carlsbad Decrees are issued throughout the German Confederation in response to the March assassination of August von Kotzebue, suppressing liberal and nationalist views.source
• 1819November 2 – Bagyidaw is crowned as Emperor of Burma, at the imperial capital of Inwa.source
• 1819November 3 – The becomes the first American warship to visit China, landing at Lintin Island, off of the coast of Canton.source
• 1819November 25 – A British expeditionary force reaches Ras Al Khaimah in the Persian Gulf, preparatory to the bombardment and invasion of the town, which led to the signing of the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 between the British and what were to become known as the Trucial States.source
• 1820February 13 – The Assassination of the Duke of Berry takes place in Paris. The Duke of Berry, nephew of Louis XVIII, is stabbed to death while attending the Paris Opera.source
• 1820February 14 – Emperor Minh Mạng starts to rule in Vietnam.source
• 1820February 20 – A revolt begins against the Spanish crown in Santa María Chiquimula (now in Guatemala).source
• 1820February 23 – The Cato Street Conspiracy, a plot to assassinate Britain's Prime Minister, Lord Liverpool, and his Cabinet is thwarted when police in London arrest 13 plotters after being warned by an informant.source
• 1820March 28 – An attempted coup d'état against Paraguayan dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia fails after a plot by Fulgencio Yegros and Pedro Juan Caballero.source
• 1820April 1 – A proclamation, signed "By order of the Committee of Organisation for forming a Provisional Government", begins the "Radical War" in Scotland.source
• 1820April 12 – Alexander Ypsilantis becomes the leader of Filiki Eteria, a secret organization to overthrow Ottoman rule over Greece.source
• 1820June 29 – The cause of action that will lead to the U.S. Supreme Court case known as The Antelope arises, when a U.S. Treasury cutter captures a ship of the same name, which is transporting 281 Africans who had been captured as slaves, in violation of the U.S. law prohibiting the slave trade.source
• 1820July 13 – A revolt under Guglielmo Pepe forces Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies to sign a constitution modeled on the Spanish Constitution of 1812.source
• 1820August 24 – A Constitutionalist insurrection breaks out at Oporto, Portugal.source
• 1820September 2 – The Daoguang Emperor succeeds to the throne of Qing dynasty China.source
• 1820September 5 – José Gervasio Artigas flees to Paraguay.source
• 1820September 15 – Revolution breaks out in Lisbon against John VI of Portugal.source
• 1821February 10 – In Mexico, the Embrace of Acatempan takes place between Agustín de Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero, which seals the peace between the viceroyalty troops and the insurgents.source
• 1821February 28 – Congress of Laibach formally comes to an end. However the leading participants remain as fresh uprisings break out in Northern Italy and Greece.source
• 1821March 7 – The Battle of Rieti is fought in Italy between intervening Austrian forces and Neapolitan rebels.source
• 1821March 21 – Austrian forces under Johann Frimont enter Naples and restore the authority of Ferdinand I.source
• 1821May 8 – Greek War of Independence: At the Battle of Gravia Inn, a 120-man Greek force led by Odysseas Androutsos repulses an Ottoman army of 8,000.source
• 1821June 7 (O.S.)/June 19 (N.S.) – Battle of Drăgășani, Wallachia: The Filiki Eteria are decisively defeated by the Ottomans.source
• 1821June 14 – Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824): King Badi VII of Sennar surrenders his throne and realm without a fight to Ismail Pasha, general of the Ottoman Empire, ending the existence of the Funj Sultanate in Sudan.source
• 1821June 24 – Battle of Carabobo: Simón Bolívar wins Venezuela's independence from Spain.source
• 1821August 7 (O.S.)/August 19 (N.S.) – Navarino massacre: Greek rebels massacre 3,000 inhabitants of the city of Navarino.source
• 1821September 23 (O.S.)/October 5 (N.S.) – The Siege of Tripolitsa ends when Greek rebels capture the city of Tripoli, Greece; the massacre of 8,000 civilians follows. (Greek forces under the command of General Theodoros Kolokotronis have besieged the city for several months during the Greek War of Independence from Turkey and the Ottoman Empire.)source
• 1821December 1 – History of the Dominican Republic: On the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, General José Núñez de Cáceres ends the España Boba era of Spanish rule in the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo by establishing the Republic of Spanish Haiti. It will last for three months before being invaded by Haiti.source
• 1822February 9 – The invading Haitian forces, led by Jean-Pierre Boyer, arrive in Santo Domingo, to overthrow the newly founded Dominican Republic.source
• 1822March 19 – The Holy Alliance sends the Ottoman Empire a final ultimatum after Ottoman repression of Austrian subjects in Bucharest during the Wallachian uprising, otherwise facing war with Austria.source
• 1822March 31 – Greek War of Independence – Chios massacre: 20,000 Greeks on the island of Chios are slaughtered by Ottoman troops, and 23,000 more are exiled.source
• 1822May 16 – Nairs, the upper caste in British Raj, attack Sandar women for covering their upper body and breasts.source
• 1822May 24 – Battle of Pichincha: Simón Bolívar secures the independence of Quito.source
• 1822June 18 – Greek War of Independence: Konstantinos Kanaris blows up the Ottoman navy's flagship at Chios, killing the Kapudan Pasha Nasuhzade Ali Pasha.source
• 1822July 7 – July 1822 Spanish coup d'état, an attempt by supporters of Ferdinand VII to overthrow the Liberal government of Spain, fails.source
• 1822September 8–13 – Battle of Nauplia: In a series of naval engagements, the Ottoman Fleet fails to break through the Greek Fleet, under Admiral Andreas Vokos Miaoulis.source
• 1822November 13 – Greek War of Independence: Nafplio falls to the Greek rebels.source
• 1823January 22 – By secret treaty signed at the Congress of Verona, the Quintuple Alliance gives France a mandate to invade Spain for the purpose of restoring Ferdinand VII (who has been captured by armed revolutionary liberals) as absolute monarch of the country.source
• 1823April 7 – French forces, the "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis", cross the Spanish border at the Bidasoa River.source
• 1823April 10 – Siege of Pamplona begins in Navarre as French troops besiege the city's garrison.source
• 1823May 23 – The rebel Spanish government withdraws from Madrid to Seville following the French advance.source
• 1823May 25 – The Duke of Angoulême, commander of the invading French forces, establishes a regency in Madrid on behalf of Ferdinand VII who remains a captive of the Spanish government.source
• 1823August 18 – Demerara rebellion of 1823: In the British colony of Demerara-Essequibo (modern-day Guyana in South America), an insurrection of 10,000 black slaves begins; it is suppressed after three days, but hundreds of suspects are executed in the reprisals that follow.source
• 1823August 31 – Battle of Trocadero: French infantry of the "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis" capture the fort of Trocadero and turn its guns on Cádiz.source
• 1823September 17 – Pamplona surrenders to French forces after a five-month siege.source
• 1823September 23 – First Anglo-Burmese War: Burmese forces attack the British on Shapura, an island close to Chittagong.source
• 1823September 30 – Cádiz surrenders to the French and Ferdinand VII of Spain is restored to his throne, immediately repealing the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812. Despite French advice, he begins an era of repression against his opponents known as the Ominous Decade.source
• 1823November 7 – General Rafael del Riego is executed in Madrid for high treason.source
• 1823The first Anglo-Ashanti War begins.source
• 1824January 21 – First Anglo-Ashanti War: Battle of Nsamankow – forces of the Ashanti Empire crush British forces in the Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana), killing the British governor Sir Charles MacCarthy.source
• 1824February 21 – The Chumash Revolt of 1824 begins against the Spanish presence in Alta California (now the U.S. state of California) as an uprising by the Chumash people at Mission Santa Inéssource
• 1824March 5 – The First Anglo-Burmese War begins in much of what is now Bangladesh, and lasts for almost two years until the surrender of territories by the Kingdom of Burma on February 24, 1826.source
• 1824March 11 – The United States War Department creates the Bureau of Indian Affairs.source
• 1824April 30 – The April Revolt (La Abrilada) in Portugal begins when Prince Miguel acts against his Liberal opponents in defiance of his father John VI.source
• 1824May 24 – First Anglo-Burmese War: The British take Rangoon, capital of the Kingdom of Burma (now Yangon, Myanmar), in a surprise attack.source
• 1824July 10 – Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States: Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette and a beloved hero of the American Revolution, departs from the port of Le Havre in France on the ship Cadmus for a triumphant return to the United States; he arrives in New York on August 15.source
• 1824July 19 – Don Agustín de Iturbide, who had formerly been President of Mexico and then proclaimed himself Emperor Agustin the First, until being overthrown on March 19, 1823, is executed by a firing squad in the city of Padilla, five days after returning from exile in England.source
• 1824August 6 – Peruvian War of Independence: Battle of Junín – Pro-independence forces defeat the Spanish in the highlands of the Junín region.source
• 1824August 7 – The First Anglo-Ashanti War ends when forces of the Ashanti Empire flee the field.source
• 1824August 15 – The visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States begins at Staten Island. He will remain for more than a year before departing on September 7, 1825.source
• 1824December 9 – Peruvian War of Independence: Battle of Ayacucho – Colombian and Peruvian forces led by Antonio José de Sucre defeat the Spanish. The commander, Viceroy de la Serna, surrenders, ending Spain's domination of South America.source
• 1824December 28 – In Australia, in what is now New South Wales, the Bathurst War comes to an end, with the defeat of the Wiradjuri indigenous nation and the peaceful surrender of their leader, Chief Windradyne, at a feast at Parramatta.source
• 1824Egyptian and Albanian troops of the Ottoman Empire overturn the Greek revolt on Crete.source
• 1825June 15 – A rebellion is started by 200 slaves in the Guamacaro region of Cuba, and is suppressed after 12 hours; in the ensuing months, most who were not killed in the battle will be hunted down and killed.source
• 1825July 20 – A skirmish takes place between Dutch-Yogyakartan forces and Javanese rebels, triggering the Java War.source
• 1825September 25 – General Hendrik Merkus de Kock lifts the siege of Jogjakarta, the first major action of the Java War.source
• 1825October–December – Dispute between the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Empire of Brazil over the Banda Oriental region leads to the Cisplatine War.source
• 1825December 9 – The British began the Siege of Bharatpur (1825–1826) in India.source
• 1825December 26 (O.S.)/December 14 (N.S.) – Some Imperial Russian Army officers stage the Decembrist revolt against Nicholas's accession in Saint Petersburg, but it is thoroughly suppressed by the government.source
• 1825London becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Beijing.source
• 1826January 18 – In India, the Siege of Bharatpur ends in British victory as Lord Combermere and Michael Childers defeat the princely state of Bharatpur, part of the modern-day Indian state of Rajasthan.source
• 1826April 10 – The Third Siege of Missolonghi ends and is followed by the massacre of thousands of Greek defenders by the Ottoman besiegers.source
• 1826June 14–15 – The Auspicious Incident: Mahmud II, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, crushes the last mutiny of janissaries in Istanbul.source
• 1826June 21 – Greek War of Independence: The attempted Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani begins.source
• 1826July 4 – Former U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both die on the 50th anniversary of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence.source
• 1826July 25 (O.S.: July 13) – Five leaders of the Decembrist revolt of 1825 in Russia (Pyotr Kakhovsky, Pavel Pestel, poet Kondraty Ryleyev, Sergey Muravyov-Apostol and Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin) are hanged in Senate Square, Saint Petersburg, where they had launched their attempted coup d'état. Other conspirators begin their journey into exile in Siberia.source
• 1826December 21 – American settlers in Mexican Texas begin the Fredonian Rebellion, making the first attempt to secede from Mexico. The Republic of Fredonia will survive for less than six weeks.source
• 1826December 25 – The Eggnog Riot breaks out at the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York during the early morning hours.source
• 1827January – In Laos, King Anouvong of Vientiane leads the Laotian Rebellion against Siam and successfully attacks Nakhon Ratchasima (the Siamese later invade Vientiane and nearly destroy the whole city).source
• 1827February 20 – Battle of Ituzaingó (Passo do Rosário): A Brazilian Imperial Army force is tactically defeated on the border of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata by Argentine and Uruguayan troops.source
• 1827March 7 – Brazilian marines sail up the Rio Negro and attack the temporary naval base of Carmen de Patagones, Argentina; they are defeated by the local citizens.source
• 1827April 8 – Battle of Monte Santiago: A squadron of the Brazilian Imperial Navy defeats Argentine vessels after a two-day naval battle.source
• 1827April 24 – Greek War of Independence: Battle of Phaleron – Ottoman troops defeat the Greek rebels.source
• 1827April 29 – The Fly Whisk Incident in Ottoman Algeria: Hussein Dey slaps French consul Pierre Deval on the face, eventually leading to the Invasion of Algiers in 1830.source
• 1827June 7 – Greek defenders in Athens surrender to Egyptian forces under the command of General Rashid Pasha.source
• 1827September 30 – Greek War of Independence: Battle of Itea, a naval battle fought in the Gulf of Corinth.source
• 1827October 1 – Russo-Persian War, 1826–1828: The Russians under Ivan Paskevich storm Yerevan, ending a millennium of Muslim domination in Armenia.source
• 1827October 20 – Greek War of Independence: Battle of Navarino – British, French and Russian naval forces destroy the Turko-Egyptian fleet in Greece. This is the last naval action to be fought under sail alone.source
• 1828February 10 – Black War: Cape Grim massacre – About 30 Aboriginal Tasmanians gathering food at a beach are probably ambushed, shot with muskets and killed by four indentured "servants" (or convicts) employed as shepherds for the Van Diemen's Land Company as part of a series of reprisal attacks, with the bodies of some of the men thrown from a 60 metre (200 ft) cliff.source
• 1828March 18 – Simón Bolívar, President of Colombia (and former President of Venezuela, Peru and Bolivia), departs from the capital at Bogotá in order to help his ally, General José Antonio Páez, suppress an uprising near the Venezuelan border, but is sidetracked by another rebellion in Cartagena.source
• 1828April 26 – Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire, beginning the Russo-Turkish War.source
• 1828May 21 – Antonio José de Sucre tries to invade Paraguay, reaching the northern city of Fuerte Olimpo, but the planned invasion is immediately cancelled.source
• 1828June 3 – Gran Colombia–Peru War: Gran Colombia's President Simón Bolívar declares war on Peru.source
• 1828June 23 – King Miguel I of Portugal overthrows his niece, Queen Maria II, beginning the Liberal Wars.source
• 1828August 28 – Russian forces succeed in the Battle of Akhaltsikhe against the Ottomans, capturing the fortress after an 8-day siege.source
• 1828September 29 – Russo-Turkish War (1828–29): Varna is taken by the Russian army.source
• 1828November 12 – Anouvong, ruler of the Kingdom of Vientiane, is deposed and the kingdom is annexed by Siam. During the war, the city of Vientiane is obliterated by Siamese forces.source
• 1828December 1 – Decembrist revolution (Argentina): Juan Lavalle, returning to Buenos Aires with troops that fought in the Cisplatine War, deposes the provincial governor Manuel Dorrego, reigniting the Argentine Civil Wars.source
• 1828December 9 – An attempt to assassinate Gran Colombia's President Simon Bolívar fails while he is visiting Jamaica. Bolivar accepts a last-minute invitation to be elsewhere and his servant, hired by the Spanish royal government to kill Bolivar, kills Bolivar's paymaster by mistake.source
• 1829February 27 – Battle of Tarqui: Troops of Gran Colombia and Peru battle to a draw.source
• 1829March 21 – The bloodless Wellington–Winchilsea duel takes place at Battersea near Londonsource
• 1829July 2 – Russo-Turkish War (1828–29): Russian Field-Marshal Hans Karl von Diebitsch launches the Trans-Balkan Offensive, which brings the Russian army within 68 km mi of Istanbul.source
• 1829October 17 – Kaspar Hauser is found wounded.source
• 1830March 28 – The Java War ends with the capture of Prince Diponegoro during negotiations with Dutch commander Hendrik Merkus de Kock.source
• 1830July 5 – French invasion of Algiers, leading to creation of French Algeria.source
• 1830July 26 – The July Revolution in France begins when people in Paris rebel against the July Ordinances, issued earlier in the day at Saint-Cloud by King Charles X of France.source
• 1830July 27 – "The Three Glorious Days" of the July Revolution in France begin. The Paris mob clashes with the National Guard: over the period 1,800 rioters and 300 soldiers will die.source
• 1830July 31 – King Charles X of France flees to the Château de Rambouillet.source
• 1830August 25 – The Belgian Revolution begins in Brussels with revolts against King William I of the Netherlands.source
• 1830November 29 – The Polish November Uprising begins in Warsaw against Russian rule.source
• 1831February 5 – Dutch naval lieutenant Jan van Speyk blows up his own gunboat in Antwerp rather than strike his colours on the demand of supporters of the Belgian Revolution.source
• 1831February 14 – Battle of Debre Abbay: Ras Marye of Yejju marches into Tigray, and defeats and kills the warlord Sabagadis.source
• 1831February 25 – Battle of Olszynka Grochowska (Grochów): Polish rebel forces divide a Russian army.source
• 1831March 29 – The Bosnian uprising (1831–32) against the Ottoman Empire begins.source
• 1831April 27 – Ending of the First Anglo-Ashanti War (1823–1831).source
• 1831May 26 – Battle of Ostrołęka: The Poles fight another indecisive battle.source
• 1831August 2 – The Dutch Ten Days' Campaign against Belgium is halted by a French army.source
• 1831August 21 - Nat Turner's slave rebellion in the United States breaks out in Southampton County, Virginia.source
• 1831September 8– Battle of Warsaw: The Army of Russia takes the Polish capital after a two-day battle to crush the Polish uprising.source
• 1831October 9 – Ioannis Kapodistrias, Greek head of state and founder of Greek independence, is assassinated in Nafplion.source
• 1831October 21 – The November Uprising ends in the defeat of Polish forces.source
• 1831October 29 – The 1831 Bristol riots ("Queen Square riots") in Bristol (England) begin, in connection with the Great Reform Bill controversy. Quelled by the authorities and the military on October 31, 100 city centre properties are destroyed, at least 120 are estimated to have been killed, 31 of the rioters will be sentenced to death and a colonel facing court-martial for failure to control the riot commits suicide.source
• 1831October 30 – In Southampton County, Virginia, escaped slave Nat Turner is captured and arrested for leading the bloodiest slave rebellion in United States history.source
• 1831November 22 – First Canut Revolt: After a bloody battle with the military causing 600 deaths, rebellious silk workers seize Lyon, France.source
• 1831November 26 – Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833): The start of the one year Siege of Akka by Egyptian forces.source
• 1831December 27 – The Baptist War (Christmas Rebellion) begins in Jamaica, with the setting afire of the Kensington House in St James Parish, inspiring thousands of black slaves to revolt against their British masters. At its peak, more than 20,000 people will be involved, and more than 500 killed.source
• 1831Scholar Rifa'a at-Tahtawi returns from study in Paris to Egypt, where he will participate in the Nahda.source
• 1831Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833): Egyptian forces under Muhammad Ali occupy Ottoman Syria.source
• 1832January 13 – The Christmas Rebellion of slaves is brought to an end in Jamaica, after the island's white planters organize militias and the British Army sends companies of the 84th regiment to enforce martial law. More than 300 of the slave rebels will be publicly hanged for their part in the destruction.source
• 1832March 24 – In Hiram, Ohio, a group of men beat, tar and feather Mormon leader Joseph Smith.source
• 1832April 6 – The Black Hawk War begins in the United States.source
• 1832May 10 – The Egyptians, aided by Maronites, seize Acre from the Ottoman Empire after a 7-month siege.source
• 1832June 5–6 – The June Rebellion in France, anti-monarchist riots led chiefly by local students and workers, breaks out in Paris.source
• 1832July 9 – The Commissioner of Indian Affairs post is created within the United States Department of War.source
• 1832August 2 – The Bad Axe Massacre ends the last major Native American rebellion east of the Mississippi in the United States.source
• 1832August 27 – Black Hawk (Sauk leader) surrenders to the United States authorities, ending the Black Hawk War.source
• 1832September 22 – Qasim al-Ahmad is appointed as the new Ottoman Governor (mutasallim) of Jerusalem (Kudüs), after Sultan Mahmud II dismisses Muhammad Said Agha.source
• 1832December 4 – Siege of Antwerp: The last remaining Dutch stronghold, Antwerp Citadel, comes under French attack in the aftermath of the Belgian Revolution.source
• 1832December 21 – Battle of Konya: The Egyptians defeat the main Ottoman army in central Anatolia.source
• 1832December 23 – The Siege of Antwerp ends with the Dutch garrison losing the citadel.source
• 1832Publication begins (posthumously) of Carl von Clausewitz's Vom Kriege ("On War").source
• 1833February 6 – Prince Otto Friedrich Ludwig of Bavaria arrives at the port of Nafplio to assume the title King Othon the First of Greece.source
• 1833May 6 – In Alexandria, Virginia, an attack is made on U.S. President Andrew Jackson.source
• 1833May 10 – The Le Van Khoi revolt breaks out in southern Vietnam against Emperor Minh Mang, who has desecrated the deceased mandarin Le Van Duyet.source
• 1833June 9 – Dubai secedes from Abu Dhabi.source
• 1833July 5 – Liberal Wars: The forces of Queen Maria II of Portugal win the Battle of Cape St. Vincent, defeating the supporters of her uncle, King Miguel, who usurped the throne in 1828.source
• 1833September 29 – Three-year-old Isabella II becomes Queen of Spain, under the regency of her mother, Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies. Her uncle Don Carlos, Conde de Molina challenges her claim, beginning the First Carlist War.source
• 1833November 12–13 – A very spectacular occurrence of the Leonid meteor shower is observed all over North America, and is the inspiration for the song "Stars Fell on Alabama".source
• 1834May 9 – The founder of the Second Saudi State, Imam Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud, is assassinated after the Friday prayers by Ibrahim Hamza, following the orders of his cousin Mishari.source
• 1834May 19 – The Peasants' Revolt in Egyptian-ruled Palestine begins; it is suppressed in August.source
• 1834July 7–10 – Anti-abolitionist riots break out in New York City.source
• 1834July 8 – Imam Faisal bin Turki enters Riyadh and upon entering his father's palace, assassinates his father's murderer, Ibrahim Hamza, and his master; Mishari, and becomes the ruler and founder of the Second Saudi State.source
• 1834July 15 – The Spanish Inquisition, which began in the 15th century, is suppressed by royal decree.source
• 1835January 24 – Malê Revolt: African slaves of Yoruba Muslim origin revolt against Brazilian owners at Salvador, Bahia.source
• 1835January 30 – Attempted assassination of Andrew Jackson: The first assassination attempt against a President of the United States is carried out against President Andrew Jackson at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., by English-born delusional unemployed house painter Richard Lawrence; the attempt fails when his pistols misfire due to humidity.source
• 1835July 28 – An assassination attempt against King Louis Philippe I of France is attempted by Giuseppe Marco Fieschi, who uses a home-made volley gun and kills 10 people. The King escapes with a minor wound.source
• 1835September 20 – The Ragamuffin War begins in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.source
• 1835October 2 – The Texas Revolution – Battle of Gonzales: Mexican soldiers attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, Texas, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia.source
• 1835October 28 – Texas Revolution – Battle of Concepción: The Texian Army defeats the Mexicans.source
• 1835December 5 – Start of Moriori genocide, the killing and enslavement of the indigenous people of the Chatham Islands by 500 Māori people from New Zealand.source
• 1835December 9 – The Army of the Republic of Texas captures San Antonio.source
• 1835December 28 — The Second Seminole War, led by Seminole Chief Osceola breaks out in the U.S. state of Florida.source
• 1835Fort Cass is established, the military headquarters and site of the largest internment camps during the 1838 Trail of Tears.source
• 1836February 23 – Texas Revolution: The Battle of the Alamo begins, with an American settler army surrounded by the Mexican Army, under Santa Anna.source
• 1836March 6 – Texas Revolution: The Battle of the Alamo ends. At least 182 Texan settler soldiers die in a struggle against more than 2,000 Mexican soldiers.source
• 1836March 27 – Texas Revolution – Goliad massacre: 342 Texan prisoners are shot and killed, along with Texan General James Walker Fannin, by Mexican troops in Goliad, near the Presidio La Bahía.source
• 1836April 21 – Texas Revolution – Battle of San Jacinto: Mexican forces under General Antonio López de Santa Anna are defeated at San Jacinto, Texas.source
• 1836April 22 – Texas Revolution: Forces under Texas General Sam Houston capture Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna.source
• 1836May 19 – Fort Parker massacre: Among those captured by Native Americans is 9-year-old Cynthia Ann Parker. She later gives birth to a son named Quanah, who becomes the last chief of the Comanche.source
• 1836October 30 – Louis Napoleon launches the unsuccessful Strasbourg Coup to overthrow the July Monarchy in Francesource
• 1837February 4 – Seminoles attack Fort Foster in Florida.source
• 1837May 10 – The Panic of 1837 begins in New York City.source
• 1837June 11 – The Broad Street Riot occurs in Boston, Massachusetts, fueled by ethnic tensions between the Irish and the Yankees.source
• 1837August 16 – The Dutch colonial forces sack the fortress of Bonjol, Indonesia, ending the Padri War.source
• 1837September 19 – First Carlist War: Battle of Aranzueque – The liberal forces loyal to Queen Isabel II of Spain are victorious, ending the Carlist campaign known as the Expedición Real.source
• 1837October 13 – The French army under Sylvain Charles Valée captures the city of Constantine in French Algeria after a siege of three days.source
• 1837November 6 Louis-Joseph Papineau begins the Lower Canada Rebellion in the Quebec city of Montreal.source
• 1837December 4 – Samuel Lount begins the Upper Canada Rebellion by marching with rebel followers to Toronto, one month after a similar rebellion against British rule had begun in Lower Canada.source
• 1837December 29 – The Caroline Affair, on the Niagara River, becomes the basis for the Caroline test for anticipatory self-defence in international relations.source
• 1838February 17 – Weenen massacre: Zulu impis massacre about 532 Voortrekkers, Khoikhoi and Basuto around the site of Weenen in South Africa.source
• 1838February 24 – U.S. Representatives William J. Graves of Kentucky and Jonathan Cilley of Maine face each other in a duel with rifles at 80 yards near Bladensburg, Maryland. On the third attempt, Congressman Cilley is fatally wounded and bleeds to death.source
• 1838June 10 – Myall Creek massacre: 28 Indigenous Australians are killed.source
• 1838October 1 – First Carlist War – Battle of Maella: Supporters of Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain are victorious.source
• 1838October 5 – Killough massacre, believed to be both the largest and last Native American attack on white settlers in East Texas. 18 casualties are either killed or carried away.source
• 1838November 27 – Pastry War: Mexico is invaded by French forces.source
• 1838December 16 – Battle of Blood River: The Boers win a decisive victory over the Zulus.source
• 1838December – First Anglo-Afghan War: British and Presidency armies set out from Punjab in support of Shah Shujah Durrani's claim to the throne of Afghanistan.source
• 1838Lord Durham and his entourage arrive in Upper Canada, to investigate the cause of the 1837 rebellion in that province. This leads to Durham submitting the Durham Report to Britain.source
• 1839January 20 – Battle of Yungay: Chile defeats the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, leading to the restoration of an independent Peru.source
• 1839March 9 – The Pastry War between France and Mexico ends.source
• 1839May 12 – Socialist activist Louis Auguste Blanqui and the Société des Saisons begin an uprising against the government of France. The insurrection is suppressed, but not before 50 people are killed and 190 wounded. Blanqui is imprisoned until 1848.source
• 183913 May – First Rebecca Riots targeted against turnpikes in Wales, at Efailwen in Carmarthenshire.source
• 1839May 23 – Turkish troops cross the Euphrates River and invade Syria, but are defeated in battle in June.source
• 1839July 1 – Slaves aboard the Amistad rebel, and capture the ship.source
• 1839July 23 – First Anglo-Afghan War: Battle of Ghazni – British forces capture the fortress city of Ghazni in Afghanistan.source
• 1839August 31 – The First Carlist War (Spain) ends with the Convenio de Vergara, also known as the Abrazo de Vergara ("the embrace in Vergara"; Bergara in Basque), between liberal general Baldomero Espartero, Count of Luchana and Carlist General Rafael Maroto.source
• 1839September 4 – Battle of Kowloon: British vessels open fire on Chinese war junks enforcing a food sales embargo on the British community in China in the first armed conflict of the First Opium War.source
• 1839October 15 – Emir Abdelkader declares a jihad against the French.source
• 1839November 4 – Newport Rising: Between 5,000 and 10,000 Chartist sympathisers march on Newport, Monmouthshire, to liberate Chartist prisoners; around 22 are killed when troops fire on the crowd. This is the last large-scale armed civil rebellion against authority in mainland Britain and sees the most deaths.source
• 1839Tanzimat starts in the Ottoman Empire.source
• 1839Khalid bin Saud Al Suad usurps the throne from Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud, who assumed power of Nejd in 1834, and is sent to Cairo as prisoner. Omar bin Ofaysan, the Amir Faisal's governor in the Eastern Province seeks asylum in Bahrain, but Khalid the pretender demands his surrender and the surrender of the fort at Dammam; then under the control of the Al Khalifa of Bahrain.source
• 1840February – The Rhodes blood libel is made against the Jews of Rhodes.source
• 1840June 18 – Maria massacre: British brigantine Maria is wrecked off South Australia. All 26 passengers and crew make it to the shore but none survive the trek to safety over the following two weeks, most being massacred by Aboriginal Australians.source
• 1840August 19 – The Battle of the Barrier.source
• 1840September 10 – Ottoman and British troops bombard Beirut, and land troops on the coast, to pressure Egyptian Muhammad Ali to retreat from the country.source
• 1840September 30 – The French frigate Belle Poule arrives in Cherbourg, bringing back the remains of Napoleon from Saint Helena to France.source
• 1840October 8 – A firman (imperial decree) of Sultan Abdulmejid I replaces Bashir Shihab II as Emir of Mount Lebanon with Prince Bashir Chehab III (Bashir Qasim al-Chehab).source
• 1840October 11 – Maronite leader Bashir Shihab II surrenders to the Ottomans, and on October 14 goes into exile, initially in Malta.source
• 1840December 15 – The body of Napoleon is laid to rest in Les Invalides in Paris.source
• 1840Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41)source
• 1840First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842)source
• 1841May 22 – The Georgian province of Guria revolts against the Russian Empire.source
• 1841May – The Sino-Sikh War begins.source
• 1841August 16 – U.S. President John Tyler vetoes a bill which called for the re-establishment of the Second Bank of the United States. Enraged Whig Party members riot outside the White House, in the most violent demonstration on White House grounds in U.S. history.source
• 1841October 10 – First Opium War: Battle of Chinhai – British capture a Chinese garrison.source
• 1841October 13 – First Opium War: British occupy Ningbo.source
• 1841December 23 – First Anglo-Afghan War: At a meeting with the Afghan general Akbar Khan, British diplomat Sir William Hay Macnaghten is shot dead at close quarters.source
• 1841First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42)source
• 1842January 6–13 – First Anglo-Afghan War – Massacre of Elphinstone's army (Battle of Gandamak): British East India Company troops are destroyed by Afghan forces on the road from Kabul to Jalalabad, Afghanistan, by Akbar Khan, son of Dost Mohammad Khan.source
• 1842February 7 – Battle of Debre Tabor: Ras Ali Alula, Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia, defeats warlord Wube Haile Maryam of Semien.source
• 1842March 5 – Mexican troops led by Ráfael Vásquez invade the Republic of Texas, briefly occupy San Antonio, and then head back to the Rio Grande. This is the first such invasion since the Texas Revolution.source
• 1842April 13 – First Anglo-Afghan War: Battle of Jellalabad – British troops are victorious.source
• 1842May 19 – Dorr Rebellion: Militiamen supporting Thomas Wilson Dorr attack the arsenal in Providence, Rhode Island, but are repulsed.source
• 1842June 4 – In South Africa, hunter Dick King rides into a British military base in Grahamstown, to warn that the Boers have besieged Durban (he had left 11 days earlier). The British army dispatches a relief force.source
• 1842August 4 – The Armed Occupation Act is signed, providing for the armed occupation and settlement of the unsettled part of the Peninsula of East Florida.source
• 1842August 14 – American Indian Wars: United States general William J. Worth declares the Second Seminole War to be over.source
• 1843February 3 – Uruguayan Civil War: Argentina supports Oribe of Uruguay, and begins a siege of Montevideo.source
• 1843February – Shaikh Ali bin Khalifa Al-Khalifa captures the fort and town of Riffa after the rival branch of the family fails to gain control of the Riffa Fort and flees to Manama. Shaikh Mohamed bin Ahmed is killed at the battle, called the Battle of Hunayniya.source
• 1843March 24 – Battle of Hyderabad: The Bombay Army, led by Major General Sir Charles Napier, defeats the Talpur Mirs, securing Sindh as a province of British India.source
• 1843June 17 – In New Zealand, a posse of British settlers sent to arrest Māori chief Te Rauparaha clash with members of his Ngāti Toa tribe, resulting in 26 deaths.source
• 1843July – Margaret Fuller's "The Great Lawsuit. Man versus Men. Woman versus Women" appears in The Dial magazine in the United States.source
• 1843September 15 (Sept. 3, O.S.) – A Popular uprising in Athens, Greece, including citizens and military captains, demands from King Otto a liberal Constitution from the state, which has been governed since independence (1830) by various domestic and foreign business interests.source
• 1844June 4 – Start of the Silesian weavers' uprising. It is crushed by Prussian military on June 6, with 11 weavers killed and numerous arrested.source
• 1844August 14 – Abdelkader El Djezairi is defeated at the Battle of Isly in Morocco; sultan Abd al-Rahman of Morocco soon repudiates his ally.source
• 1845March 11 – The New Zealand Wars open with the Flagstaff War. Chiefs Kawiti and Hōne Heke lead 700 Maoris in the burning of the British colonial settlement of Kororareka (modern-day Russell, New Zealand).source
• 1845September 18 – The Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata is formally declared.source
• 1845November 20 – Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata – Battle of Vuelta de Obligado: The Argentine Confederation is narrowly defeated by an Anglo–French fleet on the waters of the Paraná River, but the victors suffer serious damage to their ships, and Argentina attracts political support in South America.source
• 1845December 11 – First Anglo-Sikh War: Sikh army crosses the Sutlej in the Punjab.source
• 1845December 22–23 – Battle of Ferozeshah (Anglo-Sikh War): East India Company forces are victorious over those of the Sikh Empire.source
• 1846February 10 – First Anglo-Sikh war: Battle of Sobraon – British forces in India defeat the Sikhs.source
• 1846February 18 – The Galician Peasant Uprising of 1846 begins in Austria.source
• 1846February 20–March 3 – Kraków uprising: Polish nationalists stage an uprising in the Free City of Kraków; it is suppressed by forces of the Austrian Empire, supported by peasants.source
• 1846February 22 – The Liberty Bell in Philadelphia is cracked while being rung for George Washington's birthday.source
• 1846April 25 – Mexican–American War: Open conflict begins, over the disputed border of Texas.source
• 1846May 8 – Mexican–American War – Battle of Palo Alto: Zachary Taylor defeats a Mexican force north of the Rio Grande at Palo Alto, Texas in the first major battle of the war.source
• 1846May 13 – Mexican–American War: The United States declares war on Mexico.source
• 1846May 16 – The Revolution of Maria da Fonte begins in Portugal. It will be by royalist troops on February 22, 1847.source
• 1846June 14 – Bear Flag Revolt: American settlers in Sonoma, California, start a rebellion against Mexico and proclaim the California Republic.source
• 1846July 7 – Mexican–American War: Battle of Monterey – Acting on instructions from Washington, D.C., Commodore John Drake Sloat orders his troops to occupy Monterey and Yerba Buena, thus beginning the United States annexation of California.source
• 1846September 14 – Jang Bahadur and his brothers massacre about 40 members of the Nepalese palace court.source
• 1846September – The Second Carlist War (or the War of the Matiners or Madrugadores) begins in Spain.source
• 1847February 22 – Mexican–American War: Battle of Buena Vista – 5,000 American troops under General Zachary Taylor use their superiority in artillery to drive off 15,000 Mexican troops under Antonio López de Santa Anna, defeating the Mexicans the next day.source
• 1847March 9 – Mexican–American War: United States forces under General Winfield Scott invade Mexico near Veracruz.source
• 1847March 29 – Mexican–American War: United States forces under General Winfield Scott take Veracruz after a siege.source
• 1847April 16 – New Zealand Wars: A minor Māori chief is accidentally shot by a junior British Army officer in Whanganui on New Zealand's North Island, triggering the Wanganui Campaign (which continues until July 23).source
• 1847July 12 – A riot occurs in Woodstock, New Brunswick, between Catholics and members of the Orange Order that results in up to ten deaths.source
• 1847August 12 – Mexican–American War: U.S. troops of General Winfield Scott begin to advance along the aqueduct around Lakes Chalco and Xochimilco in Mexico.source
• 1847August 20 – Mexican–American War – Battle of Churubusco: U.S. troops defeat Mexican forces.source
• 1847September 14 – Mexican–American War: U.S. general Winfield Scott enters Mexico City, marking the end of organized Mexican resistance.source
• 1847November 3–29 – Sonderbund War: In Switzerland, General Guillaume-Henri Dufour's Federal Army defeats the Sonderbund (an alliance of seven Catholic cantons) in a civil war, with a total of only 86 deaths.source
• 1847November 17 – The Battle of Um Swayya Spring takes place near a spring in Qatar, after a Bahraini force under Shaikh Ali bin Khalifa Deputy Ruler of Bahrain defeats the Al Binali tribe. The chief of the Al Binali, Isa bin Tureef, is slain in battle with over 70 fatalities from his side.source
• 1847December 21 – Emir Abdelkader surrenders to the French in Algeria.source
• 1848March 2 – The March Unrest breaks out in Sweden.source
• 1848March 18 – At a Berlin barricade, fighting between revolutionaries and royalist forces marks the culmination of the German revolutions of 1848–49. As a result, King Frederick William IV of Prussia is forced to appoint a liberal government.source
• 1848April 18 – The Second Anglo-Sikh War breaks out in the Punjab.source
• 1848May 15 – Radicals invade the French Chamber of Deputies.source
• 1848June 17 – The Austrian army bombards Prague, and crushes a working-class revolt.source
• 1848June 22 – The French government dissolves the national workshops in Paris, giving the workers the choice of joining the army or going to workshops in the provinces. The following day, the June Days Uprising begins in response.source
• 1848June – The Serbians from Vojvodina start a rebellion against the Hungarian government.source
• 1848July 26 – The Matale Rebellion breaks out against British rule in Sri Lanka.source
• 1848July 29 – Young Irelander Rebellion: A nationalist revolt in County Tipperary, against British rule, is put down by the Irish Constabulary.source
• 1848September 10 – The Austrian commander Karl von Urban makes the first stand against the Revolution in Hungary, assembling in his headquarters in Năsăud hundreds of delegates from all districts of the Principality of Transylvania. As a result, 918 communities in the region distance themselves from the Revolution.source
• 1848September 11 – The Croatian army of Josip Jelačić, encouraged in secret by the Habsburg government, crosses the Drava River and attacks Hungary, with the goal of ending the revolution in that country.source
• 1848September 25 – The Hungarian king and Habsburg emperor Ferdinand V refuses to recognise the Hungarian government, led by Lajos Batthyány. The Batthyány government resigns and the National Defence Committee is formed, which is a temporary crisis government, totally independent from Vienna, under the leadership of Lajos Kossuth.source
• 1848September 29 – Battle of Pákozd: The Hungarian revolutionary army, led by János Móga, defeats the Croatian army of Josip Jelačić, forcing him to retreat towards Vienna.source
• 1848October 3 – General Anton Puchner, commander of the Austrian armies of Transylvania, declares insurrection against Hungary, and, together with Karl von Urban in the north and the Romanian insurgents led by Avram Iancu, attacks and chases away the Hungarian armed forces occupying Transylvania.source
• 1848October 24 – Romanian bands massacre 640 Hungarian civilians at the town of Zlatna, Transylvania. The massacre continues into 1849.source
• 1848October 30 – Battle of Schwechat: Hungarian forces which crossed the Austrian border, in order to unite with the Viennese revolutionaries, are defeated by the imperial army, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz and Josip Jelačić.source
• 1848October 31 – Vienna is occupied by the imperial forces led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, who crushes the revolution here.source
• 1848November 13 – At the Battle of Gherla, the Austrian commander Karl von Urban wins a victory with his force of 3.000 against the 12.000-strong Hungarian Revolutionary Army led by Manó Baldacci, the Hungarian commander-in-chief in Transylvania.source
• 1848November 17 – Karl von Urban liberates Klausenburg (Cluj-Napoca/Kolozsvár), the capital of the Principality of Transylvania, during the Hungarian Revolutionary War.source
• 1848November 24 – At the Battle of Des, Karl von Urban, with 1.500 men, defeats a Hungarian army of 10.000 led by Katona Miklós.source
• 1848December 6 – The Austrian imperial army, led by Franz Schlik, attacks Hungary.source
• 1848December 25 – Hungarian forces, led by Józef Bem, enter Kolozsvár (Cluj), after defeating the Austrian armies in northern Transylvania.source
• 1848December 30 – Battle of Mór: The imperial army, led by Josip Jelačić, defeats the Hungarian army, led by Mór Perczel.source
• 1848John C. Frémont is court-martialed on grounds of mutiny and disobeying orders. The verdict is set aside by U.S. President James K. Polk, but Frémont retires to California Territory.source
• 1849January 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Austrian army, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, enters in the Hungarian capitals, Buda and Pest. The Hungarian government and parliament flee to Debrecen.source
• 1849January 8 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Romanian armed groups massacre 600 unarmed Hungarian civilians, at Nagyenyed.source
• 1849January 21 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: At Nagyszeben (now Sibiu in Romania)– The Hungarian army in Transylvania, led by Josef Bem, is defeated by the Austrians, led by Anton Puchner.source
• 1849February 4 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Battle of Vízakna – The Austrian army, led by Anton Puchner, defeats the Hungarians, led by general Josef Bem.source
• 1849February 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian revolutionary army, led by Richard Guyon, breaks through the pass of Branyiszkó, defeating the Austrian defenders.source
• 1849February 9 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Battle of Piski – Josef Bem's Hungarian army defeats Anton Puchner.source
• 1849February 27 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Battle of Kápolna – The Austrians defeat the Hungarians.source
• 1849March 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Second Battle of Szolnok – The Hungarians led by János Damjanich and Károly Vécsey defeat the Austrians.source
• 1849March 11 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian army of Transylvania, under general Josef Bem, defeats the Russian-Austrian army at Second Battle of Nagyszeben, capturing the city which is the headquarters of Austrian general Anton Puchner. Most of Transylvania is liberated from the Austrian rule. The Austrian and the Russian troops flee to Wallachia.source
• 1849March 23 – First Italian War of Independence: Battle of Novara – The Kingdom of Sardinia suffers a huge defeat after a two day battle, and King Charles Albert of Sardinia abdicates.source
• 1849April 1 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian Revolutionary Army, under the leadership of Arthur Görgey, starts the victorious Spring Campaign, which leads to the liberation of much of Hungary from the Austrian forces.source
• 1849April 2 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Hatvan: The Hungarian revolutionary army, under the command of András Gáspár, defeats the Austrians, led by general Franz Schlik.source
• 1849April 6 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Isaszeg: The main Hungarian forces, led by Arthur Görgey, defeat the main imperial forces, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, forcing them to retreat westward.source
• 1849April 21 – The Austrian government asks Russian help against the Hungarian Revolution. Tsar Nicholas I of Russia agrees to send troops against Hungary.source
• 1849April 25 – James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, the Governor General of Canada, signs the Rebellion Losses Bill, outraging Montreal's English population and triggering the Montreal Riots.source
• 1849April 26 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Komárom: Hungarian forces relieve the city and castle with the same name from a long Austrian siege. The Austrian imperial forces and their Croatian, Romanian and Serbian allies are chased out from Hungary, or near the borders of the country.source
• 1849June 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The first Russian troops, led by Lieutenant General Fyodor Sergeyevich Panyutin, who come in the aid of the Habsburgs, cross the Hungarian border at Pozsony, in order to crush the Hungarian revolution.source
• 1849June 20 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Russian troops, under the command of Alexander von Lüders, break in Transylvania, and, together with the Austrian forces, start to operate against the Hungarian troops, led by Józef Bem.source
• 1849June 21 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Russo-Austrian army, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau, defeats the Hungarians under the command of Arthur Görgey in the Battle of Pered.source
• 1849June 28 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Austrian army, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau, defeats the Hungarians, led by Ernő Poeltenberg, in the Battle of Győr. The Hungarian army is forced to retreat towards Budapest.source
• 1849July 11 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Third Battle of Komárom: The Hungarian army, led by Arthur Görgey, is defeated by the Austrians, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau.source
• 1849July 17 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Hungarians, led by Arthur Görgey, and the Russians, led by Ivan Paskevich, battle indecisively in the Second Battle of Vác. The Russians are unsuccessful in destroying the Hungarian army, which retreats towards the east.source
• 1849August 2 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Russian main forces, under Ivan Paskevich, defeat the Hungarian army under József Nagysándor, in the Battle of Debrecen.source
• 1849August 9 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Temesvár: The main Russo-Austrian forces, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau, win a decisive victory against the Hungarians, led by Józef Bem.source
• 1850May 15 – The Bloody Island Massacre takes place at Clear Lake in northern California.source
• 1850June 3 – the Cayuse Five (five members of the Cayuse people) were executed for murder following the Whitman massacre (an attack on a mission settlement near present-day Walla Walla, Washington)source
• 1850July – Taiping Rebellion: Hong Xiuquan orders the general mobilisation of rebel forces in China.source
• 1850Taiping Rebellion: The first clashes of the Taiping Rebellion occur, between the Imperialist militia and the Heavenly Army.source
• 1850Dost Mohammad Barakzai, emir of Afghanistan, captures Balkh.source
• 1851January 11 – Hong Xiuquan officially begins the Taiping Rebellion in China, one of the bloodiest revolts that would lead to 20 million deaths.source
• 1851July 1 – Battle of Ras Tanoura, a collision occurs between the Bahrain blockading force off Kateef and the Arab fugitives at Kenn Island, who surprised and attacked the Bahrain fleet. Mubarak bin Abdulla bin Ahmed, along with his brother Rashid and Busher bin Rahma Al Jalahma were all killed in the battle.source
• 1851October 17 – The first Parsi-Muslim riot begins in Bombay, India.source
• 1851November 21 – Mutineers take control of the Chilean penal colony of Punta Arenas in the Strait of Magellan.source
• 1851November 26–27 – Morocco: French naval forces bombard the Moroccan city of Salé, in retaliation for looting of a French cargo ship.source
• 1851December 26–27 – A British Royal Navy warship bombards Lagos Island; Oba Kosoko is wounded, and flees to Epe.source
• 1851December 31 – 1851 Chilean Revolution: At the Battle of Loncomilla, Chilean rebels are defeated, ending the revolution.source
• 1851Nian Rebellion in China, 1851–68.source
• 1851Naga raids on the East India Company, 1851–65.source
• 1852February 3 – Battle of Caseros, Argentina: The Argentine provinces of Entre Rios and Corrientes, allied with Brazil and members of Colorado Party of Uruguay, defeat Buenos Aires troops under Juan Manuel de Rosas.source
• 1852March 1 – Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton, is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.source
• 1852April 1 – The Second Anglo-Burmese War begins.source
• 1852April 18 – Taiping Rebellion in China: Taiping forces begin the siege of Guilin.source
• 1852May 19 – Taiping Rebellion: The siege of Guilin is lifted.source
• 1852June 12 – Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces enter Hunan.source
• 1852October 16 – After nearly five years' imprisonment in France, former Algerian Emir Abdelkader El Djezairi is released by orders of then-president Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte.source
• 1852October 31 – General Joaquin Solares of Guatemala leads an invasion of neighboring Honduras, beginning a war that lasts until February 13, 1856.source
• 1852December 4 – The French capture Laghouat.source
• 1852December 23 – Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping army takes Hanyang and begins the siege of Wuchang.source
• 1852December 29 – Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping army takes Hankou.source
• 1853January 8 – Taiping Rebellion: Zeng Guofan is ordered to assist the governor of Hunan in organizing a militia force to search for local bandits.source
• 1853January 12 – Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping army occupies Wuchang.source
• 1853February 10 – Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces assemble at Hanyang, Hankou and Wuchang for the march on Nanjing.source
• 1853March 20 – Taiping Rebellion: A rebel army of around 750,000 seizes Nanjing, killing 30,000 Imperial troops.source
• 1853May 5 – Perpetual Maritime Truce comes into force between the United Kingdom and the rulers of the Sheikhdoms of the Lower Gulf, later known as the Trucial States.source
• 1853June 27 – Taiping Rebellion: The Northern Expeditionary Force crosses the Yellow River.source
• 1853July 27 – Iesada succeeds his father Ieyoshi as Japanese shōgun. The Late Tokugawa shogunate (the last part of the Edo period in Japan) begins.source
• 1853October 4–5 – Crimean War: The Ottoman Empire begins war with Russia.source
• 1853October 28 – Crimean War: The Ottoman army crosses the Danube into Vidin/Calafat, Wallachia.source
• 1853October 30 – Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping Northern Expeditionary Force comes within 3 mi km of Tianjin.source
• 1853November 4 – Crimean War: Battle of Oltenitza – Turkish forces defeat the Russians.source
• 1853November 30 (November 18 O.S.) – Crimean War: Battle of Sinop – The Russian fleet destroys the Turkish fleet.source
• 1853December 6 – Taiping Rebellion: French minister de Bourboulon arrives at the Heavenly Capital, aboard the Cassini.source
• 1854February 13 – Mexican troops force William Walker and his troops to retreat to Sonora.source
• 1854February 27 – Britain sends Russia an ultimatum to withdraw from two Romanian provinces it has conquered, Moldavia and Wallachia.source
• 1854March 20 – In the United States:source
• 1854March 27 – Crimean War: The United Kingdom declares war on Russia.source
• 1854March 28 – Crimean War: France declares war on Russia.source
• 1854May 5–15 – Hokkien–Teochew Riots in Singapore.source
• 1854May 27 – Taiping Rebellion: United States diplomatic minister Robert McLane arrives at the Heavenly Capital aboard the .source
• 1854June 21 – Battle of Bomarsund in Åland off the coast of Finland: British Royal Navy seaman's mate Charles Davis Lucas throws a live Russian artillery shell overboard by hand before it explodes, for which he is awarded the first Victoria Cross in 1857.source
• 1854July 17 – The Bienio progresista revolutionary coup occurs in Spain.source
• 1854August 16 – Battle of Bomarsund: Russian troops on the island of Bomarsund, in Åland, surrender to French–British troops.source
• 1854August 19 – John Lawrence Grattan leads 29 United States troops and a civilian interpreter in attack on Lakota village over dispute involving emigrant cow. Grattan's command was annihilated.source
• 1854September 20 – Crimean War: Battle of Alma – The French–British alliance wins the first major land engagement of the war.source
• 1854October 25 – Crimean War: Battle of Balaclava – The allies gain an overall victory, except for the disastrous cavalry Charge of the Light Brigade, from which only 200 of 700 men survive.source
• 1854November 5 – Crimean War: Battle of Inkerman – The Russians are defeated.source
• 1854December 3 – The Eureka Stockade Miners' Rebellion breaks out in Ballarat, Victoria (Australia).source
• 1854The Mute Rebellion breaks out in Sweden.source
• 1854Florence Nightingale and her team of 38 trained volunteer nurses, having set out on October 21 from England, arrive at Selimiye Barracks in Scutari in the Ottoman Empire, to care for British Army troops wounded in the Crimean War.source
• 1855March 17 – Taiping Rebellion: A Taiping army of 350,000 invades Anhui.source
• 1855April 3 – The Nepalese invasion of Tibet (west of China) to the north across the Himalaya Mountains (tallest and most rugged in the world) starts the Nepalese–Tibetan War (1855–1856).source
• 1855April 7 – Battle of Kaba: The Kingdom of Tonga in the islands of the southwest Pacific Ocean (Polynesia, Melanesia / Oceania), intervenes in the war between the self-proclaimed Tui Viti (King) of the island of Fiji, Cakobau, and his rivals the Confederation of Rewa. It results in Rewa's defeat and the tenuous unification of Fiji under Cakobau.source
• 1855April 16 – Emperor of the French Napoleon III, with Empress Eugénie, begins a 6-day state visit to Britain.source
• 1855September 9 (August 28 O.S.) – Crimean War: Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855) – Sevastopol falls to French and British troops.source
• 1855October 17 – Crimean War: Battle of Kinburn – Combined French and British forces subdue Russian shore forts. The successful use of French floating batteries makes this the first use of modern ironclad warships in action.source
• 1855November 15 – The Hejaz rebellion takes place in Hejaz against the Ottoman Empire, triggered by a firman of 1854 against the slave trade, which is condemned by the ulema of Mecca as influenced by Westerners and contrary to Islamic law.source
• 1855November 21 – Large-scale Bleeding Kansas violence begins, with events leading to the 'Wakarusa War' between antislavery and proslavery forces.source
• 1856January 24 – U.S. President Franklin Pierce declares the new Free-State Topeka government in "Bleeding Kansas" to be in rebellion.source
• 1856January 26 – First Battle of Seattle: Marines from the suppress an indigenous uprising, in response to Governor Stevens' declaration of a "war of extermination" on Native communities.source
• 1856February 7 – The Nawab of Oudh, Wajid Ali Shah, is exiled to Metiabruz and the state is annexed by the British East India Company.source
• 1856March 20 – Filibuster War: Battle of Santa Rosa: – Costa Rican troops rout Walker's soldiers.source
• 1856March 24 – Taiping Rebellion: Suspecting treachery on the part of East King Yang Xiuqing, Shi Dakai garrisons Anhui and begins his march back to the Heavenly Capital, having defeated a strong Xiang Army detachment.source
• 1856May 3 – Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom gives Norfolk Island to the population of the colony at Pitcairn Island, most being descendants of the Mutiny on the Bounty. They first settle on Norfolk Island on June 8. Women's suffrage, as practiced on Pitcairn, is extended to Norfolk Island.source
• 1856May 24 – Pottawatomie massacre: A group of followers of radical abolitionist John Brown kill 5 homesteaders in Franklin County, Kansas.source
• 1856June 2 – Battle of Black Jack: Antislavery forces, led by John Brown, defeat proslavery forces in Bleeding Kansas.source
• 1856June 13 – Taiping Rebellion: Shi Dakai arrives at Nanjing.source
• 1856July 14–15 – In Spain, General Leopoldo O'Donnell takes control of the government, bringing an end to the bienio progresista.source
• 1856August 30 – Battle of Osawatomie: Proslavery forces defeat antislavery forces in Bleeding Kansas.source
• 1856September 2 – Taiping Rebellion: Wei Changhui and Qin Rigang assassinate Yang Xiuqing.source
• 1856October 8 – The Second Opium War between several Western powers and China begins with the Arrow Incident on the Pearl River.source
• 1856November 1 – Anglo-Persian War: War is declared between Great Britain and Persia.source
• 1856November 11 – Taiping Rebellion: Shi Dakai arrives at the Heavenly Capital once more with 100,000 men, and demands that Wei Changhui and Qin Rigang be executed. Shi subsequently becomes head of the government.source
• 1856November 17 – American Old West: On the Sonoita River in modern-day southern Arizona, the United States Army establishes Fort Buchanan, in order to help control new land acquired in the Gadsden Purchase.source
• 1856December 9 – Bushehr surrenders to the British.source
• 1856The Tintic War breaks out in Utah.source
• 1857March 3 – France and the United Kingdom formally declare war on China, in the Second Anglo-Chinese War.source
• 1857March 3 – The largest slave auction in U.S. history is held, dubbed The Weeping Time. Over a 2-day period (starting March 2), Pierce M. Butler sells 436 men, women, children, and infants, all of whom are kept in stalls meant for horses at a racetrack in Savannah, Georgia, for weeks beforehand.source
• 1857March 8 – 12 – Spirit Lake Massacre, near Okoboji and Spirit lakes in the northwestern territory of Iowa near the Minnesota border.source
• 1857March – The Austrian garrison leaves Bucharest.source
• 1857April 4 – The Anglo-Persian War ends.source
• 1857April 8 – Mangal Pandey is hanged for mutiny against the British East India Company army; the execution is a precursor event to the Indian Rebellion of 1857.source
• 1857May 10 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: The 3rd Light Cavalry of the British East India Company's army rebels against its British officers, thus beginning the rebellion.source
• 1857May 11 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: Indian combatants capture Delhi from the British East India Company.source
• 1857June 1 – Second Anglo-Chinese War: Battle of Fatshan Creek – The British Royal Navy defeats the Cantonese fleet of Qing dynasty China.source
• 1857June 12 – U.S. mercenary William Walker is overthrown as ruler of Nicaragua by Honduran general Florencio Xatruch.source
• 1857June 26 – At a ceremony in London, Queen Victoria awards the first 66 Victoria Crosses to British troops, for actions during the Crimean War.source
• 1857July 1–November 19 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: Siege of Lucknow.source
• 1857July 15 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: The second massacre at Kanpur takes place.source
• 1857September 11 – The Mountain Meadows massacre occurs in Utah.source
• 1857September 20 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: British forces recapture Delhi, compelling the surrender of Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor.source
• 1857November 16 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: British troops win 24 Victoria Crosses in action this day.source
• 1857December 28 – Second Anglo-Chinese War: 2nd Battle of Canton – British and French forces begin an assault on the Qing dynasty Chinese city of Canton (Guangzhou).source
• 1857December – The Reform War in Mexico begins.source
• 1858January 9 – Revolt of Rajab Ali: British forces finally defeat Rajab Ali Khan of Chittagong.source
• 1858January 14 – Orsini affair: Piedmontese revolutionary Felice Orsini and his accomplices fail to assassinate Napoleon III in Paris, but their bombs kill eight and wound 142 people. Because of the involvement of French émigrés living in Britain, there is a brief anti-British feeling in France, but the emperor refuses to support it.source
• 1858March 13 – Felice Orsini is executed by guillotine for the attempted assassination of Napoleon III of France.source
• 1858March 21 – Indian Rebellion: British troops retake Lucknow.source
• 1858April 28–May 1 – Battle of Grahovac: The Ottomans are decisively defeated by Montenegrin forces. The Bawani Imli massacre, (April 28) where 52 Indian freedom fighters were hanged to death on a tamarind tree by British colonial forces.source
• 1858May 19 – "Bleeding Kansas: The Marais des Cygnes massacre is perpetrated by pro-slavery forces in the U.S. state of Kansas.source
• 1858May–July – Mahtra War: Peasants in the Governorate of Estonia, Russian Empire revolt against ongoing serfdom, which was officially abolished in 1816.source
• 1858June 20 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: The last rebels surrender in Gwalior.source
• 1858July 8 – A peace treaty ends the Indian Rebellion.source
• 1858July 28 – In Bengal, India, British officer William James Herschel uses the hand impression of Rajyadhar Konai, as a contract fingerprint signature.source
• 1858September – Cochinchina Campaign: French warships, under Charles Rigault de Genouilly, attack and occupy Da Nang, Vietnam.source
• 1858December 7 — Mexican Conservative interim president Félix María Zuloaga proclaims the Plan of Tacubaya to abolish the Reform Laws, setting off a three-year civil war (1857–1860).source
• 1858Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour goads Austria into attacking Sardinia.source
• 1859February 17 – French naval forces under Charles Rigault de Genouilly capture the city and Citadel of Saigon in Vietnam, beginning the Siege of Saigon.source
• 1859March 9 – The army of the Kingdom of Sardinia mobilizes against Austria, beginning the crisis which will lead to the Austro-Sardinian War.source
• 1859April 18 – Indian Rebellion revolutionary, Tantia Tope is hanged for the 1857 Rebellionsource
• 1859April 29 – Austrian troops begin to cross the Ticino River to Piedmont.source
• 1859May 20 – Austro-Sardinian War: Battle of Montebello – The Austrian army led by Karl von Urban faces the French-Sardinian combined forces.source
• 1859May 26 – Austro-Sardinian War: Battle of Varese – Giuseppe Garibaldi's Hunters of the Alps confront and defeat Austrian forces, led by Field Marshal-Lieutenant Karl von Urban.source
• 1859May 30 – Austro-Sardinian War: Battle of Palestro – The Sardinians defeat the Austrian army.source
• 1859June 4 – Austro-Sardinian War: Battle of Magenta – The French and Sardinians defeat the Austrians.source
• 1859June 15 – Austro-Sardinian War: Battle of Treponti – The Austrian Field Marshall Karl von Urban defeats Giuseppe Garibaldi.source
• 1859June 24 – Austro-Sardinian War – Battle of Solferino: The Kingdom of Sardinia and the armies of Napoleon III of France defeat Franz Joseph I of Austria in northern Italy; the battle inspires Henri Dunant to found the Red Cross.source
• 1859July 11 – Austro-Sardinian War – By the preliminary treaty signed at Villafranca, Italy, Lombardy is ceded to the French (who immediately cede it to Sardinia), while the Austrians keep Venetia, and the French promise to restore the Central Italian rulers expelled in the course of the war. This brings the Austro-Sardinian War effectively to a close.source
• 1859October 16 – John Brown raids the Harpers Ferry Armory in Harper's Ferry, Virginia, in an unsuccessful bid to spark a general slave rebellion.source
• 1859October 18 – Troops under Colonel Robert E. Lee overpower John Brown at the Federal arsenal.source
• 1860January 13 – Battle of Tétouan, Morocco: Spanish troops under General Leopoldo O'Donnell, 1st Duke of Tetuan defeat the Moroccan Army.source
• 1860February 26 – The Wiyot Massacre takes place at Tuluwat Island, Humboldt Bay in northern California.source
• 1860March 17 – The First Taranaki War begins at Waitara, New Zealand, when Māori refuse to sell land to British settlers.source
• 1860March 24 – Sakuradamon Incident: Rōnin samurai of the Mito Domain in Japan assassinate tairō (Chief Minister) Ii Naosuke outside the Sakurada Gate of Edo Castle, disaffected with his role in the opening of Japan to foreign powers.source
• 1860March–August – The second rout of the Jiangnan Daying destroys the Qing dynasty's army of 180,000.source
• 1860April 4 – A new uprising erupts in Palermo.source
• 1860May 15 – Expedition of the Thousand – Battle of Calatafimi: Troops under Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat the army of Naples in Sicily.source
• 1860May 27 – Garibaldi's forces take Palermo, the capital of Sicily.source
• 1860July 20 – Battle of Milazzo: The forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat royal Neapolitan forces near Messina, bringing nearly all of Sicily under Garibaldi's control.source
• 1860September 7 – Giuseppe Garibaldi's forces capture Naples.source
• 1860September 10 – Piedmontese forces invade the Papal States, hoping to link up with Garibaldi in Naples.source
• 1860September 18 – Battle of Castelfidardo: The Piedmontese decisively defeat the Papal forces, allowing them to continue their march into Neapolitan territory, and effectively reducing the Papal States to the territory around Rome.source
• 1860September 24 – Battle of Guayaquil: Ecuadorian forces, led by Juan José Flores and Gabriel García Moreno, take the port of Guayaquil from Supreme Chief Guillermo Franco, who is backed by Peruvian forces.source
• 1860October 1 – Battle of Volturnus: Garibaldi defeats the last organized army of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.source
• 1860October 5 – Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and the Ottoman Empire form a commission to investigate the causes of the massacres of Maronite Christians, committed by Druzes in Lebanon earlier in the year.source
• 1860October 18 – The first Convention of Peking formally ends the Second Opium War.source
• 1860October 19 – A new Māori revolt begins in New Zealand.source
• 1860October 26 – Garibaldi again defeats the Neapolitan forces, advancing on Gaeta, the last remaining Neapolitan strong-point.source
• 1860October 26 – Meeting at Teano: Giuseppe Garibaldi gives Naples to King Victor Emmanuel II, recognizing him as King of Italy.source
• 1860November 3 – The combined forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel II besiege King Francis II of the Two Sicilies in Gaeta, his last remaining stronghold.source
• 1860December 24 – Mexico's interim president Miguel Miramón flees the country after being defeated in battle.source
• 1860Christians and Druzes clash in Damascus, Syria.source
• 1860Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, and Empress Eugénie visit Algiers and stay at the Casbah of Algiers.source
• 1861February 13 – Unification of Italy: The Siege of Gaeta, stronghold of the Neapolitan King Francis II, is ended by Piedmontese forces. Francis goes into exile.source
• 1861February 23 – President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, D.C. in light of suspicions of a conspiracy in Baltimore to kill him.source
• 1861March 4 – American Civil War: The "Stars and Bars" is adopted as the flag of the Confederate States of America.source
• 1861March 10 – El Hadj Umar Tall seizes the city of Ségou, destroying the Bamana Empire of Mali.source
• 1861March 13 – Tsushima incident: The Russian corvette Posadnik arrives at Tsushima Island in the Korea Strait, Japan, provoking a reaction from the Japanese Shogunate.source
• 1861March 20 – Unification of Italy: The surrender of Civitella del Tronto ends the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.source
• 1861April 12 – The American Civil War begins with the bombardment of Fort Sumter, South Carolina.source
• 1861April 27 – American Civil War: President Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus in the United States.source
• 1861May 21 – Russian sailors clash with a group of Japanese samurai and farmers at Tsushima Island.source
• 1861July 21 – First Battle of Bull Run – At Manassas Junction, Virginia, the first major battle of the war ends in a Confederate victory.source
• 1861July 25 – The Crittenden–Johnson Resolution is passed by the U.S. Congress, stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union, and not to end slavery.source
• 1861July 26 – George B. McClellan assumes command of the Army of the Potomac, following the disastrous Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run.source
• 1861August 10 – American Civil War: The first major battle west of the Mississippi River, the Battle of Wilson's Creek, is fought, with a Confederate victory.source
• 1861September 3 – Confederate General Leonidas Polk invades neutral Kentucky, prompting the state legislature to ask for Union assistance.source
• 1861September 6 – Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant bloodlessly capture Paducah, Kentucky, which gives the Union control of the mouth of the Tennessee River.source
• 1861September 17 – Argentine Civil War: Battle of Pavón: Victory of Buenos Aires over the Argentine Confederation, and the re-unification of Argentina.source
• 1861October 17 – Australian frontier wars: Cullin-la-ringo massacre – 19 white settlers are murdered by indigenous Australians, following which more than 300 of the latter are killed in retaliation.source
• 1861October 21 – American Civil War: Battle of Ball's Bluff – Union forces under Colonel Edward Baker are defeated by Confederate troops, in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, is also killed in the fighting.source
• 1861November 2 – American Civil War: Western Department Union General John C. Frémont is relieved of command and replaced by David Hunter.source
• 1861November 7 – Battle of Belmont – In Belmont, Missouri, Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant (in his first combat leadership role) overrun a Confederate camp, but are forced to retreat when Confederate reinforcements arrive.source
• 1861November 19 – Battle of Round Mountain in Indian Territory (modern-day Oklahoma).source
• 1861November 21 – Confederate President Jefferson Davis appoints Judah P. Benjamin Secretary of War.source
• 1861November 25 – At a battle in the Sundarbans of Bengal, the house of Rahimullah of Baraikhali is attacked and he and 33 others are killed.source
• 1861December 1 – American Civil War: Trent Affair – The British government dispatches its response, partly drafted by Prince Albert (a fortnight before his death).source
• 1862January 6 – French intervention in Mexico: French, Spanish and British forces arrive in Veracruz, Mexico.source
• 1862February 11–16 – Battle of Fort Donelson – General Ulysses S. Grant attacks Fort Donelson, Tennessee, capturing it on the last day.source
• 1862March 8 – Ironclad (formerly USS Merrimack) is launched at Hampton Roads, Virginia; the Battle of Hampton Roads starts the same day.source
• 1862March 13 – American Civil War: The U.S. federal government forbids all Union army officers from returning fugitive slaves, thus effectively annulling the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and setting the stage for the Emancipation Proclamation.source
• 1862April 1 – Second French intervention in Mexico: The Spanish and the British ended their alliance with France.source
• 1862April 6–7– Battle of Shiloh – The Union Army, under General Ulysses S. Grant, defeats the Confederates near Shiloh, Tennessee.source
• 1862May 5 – Second French intervention in Mexico: Battle of Puebla – Mexican General Ignacio Zaragoza defeats the French Army; commemorated each year as Cinco de Mayo (Spanish for Fifth of May).source
• 1862June 8 – Battle of Cross Keys – Confederate troops under General Stonewall Jackson save the Army of Northern Virginia from a Union Army attack on the James Peninsula that is led by General George B. McClellan.source
• 1862June 26 – American Civil War: Battle of Mechanicsville – Confederate General Robert E. Lee defeats the troops of General George B. McClellan in the first of the Seven Days Battles.source
• 1862July 23 – American Civil War: Henry Halleck takes command of the Union Army.source
• 1862August 5 – Battle of Baton Rouge – Along the Mississippi River near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Confederate troops drive Union forces back into the city.source
• 1862August 6 – Confederate ironclad is scuttled on the Mississippi River after suffering damage in a battle with , near Baton Rouge, Louisiana.source
• 1862August 9 – Battle of Cedar Mountain – Confederate General Stonewall Jackson narrowly defeats Union forces under General John Pope at Cedar Mountain, Virginia.source
• 1862August 17 – The Dakota War of 1862 begins in Minnesota, as Dakota Sioux attack white settlements along the Minnesota River. They are overwhelmed by the U.S. Army six weeks later.source
• 1862August 19 – Dakota War of 1862: During an uprising in Minnesota, Dakota warriors decide not to attack heavily defended Fort Ridgely and instead turn to the settlement of New Ulm, killing white settlers along the way.source
• 1862August 28–30 – Second Battle of Bull Run – Confederate forces inflict a crushing defeat on Union General John Pope.source
• 1862September 2 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln restores Union General George B. McClellan to full command, after General John Pope's disastrous defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run.source
• 1862September 5 – In the Confederacy's first invasion of the North, General Robert E. Lee leads 55,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River at White's Ford near Leesburg, Virginia, into Maryland.source
• 1862October 8 – American Civil War: Battle of Perryville – Union Army forces under General Don Carlos Buell halt the Confederate invasion of Kentucky by defeating troops led by General Braxton Bragg at Perryville, Kentucky.source
• 1862October 11 – American Civil War: In the aftermath of the Battle of Antietam, Confederate General J. E. B. Stuart and his men loot Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, during a raid into the North.source
• 1862October 25 – In the Granadine Confederation (modern-day Colombia), rebel troops of the southern states defeat government forces.source
• 1862November 14 – President Abraham Lincoln approves the plan by General Ambrose Burnside to capture the Confederate capital city of Richmond, Virginia. This plan leads to a disastrous Union defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13.source
• 1862December 13 – Battle of Fredericksburg – The Union Army suffers massive casualties and abandons its attempts to capture the Confederate capital city of Richmond, Virginia.source
• 1862December 26–29 – Battle of Chickasaw Bayou – Another victory for the Confederate Army, outnumbered two to one, results in six times as many Union casualties, defeating several assaults commanded by Union general William T. Sherman.source
• 1863January 15 – French intervention in Mexico: French forces bombard Veracruz.source
• 1863January 22 – The January Uprising breaks out in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. The aim of the national movement is to liberate the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth from Russian occupation.source
• 1863January 29 – American Indian Wars – Bear River Massacre: The United States Army, led by General Patrick Edward Connor, massacres Chief Bear Hunter and forces of the Shoshone, in the Idaho Territory.source
• 1863March 25 – U.S. Army Private Jacob Parrott, a soldier in "Andrews' Raiders", becomes the first person to receive the Medal of Honor, presented by U.S. Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton to six of the Raiders. Parrott is followed that day by six others.source
• 1863May 1–4 – American Civil War: Battle of Chancellorsville – General Robert E. Lee defeats Union forces with 13,000 Confederate casualties, among them Stonewall Jackson (fatally wounded by friendly fire), and 17,500 Union casualties.source
• 1863May 14 – American Civil War: Battle of Jackson, Mississippi – Union General Ulysses S. Grant defeats Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston, opening the way for the siege of Vicksburg.source
• 1863May 28 – American Civil War: The 54th Massachusetts, the first African-American regiment, leaves Boston to fight for the Union.source
• 1863June 7 – French intervention in Mexico: French forces enter Mexico City.source
• 1863June 14 – Second Battle of Winchester – A Union garrison is defeated by the Army of Northern Virginia in the Shenandoah Valley town of Winchester, Virginia.source
• 1863June 17 – The Battle of Aldie in the Gettysburg campaign ends inconclusively.source
• 1863July 1–3 – Battle of Gettysburg – Union forces under George G. Meade turn back a Confederate invasion by Robert E. Lee in the largest battle of the war (28,000 Confederate casualties, 23,000 Union).source
• 1863July 4 – Siege of Vicksburg – Ulysses S. Grant and the Union army capture the Confederate city Vicksburg, Mississippi, after the town surrenders following a 47-day siege.source
• 1863July 9 – American Civil War: The Siege of Port Hudson ends, and the Union controls the entire Mississippi River for the first time.source
• 1863July 13 – New York City draft riots: In New York City, opponents of conscription to the American Civil War begin 3 days of violent rioting, which will be regarded as the worst in the history of the United States with around 120 killed.source
• 1863July 17 – The New Zealand Wars against the Māori people resume, as British forces in New Zealand led by Duncan Cameron begin their Invasion of the Waikato.source
• 1863August 8 – American Civil War: Following his defeat in the Battle of Gettysburg, General Robert E. Lee sends a letter of resignation to Confederate President Jefferson Davis (Davis refuses the request upon receipt).source
• 1863August 15–17 – Bombardment of Kagoshima: The British Royal Navy bombards the town of Kagoshima in Japan in retribution, after the Namamugi Incident of 1862.source
• 1863Battle of Lawrence: Lawrence, Kansas, is attacked by William Quantrill's raiders, who kill an estimated 200 men and boys. The raid becomes notorious in the North as one of the most vicious atrocities of the Civil War.source
• 1863September 19–20 – Battle of Chickamauga – Confederate forces turn back a Union invasion of Georgia.source
• 1863October 29 – American Civil War: Battle of Wauhatchie – Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant, having fought through the night, ward off a Confederate attack led by General James Longstreet. Union forces thus open a supply line into Chattanooga, Tennessee.source
• 1863November 16 – Battle of Campbell's Station – Near Knoxville, Tennessee, Confederate troops led by General James Longstreet unsuccessfully attack Union forces under General Ambrose Burnside.source
• 1863November 18 – King Christian IX of Denmark signs the November Constitution, which declares Schleswig to be part of Denmark, regarded by the German Confederation as a violation of the London Protocol of 1852, leading to the German–Danish war of 1864.source
• 1863November 19 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address, at the military cemetery dedication ceremony in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.source
• 1863November 25 – Battle of Missionary Ridge – At Missionary Ridge in Tennessee, Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant break the siege of Chattanooga, by routing Confederate troops under General Braxton Bragg.source
• 1864February 1 – Danish-Prussian War (Second Schleswig War): 57,000 Austrian and Prussian troops cross the Eider River into Denmark.source
• 1864April 12 – American Civil War: Battle of Fort Pillow – Confederate forces kill most of the African American soldiers who surrender at Fort Pillow, Tennessee.source
• 1864April 15 – Choe Je-u, founder of the Donghak Movement, is executed by beheading for sedition, at Daegu, Korea.source
• 1864April 18 – Danish-Prussian War (Second Schleswig War) – Battle of Dybbøl: The Prussian army, fielding 10,000 men, defeats the Danish defending army of 9,200 at Dybbøl Mill, after an artillery bombardment from April 7–18.source
• 1864May 5 – American Civil War: The Battle of the Wilderness begins in Spotsylvania County, Virginia.source
• 1864May 7 – American Civil War: The Army of the Potomac, under General Ulysses S. Grant, breaks off from the Battle of the Wilderness and moves southwards.source
• 1864May 11 – Battle of Yellow Tavern – Confederate General J. E. B. Stuart is mortally wounded at Yellow Tavern, Virginia.source
• 1864May 21 – The Russian Empire begins the Circassian genocide. More than 1.5 million Circassians are driven from their homeland to the Ottoman Empire, ending the Russo-Circassian War.source
• 1864& May 15 – Battle of New Market – Cadets from the Virginia Military Institute fight alongside the Confederate Army, forcing Union General Franz Sigel out of the Shenandoah Valley.source
• 1864June 19 – American Civil War: Battle of Cherbourg – Confederate States Navy CSS Alabama is sunk in a single-ship action with USS Kearsarge, in the English Channel off the coast of the Cotentin Peninsula, France.source
• 1864Battle of Brice's Crossroads – Confederate troops under Nathan Bedford Forrest defeat a much larger Union force, led by General Samuel D. Sturgis, in Mississippi.source
• 1864July 20 – Battle of Peachtree Creek – Near Atlanta, Confederate forces led by General John Bell Hood unsuccessfully attack Union troops under General William T. Sherman.source
• 1864August 5 – American Civil War: Battle of Mobile Bay – At Mobile Bay near Mobile, Alabama, Admiral David Farragut leads a Union flotilla through Confederate defenses, and seals one of the last major Southern ports.source
• 1864August 10 – An undeclared Uruguayan War begins, when Uruguay refuses an ultimatum from the Empire of Brazil.source
• 1864August 18 – American Civil War: Battle of Globe Tavern – Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant try to cut a vital Confederate supply-line into Petersburg, Virginia, by attacking the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, forcing the Confederates to use wagons.source
• 1864August 31 – American Civil War: Union forces, led by General William T. Sherman, launch an assault on Atlanta.source
• 1864September 5–6 – Bombardment of Shimonoseki: An American, British, Dutch and French alliance engages the powerful feudal Japanese warlord or daimyō Lord Mōri Takachika, of the Chōshū clan, based in Shimonoseki, Japan.source
• 1864September 17 – American Civil War: The Second Battle of Cabin Creek is fought in Indian Territory.source
• 1864October 1 – A calamity is narrowly averted in London at the Erith explosionsource
• 1864October 12 – Uruguayan War: Forces of the Empire of Brazil invade Uruguay, in support of Venancio Flores' Colorado Party.source
• 1864October 30 – The Second Schleswig War is concluded. Denmark renounces all claim to Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg, which come under Prussian and Austrian administration.source
• 1864November 4 – American Civil War: Battle of Johnsonville – At Johnsonville, Tennessee, troops under the command of Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest bombard a Union supply base with artillery, and destroy millions of dollars' worth of material.source
• 1864November 22 – Sherman's March to the Sea – Confederate General John Bell Hood invades Tennessee, in an unsuccessful attempt to draw Union General Sherman from Georgia.source
• 1864December 15–16 – American Civil War: Battle of Nashville – Union forces decisively defeat the Confederate Army of Tennessee.source
• 1865January 13 – American Civil War: Second Battle of Fort Fisher – Union forces launch a major amphibious assault against the last seaport held by the Confederates, Fort Fisher, North Carolina.source
• 1865February 3 – American Civil War: Hampton Roads Conference: Union and Confederate leaders discuss peace terms.source
• 1865March 19–21 – American Civil War : Battle of Bentonville: Union troops compel Confederate forces to retreat from Four Oaks, North Carolina.source
• 1865March 25 – American Civil War: In Virginia, Confederate forces capture Fort Stedman from the Union, although it is retaken the same day. Lee's army suffers heavy casualties: about 2,900, including 1,000 captured in the Union counterattack. Confederate positions are weakened. After the battle, Lee's defeat is only a matter of time.source
• 1865April 1 – American Civil War – Battle of Five Forks: In Petersburg, Virginia, Confederate General Robert E. Lee begins his final offensive.source
• 1865April 9 – American Civil War: Confederate States Army General Robert E. Lee surrenders to Union Army General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, effectively ending the war.source
• 1865April 14 – Assassination of Abraham Lincoln: President of the United States Abraham Lincoln is shot while attending an evening performance of the farce Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., by actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.source
• 1865April 14 – United States Secretary of State William H. Seward and his family are attacked in his home, by Lewis Powell.source
• 1865April 18 – Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his entire cabinet arrive in Charlotte, North Carolina, with a contingent of 1,000 soldiers.source
• 1865April 26 – American Civil War: Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston surrenders to Union Major General William Tecumseh Sherman, at Durham Station, North Carolina.source
• 1865May 4 – American Civil War: Lieutenant General Richard Taylor, commanding all Confederate forces in Alabama, Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana, surrenders his forces to Union General Edward Canby at Citronelle, Alabama, effectively ending all Confederate resistance east of the Mississippi River.source
• 1865May 10 – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is captured by the Union Army near Irwinville, Georgia.source
• 1865May 12–13 – American Civil War – Battle of Palmito Ranch: In far south Texas, more than a month after Confederate General Lee's surrender, the last land battle of the civil war with casualties, ends with a Confederate victory.source
• 1865May 29 – American Civil War: President of the United States Andrew Johnson issues a proclamation of general amnesty for most citizens of the former Confederacy.source
• 1865June 2 – American Civil War: Confederate forces west of the Mississippi River under General Edmund Kirby Smith surrender at Galveston, Texas, under terms negotiated on May 26, becoming the last to do so.source
• 1865June 11 – Battle of the Riachuelo: The Brazilian Navy squadron defeats the Paraguayan Navy.source
• 1865June 19 – American Civil War: Union Major General Gordon Granger lands at Galveston, Texas, and informs the people of Texas of the Emancipation Proclamation (an event celebrated in modern times each year as Juneteenth).source
• 1865June 23 – American Civil War: At Fort Towson in Oklahoma Territory, Confederate General Stand Watie, a Cherokee Indian, surrenders the last significant Rebel army.source
• 1865July 7 – Following Abraham Lincoln's assassination on April 14, the four conspirators condemned to death during the trial are hanged, including David Herold, George Atzerodt, Lewis Powell and Mary Surratt. Her son, John Surratt, escapes execution by fleeing to Canada, and ultimately to Egypt.source
• 1865October 11 – Morant Bay rebellion: Paul Bogle leads hundreds of black men and women in a march in Jamaica; the rebellion is brutally suppressed by the British governor Edward John Eyre with 400 executed.source
• 1865November 6 – American Civil War: The CSS Shenandoah, last remnant of the Confederate States of America and its military, surrenders in Liverpool after fleeing westward from the Pacific.source
• 1865November 10 – Captain Henry Wirz, Confederate superintendent of Andersonville Prison (Camp Sumter) is hanged, becoming the second of two combatants, and only serving regular soldier, to be executed for war crimes committed during the American Civil War.source
• 1865November 17 – Chincha Islands War: Action of 17 November 1865 – A Spanish gunboat is captured by the Chilean tugboat Independencia off Tomé, in the Bay of Concepción, Chile.source
• 1865November 26 – Chincha Islands War: Battle of Papudo – The Spanish ship Covadonga is captured by the Chileans and the Peruvians, north of Valparaíso, Chile.source
• 1866January 6 – Ottoman troops clash with supporters of Maronite leader Youssef Bey Karam, at St. Doumit in Lebanon; the Ottomans are defeated.source
• 1866February 7 – Battle of Abtao: A Spanish naval squadron fights a combined Peruvian-Chilean fleet, at the island of Abtao, in the Chiloé Archipelago of southern Chile.source
• 1866April 4 – Alexander II of Russia narrowly escapes an assassination attempt in the city of St Petersburg.source
• 1866May 1–3 – The Memphis massacre: a rebellion with a series of violent racial events.source
• 1866May 2 – Battle of Callao: Peruvian defenders fight the Spanish fleet.source
• 1866May 7 – Student Ferdinand Cohen-Blind makes a failed attempt to assassinate Otto von Bismarck in Unter den Linden in Berlin.source
• 1866May 24 – Battle of Tuyutí: 32,000 soldiers of the Triple Alliance defeat 24,000 Paraguayan soldiers few miles north of the Paraná, Argentina, in the Paraguayan War, with 16,000 casualties.source
• 1866June 2 – Fenian forces skirmish with Canadian militia at the battles of Ridgeway and Fort Erie.source
• 1866June 14 – The Austro-Prussian War ("Seven Weeks War") begins when the Austrians and most of the medium-size German states declare war on Prussia.source
• 1866June 20 – The Kingdom of Italy declares war on Austria.source
• 1866June 27–29 – Battle of Langensalza: The Prussians defeat the Hanoverian army.source
• 1866July 3 – Battle of Königgrätz: the Prussian army under King Wilhelm and Helmuth von Moltke defeats the Austrian army of Ludwig von Benedek, leading to a decisive Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War.source
• 1866July 20 – Austro-Prussian War: Naval Battle of Lissa – The Austrian fleet under Wilhelm von Tegetthoff defeats the Italian fleet of Carlo di Persano.source
• 1866July 22 – Austro-Prussian War: Battle of Blumenau – Austrians defend Bratislava against the Prussian army, concluding the fighting in the war.source
• 1866September 22 – Paraguay successfully defends Curupayty against the Triple Alliance in the Paraguayan War, killing more than 5,000 while sustaining just about 50 casualties.source
• 1866Federalist revolts occur in Argentina.source
• 1867January 31 – Maronite nationalist leader Youssef Bey Karam leaves Lebanon aboard a French ship for Algeria.source
• 1867February 19 – Battle of Inlon River: The Qing dynasty defeats the Nien rebels in Hubei, China.source
• 1867March 5 – The Fenian Rising breaks out in Ireland.source
• 1867June 19 – A firing squad executes Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico and two of his lieutenants.source
• 1867July 18 – The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune: The Serer people defeat the Muslim Marabouts of Senegambia.source
• 1867November 9 – The last shōgun of Japan, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, tenders his resignation to Emperor Meiji.source
• 1867December 13 – The Clerkenwell explosion, the most infamous action carried out by the Fenians in Britain in the 19th century.source
• 1868January 3 – The 15-year-old Mutsuhito, Emperor Meiji of Japan, declares the Meiji Restoration, his own restoration to full power, under the influence of supporters from the Chōshū and Satsuma Domains, and against the supporters of the Tokugawa shogunate, triggering the Boshin War.source
• 1868January 5 – Paraguayan War: Brazilian Army commander Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias, enters Asunción, Paraguay's capital. Some days later he declares the war is over. Nevertheless, Francisco Solano López, Paraguay's president, prepares guerrillas to fight in the countryside.source
• 1868January 10 – Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu declares the emperor's declaration "illegal", and prepares to attack Kyoto.source
• 1868January 27–31 – Battle of Toba–Fushimi: forces of the Tokugawa shogunate and the allied pro-Imperial forces of the Chōshū, Satsuma and Tosa Domains clash near Fushimi, Kyoto, ending in a decisive victory for the Imperial forces (although in the January 28 naval Battle of Awa, the Shogunate is victorious against Satsuma).source
• 1868February 19 – In the Passage of Humaitá, a Brazilian naval force succeeds in dashing past a Paraguayan fortress on the River Paraguay, considered by some the turning point in the Paraguayan War.source
• 1868The Flying Foam massacre, a massacre of Indigenous Australians around Flying Foam Passage in Western Australia by white colonial settlers begins and lasts until May.source
• 1868April 9–13 – Battle of Magdala: A British-Indian task force under Robert Napier inflicts 700 deaths and a crushing defeat on the army of Emperor Tewodros II; the British and Indians suffer 30 wounded, two of whom subsequently die. Tewodros commits suicide and Magdala is captured, ending the British Expedition to Abyssinia.source
• 1868April 9 – Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia massacres at least 197 of his own people at Magdala. These are prisoners incarcerated, for the most part, for very trivial offenses, and are killed for requesting bread and water.source
• 1868April 11–July – Fall of Edo: The Japanese city surrenders to Emperor Meiji. Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu submits to the Emperor.source
• 1868May 10–14 – Boshin War – Battle of Utsunomiya Castle, Japan: Forces of the Emperor Meiji resist the retreating troops of the Tokugawa shogunate.source
• 1868May 30 – Memorial Day is observed in the United States for the first time (it was proclaimed on May 5 by General John A. Logan).source
• 1868June 10 – Mihailo Obrenović, Prince of Serbia, is assassinated in Košutnjak, Belgrade.source
• 1868June – Tītokowaru's War breaks out in the South Taranaki District of New Zealand's North Island between the Ngāti Ruanui Māori tribe and the New Zealand Government.source
• 1868July 4 – Battle of Ueno: Imperial Japanese troops defeat the Shōgitai (elite forces remaining loyal to the shōgun).source
• 1868July 25 – Paraguayan War: The Allies, in an amphibious operation, capture the fortress of Humaitá.source
• 1868August 22 – The Yangzhou riot in China targets a station of the China Inland Mission, and nearly leads to war between Britain and China.source
• 1868September 3 – Emperor Meiji of Japan announces that the name of the city of Edo is to be changed to Tokyo.source
• 1868September 7 – Tītokowaru's War: Māori leader Tītokowaru defeats a New Zealand military force at Te Ngutu o Te Manu, North Island.source
• 1868September 28 – The Opelousas massacre, one of the bloodiest massacres of the Reconstruction era in the United States.source
• 1868October 10 – Carlos Manuel de Céspedes declares a revolt against Spanish rule in Cuba, in an event known as El Grito de Yara or the Ten Years' War, initiating a war that lasts ten years (Cuba ultimately loses the war at a cost of 400,000 lives and widespread destruction).source
• 1868October 23 – The current Japanese era name is changed to the Meiji period. The Edo period ends.source
• 1868November 7 – The Battle of Moturoa, New Zealand, ends in a British defeat, due to an underestimate of Tītokowaru and his fortifications. There are heavy casualties for the colonial army and light casualties for the Māori defenders.source
• 1868November 27 – American Indian Wars – Battle of Washita River: In the early morning, United States Army Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer leads an attack on a band of Cheyenne living on reservation land with Chief Black Kettle, killing 103 Cheyenne.source
• 1868December 6 – Paraguayan War – Battle of Ytororó or Itororó: Field-Marshal Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias, leads 13,000 Brazilian troops against a Paraguayan fortified position of 5,000 troops.source
• 1869January 3 – Abdur Rahman Khan is defeated at Tinah Khan, and exiled from Afghanistan.source
• 1869February 26 – Mahbub Ali Khan, 2½, begins a 42-year reign as Nizam of Hyderabad.source
• 1869March 24 – Tītokowaru's War ends with the surrender of the last Māori troops at large, in the South Taranaki District of New Zealand's North Island.source
• 1869May 4–10 – Naval Battle of Hakodate: The Imperial Japanese Navy defeats adherents of the Tokugawa shogunate.source
• 1869May 18 – One day after surrendering at the land Battle of Hakodate (begun 4 December 1868), Enomoto Takeaki turns over Goryōkaku to Japanese forces, signaling the collapse of the Republic of Ezo.source
• 1869June 27 – The fortress of Goryōkaku is turned over to Imperial Japanese forces, bringing an end to the Republic of Ezo, the Battle of Hakodate and the Boshin War, the military phase of the Meiji Restoration.source
• 1869October 11 – The Red River Rebellion breaks out against British forces in Canada.source
• 1869November 19 – The Hudson's Bay Company surrenders its claim to Rupert's Land in Canada, under its letters patent, back to the British Crown.source
• 1869December 31 – Paraguayan War: Triple Alliance forces take Asunción.source
• 1870January 23 – Marias Massacre: U.S. soldiers attack a peaceful camp of Piegan Blackfeet Indians, led by chief Heavy Runner.source
• 1870February 9 – The U.S. Army Weather Bureau is created within the Army Signal Corps.source
• 1870March 1 – Battle of Cerro Corá, Paraguay: Marshal Francisco Solano López's last troops are cornered by those of the Triple Alliance. López refuses to surrender and is killed, ending the Paraguayan War.source
• 1870March 4 – Red River Rebellion: Thomas Scott is executed by Louis Riel's provisional government, in modern-day Manitoba, Canada.source
• 1870May 12 – The Canadian province of Manitoba is created, in response to Louis Riel's Red River Rebellion.source
• 1870May 25 The Fenian Brotherhood attacks Eccles hill in Quebec.source
• 1870June 21 – The Tianjin Massacre of 17 foreigners (mostly European Christian priests and nuns) and 40 Chinese people who had converted to Christianity, takes place in China when an angry mob attacks churches established in the city.source
• 1870July 19 – Franco-Prussian War: France declares war on Prussia.source
• 1870August 8 – The Republic of Ploiești, an uprising against Domnitor Carol of Romania, fails.source
• 1870August 24 – The Red River Rebellion in Canada ends with the arrival of the Wolseley Expedition and the flight of Louis Riel.source
• 1870September 2 – Franco-Prussian War: Battle of Sedan – Prussian forces defeat the French armies and take Emperor Napoleon III and 100,000 of his soldiers prisoner at Sedan, France.source
• 1870September 4 – Emperor Napoleon III of France is deposed and the Third Republic is declared. Empress Eugénie flees to England with her son.source
• 1870September 19 – Franco-Prussian War: The Siege of Paris (1870–1871) begins. From September 23, balloon mail is sent out of the city.source
• 1870October 2 – A plebiscite held in Rome supports, by 133,681 votes to 1,507, the annexation of the city by Italy.source
• 1870October 8 – Léon Gambetta escapes besieged Paris in a hot-air balloon.source
• 1870October 26 – The Chinese leaders of June's Tianjin Massacre of foreigners are executed by China's Imperial government.source
• 1870October 27 – Franco-Prussian War: Siege of Metz – Marshal François Achille Bazaine, commanding the French left wing, is forced by starvation to surrender the fortifications of Metz.source
• 1870Just one of the 916 members of the Indian Civil Service is Indian.source
• 1871January 3 – Franco-Prussian War: Battle of Bapaume – Prussians win a strategic victory.source
• 1871January 21 – Battle of Dijon: Giuseppe Garibaldi's group of French and Italian volunteer troops, in support of the French Third Republic, win a battle against the Prussians.source
• 1871March 16 – Mokrani Revolt breaks out in French Algeria against colonial rule.source
• 1871March 18 – Origin of the Paris Commune: Troops of the regular French Army, sent by Adolphe Thiers, Chef du pouvoir executive de la République française, to seize cannons stored on the hill of Montmartre, fraternise with civilians and the National Guard, and two army generals are killed. Regular troops are evacuated to Versailles.source
• 1871March 22 – The United States Army issues an order for the abandonment of Fort Kearny, Nebraska.source
• 1871May 27 – French government troops massacre 147 Communards from Belleville, at Père-Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.source
• 1871May 28 – Paris Commune falls to French government forces.source
• 1871June 1 – Bombardment of the Selee River Forts: Koreans attack two United States Navy warships.source
• 1871September 3 – New York City residents, tired of the corruption of the Tammany Hall political machine and "Boss" William M. Tweed, its "Grand Sachem", meet to form the 'Committee of Seventy' to reform local politics.source
• 1871October 26 – Liberian President Edward James Roye is deposed in a coup d'état.source
• 1872January 20 – The Cavite mutiny was an uprising of Filipino military personnel of Fort San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippine Islands.source
• 1872February 17 – Filipino priests José Burgos, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora, collectively known as Gomburza, are executed in Bagumbayan Fields, Manila, Philippines by the authorities of New Spain, on charges of subversion arising from the 1872 Cavite mutiny.source
• 1872May 14 – The Battle of Mañaria, near Bilbao, Spain during the Third Carlist War (1872–1876).source
• 1872September 1 – A group of Icaiche Maya under Marcos Canul attack the British garrison at Orange Walk Town in British Honduras.source
• 1872November 29 – American Indian Wars: The Modoc War begins with the Battle of Lost River.source
• 1873January 17 – American Indian Wars: Modoc War: First Battle of the Stronghold – Modoc Indians defeat the United States Army.source
• 1873April 13 – Colfax massacre: More than 60 to 150 black men are murdered in Colfax, Louisiana, while surrendering to a mob of former Confederate soldiers and members of the Ku Klux Klan.source
• 1873April 15–17 – American Indian Wars: The Second Battle of the Stronghold is fought.source
• 1873April 23 – Third Carlist War EVENTS IN MADRID, SPAIN -- Brigadier General Carmona confronts the insurgents at the Madrid bullring.source
• 1873May 5 – Third Carlist War in Spain: Battle of Eraul – Carlists under General Dorregaray defeat Republicans at Eraul, near Estella.source
• 1873May 9 – Third Carlist War: The Battle of Montejurra is fought at Navarra, Spain.source
• 1873May 20 – In Chipping Norton, England, rioters attempt to free the Ascott Martyrs –16 women sentenced to imprisonment, for attempting to dissuade strikebreakers in an agricultural labor dispute.source
• 1873May 28 – C. Laan brings order to the chaos created by the dockworker riots of Tripoli, Lebanon.source
• 1873May 28 – The city of Khiva in Turkestan falls to Imperial Russian forces, under the command of General Konstantin von Kaufman.source
• 1873June 4 – American Indian Wars: The Modoc War ends with the capture of Kintpuash (Captain Jack).source
• 1873July 9 – Third Carlist War: Battle of Alpens – Campaigning in Catalonia, a government column under General José Cabrinetty is ambushed at Alpens, 15 miles east of Berga, by Carlist forces under General Francisco Savalls. After heavy fighting, with Cabrinety killed, virtually the entire column of 800 men is killed or captured.source
• 1873September 16 – German troops leave France upon completion of payment of indemnity for the Franco-Prussian War.source
• 1873November 7 – Third Carlist War: Battle of Montejurra – Determined to recapture the key city of Estella in Navarre, Spanish Republican General Domingo Moriones advances on the Carlists under General Joaquín Elío at nearby Montejurra. After very heavy fighting both sides claim victory, but Moriones withdraws, and Estella remains in Carlist hands. Don Carlos is present in the front line.source
• 1873December 21 – French official Francis Garnier is attacked outside Hanoi by Black Flag mercenaries fighting for the Vietnamese.source
• 1873December 22 – Third Carlist War: Battle of Bocairente – Campaigning in Valenica, Spanish Republican General Valeriano Weyler is attacked at Bocairente, northwest of Alcoy, by a greatly superior Carlist force under General José Santés. Weyler is initially driven back, losing some of his guns, but in a brilliant counter-attack he turns defeat into victory, and Santés is heavily repulsed and forced to withdraw.source
• 1873December 27 – Third Carlist War: Siege of Bilbao (until 2 May 1874) – Campaigning in Navarre, Pretender Don Carlos VII and General Joaquín Elío besiege Bilbao, held by General Ignacio del Castillo and 1,200 men. The Carlist force is ten times this number, and includes most of the troops from Navarre, Vizcaya and Álava, although a considerable force is left in Guipúzcoa. Despite defeat at nearby Somorrostro, Republican commander Marshal Francisco Serrano, supported by Generals Manuel de la Concha and Arsenio Martínez-Campos, brilliantly breaks the siege, and Concha then marches on Estella.source
• 1874January 3 – Third Carlist War: Battle of Caspe – Campaigning on the Ebro in Aragon for the Spanish Republican Government, Colonel Eulogio Despujol surprises a Carlist force under Manuel Marco de Bello at Caspe, northeast of Alcañiz. In a brilliant action the Carlists are routed, losing 200 prisoners and 80 horses, while Despujol is promoted to Brigadier and becomes Conde de Caspe.source
• 1874February 24–25 – Third Carlist War: First Battle of Somorrostro – Determined to raise the siege of Bilbao by the Pretender Don Carlos VII, Republican commander Marshal Francisco Serrano sends General Domingo Moriones with a relief force of 14,000 men. Carlists, under General Nicolás Ollo, entrenched at Somorrostro outside Bilbao, drive back a courageous assault by General Fernando Primo de Rivera and then the entire Republican army. The republicans lose 1,200 men, and Moriones loses his nerve, demanding reinforcements and a replacement for himself. Moriones's men entrench and wait.source
• 1874March 14 – Third Carlist War: Battle of Castellfollit de la Roca – Appointed to command the Spanish Republican army in the north, General Ramón Nouvilas attempts to relieve the Carlist siege of Olot in Girona. But at Castellfollit de la Roca, in one of the Government's worst defeats, Nouvilas is routed by Carlist General Francesc Savalls, and captured along with about 2,000 of his men. Olot capitulates two days later.source
• 1874March 25–27 – Third Carlist War: Second Battle of Somorrostro – In a renewed attempt to raise the siege of Bilbao by Don Carlos VII, Republican commander Marshal Francisco Serrano himself arrives with 27,000 men and 70 cannons. However, in three days of fierce fighting, the Carlist General Joaquín Elío, with just 17,000 men, once again drives off the attack at nearby Somorrostro, and it is another six weeks before Serrano manages to relieve Bilbao.source
• 1874May 2 – Third Carlist War: The siege of Bilbao is lifted.source
• 1874June 25–27 – Third Carlist War: Battle of Monte Muro – Carlist forces entrenched around Abárzuza, on the approach to Estella in Navarre, repel an attack by Isabelino/Liberal (supporters of Queen Isabella II) troops led by General Manuel Gutiérrez de la Concha, Marqués del Duero, who is killed on the third day of fighting.source
• 1874July 24 – Third Carlist War: Sack of Cuenca – After Carlist forces successfully defend Estella, Don Alfonso de Bourbon, brother of the Don Carlos VII, leads 14,000 Catalan Carlists south to attack Cuenca (136 km from Madrid), held by Republicans under Don Hilario Lozano. After two days the outnumbered garrison capitulates, but Don Alfonso permits a terrible slaughter. The city is sacked. Subsequently, another republican force defeats the disorderly Catalans, who flee back to the Ebro.source
• 1874August 11 – Third Carlist War: Battle of Oteiza – Two months after Government forces were repulsed from Carlist-held Estella, in Navarre, Republican General Domingo Moriones makes a fresh diversionary attack a few miles to the southeast at Oteiza. In heavy fighting Moriones secures a costly tactical victory over Carlist General Torcuato Mendíri, but the war continues another 18 months, before Estella finally falls.source
• 1874September 9 – Captain Lyman's wagon train besieged by Indians in Hemphill County, Texas.source
• 1874September 14 – Battle of Liberty Place: In New Orleans, former Confederate Army members of the White League temporarily drive Republican Governor William P. Kellogg from office, replacing him with former Democratic Governor John McEnery. U.S. Army troops restore Kellogg to office five days later.source
• 1874September 28 – Texas–Indian wars: U.S. Army Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie leads his force of 600 men on the successful raid of the last sanctuary of the Kiowa, Comanche and Cheyenne Indian tribes, a village inside the Palo Duro Canyon in Texas, and carries out their removal to the designated Indian reservations in Oklahoma.source
• 1874October 31 – The Quebra-Quilos Revolt starts in Paraíba, Empire of Brazil.source
• 1875February 3 – Third Carlist War: Battle of Lácar – Carlist commander Torcuato Mendíri secures a brilliant victory, when he surprises and routs a Government force under General Enrique Bargés at Lácar, east of Estella, nearly capturing newly crowned King Alfonso XII. The Carlists take several pieces of artillery, more than 2,000 rifles, and 300 prisoners. 800 men of both sides are killed (mostly government troops).source
• 1875February 18 – The Mason County War begins, as a German-American mob breaks into a prison, and lynches cattle rustlers in central Texas.source
• 1875February 25 – The majority of the Yavapai (Wipukyipai) and Tonto Apache (Dil Zhéé) tribes are forced by the United States Cavalry, under command of Brigadier General George Crook, to walk at gunpoint from Arizona's Verde Valley, to the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, 180 miles to the southeast. The two tribes are not allowed to return to the Verde Valley until 1900.source
• 1875April 25 – Ten sophomores from Rutgers College (modern-day Rutgers University) steal a one-ton cannon from the campus of the College of New Jersey (modern-day Princeton University), and start the Rutgers–Princeton Cannon War.source
• 1875July 1–7 – Third Carlist War: Battle of Treviño – Advancing on the key city of Vitoria, in Navarre, Spanish Republican commander General Jenardo de Quesada sends General Tello to attack the Carlist lines just to the southwest, at Treviño. The newly appointed Carlist commander General José Pérula is heavily defeated and withdraws, and soon afterwards Quesada enters Vitoria in triumph.source
• 1875September 7 – Battle of Agurdat: An Egyptian invasion of Ethiopia fails, when Emperor Yohannes IV defeats an army led by Werner Munzinger.source
• 1875November 9 – American Indian Wars: In Washington, D.C., Indian Inspector E.C. Watkins issues a report stating that hundreds of Sioux and Cheyenne associated with Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse are hostile to the United States (the Battle of the Little Bighorn is fought in Montana the next year).source
• 1875November 16 – Battle of Gundat: Ethiopian Emperor Yohannes IV defeats another Egyptian army.source
• 1875December 4 – Notorious New York City politician Boss Tweed escapes from prison and flees to Spain.source
• 1875December 20 – The ICRM is renamed the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).source
• 1875British Indian Army officer Neville Chamberlain originates the cue sport of snooker at Jubbulpore (Jabalpur) in India.source
• 1876February 2 – Third Carlist War (Spain): Battle of Montejurra – The new commander General Fernando Primo de Rivera marches on the remaining Carlist stronghold at Estella, where he meets a force of about 1,600 men under General Carlos Calderón, at nearby Montejurra. After a courageous and costly defence, Calderón is forced to withdraw.source
• 1876February 19 – Third Carlist War: Government troops under General Primo de Rivera drive through the weak Carlist forces protecting Estella and take the city by storm.source
• 1876February 28 – Third Carlist War: The Carlist forces do not succeed, and the promises are never fulfilled. The Carlist pretender Carlos, Duke of Madrid, goes into exile in France, bringing the conflict to an end after four years.source
• 1876March 2 – United States Secretary of War William W. Belknap resigns his office in the wake of the trader post scandal.source
• 1876May 11/12 – Berlin Memorandum: Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary propose an armistice between Turkey and its insurgents.source
• 1876May 18 – Wyatt Earp starts work in Dodge City, Kansas, serving under Marshal Larry Deger.source
• 1876June 17 – American Indian Wars: Battle of the Rosebud – 1,500 Sioux and Cheyenne, led by Crazy Horse, beat back General George Crook's forces at Rosebud Creek in Montana Territory.source
• 1876June 25/26 – American Indian Wars: Battle of the Little Bighorn: 300 men of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer are wiped out by 2,000 Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho, led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.source
• 1876July 1 – Serbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.source
• 1876July 2 – Montenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire.source
• 1876September 7 – In Northfield, Minnesota, Jesse James and the James–Younger Gang attempt to rob the town's bank, but are surrounded by an angry mob and nearly wiped out.source
• 1876November 25 – American Indian Wars: Dull Knife Fight – In retaliation for the dramatic American defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, United States Army troops under General Ranald S. Mackenzie sack Chief Dull Knife's sleeping Cheyenne village at the headwaters of the Powder River (Montana). The soldiers destroy all of the villagers' winter food and clothing, and then slash their ponies' throats.source
• 1877January 8 – Great Sioux War of 1876: Battle of Wolf Mountain – Crazy Horse and his warriors fight their last battle with the United States Cavalry in Montana.source
• 1877January 29 – The Satsuma Rebellion, a revolt of disaffected samurai in Japan, breaks out against the new imperial government; it lasts until September, when it is crushed by a professionally led army of draftees.source
• 1877February 17 – Major General Charles George Gordon of the British Army is appointed Governor-General of the Sudan.source
• 1877April 12 – The United Kingdom annexes the South African Republic, violating the Sand River Convention of 1852, causing the First Boer War.source
• 1877April 24 – The Compromise of 1877 forces federal troops to withdraw from the Southern United States. This is the latest date disputed by historians when the Reconstruction Era ended and when the Gilded Age started.source
• 1877April 24 – Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878): Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.source
• 1877May 5 – Great Sioux War of 1876: Sitting Bull leads his band of Lakota into Canada, to avoid harassment by the U.S. Army under Colonel Nelson Miles.source
• 1877May 6 – Chief Crazy Horse of the Oglala Sioux surrenders to U.S. troops in Nebraska.source
• 1877June 17 – American Indian Wars: Battle of White Bird Canyon – The Nez Perce defeat the U.S. Cavalry at White Bird Canyon, in the Idaho Territory. This begins the Nez Perce War.source
• 1877July 16 – Great Railroad Strike of 1877: Riots by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad railroad workers in Baltimore lead to a sympathy strike and rioting in Pittsburgh, and a full-scale worker's rebellion in St. Louis, briefly establishing a communist government, before U.S. president Rutherford B. Hayes calls in the armed forces.source
• 1877July 19 – Russo-Turkish War: The first battle in the siege of Plevna is fought.source
• 1877July 30 – Russo-Turkish War: The Turkish army and its allies destroy the Bulgarian city of Stara Zagora and massacre the inhabitants.source
• 1877July 30 – Russo-Turkish War: The second battle in the siege of Plevna is fought.source
• 1877August 9 – American Indian Wars: Battle of the Big Hole – Near Big Hole River, Montana, a small band of Nez Perce people who refuse government orders to move to a reservation, clash with the United States Army. The army loses 29 soldiers, and the Indians lose 89 warriors, in an Army victory.source
• 1877September 1 – The Battle of Lovcha, third battle in the siege of Plevna, is fought. Russian forces successfully reduce the Ottoman fortress at Lovcha.source
• 1877September 5 – American Indian Wars: Oglala Sioux chief Crazy Horse is bayoneted by a United States soldier, after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at Fort Robinson in Nebraska.source
• 1877September 24 – Battle of Shiroyama in Kagoshima, Japan: The Imperial Japanese Army annihilates heavily outnumbered rebel samurai under Saigō Takamori (who is killed), ending the Satsuma Rebellion.source
• 1877December 9 – The fourth battle of the Russo-Turkish War is fought, concluding the siege of Plevna.source
• 1877December 13 – Serbia restates its previous declaration of war against Turkey.source
• 1878January 5 – Russo-Turkish War: Battle of Shipka Pass IV – Russian and Bulgarian forces defeat the Ottoman Empire.source
• 1878January 17 – Russo-Turkish War: Battle of Philippopolis – Russian troops defeat the Ottoman Empire.source
• 1878January 28 – In the United States:source
• 1878January 31 – Turkey agrees to an armistice at Adrianople.source
• 1878February 2 – Greece declares war on the Ottoman Empire.source
• 1878February 8 – The British fleet enters Turkish waters, and anchors off Istanbul; Russia threatens to occupy Istanbul, but does not carry out the threat.source
• 1878February 18 – The Lincoln County War begins in Lincoln County, New Mexico.source
• 1878February 24 – Anti-Russian demonstrations occur in Hyde Park, London.source
• 1878March 27 – In anticipation of war with Russia, Disraeli mobilizes British reserves, and calls up Indian troops to Malta.source
• 1878May 11 - Hödel assassination attempt by anarchist Max Hödel targeting the German Kaiser, Wilhelm I.source
• 1878June 2 – Nobiling assassination attempt by anarchist Karl Nobiling targeting the German Kaiser, Wilhelm I.source
• 1878November 17 – The first assassination attempt is made against Umberto I of Italy by anarchist Giovanni Passannante, armed with a dagger. The King survives with a slight wound in one arm. Prime minister Benedetto Cairoli blocks the aggressor, receiving a leg injury.source
• 1878November 21 – The Second Anglo-Afghan War commences when the British attack Ali Masjid in the Khyber Pass.source
• 1878Otto von Bismarck abandons his Kulturkampf, and forces through legislation outlawing the Social Democrats.source
• 1878The 10-year Nauruan Tribal War breaks out.source
• 1879January 11 – The Anglo-Zulu War begins.source
• 1879January 22 – Anglo-Zulu War – Battle of Isandlwana: A force of 1,200 British soldiers is wiped out by over 20,000 Zulu warriors.source
• 1879January 23 – Anglo-Zulu War – Battle of Rorke's Drift: Following the previous day's defeat, a smaller British force of 140 successfully repels an attack by 4,000 Zulus.source
• 1879March 28 – Anglo-Zulu War – Battle of Hlobane: British forces suffer a defeat.source
• 1879March 29 – Anglo-Zulu War – Battle of Kambula: British forces defeat 20,000 Zulus.source
• 1879April 5 – War of the Pacific: Chile formally declares war on Bolivia and Peru.source
• 1879June 1 – Anglo-Zulu War: Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial of France, son of Napoléon III, is killed in a skirmish with Zulus while attached to the British Army.source
• 1879July 4 – Anglo-Zulu War – Battle of Ulundi: A British victory effectively ends the war.source
• 1879September 29 – Meeker Massacre: Nathan Meeker and others are killed in an uprising at the White River Ute Indian reservation in Colorado.source
• 1879October 8 – War of the Pacific: Battle of Angamos – The Chilean Navy defeats Peruvian naval forces.source
• 1880February 4 – The Black Donnelly Massacre takes the lives of five members of one family in Biddulph Township, Middlesex County, Ontario, Canada.source
• 1880April – The government of Cape Colony sets a deadline for the Basuto people to surrender their weapons; non-compliance leads to the Basuto Gun War.source
• 1880June 29 – France annexes Tahiti.source
• 1880July 27 – Second Anglo-Afghan War – Battle of Maiwand: Afghan troops under Ayub Khan defeat British and Indian forces, under Brigadier General George Burrows.source
• 1880September 1 – Second Anglo-Afghan War – Battle of Kandahar: General Frederick Roberts, commanding British forces, defeats the Afghan troops of Mohammad Ayub Khan, bringing an end to the war.source
• 1880December 20 – First Boer War: The Battle of Bronkhorstspruit results in a Boer victory over the British.source
• 1881January 1–24 – Siege of Geok Tepe: Russian troops under General Mikhail Skobelev defeat the Turkomans.source
• 1881January 13 – War of the Pacific – Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos: The Chilean army defeats Peruvian forces.source
• 1881January 15 – War of the Pacific – Battle of Miraflores: The Chileans take Lima, capital of Peru, after defeating its second line of defense in Miraflores.source
• 1881March 13 (March 1 Old Style) – Assassination of Alexander II of Russia: Emperor Alexander II of Russia ("the Liberator") is killed near his palace in Saint Petersburg when bombs are thrown at him, an act committed by the revolutionary socialist group Narodnaya Volya coordinated by Sophia Perovskaya but falsely blamed upon Russian Jews. He is succeeded by his son, Alexander III. The assassin Ignacy Hryniewiecki is also killed by his own bomb.source
• 1881April 15 – Anti-Semitic pogroms in Southern Russia begin.source
• 1881June 26 – War of the Pacific – Battle of Sangrar: Peruvian and Chilean forces battle to a draw.source
• 1881July 2 – Assassination of James A. Garfield: United States President James A. Garfield is shot by lawyer Charles J. Guiteau in Washington, D.C. The wound becomes infected, killing Garfield on September 19.source
• 1881July 20 – American Indian Wars: Sioux chief Sitting Bull leads the last of his people in surrender to United States troops at Fort Buford in Montana.source
• 1881October 26 – The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral occurs in Tombstone, Cochise County, Arizona, USA.source
• 1881November 3 – The Mapuche uprising of 1881 begins with an attack on Quillem, Chile.source
• 1881November 19 – A meteorite strikes the Earth near the village of Großliebenthal, a few kilometers southwest of Odesa, Ukraine.source
• 1881December 25–27 – The Warsaw pogrom is carried out in Vistula Land, Russian Empire.source
• 1882March 2 – Roderick Maclean fails in an attempt to assassinate Queen Victoria, at Windsor.source
• 1882March 20 – British gunboats enter Monrovia, with Arthur Havelock demanding that Liberia cede disputed territory to the British colony of Sierra Leone, of which he is Governor.source
• 1882June 6 – Battle of Embabo: The Shewan forces of Menelik II defeat the Gojjame army.source
• 1882June 11 – The 'Urabi revolt breaks out in Egypt against Khedive Tewfik Pasha and European influence in that country.source
• 1882July 23 – The Imo Incident occurs in Seoul, Korea, as a result of bad rations and late payment for soldiers of the Joseon Army.source
• 1882August 29 – The Australian cricket team historically defeats England at The Oval for the first time on English soil, a humiliation for the English and the origin for The Ashes test series.source
• 1882September 13 – Anglo-Egyptian War: British troops occupy Cairo, and Egypt becomes a British protectorate.source
• 1882November 16 – The British Royal Navy's destroys Abari village in Niger.source
• 1882Pogroms in Southern Russia end.source
• 1882The Personal Liberty League is established to oppose the temperance movement in the United States.source
• 1883January 8 — January 19 – Trial of the 66 in Lyon, targeting the Black International in France.source
• 1883March 28 – Battle of Gia Cuc: A French force defeats the Vietnamese in northern Vietnam in the run-up to the Sino-French War.source
• 1883July 22 – Zulu King Cetshwayo barely escapes a rebel attack with his life.source
• 1883September 11 – Major Evelyn Baring becomes Consul-General of Egypt under British rule.source
• 1883October 16 – In five Civil Rights Cases the Supreme Court of the United States declares part of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to be unconstitutional, allowing individuals and corporations to discriminate based on race.source
• 1883October 30 – Two Clan na Gael dynamite bombs explode in the London Underground, injuring several people. The next day, British Home Secretary Vernon Harcourt drafts 300 policemen to guard the underground, and introduces the Explosives Bill.source
• 1883November 3 – The 14th Century AH begins in the Islamic calendar on the 1st of Muharram, 1301 AH.source
• 1883December 16 – Tonkin Campaign: French forces capture the Sơn Tây citadel.source
• 1884March 13 – The Siege of Khartoum begins in the Sudan as part of the Mahdist War: an Egyptian garrison led by British General Charles Gordon and Sudanese civilians are besieged by Mahdist forces; the city falls on January 26, 1885.source
• 1884April 24 – A German protectorate is established over South-West Africa.source
• 1884July 5 – Germany takes possession of Togoland.source
• 1884August 22 – The Sino-French War (for control of Tonkin) breaks out (continues to April 1885).source
• 1884August 23 – Sino-French War: Battle of Fuzhou – French Admiral Amédée Courbet's Far East Squadron virtually destroys China's Fujian Fleet.source
• 1884December 4 – Reformers in Korea who admire the Meiji Restoration in Japan stage the Gapsin Coup, with Japan's help. China intervenes to rescue the king and help suppress the rebels.source
• 1885January 3–4 – Sino-French War: Battle of Núi Bop – French troops under General Oscar de Négrier defeat a numerically superior Qing Chinese force, in northern Vietnam.source
• 1885January 17 – Mahdist War in Sudan: Battle of Abu Klea – British troops defeat Mahdist forces.source
• 1885January 26 – Mahdist War in Sudan: Troops loyal to Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad conquer Khartoum; British commander Charles George Gordon is killed.source
• 1885February 23 – Sino-French War: Battle of Đồng Đăng – France gains an important victory over China, in the Tonkin region of modern-day Vietnam.source
• 1885March 26 – The North-West Rebellion in Canada by the Métis people, led by Louis Riel, begins with the Battle of Duck Lake.source
• 1885March 30 – The Battle for Kushka triggers the Panjdeh Incident, which nearly gives rise to war between the British Empire and Russian Empire.source
• 1885April 2 – Frog Lake Massacre: Cree warriors led by Wandering Spirit kill 9 settlers at Frog Lake in the Northwest Territories.source
• 1885April 14 – Sino-French War: A French victory at Kép causes China to withdraw its forces from Tonkin, in the final engagement of the conflict.source
• 1885May 2 – North-West Rebellion: Battle of Cut Knife – Cree and Assiniboine warriors win their largest victory over Canadian forces.source
• 1885May 9–12 – North-West Rebellion: Battle of Batoche – Canadian government forces inflict a decisive defeat on Métis rebels, bringing an end to their part in the rebellion.source
• 1885June 3 – Battle of Loon Lake: The Canadian North-West Mounted Police and allies force a party of Plains Cree warriors to surrender in the last skirmish of the North-West Rebellion, and the last battle fought on Canadian soil.source
• 1885July 28 – Louis Riel's trial for treason begins in Regina.source
• 1885September 2 – The Rock Springs massacre occurs in Rock Springs, Wyoming; 150 white miners attack their Chinese coworkers, killing 28, wounding 15, and forcing several hundred more out of town.source
• 1885November 14–28 – Serbo-Bulgarian War: Serbia declares war against Bulgaria, but is defeated in the Battle of Slivnitsa on November 17–19.source
• 1885November 16 – Louis Riel, Canadian rebel leader of the Métis, is executed for high treason.source
• 1885November 27 – St. Helena Anti-Chinese League is formed in Napa County, California.source
• 1885November – The Third Anglo-Burmese War begins.source
• 1885The Soldiers' and Sailors' Families Association is established in the United Kingdom, to provide charitable assistance.source
• 1886January 1 – Upper Burma is formally annexed to British Burma, following its conquest in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of November 1885.source
• 1886February 6–9 – Seattle riot of 1886: Anti-Chinese sentiments result in riots in Seattle, Washington.source
• 1886February 8 – The West End Riots following a popular meeting in Trafalgar Square, London.source
• 1886March 17 – A white mob storms a courthouse in Carroll County, Mississippi, killing 23 African Americans.source
• 1886August 13 – Nagasaki Incident: Chinese troops riot during shore leave in Nagasaki, Japan.source
• 1886September 4 – American Indian Wars: After almost 30 years of fighting, Apache leader Geronimo surrenders, with his last band of warriors, to General Nelson Miles, at Skeleton Canyon in Arizona.source
• 1887January 24 – Battle of Dogali: Abyssinian troops defeat the Italians.source
• 1887February 8 – The Dawes Act, or the General Allotment Act, is enacted in the United States.source
• 1887April 20−30 – Schnaebele incident: A French/German border incident nearly leads to war between the two countries.source
• 1887May 25 – The Hells Canyon massacre begins: 34 Chinese gold miners are ambushed and murdered in Hells Canyon, Oregon, United States.source
• 1887November 13 – Bloody Sunday: Police in London clash with radical and Irish nationalist protesters.source
• 1888January 19 – The Battle of the Grapevine Creek, the last major conflict of the Hatfield–McCoy feud in the Southeastern United States.source
• 1888April 16 – The German Empire annexes the island of Nauru.source
• 1888August 20 – A mutiny at Dufile, Equatoria, results in the imprisonment of the Emin Pasha.source
• 1888October 14 – Battle of Guté Dili: Seeking to extend Mahdist control over what is becomes southwestern Ethiopia, governor Khalil al-Khuzani is routed by an alliance of Shewan forces, under Ras Gobana Dacche and Moroda Bekere, ruler of Leqa Naqamte. Only a handful, including Khalil, barely manage to flee the battlefield.source
• 1889March 9 – Battle of Metemma: Yohannes IV, Emperor of Ethiopia, is killed; Sudanese forces, who have been almost defeated, rally and destroy the Ethiopian army. Yohannes is probably the world's last ruler ever to die in battle; on March 25 Menelik II proclaims himself as his successor.source
• 1889April 1 – Following a failure on January 27 to launch a coup, former French defense minister General Georges Boulanger flees to Brussels to avoid arrest for treason.source
• 1889April 20 – Birth of Adolf Hitler at Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary, the son of customs official Alois Hitler and his third wife, Klara.source
• 1889July 15 – The Emperor of Brazil, Pedro II, survives an assassination attempt in Rio de Janeiro.source
• 1889August 3 – Mahdist War: Battle of Toski – Egyptian and British troops are victorious.source
• 1889November 15 – Field Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca organizes a military coup which deposes Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and abolishes the Brazilian monarchy. Deodoro da Fonseca proclaims Brazil a republic, and forms a provisional government.source
• 1890January 11 – 1890 British Ultimatum: The United Kingdom demands Portugal withdraw its forces from the land between the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola (most of present-day Zimbabwe and Zambia).source
• 1890June 27 – Canadian-born boxer George Dixon defeats the British bantamweight champion in London, giving him claim to be the first black world champion in any sport.source
• 1890July 26 – In Buenos Aires, the Revolution of the Park takes place, forcing President Juárez Celman's resignation.source
• 1890October 11 – In Washington, D.C., the Daughters of the American Revolution is founded.source
• 1890November 29 – At West Point, New York, the United States Navy defeats the United States Army 24–0 in the first Army–Navy Game of college football.source
• 1890December 29 – Wounded Knee Massacre: At Wounded Knee, South Dakota, a Lakota camp, the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment tries to disperse the non-violent "Ghost-Dance" which was promised to usher in a new era of power and freedom to Native Americans but is feared as a potential rallying tool for violent rebellion by some in the U.S. government. Shooting begins, and 153 Lakota Sioux and 25 troops are killed; about 150 flee the scene. This is the last tribe to be defeated and confined to a reservation as well as the beginning of the decline of both the American Indian Wars and the American frontier.source
• 1891January 1 – A strike of 500 Hungarian steel workers occurs; 3,000 men are out of work as a consequence.source
• 1891January 5 – A fight between the United States and Lakota people breaks out near Pine Ridge agency.source
• 1891January 7 – General Nelson A. Miles' forces surround the Lakota in the Pine Ridge Reservation.source
• 1891January 11 – 3,000 Lakotas approach Pine Ridge with a view to surrender.source
• 1891January 12 – Canada brings suit before the United States Supreme Court in re seizures of vessels in the Bering Sea.source
• 1891January 14 – Conference of Lakota chiefs with General Miles at Pine Ridge Reservation: the Lakota agree to surrender.source
• 1891January 16 – The Chilean Civil War of 1891 breaks out.source
• 1891January 31 – The Portuguese republican revolution breaks out, in the northern city of Porto.source
• 1891February – The Tobacco Protest begins in Iran.source
• 1891April 23 – Chilean Civil War of 1891: Chilean ironclad Blanco Encalada is sunk at the Battle of Caldera Bay by torpedo boats. This is the first ironclad warship lost to a self-propelled torpedo.source
• 1891May 1 – Troops fire on a workers' May Day demonstration in support of the 8-hour workday in Fourmies, France, killing 9 and wounding 30.source
• 1891May 11 – Ōtsu incident: Tsesarevich Nikolay Alexandrovich (the future Czar Nicholas II) of Russia survives an assassination attempt while visiting Japan.source
• 1891November 11 – Jindandao Incident: The Chinese Juu Uda League in Inner Mongolia massacres tens of thousands of Mongols, before being suppressed by government troops in late December.source
• 1892April – The Johnson County War breaks out between small farmers and large ranchers in Wyoming.source
• 1892May 19 – Battle of Yemoja River: British troops defeat Ijebu infantry in modern-day Nigeria, using a maxim gun.source
• 1892May 22 – The British conquest of Ijebu Ode marks a major extension of colonial power into the Nigerian interior.source
• 1892June 30 – The Homestead Strike begins in Homestead, Pennsylvania, culminating in a battle between striking workers and private security agents on July 6.source
• 1892July 6 – Homestead Strike: The arrival of a force of 300 Pinkerton detectives from New York and Chicago results in a fight in which about 10 men are killed.source
• 1892November 8 – An anarchist bomb kills six in a police station in Avenue de l'Opéra, Paris.source
• 1892November 17 – French troops occupy Abomey, capital of the kingdom of Dahomey.source
• 1893January 13 – U.S. Marines from the USS Boston land in Honolulu, Hawaii, to prevent the queen from abrogating the Bayonet Constitution.source
• 1893January 17 – Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii: Lorrin A. Thurston and the Citizen's Committee of Public Safety in Hawaii, with the intervention of the United States Marine Corps, overthrow the government of Queen Liliuokalani.source
• 1893July 11 – Liberal general and politician José Santos Zelaya leads a successful revolt in Nicaragua.source
• 1893July 13 – Paknam Incident: Two French Navy ships are fired upon by Siamese cannons stationed at the Paknam Fort, that guards the Chao Phraya River. Three months later, Siam is forced to cede modern-day Laos to France.source
• 1893August 15 – The Ibadan area becomes a British protectorate, after a treaty signed by Fijabi, the Baale of Ibadan, with the British acting Governor of Lagos, George C. Denton.source
• 1893October 23 – The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) is founded in the town of Thessaloniki. Its aim is to liberate the region of Macedonia from the Ottoman Turks.source
• 1893November 1 – First Matabele War: Battle of Bembezi, British South Africa Company defeats an assault by the Matabele.source
• 1893December 4 – First Matabele War: The Shangani Patrol of British South Africa Company soldiers is ambushed and annihilated, by more than 3,000 Matabele warriors.source
• 1894February 12 – Ère des attentats: Café Terminus attack – In one of the first acts of modern terrorism, French anarchist Émile Henry throws a bomb into the Café Terminus in Paris, France, killing one person and injuring at least seventeen.source
• 1894May Day riots break out in Cleveland, Ohio.source
• 1894June 18 – Britain establishes a protectorate over Uganda.source
• 1894June 24 – Sadi Carnot, president of France, is assassinated in Lyon.source
• 1894August 1 – War is declared between the Qing Empire of China and the Empire of Japan over their rival claims of influence on their common ally, the Joseon dynasty of Korea. The event marks the start of the First Sino-Japanese War.source
• 1894August 16 – Italian anarchist Sante Geronimo Caserio is executed by guillotine for the assassination of French President Carnot in Lyon.source
• 1894November 3 – Waziristan campaign (1894–1895): Battle of Wana Camp – British colonial forces stationed in Wana would come under attack by rebel Mahsud tribesmen. The battle began a campaign of offensive actions against the Mahsud tribes in Waziristan to reduce their strength.source
• 1894November 21 – First Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Lushunkou – Japanese troops secure a decisive victory over the Chinese, capture the port city of Lüshunkou, and begin the Port Arthur massacre, in which more than 1,000 Chinese servicemen and civilians die.source
• 1895January 6 – The Wilcox rebellion, an attempt led by Robert Wilcox to overthrow the Republic of Hawaii and restore the Kingdom of Hawaii, begins with royalist troops landing at Waikiki Beach in O'ahu and clashing with republican defenders. The rebellion ends after three days and the remaining 190 royalists are taken prisoners of war.source
• 1895January 13 – First Italo-Ethiopian War: Battle of Coatit – Italian forces defeat the Ethiopians.source
• 1895February 24 – The first rebellions of the Cuban War of Independence break out.source
• 1895March 4 – Japanese troops capture Liaoyang and land in Taiwan.source
• 1895July 10–11 – The Doukhobors' pacifist protests culminate in the "burning of the arms" in the South Caucasus.source
• 1895August 29 – The Mat Salleh Rebellion in North Borneo is incited.source
• 1895October 1 – French troops capture Antananarivo, Madagascar.source
• 1895October 8 – Queen Min, queen consort of Joseon (Korea), is assassinated at her private residence within Gyeongbokgung Palace by Japanese agents.source
• 1895October 23 – The city of Tainan, last stronghold of the Republic of Formosa, capitulates to the forces of the Empire of Japan, ending the short-lived republic, and beginning the era of Taiwan under Japanese rule.source
• 1895December 7 – A corps of 2,350 Italian troops, mostly Askari, are crushed by 30,000 Abyssinian troops at Amba Alagi.source
• 1895Ottoman troops burn 3,000 Armenians alive in Urfa.source
• 1895The Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War begins.source
• 1896January 2 – The Jameson Raid comes to an end as Jameson surrenders to the Boers.source
• 1896January 6 – Cecil Rhodes is forced to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape of Good Hope for his involvement in the Jameson Raid.source
• 1896January 17 – Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War: British redcoats enter the Ashanti capital, Kumasi, and Asantehene Agyeman Prempeh I is deposed.source
• 1896March 1 – Battle of Adwa: Ethiopia defends its independence from Italy, ending the First Italo-Ethiopian War.source
• 1896May 30 – Khodynka Tragedy: a crowd crush at Khodynka Field in Moscow kills at least 1,200 of those marking the coronation year of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia.source
• 1896June 7 – Mahdist War: Battle of Ferkeh – British and Egyptian troops are victorious.source
• 1896August 23 – The Cry of Pugad Lawin initiates the Philippine Revolution.source
• 1896August 27 – The shortest war in recorded history, the Anglo-Zanzibar War, starts at 9:00 in the morning, and lasts for 45 minutes of shelling.source
• 1897April 18 – The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 breaks out.source
• 1897April 27–6 May – Greco-Turkish War of 1897: Battle of Velestino.source
• 1897July 26–August 2 – Siege of Malakand: British troops are besieged by Pashtun tribesmen in Malakand, on the Northwest frontier of British India (modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan).source
• 1897September 10 – Lattimer massacre: A sheriff's posse kills 19 unarmed immigrant miners in Pennsylvania.source
• 1897September 11 – After months of searching, generals of Menelik II of Ethiopia capture Gaki Sherocho, the last king of Kaffa, bringing an end to that ancient kingdom.source
• 1897September 12 – Battle of Saragarhi: Twenty-one Sikhs of the 36th Sikhs regiment of the British Indian Army defend an army post to the death, against 10,000 Afghan and Orakzai tribesmen, in the Tirah Campaign on the Northwest frontier of the British Raj (modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan).source
• 1897October 5 – After a long siege, Brazilian government troops take Canudos in north Brazil, crushing Antônio Conselheiro and his followers.source
• 1897October 6 – Ethiopia adopts the tricolor flag: green is for the land, yellow for gold, and red is symbolic of strength and the blood shed.source
• 1897Karl Lueger becomes mayor of Vienna.source
• 1898April 5 – Annie Oakley promotes the service of women in combat situations, with the United States military. On this day, she writes a letter to President William McKinley "offering the government the services of a company of 50 'lady sharpshooters' who would provide their own arms and ammunition should war break out with Spain."source
• 1898April 21 – Spanish–American War: The United States Navy begins a blockade of Cuban ports and the captures a Spanish merchant ship.source
• 1898April 23 – Spanish–American War: A conference of senior Spanish Navy officers led by naval minister Segismundo Bermejo decide to send Admiral Pascual Cervera's squadron to Cuba and Puerto Rico.source
• 1898April 25 – Spanish–American War: The United States declares war on Spain; the U.S. Congress announces that a state of war has existed since April 21 (later backdating this one more day to April 20).source
• 1898May 1 – Spanish–American War: Battle of Manila Bay – Commodore Dewey destroys the Spanish squadron, in the first battle of the war, as well as the first battle in the Philippines Campaign.source
• 1898May 7–9 – Bava Beccaris massacre: Hundreds of demonstrators are killed, when General Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris orders troops to fire on a rally in Milan, Italy.source
• 1898May 12 – Spanish–American War: The Puerto Rican Campaign begins with the Bombardment of San Juan.source
• 1898July 1 – Spanish–American War: Battle of San Juan Hill – United States troops (including Buffalo Soldiers and Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders) take a strategic position close to Santiago de Cuba from the Spanish.source
• 1898July 3 – Spanish–American War: Battle of Santiago de Cuba – The United States Navy destroys the Spanish Navy's Caribbean Squadron.source
• 1898July 17 – Spanish–American War: Battle of Santiago Bay. Troops under United States General William R. Shafter take the city of Santiago de Cuba from the Spanish.source
• 1898July 25 – Spanish–American War: The United States invasion of Puerto Rico begins, with a landing at Guánica Bay.source
• 1898August 12 – Spanish–American War: Hostilities end between American and Spanish forces in Cuba.source
• 1898August 13 – Spanish–American War: Battle of Manila – By prior agreement, the Spanish commander surrenders the city of Manila in the Philippines to the United States, in order to keep it out of the hands of Filipino rebels, ending the war.source
• 1898September 2 – Battle of Omdurman (Mahdist War): British and Egyptian troops led by Horatio Kitchener defeat Sudanese tribesmen led by Khalifa Abdullah al-Taashi, thus establishing British dominance in the Sudan. 11,000 Sudanese are killed and 1,600 wounded in the battle.source
• 1898September 10 – Italian anarchist Luigi Lucheni assassinates Empress Elisabeth of Austria in Geneva, as an act of propaganda of the deed.source
• 1898September 18 – Fashoda Incident: A powerful flotilla of British gunboats arrives at the French-occupied fort of Fashoda on the White Nile, leading to a diplomatic stalemate, until French troops are ordered to withdraw on November 3.source
• 1898September 21 – Empress Dowager Cixi of China engineers a coup d'état, marking the end of the Hundred Days' Reform; the Guangxu Emperor is arrested.source
• 1898October 5 – At the Battle of Sugar Point in the Indian Wars, some Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians (a group of Ojibwe, referred to at the time as Chippewa) warriors, led by Bugonaygeshig, defeat U.S. Army infantry troops in northern Minnesota, with seven U.S. troops killed and 19 wounded. Bugonayegeshig, whom the American soldiers were sent to capture, escapes and is never apprehended.source
• 1898October 21 – General Leonard Wood, the U.S. military governor of Cuba, issues a proclamation guaranteeing personal rights to the Cuban people.source
• 1898October 28 – A general uprising by Filipinos, led by Adriano Hernández against the remaining Spanish authorities in the Philippines begins in the province of Iloilo on the island of Panay.source
• 1898November 3 – With increasing violence threatened by rebels in China, the Russian fleet at Port Arthur and the British warships at Wei-Hai-Wei are readied for battle.source
• 1898November 9 – In the U.S., the racial violence in Phoenix, South Carolina, comes to an end after 12 African-Americans have been lynched.source
• 1898November 10 – The Wilmington massacre of 1898 begins as a coup d'état by the white Democratic Party of the U.S. state of North Carolina against the Republican Mayor of Wilmington. On the first day, a building housing a negro newspaper is burned and eight African Americans are killed.source
• 1898November 26 – The U.S. Marines arrive on USS Boston at Tientsin in China in order to guard the American legation at Beijing.source
• 1899February 5 – The first major battle of the Philippine–American War concludes with the capture by the U.S. of the San Juan River Bridge that connects Manila and San Juan.source
• 1899February 11 – In the Philippines, the city of Iloilo is captured by troops led by U.S. Army Brigadier General Marcus P. Miller.source
• 1899March 16 – In the U.S. at Palmetto, Georgia, a lynch mob kills four African-American suspects who had been arrested on suspicion of arson.source
• 1899March 19 – The Battle of Taguig takes place in the Philippines as the USS Laguna de Bay bombards the Katipunan stronghold.source
• 1899March 26 – In the first major action in the Malolos Campaign in the Philippine–American War, 90 Filipino soldiers are killed in the Battle of the Meycauayan bridge.source
• 1899March 31 – In the Philippine–American War, Malolos, capital of the First Philippine Republic, is captured by American forces.source
• 1899April 7 – The Shootout at Wilson Ranch, the last major gunfight of the Wild West era in the U.S., takes place in Tombstone, Arizona. Brothers William Halderman and Thomas Halderman, kill two lawmen. They will be hanged on November 16, 1900.source
• 1899April 9 – The Battle of Santa Cruz begins in the Philippines between U.S. Army troops and nationalists of the First Philippine Republic. After a two-day battle, 93 Filipino fighters and one American soldier are dead.source
• 1899April 9 – In Uganda, King Chwa II Kabalega of the Bunyoro kingdom, a leader of the fight against British colonial occupation, is taken prisoner after being shot in a battle near Hoima. Kabalega is exiled to the Seychelles and remains there until 1923.source
• 1899April 14 – British Army troops in Hong Kong attack the Walled City of Kowloon, based on intelligence that Chinese Imperial Army troops have been stationed behind the walls to subvert Britain's 1898 lease.source
• 1899May 2 – The Kingdom of Siam (modern-day Thailand) cedes its province of Luang Prabang (now Laos) to France.source
• 1899May 8 – In the French West African colony of Niger, Paul Voulet massacres the Hausa inhabitants of the village of Birni-N'Konni in retaliation for the continued resistance of Queen Sarraounia.source
• 1899June 5 – General Antonio Luna, Commander of the Philippine Republican Army, is assassinated along with his chief aide, Colonel Paco Román, after being lured to Cabanatuan by President Emilio Aguinaldo.source
• 1899June 26 – Joseph Chamberlain sets into motion the Second Boer War after receiving an appeal from the British Cape Colony in South Africa to help British subjects oppressed in the Transvaal Republic.source
• 1899June 28 – In Nigeria, British authorities publicly hang King Ologbosere Irabor outside of the courthouse at Benin City, after he was convicted of ordering the massacre of a party dispatched by the British consul.source
• 1899July 17 – In the Battle of Togbao in Chad, the French Bretonnet–Braun mission is destroyed by the warlord Rabih az-Zubayr.source
• 1899August 13 – The battle for the Philippine city of Angeles begins. The U.S. captures the area, the future site of Clark Air Force Base, by August 16.source
• 1899September 15 – Preparing for an attack on Britain's Cape Colony from the neighboring Transvaal Republic, Robert Baden-Powell arrives at the border town of Mafeking and begins recruiting volunteers and stockpiling munitions to prepare for an attack and siege.source
• 1899September 26 – General Manuel Guzman Alvarez of the Venezuelan state of Sucre joins with General Cipriano Castro in a revolt against the Venezuelan government.source
• 1899October 18 – The Boxer Rebellion begins in China as the Battle of Senluo Temple is fought between more than 4,000 Imperial Chinese Army troops and at least 1,000 rebels from the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists.source
• 1899October 20 – In the first major clash of the Second Boer War, the Battle of Talana Hill, the British Army drives the Boers from a hilltop position, but with heavy casualties, including their commanding general Sir Penn Symons.source
• 1899October 29 – The Battle of Kouno ends after two days in Chad, as French Army Captain Émile Gentil leads a force of 344 troops against a much larger force of Sudanese Arabs, led by the warlord Rabih az-Zubayr. Gentil routs the Sudanese.source
• 1899November 5 – The U.S. Army wins the battle to capture the Philippine Republic's capital at Angeles City, after nearly three months of fighting. It also captures the Philippine stronghold of Magalang.source
• 1899December 11 – Second Boer War: Battle of Magersfontein – Boers defeat British forces trying to relieve the Siege of Kimberley.source