Crime & Justice in the 19th century

916 sourced entries, 1800 CE to 1899 CE, oldest first. Also see Crime & Justice across every century or everything else in the 19th century.

1800August 30 – Gabriel Prosser's slave revolt in Richmond, Virginia is postponed due to weather. Word of his plan reaches Virginia's governor, James Monroe, who calls in the state militia. Gabriel is later captured and hanged on October 10 along with 23 other slaves.United States source
18007 September – Joseph Holt is arrested on suspicion of raising an Irish insurrection.Australia source
1800Thomas Jones - A Cardiganshire Landlord's Advice to his TenantsWales source
180114 September – John Macarthur takes part in a duel with his commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel William Paterson. Paterson is severely wounded in the shoulder, and Macarthur is arrested the next day. Governor King offers to release him on Norfolk Island but Macarthur refuses and is sent to England to be court martialed.Australia source
1801September 24 – Joseph Marie Jacquard exhibits his new invention, a loom where the pattern being woven is controlled by punched cards, at the National Exposition in Paris.source
1801Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, begins removal of the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens.source
1801Joseph Marie Jacquard develops a loom where the pattern being woven is controlled by punched cards.France source
1801John Crabbie of Leith begins to deal in ginger.Scotland source
1801219 people are hanged this year in England and Wales, a record for any year after 1785.United Kingdom source
1801John Rice Jones becomes first attorney-general of Indiana.Wales source
1801The Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales, vol. 1Wales source
18024 May – The Golden Horns of Gallehus are stolen.Denmark source
1802June 2 – Indigenous Australian Pemulwuy, a leader of the resistance to European settlement of Australia, is shot dead by Henry Hacking.source
18022 June – Pemulwuy is shot and killed following the killing of four white men at Parramatta and Toongabbie.Australia source
1802The Sjöundá Murders: Bjarni Bjarnason and Steinunn Sveinsdóttir murder a man and woman at a farm in Sjöundá.Iceland source
1802Criminal Jurisdiction Act (British statute)India source
1802Ministry of Justice of the Russian EmpireRussia source
1802Moscow School of the Order of St CatherineRussia source
1802Edward Jones (Bardd y Brenin) - The Musical and Poetical Relicks of the Welsh Bards, vol. 2Wales source
1803February 24 – Marbury v. Madison: The Supreme Court of the United States establishes the principle of judicial review.source
180314 May - Illegal Masonic meeting held in Sydney and all participants arrested.Australia source
180324 June – Lord Ellenborough's Act (the Malicious Stabbings or Shooting Act) includes a provision that makes abortion a crime for the first time, also introducing a crime of 'concealment of birth' which might be charged when infanticide cannot be proved.United Kingdom source
180319 September – Emmet, found guilty of high treason at the Sessions House, Dublin, delivers his Speech from the Dock, including the phrase "Let no man write my epitaph."Ireland source
180320 September – Emmet is hanged in Thomas Street, Dublin.Ireland source
180321 October – Thomas Russell, co-founder of the Society of United Irishmen, is hanged at Downpatrick Gaol.Ireland source
1803November – The King confirms the death sentence of murderers Bjarni Bjarnason and Steinunn Sveinsdóttir at Sjöundá.Iceland source
180327 December – Convict William Buckley escapes from Sullivan Bay, Victoria. He lives with the Wautharong Aboriginal people for 32 years.Australia source
1803Robert Davies (Bardd Nantglyn) - BarddoniaethWales source
18043 January – Hammersmith Ghost murder case.United Kingdom source
180411 February – the last armed rebel group of the Society of United Irishmen, led by James Corcoran, is betrayed and killed or captured by yeomen near Enniscorthy.Ireland source
1804July 11 – Aaron Burr, Vice President of the United States, shoots former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton during a duel; Hamilton dies the next day.source
1804November 30 – The Democratic-Republican-controlled United States Senate begins an impeachment trial against Federalist-partisan Supreme Court of the United States Justice Samuel Chase, on charges of political bias (he is acquitted by the United States Senate of all charges on March 1, 1805).source
1804Locks are placed at Coteau, the Cascades and at Long Sault.Canada source
1804Murderer Bjarni Bjarnason from Sjöundá escaped from prison in Reykjavík. He was caught again two weeks later.Iceland source
1804Hólavallarskóli is moved to Bessastaðir.Iceland source
1804Frederik Christopher Trampe became county sheriff of West County.Iceland source
1804Marlborough White Horse cut in Wiltshire.United Kingdom source
1804Benjamin Heath Malkin - The Scenery, Antiquities, and Biography of South WalesWales source
1805March 1 – Justice Samuel Chase is acquitted of impeachment charges by the United States Senate.source
1805March 1 – Justice Samuel Chase is acquitted of impeachment charges by the U.S. Senate.United States source
1805Jean Maxwell is sentenced to a year's imprisoned in Kirkcudbright Tolbooth for "pretending to exercise witchcraft, sorcery, inchantment, conjuration, &c."Scotland source
18068 April – Proceedings for the impeachment of Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville (on the initiative of Samuel Whitbread) for the misappropriation of public money at the Admiralty begin; he will be acquitted in the last impeachment trial ever held in the House of Lords.United Kingdom source
180627 June – The Alexander arrives in London. Teina and Maki come under the care of Reverend Joseph Hardcastle of the London Missionary Society who tries to arrange for their return to New South Wales. However, before he can do so Teina dies and Maki is kidnapped by a crimp, his later fate unknown.New Zealand source
1806July/August – The Venus arrives at the Bay of Islands. Two men, convicts Richard Evans and John Lancashire, the two women Badger and Hagerty, and two children, Badger's young daughter and possibly the aboriginal cabin boy William Evans, are left at Rangihoua Bay. Hegarty and Badger are the first pākehā women to stay voluntarily in New Zealand. The two men are returned to Port Jackson by visiting ships, possibly before the end of the year. The Venus with its six remaining crew then travels down the east coast of the North Island, kidnapping several Māori women along the way and selling them to rival tribes who eventually kill them. These women included the sister and niece of Te Morenga and a relative of Hongi Hika’s. Their deaths are the cause of the retaliatory raids by these two chiefs in 1818.New Zealand source
1806Mungo Park killed by natives on Niger River in Africa.Canada source
1806American engraver Henry Pelham, agent for Lord Lansdowne's Irish estates, is drowned from a boat while superintending the erection of a martello tower in the Kenmare River.Ireland source
1806Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, begins to ship the Elgin Marbles to Britain from Greece.Scotland source
1806Anthony Bushby Bacon sells his share of the Hirwaun ironworks to his brother Thomas and buys the Mathews' estate at Aberaman.Wales source
1806Richard Colt Hoare - Life of GiraldusWales source
1807February 19 – Burr conspiracy: In Alabama, former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr is tried for conspiracy, but acquitted.source
1807February 19 – Burr conspiracy: Former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr is arrested on charges of treason. He is accused of plotting to annex parts of Louisiana and Mexico to become part of an independent republic.United States source
1807April 1–3 – Great Sortie of StralsundGermany source
180718 May – exiled Irish rebel Michael Dwyer is acquitted of a charge of conspiring to mount an Irish insurrection against British rule in New South Wales (Australia), but subsequently stripped of his free settler status.Ireland source
1807May 22 – A grand jury indicts former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr for treason.source
1807May 22 – A grand jury indicts Aaron Burr for treason.United States source
1807September 1 – Former U.S. Vice President Aaron Burr is acquitted of treason. He had been accused of plotting to annex parts of Louisiana and Mexico, to become part of an independent republic.source
1807September 27 – Napoleon purchases the Borghese art collection, including the Antinous Mondragone, and brings it to Paris.source
180727 September – Napoleon purchases the Borghese art collection, including the Antinous Mondragone, and brings it to Paris.France source
18079 October - Overkriminalretten is established. It was Norway's highest court until 1815, when the Supreme Court of Norway was established.Norway source
1807October 30 – El Escorial Conspiracy: Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias is arrested for conspiring against his father Charles IV of Spain.source
1807November – The Santa Anna drops a sealing gang, including Ruatara, at the Bounty Islands.New Zealand source
1807Le Petit Oracle des Dames 42 card deck and booklet are published in Paris by the widow of Gueffier.source
1807William Taitt of the Dowlais Company brings a libel action against Samuel Homfray. Damages of £500 are awarded.Wales source
180812 January – John Rennie's scheme to defend St Mary's Church, Reculver in south east England, founded in 669, from coastal erosion is abandoned in favour of demolition, despite the church being an exemplar of Anglo-Saxon architecture and sculpture.United Kingdom source
180826 January – John Macarthur is arrested sparking the Rum Rebellion. Military officers supporting Macarthur arrest Governor Bligh.Australia source
180829 February – A French column, disguised as a convoy of wounded, takes Barcelona by convincing the authorities to open the city's gates.France source
1808August - Jämtland Campaign of 1808Sweden source
180831 December – The Saksebøl Slaughter.Norway source
1808The Rijksmuseum moves from The Hague to Amsterdam, where it is located temporarily at the Royal Palace.source
1808Late May/June – Te Pahi, with three of his sons, travels to Port Jackson on the Commerce to complain to Governor of New South Wales Bligh about the kidnapping of his daughter and her husband by Captain Dalrymple.New Zealand source
1808By John Heathcoat for a bobbinet lace machine.United Kingdom source
1808Robert Davies (Bardd Nantglyn) - Ieithiadur neu Ramadeg CymraegWales source
1809July – Ruatara arrives in London on the Santa Anna. He is not allowed to see King George as he had hoped. 15 days later the captain of the Santa Anna puts him on board the convict ship Ann which is heading to Port Jackson.New Zealand source
180910 November – The Berners Street Hoax: Theodore Hook manages to attract dozens of people to 54 Berners Street in London.United Kingdom source
1809November 25 – Benjamin Bathurst, a British diplomat, mysteriously disappears (possibly murdered) in Perleberg, west of Berlin.source
180925 November – Benjamin Bathurst, a British diplomat, mysteriously disappears (having possibly been murdered) in Perleberg, west of Berlin.United Kingdom source
1810March – Le Canadien of Quebec is suppressed, for "seditious utterances." Soldiers, led by a magistrate, seize the plant and apprehend the printer. Warrants to arrest Bedard, Taschereau, Papineau, Viger and others are issued. The Governor asks: "During the fifty years you have been under British rule, has one act of oppression, one instance of arbitrary imprisonment, of violation of property, or of the rights of conscience ever occurred?"Canada source
18103 May – The Brothers collects two men it had dropped in 1809 on islands on what is now the Dunedin coast at Port Daniel (Otago Harbour), including William Tucker. Tucker is sent to look for other sealers from the Brothers at Stewart Island. It is probably at this time, on the shores of Foveaux Strait, that he steals the Māori preserved head that he later sells in Sydney, thus inaugurating the retail trade of such items.New Zealand source
181015 June – Radical journalist William Cobbett is found guilty of treasonous libel for an article in his Political Register critical of the flogging of militiamen and sentenced to two years' in Newgate Prison.United Kingdom source
1810November/December – The Sydney Cove, Captain Charles McLaren, anchors in Otago Harbour. The theft of a red shirt and other articles by local chief Te Wahia sparks what becomes known as the Sealers' War or the War of the Shirt, which lasts until 1823. One of her sealers kills Te Wahia which incenses Māori. The Sydney Cove flees south and one of her crew, James Caddell, is captured by Māori at the Clutha mouth.New Zealand source
18104,500 chests of opium are sold in China.source
1810York magistrate Alexander Wood is embroiled in a gay sex scandal.Canada source
1810Ministry of Police of the Russian EmpireRussia source
1810Sir Samuel Rush Meyrick - History and Antiquities of the County of CardiganWales source
1810Ann Hatton - Cambrian PicturesWales source
181121 November – German poet Heinrich von Kleist shoots his terminally ill lover Henriette Vogel and then himself, on the shore of the Kleiner Wannsee near Potsdam.Germany source
1811Johann Nepomuk Hummel – 12 German Dances and Coda for Redout-DeutscheGermany source
18117–19 December – Ratcliff Highway murders in London.United Kingdom source
1811Peter Roberts - Brut Tysilio (English translation)Wales source
1812March 15 – Luddites attack the wool-processing factory of Frank Vickerman in West Yorkshire.source
181215 March – Luddites attack the wool processing factory of Frank Vickerman in West Yorkshire.United Kingdom source
181220 March – Destruction of Stocking Frames, etc. Act 1812 ("Frame-breaking Act") makes Luddite machine-breakers subject to capital punishment.United Kingdom source
181224 April – Luddites attack the Westhoughton Mill of Thomas Rowe in Lancashire.United Kingdom source
181218 May – John Bellingham is hanged at Newgate Prison.United Kingdom source
1812Fantasmagoriana, book by Jean-Baptiste Benoît EyrièsFrance source
1812The Charging Chasseur, painting by Théodore GéricaultFrance source
1812Ongoing – Highland Clearances.Scotland source
1812Alton Barnes White Horse cut in Wiltshire.United Kingdom source
181316 January – 14 Luddites hanged at York.United Kingdom source
1813February 7 – Raid on Elizabethtown.Canada source
1813June 3 – The "Growler" and the "Eagle," which left Plattsburg, yesterday, are taken by the British gun-boats they pursuedCanada source
1813"Poetical Attempts by Hugh Porter, a County of Down weaver" published in Belfast.Ireland source
1813Golovnin Incident ends with the release of Vasily Golovnin by the Japanese on October 6Russia source
1813Glasgow weavers fail in an attempt to secure higher wages.Scotland source
1813The notorious criminal transvestite Lasse-Maja is arrested and becomes famous.Sweden source
1813Charles James Apperley becomes agent for his brother-in-law's estates in Caernarvonshire, taking up residence at Tŷ Gwyn, Llanbeblig.Wales source
1814February – Samuel Marsden buys the brig Active, for £1400, after the Church Missionary Society refuses to provide funds for a ship.New Zealand source
1814February - Anthony Bushby Bacon sells his mineral rights at Cyfarthfa to Richard Crawshay for £95,000.Wales source
1814March 3 – The Governor refuses to suspend Chief Justices Sewell and Monk, on suggestion of one branch of the Legislature. James Stuart moves, affirming the Assembly's right to inform the Governor of irregularities, without concurrence of the council; and that the Governor has violated the Constitution.Canada source
1814March 6: José Miguel Carrera and his brother Luis Carrera are captured by a Royalist squadron under Clemente de Lantaño.Chile source
1814May 12: José Miguel Carrera and his brother Luis Carrera escape from prison.Chile source
1814August 12 – In England, the last hanging under the Black Act is carried out, of William Potter for cutting down an orchard (although the judge petitions for reprieve).source
181419 November – The Active attempts to leave Sydney but is forced to turn back by bad weather.New Zealand source
1814The first Icelandic police officer, Jón Benjamínsson, took office.Iceland source
1815March 13 – Participants at the Congress of Vienna declare Napoleon an outlaw following his escape from Elbasource
1815March – poet William Drennan's Fugitive pieces in verse and prose published in Belfast.Ireland source
1815In the United Kingdom, use of the pillory is limited to punishment for perjury.source
1815Lazarev Institute of Oriental LanguagesRussia source
1815Armadale Castle on Skye is built in the style of Scottish Baronial architecture to the design of James Gillespie Graham.Scotland source
1815David Richards (Dafydd Ionawr) - Barddoniaeth GristianogawlWales source
1815Thomas Love Peacock - Headlong Hall (anonymous; dated 1816)Wales source
1815Peter Roberts - The Cambrian Popular Antiquities of WalesWales source
1815Richard Fenton - Memoirs of an Old WigWales source
1816April – Highland Clearances: Factor Patrick Sellar is tried but acquitted at Inverness of culpable homicide during the mass expulsion of crofting tenants from Strathnaver in 1814.Scotland source
181626 June – First prisoners admitted to the National Penitentiary, Millbank Prison, in London.United Kingdom source
181628 June – Luddites destroy the bobbinet lace machines in John Heathcoat's Loughborough factory.United Kingdom source
18169 October - Fanny Imlay, half-sister of Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, takes a room at the Mackworth Arms in Swansea, and instructs the maid not to disturb her. The following day she is found dead, having taken a fatal dose of laudanum.Wales source
181629–30 October – Wildgoose Lodge Murders: eight people are burned to death by a gang in County Louth.Ireland source
1816By the Pillory Abolition Act, use of the pillory is limited to punishment for perjury.United Kingdom source
181710 March – The Blanketeers set out to march from Manchester to London; on 11 March, 160 are arrested at Stockport.United Kingdom source
181710 October – Bushranger Michael Howe is caught in Van Diemen's Land, but escapes after killing his captors.Australia source
1817October John Gibson arrives in Rome to study sculpture with help from Antonio Canova.Wales source
181720 November - O'Higgins authorizes privateers to engage as commerce raiders against the Spanish.Chile source
181711 December – William Tucker (see 1815) returns to Otago Harbour from Hobart on the Sophia, Captain Kelly, with other intending settlers. They later land at Whareakeake but Tucker and 2 others are killed and eaten, probably as part of the War of the Shirt (see 1810). In retaliation Kelly fires on the Māori, killing as many as 70, and destroys the kāinga (village) at nearby Otakou. The beach is subsequently given the name Murdering Beach.New Zealand source
1817The school at Rangihoua has a roll of 70, half boys, half girls, ranging in age from 7 to 17.New Zealand source
1817Old Tolbooth, Edinburgh, demolished.Scotland source
1817AmaMthethwa chief Dingiswayo captured & executed by AmaNwandwe chief Zwide.South Africa source
181816 April – The Court of King's Bench (England) decides the case of Ashford v Thornton, upholding the right of the defendant, on a private appeal from an acquittal for murder, to trial by battle. Four days later, the plaintiff declines to fight.United Kingdom source
1818James Barr composes a musical setting of the late Robert Tannahill's "Thou Bonnie Wood of Craigielea" which will later become the basis of the tune "Waltzing Matilda".Scotland source
1818John Jones (Jac Glan-y-gors) becomes landlord of the King's Head in Ludgate Street, London. His tavern becomes a meeting place for the London Welsh.Wales source
1819Early – Denis Johnson of London markets his "pedestrian curricle", a form of dandy horse, velocipede or kick scooter.source
1819Théodore Géricault's painting The Raft of the Medusa (Le Radeau de la Méduse) is first exhibited at Salon of 1819 in Paris.France source
181913/14 July – uxoricide of Ellen Scanlan (née Hanley, the "Colleen Bawn") and dumping of her body in the River Shannon.Ireland source
182023 February – A plot to murder the Cabinet, the Cato Street Conspiracy, is exposed. Bow Street Runners arrest conspirators in Paddington. Richard Smithers, a constable, is killed in the struggle.United Kingdom source
1820May 1 – The last judicial decapitation in the United Kingdom is meted out to the principals in the Cato Street conspirators after their public hanging for treason in London. Legally, the post-hanging beheading is a mitigation of the last sentence in Britain of "hanging, drawing and quartering".source
182010 October – thief David Haggart murders the keeper of the Dumfries tolbooth while escaping imprisonment.Scotland source
182018,957 black slaves leave Luanda, Angola.source
1820Bella and Hanna. The Eldest Daughters of M. L. Nathanson is painted by Christoffer Wilhelm EckersbergDenmark source
1820Robert Jones – Drych yr AmseroeddWales source
1821March – Port Macquarie, a penal settlement, was established for convicts that had committed secondary crimes in New South Wales.Australia source
182118 July – thief David Haggart is hanged in Edinburgh, aged 20, for the murder of a Dumfries tolbooth keeper in 1820, leaving an autobiography, The life of David Haggart, and phrenologist George Combe's Phrenological observations on the cerebral development of David Haggart.Scotland source
1821Ludwig van Beethoven – Piano Sonata No. 31Germany source
1821Thomas Fasting became the first individual ever convicted in an impeachment trial by the Norwegian Constitutional Court of the Realm (Riksrett).Norway source
1821David Richards (Dafydd Ionawr) – Cywydd y DilywWales source
182212 August – The Foreign Secretary Lord Castlereagh cuts his own throat at his house in Kent.United Kingdom source
182227 November – Outside Newgate Prison in London, William Reading becomes the last person to be hanged for shoplifting.United Kingdom source
1822The piracy trial of Johanna Hård.Sweden source
1822Amorina by Carl Jonas Love Almqvist.Sweden source
1823July 4 – Royal assent is given to several significant Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom, after the Home Secretary (and future Prime Minister) Robert Peel had worked to get approval by Parliament. Approved are the Judgment of Death Act 1823, effectively abolishing the death penalty for over 100 offences and; allowing judges to commute sentences for capital offences (other than murder or treason) to imprisonment or transportation.; the Transportation Act allowing convicts transported to the colonies to be employed on public works. On July 10, the Gaols Act 1823 is given assent, beginning the process of prison reform based on the campaign of Elizabeth Fry.source
1823July – Robert Peel ensures the passage of five Acts of Parliament, effectively abolishing the death penalty for over one hundred offences, starting to reverse the Bloody Code; in particular, the 4 July Judgement of Death Act allows judges to commute sentences for capital offences other than murder or treason to imprisonment or transportation.United Kingdom source
1823The Caergwrle Bowl, a decorated Middle Bronze Age artefact, is discovered.Wales source
1823John Frost is sentenced to six months in prison for a libel against the town clerk of Newport.Wales source
182421 June – The Vagrancy Act for the first time makes begging or sleeping in the street criminal offences in England.United Kingdom source
1824David Davis (Castellhywel) – Telyn DewiWales source
18253 February - Swedish Prison and Probation Service is founded.Sweden source
18254 March – A penal settlement is established on Maria Island, Tasmania.Australia source
1825March 5 – Capture of the sloop Anne: Roberto Cofresí, one of the last successful pirates in the Caribbean, is defeated by an international naval force.source
18259 March – the Unlawful Societies (Ireland) Act proscribes both the Catholic Association and the Orange Order.Ireland source
1825November 7 – Beauchamp–Sharp Tragedy: Lawyer Jereboam O. Beauchamp murders Kentucky legislator Solomon P. Sharp in a family feud, becaming the first person legally executed in the state.United States source
1825Jedediah Richards – Diddanwch y PererinionWales source
1825John Brickdale Blakeway and Hugh Owen – A History of ShrewsburyWales source
1826March 7 – Ellen Turner, a wealthy 15-year-old heiress from Cheshire in England, is kidnapped by Edward Gibbon Wakefield. On May 14, Wakefield, his brother and a servant are sentenced to three years' imprisonment for the crime. Wakefield later becomes politically active in the colonisation of New Zealand.source
1826March – Aged eight, future orator and memoirist Frederick Douglass is lent by his master to the Aulds of Fell's Point, Baltimore. He will remain their house servant, and later their regular slave, for 12 years until he escapes.United States source
1826June - Photography: Nicéphore Niépce makes a true photograph, View from the Window at Le Gras.France source
1826July 26 – Cayetano Ripoll becomes the last person to be executed by the Spanish Inquisition's successor at its last auto-da-fé, held in Valencia.source
1826September 11 – William Morgan is arrested in Batavia, New York, for debt after declaring that he would publish The Mysteries of Free Masonry, a book against Freemasonry. This sets into motion the events that led to his mysterious disappearance.United States source
1826September 13 – William Morgan (anti-Mason) of Batavia, New York, disappears mysteriously after being released from the jail in Canandaigua and agreeing to accompany his benefactor, a Mr. Loton Lawson.He is never seen in public again, and a number of witnesses will indicate later that on September 20, a man resembling Morgan was tied up and thrown into the Niagara River following a meeting of the Masonic Society.source
182618 October – The last English state lottery is drawn in a series run since 1769, the next National Lottery will be in 1994.United Kingdom source
1826October – James Drew begins in practice as a solicitor in Glasgow, a predecessor of McClure Naismith.Scotland source
1826Wilhelm Bendz paints A Young Artist Examining a Sketch in a Mirror-Denmark source
1826The Assam Police was established in the state of Assam.India source
1826Slave owners protest against Ordinance 19.South Africa source
18277 March – Shrigley abduction: Ellen Turner, a wealthy 15-year-old heiress from Cheshire, is abducted by Edward Gibbon Wakefield. On 14 May Wakefield, his brother and a servant are sentenced to three years' imprisonment for the crime. Wakefield later becomes a colonial politician.United Kingdom source
182718 May – Red Barn Murder in Suffolk: Maria Marten is shot by her lover.United Kingdom source
1827September 25 – Madawaska is annexed by the United States, and John Baker is arrested.United States source
182729 November – Burke and Hare sell their first corpse for dissection by Robert Knox in Edinburgh.Scotland source
1827Robert Davies (Bardd Nantglyn) – Diliau BarddasWales source
18289 March – an English gang make off with £28,350 after holding up the Glasgow branch of the Greenock Bank.Scotland source
1828May 26 – The supposed feral child Kaspar Hauser is discovered in Nuremberg, Germany.source
182826 May – Supposed feral child Kaspar Hauser is discovered in Nuremberg, Germany.Germany source
1828August 11 – William Corder is hanged at Bury St Edmunds, England, for the murder of Maria Marten at the Red Barn a year earlier.source
182811 August – William Corder is hanged at Bury St. Edmunds for the murder of Maria Marten at the Red Barn a year ago.United Kingdom source
182813 September - Robbers break into the vault of the Bank of Australasia in Sydney - first bank robbery in Australia.Australia source
182817 December – Trial of the case of the murderers and body snatchers William Burke and William Hare begins in Edinburgh.United Kingdom source
182831 December – President Blanco is arrested by anti-Peruvian rebels.Bolivia source
1828Criminal Law (India) Act (British statute)India source
182817–24 December – Burke and Hare murders trial in Edinburgh: William Burke is sentenced to hang for his part in the murder of 17 victims (up to 31 October) to provide bodies for dissection by anatomist Robert Knox; his accomplice William Hare is released having turned King's evidence.Scotland source
18298 January – hanging of body-selling murderer William Burke in Edinburgh. His associate William Hare, who testified against him, is released.Scotland source
18298 January – Hanging of body-selling murderer William Burke in Edinburgh. His associate William Hare, who has testified against him, is released.United Kingdom source
18295 June – Slave trade: HMS Pickle captures the armed slave ship Voladora off the coast of Cuba.United Kingdom source
182929 September – The first police officers of the Metropolitan Police Service, known by the nicknames "bobbies" or "peelers", go on patrol in London.United Kingdom source
182931 December – Last British hanging for forgery, Thomas Maynard at Newgate Prison, London.United Kingdom source
1829Poltava ( Полтава) by Alexander PushkinRussia source
1829Edwin Henry Landseer paints An Illicit Whisky Still in the Highlands.Scotland source
1829Thomas Love Peacock - The Misfortunes of ElphinWales source
183012 January: The last executions take place in Iceland at Þrístapi, Vatnsdalur, with Agnes Magnúsdóttir and Friðrik Sigurðsson being beheaded for murder the murder of two men, including Nathan Ketilsson.Iceland source
18307 April – Wilhelm Bendz's painting The Waagepetersen Family is included in the exhibition.Denmark source
183028 June – First police officer to be killed on duty in the UK, Joseph Grantham of the new Metropolitan Police Service in London.United Kingdom source
1830October – Garde Civique formed to maintain public orderBelgium source
183010,000 chests of opium are sold in China.source
1830Thuggee and Dacoity DepartmentIndia source
1830Illusory Appointments Act (British statute)India source
1830William Carleton publishes Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry and Confessions of a Reformed Ribbonman, a fictionalised account of the Wildgoose Lodge Murders of 1816.Ireland source
1830Sir Samuel Rush Meyrick - Engraved Illustrations of Antient Arms and Armour, from the Collection at Goodrich CourtWales source
1831May–June – Merthyr Rising in Merthyr Tydfil.United Kingdom source
18315 August – Edward Broughton, an English convict turned serial killer and bushranger is hanged after he escaped from Sarah Island in Macquarie Harbour with four other convicts and later confessed to murdering three of his companions and resorting to cannibalism.Australia source
183115 October – Special Constables Act regularises operation of the Special Constabulary.United Kingdom source
1831The Literary and Commercial Society of Glasgow is last known to be active.Scotland source
1831Spring – the 12th-century Lewis chessmen are found in a sand-bank on the Isle of Lewis.Scotland source
1831Sweden begins tracking conviction statistics.Sweden source
1832May 21 – Election riots at Montreal. Three supporters of Daniel Tracey of the Parti Patriote are shot dead by government troops. Colonel MacIntosh and Captain Temple are arrested for ordering the shooting. The next day, it is announced that Tracey is elected to the Legislative Assembly for Montreal West.Canada source
18325 September – an ordinance requires workers to carry a Skudsmålsbog as record of their employment.Denmark source
1832Charlottenborg Spring Exhibition: Wilhelm Marstrand's A Street Scene in the Dog Days is among the exhibited art works.Denmark source
183211–14 August – The body of James Cook, a bookbinder executed the previous day for the murder of his creditor Paas, is hung in irons on a gibbet in Leicester, the last time this practice is carried out.United Kingdom source
1832Jedediah Richards — Addysg ac AmddiffyniadWales source
1833May 11 – French-American farmhand Antoine le Blanc murders family of three.United States source
183329 July – Nathaniel Sneyd is shot in the head by a madman on Westmoreland Street, Dublin. He dies from his injuries two days later.Ireland source
1833December 14 – Kaspar Hauser, the well known and mysterious German youth, is fatally stabbed. He dies three days later on December 17.source
183314 December – Kaspar Hauser, a mysterious German youth, is stabbed, dying three days later on 17 December.Germany source
1833The Bhumij Revolt, led by Ganga Narayan Singh continues.India source
1833The keystone above the door of the Stone Store in Kerikeri is carved.New Zealand source
1833Burgh Police (Scotland) Act permits burghs to establish themselves as police burghs, having powers to provide policing and to pave and light streets.Scotland source
1833Pilt Carin Ersdotter arrives to Stockholm where she attracts great attention as The beautiful Dalarna girl.Sweden source
1833American Anti-Slavery Society founded in Philadelphia by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan.United States source
1834January 3 – The government of Mexico imprisons Stephen F. Austin in Mexico City.source
183414 January – The ten remaining convicts at the Macquarie Harbour Penal Station hijack a brig and escape to Chile in the Frederick escapeAustralia source
1834June 7 – Greek independence: General Theodoros Kolokotronis is sentenced to death for treason, for resisting the rule of Otto of Greece (he is released the following year).source
1834August 14 – The Poor Law Amendment Act in the United Kingdom states that no able-bodied British man can receive assistance, unless he enters a workhouse (a kind of poorhouse).source
183414 August – Poor Law Amendment Act states the able-bodied cannot receive assistance unless they enter a workhouse; poor-law authorities should no longer attempt to identify the fathers of illegitimate children to recover support from them.United Kingdom source
183410th New Brunswick Legislative AssemblyCanada source
183414th General Assembly of Nova ScotiaCanada source
183414th Parliament of Lower CanadaCanada source
1834Drottningens juvelsmycke by Carl Jonas Love Almquist.Sweden source
1834Thomas Medwin - The Angler in Wales: Or, Days and Nights of SportsmenWales source
183525 August – Prisons Act aims to secure greater uniformity in practice across prisons in England and Wales and introduces Inspectors of Prisons.United Kingdom source
1835November 27 – Two London men, James Pratt and John Smith, are hanged in front of Newgate Prison in London, after a conviction of buggery. They are the last to suffer capital punishment for homosexual acts in England.source
183527 November – Two men, James Pratt and John Smith, are hanged in front of Newgate Prison in London after a conviction of buggery. They are the last to suffer capital punishment for homosexual acts in England.United Kingdom source
1835Joseph Howe, a Halifax printer and owner since 1828 of the weekly Novascotian, is arrested for libel but successfully argues his own case for freedom of the press. A local hero, he begins advocating the kind of responsible government that is only established in 1848.Canada source
1835Chief Hintsa of the AmaXhosa is captured under a false truce by Governor D'Urban's troops and interrogated. He was murdered while attempting to escape, with his ears taken as trophies.South Africa source
1835Edward Herbert, 2nd Earl of Powis - The Lyvys of the SeyntysWales source
1836August 1 – Abolition Riot of 1836 in the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court: Two fugitive slave women are freed from the courtroom by spectators.United States source
183613 August – Last hanging for robbery, Lawrence Curtis at Shrewsbury.United Kingdom source
183620 August – An Act for enabling Persons indicted of Felony to make their Defence by Counsel or Attorney ("Prisoner's Counsel" or "Trial for Felonies" Act) requires provision of defence counsel for those charged with serious crimes (coming into force 1 October); also passing of an Act to prevent the Fact of a previous Conviction being given in Evidence to the Jury on the Case before them.United Kingdom source
1836Chatsworth Head is found near Tamassos, Cyprus.source
1836Auguste Payen, Porte de Namur tollbooths, BrusselsBelgium source
1836Foundation of the Ulster Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.Ireland source
1836Painter David Wilkie is granted a knighthood.Scotland source
1836Undated – R v Pritchard decided in the Exchequer of Pleas, a leading case in English law on determining a defendant's fitness to plead.United Kingdom source
1837January - The cause célèbre murder of Catharina Ulrika Hjort af Ornäs shocked the country.Sweden source
1837February – Charles Dickens's Oliver Twist begins publication in serial form in London.source
18371 October – The Punishment of Offences Act and other acts coming into force on this day remove capital punishment as a penalty for crimes including burglary, arson, forgery and "shooting at".United Kingdom source
183718 October – William Perrie is hanged in Paisley for uxoricide.Scotland source
1837November 6 – In Montreal, the Doric Club come to blows with "Sons of Liberty."Canada source
1837November 7 – In Alton, Illinois, abolitionist printer Elijah P. Lovejoy is shot and killed by a pro-slavery mob while he attempts to protect his printing shop from being destroyed a fourth time.United States source
1837The 5th century B.C. Berlin Foundry Cup is acquired, for the Antikensammlung Berlin in Germany.Germany source
1837Dorcas Allen kills two of her four children while imprisoned in a District of Columbia slave pen.United States source
1837Charles James Apperley – The Chace, the Road, and the TurfWales source
1838January – leaders of the Glasgow cotton spinners' strike are sentenced to penal transportation (but cleared of murder).Scotland source
1838April 12 – Samuel Lount and Peter Matthews hanged in Toronto.Canada source
183815 May – Court of assizes to have jury verdicts.Belgium source
183817 September – After almost four decades in Rome, Bertel Thorvaldsen, accompanied by his art collections and most of his own works, returns to Copenhagen.Denmark source
183824 September – "Monster meeting" on Kersal Moor, Salford, in support of Chartism.United Kingdom source
1838October 16 – Grave Creek Stone, a probable hoax, allegedly discovered in Moundsville, West Virginia.United States source
183817 December – Run on the Banque de Belgique.Belgium source
1838The 5th century BC bronze Chatsworth Head is acquired by the 6th Duke of Devonshire at Smyrna, from H. P. Borrell.source
1838J. M. W. Turner paints a watercolour of Flint Castle.Wales source
1839March – John Frost, former mayor of Newport, is deprived of his position as a magistrate because of his Chartist sympathies.Wales source
1839May 3 José Antonio Mexía – politician executed in Acajete, Veracruz (born 1800)Mexico source
183910 June – Major Chartist meeting on Glasgow Green.Scotland source
183923 November – Zephaniah Williams, one of the leaders of the Chartist march on Newport, is arrested on board ship at Cardiff.Wales source
1839Charles Goodyear vulcanizes rubber.source
1839Antoine Wiertz, Esmeralda, QuasimodoBelgium source
183912–13 May – Failed insurrection led by Louis Auguste Blanqui, Armand Barbès, Martin Bernard, and the Société des Saisons as part of the struggle for French worker's rights.France source
1839Maurits Hansen wrote the world's first crime novel with "Mordet på Maskinbygger Roolfsen" (The Murder of Engine Maker Roolfsen).Norway source
1839Scottish Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals established in Edinburgh.Scotland source
18401 January - Trial of Chartists John Frost, Zephaniah Williams and William Jones for their part in the Newport Rising of 1839 continues at Monmouth before Chief Justice Tindal. This is the first trial where proceedings are recorded in shorthand.Wales source
184016 January – Frost, Williams and Jones are all found guilty of high treason for their part in the Chartist riots, and are sentenced to death; the last time the sentence of hanging, drawing and quartering is passed in the UK, although following a nationwide petitioning campaign and direct lobbying of the Home Secretary by the Lord Chief Justice, it is commuted to transportation for life (Frost is eventually pardoned).United Kingdom source
184016 January - Frost, Williams and Jones are all found guilty of high treason for their part in the Chartist riots, and are sentenced to death - the last time the sentence of hanging, drawing and quartering is passed in the United Kingdom, although following a nationwide petitioning campaign and, extraordinarily, direct lobbying of the Home Secretary by the Lord Chief Justice, it is commuted to transportation for life (and Frost is much later pardoned).Wales source
1840February 5 – Damascus Affair: The murder of a Capuchin friar and his Greek servant leads to a highly publicized case of blood libel, against the Jews of Damascus.source
1840July – last known great auk in the British Isles caught and later killed on the islet of Stac an Armin, St Kilda, Scotland.Scotland source
1840August 10 – Fortsas hoax: A number of book collectors gather in Binche, Belgium, to attend a non-existent book auction of the late "Count of Fortsas".source
184010 August – Culmination of the Fortsas hoax in Binche.Belgium source
184025 August – Two Ngarrindjeri men are hanged on the Coorong in front of their tribe after being convicted in a drumhead court-martial of the murders of all 26 crew and passengers of the Maria shipwreck, Major Thomas O'Halloran, South Australian Police Commissioner, presiding and passing sentence.Australia source
1840Prison cell jails are introduced.Sweden source
1840Morianen, eller Holstein-Gottorpiska huset i Sverige by Magnus Jacob CrusenstolpeSweden source
1841February 18 – The first ongoing filibuster in the United States Senate begins, and lasts until March 11.source
1841March 9 – United States v. The Amistad: The Supreme Court of the United States rules in the case, that the Africans who seized control of the ship had been taken into slavery illegally.source
1841March 9 – Amistad: The Supreme Court of the United States rules in the case that the Africans who seized control of the ship had been taken into slavery illegally.United States source
1841April 20 – Edgar Allan Poe's short story "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" is published in Graham's Magazine (Philadelphia) (of which he became editor in February). The story will be recognized as the first significant work of detective fiction.United States source
184114 May – Irish navvies Dennis Doolan and Patrick Redding are hanged at Crosshill, Bishopbriggs (near Glasgow and site of the later Cadder Yard), the location at which they participated in the murder of ganger John Green on the works of the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway on 10 December 1840.Scotland source
18417 June – Darlinghurst Gaol took in its first prisoners.Australia source
184126 July – The proprietors of The Skerries Lighthouse off Anglesey, the last privately owned light in the British Isles, are awarded £444,984 in compensation for its sale to Trinity House.United Kingdom source
1841John Augustus develops the concept of probation in Boston, Massachusetts.source
1841Succession (Property Protection) ActIndia source
1841The first of the von Schwerin Estate's Scandals attracts attention.Sweden source
184220 January – Orla Lehmann is convicted of having criticized the absolute monarchy in his radical Falster Speech (delivered in 1834). Hof- og Stadsretten had only sentenced him to a fine of DKK 500.Denmark source
1842March – Commonwealth v. Hunt: the Massachusetts Supreme Court makes strikes and unions legal in the United States.United States source
1842April–September – 1842 general strike spreads across England's industrial districts, driven by Chartism. Includes the Preston Strike and Pottery Riots. Protestors are killed by the military in several places.source
184213 June – The half farthing coin is made legal tender in the U.K.United Kingdom source
1842November 10 & 19 – London debtor's prisons the Fleet Prison and Marshalsea are closed and inmates transferred to Queen's Bench Prison. Pentonville Prison for criminals is completed in north London this year.source
1842Silvestre De León, soldier and third Alcalde of Victoria murdered in Victoria (born 1802)Mexico source
1842The Witchcraft Act (Trolldomslov) is abolished.Norway source
1842A velocipede rider from Dumfriesshire, perhaps Kirkpatrick Macmillan, knocks down a pedestrian in the Gorbals district of Glasgow.Scotland source
1842Rosen på Tistelön by Emilie Flygare-Carlén.Sweden source
1842Henry Hussey Vivian takes over the management of the Liverpool branch of the firm of Vivian and Sons.Wales source
18434 March – M'Naghten is found not guilty of murder "by reason of insanity", giving rise to the M'Naghten Rules on criminal responsibility, and subsequently committed to Bethlem Hospital.United Kingdom source
184326 August: A riot of armed New Zealand Company workers occurs at the Company office in Nelson, spurred by issues surrounding quality of life and payment of wages. Several are arrested, and many leave for New South Wales as a result.New Zealand source
18437 October – O'Connell gives in to government prohibition of Clontarf meeting planned for the next day. However, he is charged with conspiracy a few days later.Ireland source
184322 December – John Jones (Shoni Sguborfawr), one of the ringleaders of the Rebecca Riots is sentenced to transportation to Australia.Wales source
1843Undated – The Argyle Cut in The Rocks is started, using convict labour, it is completed in 1864, using free labourers.Australia source
1843Grace Marks is controversially convicted of murder after her trial on November 3 and 4, 1843. The crime and trial will form the basis for Margaret Atwood's novel Alias Grace in 1996.Canada source
1843Crapula Mundi by Lars Levi LæstadiusSweden source
1843Positiv-hataren by August BlancheSweden source
18446 April – John Gavin is the first European settler to be legally executed in Western Australia. Gavin, a fifteen-year-old apprentice, was found guilty of the murder of his employer's son, George Pollard.Australia source
184414 April – The murder of Charlotte Dymond in Cornwall.United Kingdom source
18443 July: The last great auk is reported to have been killed on Eldey.Iceland source
1844Amnesty in Montreal provides for Papineau's return.Canada source
1844Freiburger Turnerschaft von 1844Germany source
1844Hugh Derfel Hughes - Blodau'r GânWales source
1845February – Andover workhouse scandal begins.United Kingdom source
184520 May – The last fatal duel between Englishmen on English soil takes place near Gosport. James Alexander Seton is shot and dies twelve days later from his wound. His opponent, Royal Marine Lieutenant Charles Lawes Pym, is tried for murder a year later, but acquitted.United Kingdom source
1845May 23 – New York City Police Department (NYPD) is formed, replacing an old night watch system.United States source
1845Jon Eilevsson Steintjønndalen, Hardanger fiddle maker (died 1902)Norway source
1845Daniel Evans (Daniel Ddu o Geredigion) — Galar-Cerdd ar Farwolaeth William Bruce Knight, Deon LlandafWales source
1845John Ambrose Lloyd — Y Ganaan GlydWales source
1846January 29 – Many persons in the Eastern Townships are arrested on charge of counterfeiting, being afterwards tried before Sir James Stuart and other Judges. Hon L. T. Drummond and Edward Short, (afterwards judges), prosecute; H. B. Terrill (afterwards M.P.P. for Stanstead), defends. All are acquitted.Canada source
184613 March – Ballinlass incident: eviction of 300 tenants at the village of Ballinlass in County Galway.Ireland source
1846September 19 – Our Lady of La Salette, a Marian apparition, is said to have been seen by two children at La Salette-Fallavaux in France.source
1846Catherine Murray, Countess of Dunmore, commissions "the Paisley Sisters" of Strond on Harris to weave tweed in the Clan Murray tartan, origin of the commercial Harris Tweed industry.Scotland source
1846Den broderade plånboken by August BlancheSweden source
1846Dubbelgångaren av Fjodor DostojevskijSweden source
1846Torparen och hans omgifning by Sophie von KnorringSweden source
1846African American abolitionist Frederick Douglass continues his speaking tour of the UK throughout the year.United Kingdom source
1846Griffith Edwards (Gutyn Padarn) - Gwaith PrydyddawlWales source
184718 January – Brottslingarne by Emelie Flygare Carlén on Mindre teatern in Stockholm.Sweden source
1847March 1 – The state of Michigan formally abolishes the death penalty.source
18476 April – Law on "offences against the king" provides for prison sentences from 6 months to 3 years and fines of between 300 and 3000 francs for threats and insults against the head of state.Belgium source
184724 May – Hittebarnet by August Blanche on Djurgårdsteatern in Stockholm.Sweden source
184713 December – Mor och döttrar eller Namnförvexlingen by Jeanette Stjernström in Mindre teatern in Stockholm.Sweden source
184722 December – The art collector Robert Vernon presents the Vernon Gift of artworks to the National Gallery. This forms the basis of the Gallery's collection of British paintings, many of which are now in the Tate Britain.United Kingdom source
1847Antoine Wiertz, La Belle RosineBelgium source
1847Charles Lees paints The Golfers.Scotland source
1848February – John Mitchel publishes The United Irishman, a weekly Irish nationalist newspaper. It is suppressed and Mitchel arrested and convicted under the Treason Felony Act 1848 on 26 May and sentenced to transportation to Australia.Ireland source
1848April 10 – A Chartist 'Monster Rally' is held in Kennington Park London, headed by Feargus O'Connor. A petition demanding the franchise is presented to the Parliament of the United Kingdom.source
184822 April – Treason Felony Act passed, reducing certain categories of capital high treason to felony punishable by penal transportation.United Kingdom source
1848July 5 – Run on the Savings Bank, Montreal, followed by re-deposit.Canada source
184820 December – Ole Høiland, burglar and jail-breaker (born 1797)Norway source
1848Louis Gallait, The Fisherman's FamilyBelgium source
1848Painting Germania (St. Paul's Church, Frankfurt am Main)Germany source
1848California Gold Rush (1848–1855)United States source
1848Richard Williams Morgan - Maynooth and St. AsaphWales source
1849July 31–August 1 – Joven Daniel wrecks at the coast of Araucanía, Chile, leading to allegations that local Mapuche tribes murdered survivors and kidnapped Elisa Bravo.source
1849September 17 – The Stony Monday Riot takes place in BytownCanada source
1849November 13 – Swiss-born Marie Manning and her husband Frederick are publicly hanged for the murder of her lover in London, before a crowd of 30,000-50,000.source
1849November 16 – A Russian court sentences Fyodor Dostoyevsky to death for anti-government activities linked to a radical intellectual group, the Petrashevsky Circle. Facing a firing squad on December 23, the group members are reprieved at the last moment, and exiled to the katorga prison camps in Siberia.source
1849November 16 - Fyodor Dostoevsky (a member of the Petrashevsky Circle) was sentenced to death, a decision that was later reversedRussia source
1849Seven of the "best known" opium clippers go missing: Sylph, Coquette, Kelpie, Greyhound, Don Juan, Mischief, and Anna Eliza.source
1849Louis Gallait, Art and LibertyBelgium source
1849Admiralty Offences (Colonial) Act (British statute)India source
1849The drapers' store of Arthur & Fraser, predecessor of the House of Fraser, is established in Glasgow by Hugh Fraser and James Arthur.Scotland source
1849The second of the von Schwerin Estate's Scandals attracts attention.Sweden source
1849California Gold Rush (January 24, 1848–1855)United States source
1849Robert Elis (Cynddelw) – Yr AdgyfodiadWales source
18501 June – First convicts arrive in Western Australia, ticket-of-leave transportation suspended in New South Wales.Australia source
185027 June – Eccentric Robert Pate physically assaults Queen Victoria with his cane in Piccadilly (London).United Kingdom source
1850Allan Pinkerton forms the North-Western Police Agency, later the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, in the United States.source
1850Undated – 16 Indigenous Australians are poisoned to death in Murrindal as part of a series of mass murders of Gunai Kurnai people known as the Gippsland massacres.Australia source
1850Auguste Chauvin, Self-portraitBelgium source
1850In the United States, the Fugitive Slave Act is passed. It provides that even free persons can be made a slave if suspected of being a runaway. As a result, more fugitive slaves and free Black persons come to Canada.Canada source
1850Judicial Officers Protection ActIndia source
1850California gold rush (1848–1855)United States source
1850Allan Pinkerton forms the North-Western Police Agency, later the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, in Chicago.United States source
1851February 15 – In Boston, Massachusetts, members of the anti-slavery Boston Vigilance Committee rescue fugitive slave Shadrach Minkins from a courtroom, following his arrest by U.S. marshals.source
1851July 1 – Serial poisoner Hélène Jégado is arrested in Rennes, France. Her trial opens on December 6; she is eventually sentenced to death and executed by guillotine.source
18516 December - Trial of Hélène Jégado begins; she is eventually sentenced to death and executed by guillotine.France source
1851Charles-Philogène Tschaggeny, The Gathering of the HarvestBelgium source
1851Hendrick Joseph Dillens, The Winning ArcherBelgium source
1851Court of Chancery Act 1851 (British statute)India source
1851Hattemakerfeiden, labour revolts in Ringerike.Norway source
1851Aron Samson and Erik W. Wallin found the bookshop Nordiska Bokhandeln as Samson & Wallins bokhandel. It goes on to be the largest in Stockholm.Sweden source
1851House sparrows first released in the U.S., in Brooklyn.United States source
1851Richard Williams Morgan – A Tragedy of Powys CastleWales source
185221 June – The trial of Cardinal John Henry Newman for the defamation of Giacinto Achilli opens in London. Newman is convicted on 25 June.United Kingdom source
1852December — Zeng Guofan appointed commissioner of militia organization for Central ChinaChina source
18521–2 April – The Nelson robbery takes place in Hobsons Bay.Australia source
1852Pobre Cego – Francisco Pinto da Costa.Portugal source
1852The Factory and Handicrafts Ordinance of 1846 is amended to prohibit night work for labourers under the age of 18.Sweden source
1852Rayon IV stamps are abandoned and become part of Rayon IIISwitzerland source
1852California Gold Rush (1848–1855)United States source
1852William Rees (Gwilym Hiraethog) – Aelwyd F'Ewythr RobertWales source
185317 March - St Kilda Road robberiesAustralia source
1853June 26 – Investigation of the riot proceeds, at Montreal.Canada source
18533 July – Johan Gørbitz, painter (born 1782)Norway source
185320 August – Penal Servitude Act provides for convicted criminals to serve their entire sentence in prison, rather than suffer transportation, and also to be freed on licence.United Kingdom source
1853Charles Verlat, Buffalo Ambushed by a TigerBelgium source
1853Summer – John Everett Millais stays at Brig o' Turk in Glen Finglas with John Ruskin and his wife Effie to begin painting John Ruskin.Scotland source
1853California Gold Rush (1848–1855)United States source
1853Richard Williams Morgan — Raymonde de Monthault, The Lord MarcherWales source
1854January 6 – The fictional detective Sherlock Holmes is perhaps born.source
1854May 24 – Slave Runaway Anthony Burns is arrested in Boston, MA and soon thereafter (June 2) shipped back to Virginia–back into a life of slavery. Abolitionists of the North would be infuriated.United States source
185410 August – Youthful Offenders Act limits prison sentences for under-16s and extends the system of reformatory schools for them.United Kingdom source
1854Antoine Wiertz, The Premature BurialBelgium source
1854Arent Nicolai Dragsted establishes his own goldsmith's workshop on Bredgade in Copenhagen.Denmark source
185423February – Hadley v Baxendale decided in the Exchequer Court, the leading case on applicability of consequential damages.United Kingdom source
1854California Gold Rush (1848–1855)United States source
1854William Thomas (Islwyn) — BarddoniaethWales source
1854Love Jones-Parry is High Sheriff of Caernarvonshire.Wales source
1855April: James McKenzie is found guilty of stealing 1000 sheep and sentenced to five years hard labour in Lyttelton. He is pardoned the following year.New Zealand source
1855May 15 – The Great Gold Robbery is made from a moving train between London Bridge and Folkestone in England, one of the first crimes of its kind.source
185515 May – Great Gold Robbery from a train between London Bridge and Folkestone.United Kingdom source
185525 June – Marcus Thrane and 132 other members of the Labour Union was sentenced for crimes against the state security.Norway source
1855Alfred Stevens, The Painter and His ModelBelgium source
1855Premier of Nova Scotia — William YoungCanada source
1855O Pobre Rabequista (The Poor Rabeca Player), oil painting by José Rodrigues.Portugal source
1855California Gold Rush (1848–1855)United States source
1855William Williams (Creuddynfab) – Y BarddoniadurWales source
185610 March – John Jones (Shoni Sguborfawr) is sentenced to three months hard labour for drunkenness.Wales source
185611 April – Trial of Offences Act provides for criminal trials to be transferred to the Central Criminal Court, the Old Bailey, in London if there is a risk that a fair trial at a local assize may be prejudiced. This is in response to the case of Dr William Palmer, the "Rugeley Poisoner", who on 27 May will be found guilty at the Old Bailey of murder.United Kingdom source
1856May 14 – The San Francisco Committee of Vigilance is founded in the United States. It lynches two gangsters, arrests most Democratic Party officials, and disbands itself on August 18.source
1856May 16 – The Vigilance Committee is founded in San Francisco, California. It lynches two gangsters, arrests most Democratic Party officials and disbands itself on August 18.United States source
1856Charles III of Monaco grants a concession to Napoléon Langlois and Albert Aubert to establish a German-style casino at Monte Carlo.source
1856Henri Adolphe Schaep, Working in the Docks at NightBelgium source
1856Antoine Wiertz, Coquette Dress (The Devil's Mirror)Belgium source
1856Premier of Nova Scotia — William YoungCanada source
1856Merchant ship Arrow seized by Qing authoritiesChina source
1856Andreas Aagaard Kiønig, judge and politician (born 1771)Norway source
18575 March – In London, barrister James Townsend Saward receives a sentence of penal transportation for forgery of cheques.United Kingdom source
1857May 5 – October 17 – The Art Treasures of Great Britain exhibition is held in Manchester, one of the largest such displays of all time.source
18575 May–17 October – The Art Treasures of Great Britain exhibition is held in Manchester, one of the largest such displays of all time.United Kingdom source
1857May 24 – Slave trader Isaac Bolton shoots and kills slave trader James McMillin, beginning the long-running and violent Bolton–Dickins feud.United States source
185730 June – 9 July: trial of Madeleine Smith, charged with the poisoning of a former lover in Glasgow; a "not proven" verdict is returned.Scotland source
1857July 18 – Prison hulks are used for the last time in the United Kingdom.source
1857October 24 – 28 enslaved people escape their enslavers in Maryland.source
1857November – Kilburn White Horse cut in North Yorkshire.United Kingdom source
1857La Tène culture artifacts are discovered in Switzerland, by Hansli Kopp.source
1857Hansli Kopp discovers La Tène culture artifactsSwitzerland source
1858July 17 – The Lutine bell is salvaged, and subsequently hung in Lloyd's of London.source
185817 July – Salvage of the Lutine bell, which is subsequently hung in Lloyd's of London.United Kingdom source
1858The British Columbia Provincial Police are established.Canada source
1858Achipudava Samaram led by Arattupuzha Velayudha Panicker in Alleppey, Travancore.India source
1858William Davies (Gwilym Teilo) — Llandilo-Vawr and its NeighbourhoodWales source
1859February 27 – United States Congressman Daniel Sickles shoots Philip Barton Key (U.S. District Attorney) for having an affair with his wife.source
18599 August – Modeste Decroix (in religion Fr François) and Louis-Joseph Miroux (in religion Br François), both of Scourmont Priory, condemned to twenty years and ten years hard labour respectively on multiple counts of sexual assault.Belgium source
185911 November – Belle Gunness, serial killerNorway source
1859December 2 – Militant abolitionist leader John Brown is hanged for his October 16 raid on Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.source
1859December 2 – John Brown is hanged at Charles Town, West Virginia for his October 16 raid on Harpers Ferry.United States source
1859Alfred Stevens, Will you come out with me, Fido?Belgium source
1859Sculptor Aimé Millet receives the Légion d'honneur.France source
1859Robertson's "Golden Shred" marmalade first produced, in Paisley.Scotland source
1859Red House in Bexleyheath, a key building in the Arts and Crafts Movement, is designed by its owner, William Morris, and the architect Philip Webb.United Kingdom source
1859William Thomas (Gwilym Marles) - PrydyddiaethWales source
186028 February – The Artists Rifles is established, as the 38th Middlesex (Artists) Rifle Volunteer Corps, with headquarters at Burlington House in London.United Kingdom source
186016 November – Execution of Jan Coucke and Pieter Goethals.Belgium source
1860Mukkuthi Samaram led by Arattupuzha Velayudha Panicker in Alleppey, Travancore.India source
1860Admiralty Offences (Colonial) Act (British statute)India source
1860St. Petersburg River Yacht ClubRussia source
1860The American South has c. 4 million slaves.United States source
1860William Rowlands — Dammeg y Mab AfradlonWales source
1860Discovery of Gwynfynydd Gold Mine gold mine at Dolgellau.Wales source
1861January 31 – Kukis raid the Chhagalnaiya plains in eastern Bengal, murdering and kidnapping hundreds of people, particularly women.source
1861May 13 – North Star affair: The British merchant ship North Star leaves Hong Kong for Nagasaki, Japan. Chinese pirates board the vessel, kill an officer, and escape with a large quantity of gold.source
18616 July – Robert Palin is hanged in Western Australia following the use of Ordinance 17 Victoria Number 7 to secure the capital punishment of a convict for a crime not normally punishable by death.Australia source
18616 August – Criminal Law Consolidation Acts (drafted by Charles Sprengel Greaves) granted Royal Assent, generally coming into effect on 1 November. The death penalty is limited to murder, embezzlement, piracy, high treason and to acts of arson perpetrated upon docks or ammunition depots; the age of consent is codified as twelve. The Home Secretary takes over the power to reprieve or commute sentences from the judiciary and Privy Council.United Kingdom source
1861August 27 – Martin Doyle is the last person executed in Britain for attempted murder.source
186127 August – last execution in Britain for attempted murder – Martin Doyle in Chester.United Kingdom source
1861The Delhi Department of Police is founded.India source
1861Malicious Damages Act (British statute)India source
1861Excavation of Long Hole Cave in Glamorgan reveals prehistoric flint artefacts.Wales source
1861Griffith Jones (Glan Menai) - Hywel WynWales source
1861David Owen (Brutus) - Cofiant y Diweddar Barch. Thomas WilliamsWales source
1862June 12 – John Winter Robinson, the Secretary of State of Kansas, is convicted and removed from office as the result of a bond scandal, becoming the first state executive official to be impeached and removed from office in American history.source
186215 August – Horatio Hartley and Christopher Reilly arrive in Dunedin with 87 pounds of gold from the banks of the Clutha river in Cromwell George leading to the Dunstan Gold Rush.New Zealand source
1862November 5 – American Indian Wars: In Minnesota, more than 300 Santee Sioux are found guilty of rape and murder of white settlers, and are sentenced to hang.source
1862November 5 – Dakota War: In Minnesota, more than 300 Santee Sioux are found guilty of rape and murder of white settlers and are sentenced to hang.United States source
1862Waterfall, Strath Creek – Eugene von GuérardAustralia source
1862Charles Soubre, View of the Castle in RemouchampsBelgium source
1862Habeas Corpus Act (British statute)India source
1862Congregation of the Sisters of Our Lady of MercyRussia source
1862Peggy Hård is employed as a clerk at a bank office in Stockholm, regarded as a pioneer within the profession of women clerks.Sweden source
1862John Ceiriog Hughes – Oriau'r BoreWales source
18633 January – First performance of Charles Hugo's stage adaptation of Les Misèrables, Théâtre Royal des Galeries, BrusselsBelgium source
1863January 7 – In the Swiss canton of Ticino, the village of Bedretto is partly destroyed and 29 killed by an avalanche.source
1863April 13 – The Winged Victory of Samothrace, one of the most significant sculptures of classical antiquity, is found in excavations on the Greek island of Samothrace by Charles Champoiseau. Made c. 190 BC, it is later shipped to the Louvre in Paris.source
1863April 20 – The Augustus of Prima Porta, one of the most significant sculptures of classical antiquity, is found in excavations in the Villa of Livia at Prima Porta, near Rome.source
1863May 17 – The opening of Salon des Refusés in Paris draws attention to paintings by avant-garde artists, notably Manet's_ Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe.source
1863July 20-August 14 - First Shimonoseki CampaignJapan source
186327 July – South Wales Cricket Club defeat Gentlemen of Kent at Cranbrook.Wales source
186310 August – The murder of Knut Grøte in Christiania.Norway source
186321 August – American clipper Anglo Saxon westbound is captured and burned by Confederate privateer Florida off Old Head of Kinsale.Ireland source
186311 November – Elizabeth Scott is hanged for the murder of her husband, making her the first woman to be executed in Victoria.Australia source
186325 November – the case of Byrne v Boadle introduces the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur into English tort law.United Kingdom source
1863The Colmar Treasure, a hoard of 14th century Jewish precious metal objects, is discovered in Alsace.source
186319th New Brunswick Legislative AssemblyCanada source
186414 May – Bushranger Frank Gardiner is sentenced to 32 years in prison, although he is later pardoned by Henry Parkes in 1874.Australia source
1864May 20 – Australian bushranger Ben Hall and his gang escape from a shootout with police, after attempting to rob the Bang Bang Hotel in Koorawatha, New South Wales.source
186420 May – Bushranger Ben Hall and his gang escape from a shootout with police after attempting to rob the Bang Bang Hotel in Koorawatha, New South Wales.Australia source
186421 June – last public execution in Edinburgh – George Bryce, the Ratho murderer.Scotland source
1864July 29 – Confederate spy Belle Boyd is arrested by Union troops, and detained at the Old Capitol Prison in Washington, D.C.source
1864Twofold Bay Waltzes by Georgina Isabella O'Sullivan née Keon (1841-1927 daughter of George Plunkett Keon JP, niece of John PlunkettQC)Australia source
1864Women students are admitted as students at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts without having to apply for a dispensation.Sweden source
1864The gymnastics profession is open to women.Sweden source
1864Huw Derfel - Llawlyfr Carnedd LlywelynWales source
1864South Wales Cricket Club play Gentlemen of Sussex. The South Wales team includes W. G. Grace, who scores 170.Wales source
18658 April – Bushranger Dan Morgan is shot dead by a stockman during a police siege at Wangaratta, Victoria.Australia source
1865April 26 – Union cavalry corner John Wilkes Booth in a Virginia barn, and cavalryman Boston Corbett fatally shoots the assassin.source
1865May 5 – In North Bend, Ohio (a suburb of Cincinnati), the first train robbery in the country takes place.source
18655 May – Bushranger Ben Hall is shot dead by police at Goobang Creek in New South Wales.Australia source
186531 May – 14 June – It is possible for the public to see Constantin Hansen's monumental painting of The Danish Constituent Assembly in Alfred Hage's home in the Harsdorff House on Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen. The entrance fee goes to veterans of the Second Schleswig War.Denmark source
18655 July – Legal case of St Helen's Smelting Co v Tipping decided in the House of Lords: a landowner is entitled to recover damages for harm done to his trees by fumes from a copper smelter.United Kingdom source
186517 July — South Wales Cricket Club travels to Gravesend to play the Gentlemen of Kent.Wales source
1865July 21 – Wild Bill Hickok – Davis Tutt shootout: In the market square of Springfield, Missouri, Wild Bill Hickok shoots "Little Dave" Davis Tutt dead over a poker debt, in what is regarded as the first true western fast draw showdown.source
1865September 26 – Champ Ferguson becomes the first person (and one of only two) to be convicted of war crimes for actions taken during the American Civil War, found guilty by a U.S. Army tribunal on 23 charges, arising from the murder of 53 people. He is hanged on October 20, two days after the conviction of Henry Wirz for war crimes.source
1865September 26 – Champ Ferguson becomes the first of two combatants to be convicted of war crimes for actions taken during the American Civil War, found guilty by a U.S. Army tribunal on 23 charges arising from the murder of 53 people as a Confederate guerilla. He is hanged on October 20, two days after the conviction of Henry Wirz.United States source
186514 November – Jules Bara succeeds Victor Tesch as Minister of Justice.Belgium source
1865December 24 – Jonathan Shank and Barry Ownby form the Ku Klux Klan in the American South, to resist Reconstruction and intimidate carpetbaggers and scalawags, as well as to repress the freedpeople.source
1865Augustus Burke paints Connemara Girl.Ireland source
1866February 13 – The first daylight bank robbery in United States history during peacetime takes place in Liberty, Missouri. This is considered to be the first robbery committed by Jesse James and his gang, although James's role is disputed.source
1866October 6 – The Reno Gang commits the first train robbery in the United States, taking a total of $13,000.United States source
186621 October – Risk Allah Bey brought to trial in Brussels on charges of murder and forgery.Belgium source
18667 December – John Granville Grenfell, gold commissioner, killed by bushrangers near NarromineAustralia source
1866José de Alencar - As minas de prata (part 2).Brazil source
1866Calcutta Police Act, 1866 and the Calcutta Suburban Police Act, 1866 create the Kolkata Police ForceIndia source
1866Moscow Criminal Investigations DepartmentRussia source
1866Foundation of the Stockholms Allmänna Skyddsförening.Sweden source
1866John Owen (Owain Alaw) — Gŵyl GwaliaWales source
1867January 9 - Jesús González Ortega was arrested in Zacatecas by General Auza on the orders of Benito Juárez.Mexico source
1867February - Strike of bronzeworkers in Paris.France source
1867June 19 – Maximilian I of Mexico, 2nd emperor of Mexico, 1864-1867; executed (born 1832)Mexico source
186711 September – Thomas J. Kelly and Timothy Deasy are arrested in Manchester.Ireland source
1867November 23 – The three 'Manchester Martyrs' are hanged in England for the murder of a policeman whilst attempting to rescue two Irish Republican Brotherhood members from imprisonment on 18 September.source
186723 November – The three 'Manchester Martyrs' are hanged in Salford for the murder of a policeman whilst attempting to rescue two Irish Republican Brotherhood members from imprisonment on 18 September.United Kingdom source
1867New Zealand Derby winner: ScandalNew Zealand source
1867Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy BoulevardRussia source
1867Rhoda Broughton – Cometh Up as a FlowerWales source
186815 January – Lucie Ingemannm painter (born 1792)Denmark source
1868January – American transport entrepreneur George Francis Train is arrested in Cork for debt and spends much of the year imprisoned in Ireland.Ireland source
1868February 16 – In New York City, the Jolly Corks organization is renamed the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks (BPOE).source
1868March 12 – Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Edinburgh, is shot in the back in Sydney, Australia, at a fundraising event for the Sydney Sailors Home, by Irishman Henry James O'Farrell. The prince survives and quickly recovers; O'Farrell is executed on April 21, despite attempts by the prince to gain clemency for him.source
18682 April – last public hanging of a woman in Britain – Frances Kidder outside Maidstone Prison by William Calcraft for drowning her stepdaughter.United Kingdom source
1868May 16 and 26 – President Andrew Johnson is acquitted during his impeachment trial by one vote in the United States Senate.United States source
1868May 26 – Fenian bomber Michael Barrett becomes the last person publicly hanged in the United Kingdom.source
186823 October – Frederick Doulton, MP, brought to trial in Brussels on charges of fraud in public works, but acquitted of having broken any law.Belgium source
1868Indian Prize Money Act (British statute)India source
1868William Low grocery shop established by William Rettie and James Low.Scotland source
1868Iron Age crannog is discovered on an island in Llangorse Lake, near Brecon.Wales source
1869January 20 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton is the first woman to testify before the United States Congress.source
18699 August – Debtors Act 1869 abolishes indefinite imprisonment for civil debt in England and Wales with effect from 1870.United Kingdom source
1869September 15 – Brooklyn Fire Department organized as a professional brigade.United States source
1869October 9 – Ōmura Masujirō and several associates are attacked at an inn in Kyoto. Wounded in several places, he barely escaped with his life by hiding in a bath full of dirty water. The wound on his leg would not heal Ōmura died of his wounds on December 7.Japan source
1869December 7 – American outlaw Jesse James commits his first confirmed bank robbery, in Gallatin, Missouri.source
1869December 7 – Outlaw Jesse James commits his first confirmed bank robbery, in Gallatin, Missouri.United States source
1869Arabella Mansfield became the first woman in the United States awarded a license to practice law, at Mount Pleasant, Iowa.source
1869Capital punishment in Iceland: The death penalty was abolished for minor offences.Iceland source
1869The Royal Ulster Yacht Club of Bangor, County Down, receives its royal warrant.Ireland source
1869New Zealand Derby winner: ManukaNew Zealand source
1869David Watkin Jones (Dafydd Morgannwg) – Yr Ysgol FarddolWales source
1870February 2 – It is revealed that the famed Cardiff Giant in the U.S. is just carved gypsum and not the petrified remains of a human.source
1870February 2 – The Cardiff Giant is proven a hoax.United States source
1870February 26 – Wyatt Outlaw, the first African American town commissioner in Graham, North Carolina, is lynched by mob of Ku Klux Klan on Alamance County courthouse square.United States source
1870February – Denis Vrain-Lucas is sentenced to 2 years in prison for multiple forgery, in Paris.source
18704 October – first non-public hanging in Scotland: George Chalmers of Fraserburgh, 45, is hanged in Perth county jail by the London hangman William Calcraft for the murder of a toll-keeper at Braco.Scotland source
1870December 28 – Juan Prim, Prime Minister of Spain, is shot by unknown assassins on leaving the Cortes. He dies two days later.source
1870Extradition Act (British statute)India source
1870The Water Colour Society of Ireland is founded as the Amateur Drawing Society by an informal group of six well-connected women from County Waterford.Ireland source
1870Richard Davies (Mynyddog) — Yr Ail GynnigWales source
1870John Ceiriog Hughes — Oriau'r HafWales source
1871April 4 – The New Jersey Detective Agency is chartered, and the New Jersey State Detectives are initiated.source
1871April 24 – Murder of Jane Clouson, a servant girl, in Eltham, England; her probable murderer is acquitted.source
1871May 11 – The first trial in the Tichborne case begins, in the London Court of Common Pleas.source
187115 May – The Strafgesetzbuch, which goes back to the Penal Code of the North German Confederation, passed in Reichstag. It came into effect on January 1, 1872.Germany source
187124 May – Henry Larssen, judge.Norway source
18716 June – Smith v Hughes, a landmark case in English contract law, is decided in the Court of Queen's Bench, allowing an objective approach to interpretation of the parties' conduct when entering into a contract.United Kingdom source
1871July 15 – Phoebe Campbell murders her husband with an axe. She is hanged the next year.Canada source
1871October 12 – The Criminal Tribes Act is enacted by the British Raj in India, naming over 160 communities as "Denotified Tribes", allegedly habitually criminal (it will be repealed in 1949, after Indian independence).source
187112 October – Criminal Tribes Act enacted by British rule in India, which named over 160 communities "Criminal Tribes", i.e. hereditary criminals. It was repealed in 1949.India source
1871October 27 – Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall is arrested for bribery, ending his grip on New York City.source
1871November 5 – Wickenburg Massacre: Six men travelling by stagecoach, in the Arizona Territory, are reportedly murdered by Yavapai people.source
1871November 5 – Wickenburg massacre: Six men traveling by stagecoach are reportedly murdered by the Yavapai Indians in Arizona Territory.United States source
1871Gold is discovered at Pilgrim's Creek in the Pilgrim's Rest area.source
1871Joseph Maswiens, The Old Fish Market in LeuvenBelgium source
1871Janus la Cour is awarded the Rhorvaldsen Exhibition Medal for the painting Aften ved Nemisøen.Denmark source
1872January 2 – Brigham Young is arrested for allegedly being an accessory to murder.United States source
18728 February - Viceroy of India, Lord Mayo killed by a prisoner of Cellular Jail, Sher Ali Afridi.India source
1872March 5 – The Tichborne case is decided in London against claimant Arthur Orton (who, as a result, is convicted of perjury in 1874).source
1872April 15 – Ten thousand demonstrate at Queen's Park in support of the striking Toronto printers. The police, prompted by the Masters Printers' Association and its leader, George Brown of the Globe, arrest the entire 24-man strike committee.Canada source
1872June – American-born painter James McNeill Whistler exhibits Arrangement in Grey and Black: The Artist's Mother, painted the previous year in London, at the Royal Academy summer exhibition.United Kingdom source
1872November 5 – Women's suffrage: In defiance of the law, American suffragist Susan B. Anthony votes for the first time (on November 18 she is served an arrest warrant, and in the subsequent trial is fined $100, which she never pays).source
1872November 13 – Claude Monet begins painting Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant, the painting that will give a name to Impressionism) as viewed from his hotel room at Le Havre in France.source
187213 November (07:35) (probable date) - Claude Monet begins painting Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant, the painting that will give a name to Impressionism) as viewed from his hotel room at Le Havre.France source
1872Otto Vache is awarded the Thorvaldsen Exhibition Medal for the painting Portrait group of the Ræder family (Portrætgruppe af Familien Ræder).Denmark source
1872Special Tribunal of the Ruling SenateRussia source
1872Stocks are used on the last recorded occasion in the UK, at Adpar in Cardiganshire, when a man is imprisoned in them for drunkenness.Wales source
1873January 1 – The California Penal Code goes into effect.source
187310 July – Paul Verlaine shoots at Arthur Rimbaud, slightly injuring him.Belgium source
1873July 21 – At Adair, Iowa, Jesse James and the James–Younger Gang pull off the first successful train robbery in the American Old West (US$3,000 from the Rock Island Express).source
1873July 21 – At Adair, Iowa, Jesse James and the James-Younger Gang pull off the first successful train robbery in the American West (US$3,000 from the Rock Island Express).United States source
18738 August – Paul Verlaine sentenced to two years in prison for injuring Arthur Rimbaud with a fire arm.Belgium source
18739 October – The first recorded sheepdog trial in the UK takes place at Bala.Wales source
187315 November – statue to Greyfriars Bobby erected in EdinburghScotland source
187330 December – Elizabeth Woolcock is hanged at the Adelaide Gaol, the only woman to be executed in South Australia.Australia source
1873Georges Bizet - Jeux d'enfants (Petite Suite)France source
1873Extradition Act (British statute)India source
187428 February – at the conclusion of one of the longest cases ever heard in an English court, the defendant in the Tichborne case is convicted of perjury and his counsel, Edward Kenealy, is disbarred.United Kingdom source
1874July 1 – Four-year-old Charley Ross, America's first major kidnapping for ransom victim, is taken from his home in Philadelphia.United States source
1874August 2 - Jacobina Mentz and most of her followers killed by police, who were helped by informant Carlos Luppa. End of the Revolt of the Muckers.Brazil source
1874November 9 – The New York Zoo hoax, a supposed breakout of animals from the Central Park Zoo, is perpetrated on the public.source
1874Jacques Offenbach - Bagatelle / Madame l'archiducFrance source
1874Foundation of the Friends of Handicraft.Sweden source
1874Dante Gabriel Rossetti's oil painting Proserpine, modelled on Jane Morris.United Kingdom source
1874William Goscombe John begins assisting his father, a wood-carver, in his work at Cardiff Castle.Wales source
1874The London Welsh Choral Union presents Sarah Edith Wynne with a bust of herself by Joseph Edwards.Wales source
1875February 21 — Margary Affair British explorer Augustus Raymond Margary and his entire staff murdered in YunnanChina source
1875July 2 – The trial, begun on January 4, for criminal conversation brought against popular preacher Henry Ward Beecher by Theodore Tilton for alleged adultery with his wife, suffragist Elizabeth Richards Tilton, in Brooklyn ends with a hung jury.United States source
1875September 1 – A murder conviction begins to break the power of the violent Irish-American anti-owner coal miners, the "Molly Maguires", in Pennsylvania.source
1875Henri de Braekeleer, The Man in the ChairBelgium source
1875Louis Riel is granted amnesty with the condition that he be banished for five years.Canada source
1875Auckland Cup winner: KingfisherNew Zealand source
1875Publication of O Crime do Padre Amaro, by José Maria de Eça de Queirós.Portugal source
1875The Rower woman profession is formally abolished (though not forbidden) in Stockholm.Sweden source
1875Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot buys James Milo Griffith's Summer Flowers for Margam Castle.Wales source
1876January 27 – The Northampton Bank robbery occurs in Massachusetts.source
1876May 16 – German American "Napoleon of crime" Adam Worth steals Gainsborough's Portrait of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire from a London gallery three weeks after its sale at Christie's for 10,000 guineas, the highest price ever paid for a painting at auction at this time. It is not recovered until 1901.source
187616 May – Adam Worth steals the Portrait of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire from Agnew's gallery in Old Bond Street, London three weeks after its sale at Christie's for 10,000 guineas, the highest price ever paid for a painting at auction at this time. It is not recovered until 1901.United Kingdom source
1876May 29 – The United States Senate votes 37 to 29 that U.S. Secretary of War William W. Belknap cannot be barred from trial and impeachment, despite being a private citizen; however, this is far short of the two-thirds majority required and thus he is acquitted.source
1876May 29 – Senate votes 37 to 29 that Secretary of War William W. Belknap cannot be barred from trial and impeachment, despite being a private citizen; however, this is far short of the two-thirds majority required and thus he is acquitted.United States source
1876July 13 – The prosecution of Arthur Tooth, an Anglican clergyman, for using ritualist practices begins.source
1876August 1 – The United States Senate votes to acquit former Secretary of War William W. Belknap of all impeachment charges relating to the trader post scandal.source
1876August 2 – Wild Bill Hickok is shot dead during a poker game in Deadwood, Dakota.United States source
1876November 7 – A failed grave robbery of the Lincoln Tomb takes place this night.source
1876November 23 – Corrupt Tammany Hall leader William Marcy Tweed (better known as Boss Tweed) is delivered to authorities in New York City, after being captured in Spain.source
1876Jacques Offenbach - Pierrette et JacquotFrance source
1876Jules Verne - Michael StrogoffFrance source
1876Song "Rose of Killarney" composed by John Rogers Thomas in the United States.Ireland source
1876Saint Petersburg Art and Industry AcademyRussia source
1876Eos Bradwen – Bugeiles yr WyddfaWales source
18772 March - The Helga de la Brache affair is completed by a conviction of the de la Brache after her exposure.Sweden source
1877June 21 – The Molly Maguires are hanged at Carbon County Prison, in Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania.source
187712 August – Six houses are washed away when Lønstrup is hit by a thunderstorm and torrential rain.Denmark source
1877August 17 – Arizona blacksmith F.P. Cahill is fatally wounded by Billy the Kid. Cahill dies the next day, becoming the first person killed by the Kid.United States source
1877Léon Herbo, portrait of the sculptor Julien Dillens, winner of the 1877 Prix de RomeBelgium source
1877Augustine Tuillerie - Le Tour de la France par deux enfantsFrance source
1877Wellington Cup winner: Guy FawkesNew Zealand source
1877Wick Harbour breakwater is washed away in a storm for a second time.Scotland source
1877Richard Davies (Mynyddog) – Y Trydydd CynnigWales source
1878January 24 – Russian revolutionary Vera Zasulich shoots at Fyodor Trepov, Governor of Saint Petersburg.source
1878May 14 – Salem witchcraft trial, the last of its kind in the U.S., opens in Salem, Massachusetts.United States source
1878July 26 – In California, the poet and American West outlaw calling himself "Black Bart" makes his last clean getaway when he steals a safe box from a Wells Fargo stagecoach. The empty box is found later with a taunting poem inside.United States source
187815 August – Selina Wadge is hanged at Bodmin Jail for the murder of her son.United Kingdom source
1878October 27 – The Manhattan Savings Institution robbery occurs.source
187826 November – James McNeill Whistler's libel case against critic John Ruskin over a review of the painting of the Thames Nocturne in Black and Gold – The Falling Rocket (in which Whistler is described as "flinging a pot of paint in the public's face") is decided in the High Court of Justice in London. Whistler wins a farthing in nominal damages and only half of the substantial costs.United Kingdom source
18789 December – Ned Kelly and his gang lock 22 people in a storehouse on a sheep station near Euroa. The next day they rob Euroa's bank.Australia source
1878In Strasbourg, Alsace-Lorraine, the much studied stele of the Roman legionary Caius Largennius is discovered.source
1878Jacques Offenbach - Maître Péronilla / Madame FavartFrance source
1878New Zealand Derby winner: NatatorNew Zealand source
187816–17 July – Spanish seaman Joseph Garcia, just released from Usk Prison, murders all 5 members of the Watkins family at Llangybi, Monmouthshire.Wales source
18792 March – murder of Julia Martha Thomas at Richmond upon Thames.United Kingdom source
1879June 27 - Murder of Mary Gallagher in Griffintown, MontrealCanada source
1879July 19 – Doc Holliday kills for the first time after a man shoots up Holliday's New Mexico saloon.United States source
1879August 28 – The Zulu King Cetshwayo is captured.South Africa source
18791 September – Natal – Avoca to Verulam, 12 mi 2 ch.South Africa source
1879December 19 – Swift Runner is hanged in Fort Saskatchewan, NWT, for murdering and then eating eight members of his own family over the previous winter. He believed he was possessed by Wendigo, a terrifying mythological creature with a ravenous appetite for human flesh.Canada source
1879Jacques Offenbach - La fille du tambour-majorFrance source
1879Beriah Gwynfe Evans – Owain Glyndwr (play)Wales source
188020 January – Bushranger Captain Moonlite (real name Andrew George Scott) hanged in Sydney.Australia source
1880The international White slave trade affair scandal in Brussels is exposed and attracts international infamy.source
188020 March – £50,000 worth of diamonds are reported stolen from Cape Town's post office.South Africa source
1880March 25 – George Brown fatally shot by a disgruntled employee.Canada source
1880June 28 – Australian police capture bank robber Ned Kelly, after a gun battle at Glenrowan, Victoria.source
1880October 15 – Mexican soldiers kill Victorio, one of the greatest Apache military strategists.source
1880October – Irish tenants ostracise landholder's agent Charles Boycott.United Kingdom source
1880November 11 – Australian bushranger and bank robber Ned Kelly is hanged in Melbourne.source
1880Auckland Cup winner: Foul PlayNew Zealand source
1880Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy BoulevardRussia source
1880Strachur and District Shinty ClubScotland source
1880Chair – W. B. Joseph, "Athrilyth"Wales source
1881January 24 – William Edward Forster, chief secretary for Ireland, introduces his Coercion Bill, which temporarily suspends habeas corpus so that those people suspected of committing an offence can be detained without trial; it goes through a long debate before it is accepted February 2. Note that Coercion bills had been passed almost annually in the 19th century, with a total of 105 such bills passed from 1801 to 1921.source
1881April 28 – Billy the Kid escapes from his 2 jailers at the Lincoln County Jail in Mesilla, New Mexico, killing James Bell and Robert Ollinger, before stealing a horse and riding out of town.source
1881July 14 – Billy the Kid is shot and killed by Pat Garrett, outside Fort Sumner, New Mexico.source
1881Gold is discovered in the Barberton area.South Africa source
188113 October – Charles Stewart Parnell imprisoned for to his part in land agitation in Ireland.United Kingdom source
1881November 17 – The trial of Charles J. Guiteau begins in Washington, D.C.United States source
1881December 28 – Virgil Earp is ambushed in Tombstone, Arizona, and loses the use of his left arm.source
1881Adolphe Vanderheggen, Halles Saint-Géry (Brussels)Belgium source
1881India Office (Sale Of Superfluous Land) Act (British statute)India source
1881New Zealand Derby winner: The DauphinNew Zealand source
1881Spanish general election, 1881Spain source
1881Chair – Evan Rees ("Dyfed"), "Cariad"Wales source
1882February 4 – Charles J. Guiteau, the murderer of President James A. Garfield, is sentenced to death (found guilty on January 25), despite an insanity defense raised by his lawyer.source
1882April 3 – Old West outlaw Jesse James is shot in the back of the head and killed by Robert Ford in St. Joseph, Missouri.source
1882April 3 – Old West outlaw Jesse James is shot in the back of the head and killed by fellow outlaw Robert Ford in his home at St. Joseph, Missouri for reward.United States source
1882May 1 – Édouard Manet exhibits his painting A Bar at the Folies-Bergère at the Paris Salon.source
1882May 6 – Phoenix Park Murders in Ireland: Lord Frederick Cavendish, the newly appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, and Thomas Henry Burke, his Permanent Undersecretary, are fatally stabbed in Phoenix Park, Dublin, by members of the Irish National Invincibles (militant Irish republicans).source
18826 May – Phoenix Park Murders: Lord Frederick Cavendish, the newly appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, and Thomas Henry Burke, his Permanent Undersecretary (the primary target), are fatally stabbed in Phoenix Park, Dublin, by members of the "Irish National Invincibles" (militant Irish republicans).Ireland source
18826 May – Phoenix Park Murders in Ireland: Lord Frederick Cavendish, the newly appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, and Thomas Henry Burke, his Permanent Undersecretary, are fatally stabbed in Phoenix Park, Dublin, by members of the "Irish National Invincibles" (militant Irish republicans).United Kingdom source
1882June 30 – U.S. presidential assassin Charles J. Guiteau is hanged in Washington, D.C.source
1882November 14 – Franklyn Leslie shoots Billy Claiborne dead in the streets of Tombstone, Arizona.source
188227 November – The Peltzer Case comes to trial before the Brussels Court of assizes.Belgium source
1882Waterloo F.C., a rugby union club, as Serpentine on Merseyside in the north of England.source
1882Glentoran F.C. in Belfast in the north of Ireland;source
1882Albion Rovers F.C. (through the amalgamation of two Coatbridge clubs, Albion and Rovers) in the urban west of Scotland;source
1882The North-West Mounted Police (which later became the Royal Canadian Mounted Police) established a post in 1882 in Regina, Saskatchewan. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (R.C.M.P.) have since established their main training academy there, which is called "Depot", or Depot Division.Canada source
1882The Thorvaldsen Exhibition Medal is awarded to Vilhelm Rosenstand for the painting Outside a Brasserie in Paris. Mother and Son at Café Pousse, Frants Henningsen for A Funeral and Peder Severin Krøyer.Denmark source
1882Joris-Karl Huysmans - À vau-l'eauFrance source
1882The Welsh Charity School in Ashford, Surrey, becomes girls-only and changes its name to the Welsh Girls' School.Wales source
188319 February: Pacifist leaders Te Whiti o Rongomai and To hu are released from prison, where they had been held without trial since November 1881.New Zealand source
1883April 13 – In Colorado, prospector Alferd Packer convicted of manslaughter after being accused of cannibalism.United States source
188311 May – William Morris registers his Strawberry Thief printed textile design.United Kingdom source
1883November 3 – American Old West: Self-described Black Bart the Po-8 makes his last stagecoach robbery, but leaves a handkerchief with a laundry mark that eventually leads to his capture.source
1883The Black Arabs F.C (later Bristol Rovers) in Englandsource
1883Joseph Poelaert, Palais de Justice, BrusselsBelgium source
1883The Thorvaldsen Exhibition Medal is awarded to Thorvald Niss for Winter Scene from Folehaven and Bertha Wegmann for Portrait of the Artist's Sister.Denmark source
1883Émile Zola - Au Bonheur des Dames / Pot-BouilleFrance source
1883Moscow Society of Stamp CollectorsRussia source
1883Welsh-Canadian artist Robert Harris is commissioned to paint the Meeting of the Delegates of British North America.Wales source
188410 February – Jon Hol is imprisoned for his pamphlet Rifleringen.Norway source
1884December 1 – American Old West: Near Frisco, New Mexico, deputy sheriff Elfego Baca holds off a gang of 80 Texan cowboys, who want to kill him for arresting cowboy Charles McCarthy (the cowboys have been terrorizing the area's Hispanos, and Baca is working against them).source
1884December 9 – Tom Dudley and Edwin Stephens are convicted of murder in the survival cannibalism case of R v. Dudley and Stephens in the English courts.source
18849 December – Dudley and Stephens receive the mandatory death penalty with a recommendation for clemency and on 13 December are told that their penalties have been commuted to six months' imprisonment.United Kingdom source
1884Théo van Rysselberghe, Four BreakwatersBelgium source
1884James Ensor, The Rooftops of OstendBelgium source
1884Joris-Karl Huysmans - À reboursFrance source
1884The Webb case – District magistrate of Assam dismisses most charges against Charles Webb, who sexually assaulted and killed a female tea plantation worker; case galvanises public opinion against colonial ruleIndia source
1884"Dublin Castle scandal" – following a failed libel action, a number of members of the Dublin Castle administration are convicted of participating in male homosexual acts.Ireland source
1884Chair – Evan Rees ("Dyfed"), "Gwilym Hiraethog"Wales source
1885February 23 – An English executioner fails after several attempts to hang John Babbacombe Lee, sentenced for the murder of his employer Emma Keyse; Lee's sentence is commuted to life imprisonment.source
188523 February – The executioner at HM Prison Exeter fails after several attempts to hang John 'Babbacombe' Lee, sentenced for the murder of his employer Emma Keyse; Lee's sentence is commuted to life imprisonment.United Kingdom source
1885July 20 – The trial of Louis Riel begins in Regina, District of AssiniboiaCanada source
1885September 18 – Five Chinese people were lynched outside of Pierce City in the Idaho Territory of the United States.source
1885October 22 – The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council refuses to hear Riel's appealCanada source
1885Théo van Rysselberghe, Portrait of Octave MausBelgium source
1885Fernand Khnopff, Portrait of Jeanne KéferBelgium source
1885Winners: Distillery 2–0 Limavady AlexanderIreland source
1885New Zealand Derby winner: StonyhurstNew Zealand source
18851884–85 and 1885–86 Scottish Cups (Association football)Scotland source
188616 March – it is announced in the House of Commons to acclamation that John Constable's painting The Hay Wain (1821) has been presented to the National Gallery in London by collector Henry Vaughan and hung there today.United Kingdom source
188620 July – Thor Larsen, gymnast and Olympic silver medallistNorway source
1886Félicien Rops, The Beach in HeistBelgium source
1886The Thorvaldsen Exhibition Medal is awarded to Viggo Johansen for the painting Evening talk.Denmark source
1886Winners: Distillery 1–0 Limavady AlexanderIreland source
1886Homosexuality is criminalized.Portugal source
1886Robert Louis Stevenson's novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and historical fiction Kidnapped are both first published.Scotland source
1886The keeper of the Mumbles lighthouse is swept out to sea and drowned.Wales source
18877 March–18 April – The Times publishes a series of articles on "Parnellism and Crime" quoting letters, subsequently confessed to be forgeries, intended to discredit Charles Stewart Parnell by appearing to show him as implicated in illegal activities, in particular, support for the 1882 Phoenix Park Murders.United Kingdom source
188729 March – the Criminal Law and Procedure (Ireland) Act 1887 is introduced by Arthur Balfour in response to the boycott of certain landlords by their tenants (led by the Irish National Land League), suspending the right to trial of people suspected of involvement in the boycott. The act is passed in September, despite protests from Liberal and Home Rule Members of Parliament, and will continue in force until 1890.Ireland source
1887July 6 – Berthe bombing, targeting a Parisian landowner in conflict with several Italian anarchists. Nobody is sentenced but Vittorio Pini and Paolo Chiericotti are heavily suspected by French authorities.source
1887November 10 – Louis Lingg, sentenced to be hanged for his alleged role in the Haymarket affair (a bombing in Chicago on May 4, 1886), kills himself by dynamite.source
1887November 11 – August Spies, Albert Parsons, Adolph Fischer and George Engel are hanged for inciting riot and murder in the Haymarket affair.source
1887James Ensor, Carnaval sur la plageBelgium source
1887The Thorvaldsen Rxhibition Medal is awarded to Otto Haslund fpr the painting Concerto and Hans Michael Therkildsen for Køerne vandes,Denmark source
1887Guy de Maupassant - Le Rosier de Madame HussonFrance source
1887India formed the Central Special Branch, now called the Intelligence Bureau (IB). It is India's equivalent to the US's Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The Intelligence Bureau is said to be the oldest organization of its type.India source
1887Albertine i politilægens venteværelse, is painted by Christian Krohg.Norway source
1887The Turner House Gallery, Penarth, is built to house the art collection of Major James Pyke Thompson.Wales source
1888April 3 – London prostitute Emma Elizabeth Smith is brutally attacked by two or three men, dying of her injuries the following day, first of the Whitechapel murders, but probably not a victim of Jack the Ripper.source
1888August 7 – Whitechapel murders: The body of London prostitute Martha Tabram is found, a possible victim of Jack the Ripper.source
1888August 31 – Whitechapel murders: The mutilated body of London prostitute Mary Ann Nichols is found; she is considered the first victim of Jack the Ripper.source
1888September 8 – Whitechapel murders: The mutilated body of London prostitute Annie Chapman is found (considered to be the second victim of Jack the Ripper).source
1888September 27 – Whitechapel murders: The 'Dear Boss letter' signed "Jack the Ripper", the first time the name is used, is received by London's Central News Agency.source
1888September 30 – Whitechapel murders: The bodies of London prostitutes Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes, the latter mutilated, are found. They are generally considered Jack the Ripper's third and fourth victims, respectively.source
1888October 2 – The Whitehall Mystery: Dismembered remains of a woman's body are discovered at three central London locations, one being the construction site of the police headquarters at New Scotland Yard.source
1888October – The mediumship of the Fox sisters is confessed to be fraudulent.United States source
18886 November – Mentor wins the Melbourne Cup.Australia source
1888November 9 – Whitechapel murders: The mutilated body of London prostitute Mary Jane Kelly is found. She is considered to be the fifth, and last, of Jack the Ripper's victims. A number of similar murders in England follow, but the police attribute them to copy-cat killers.source
1888Théo van Rysselberghe, Portrait of Alice SetheBelgium source
1888Among the Millet: Archibald LampmanCanada source
1888date unknown – The Society for the Protection of Women is founded in Santiago by Juana RoldánChile source
1888Joseph Rheinberger — Organ Sonata No. 12 in D-flat, Op. 154Germany source
1888Fours – R. Churton, L. Oughton, W. Carswell and D. Mackie (skip) (Taieri)New Zealand source
1888Ole Richter, lawyer, politician and Prime Minister of Norway (born 1829)Norway source
1889January 30 – Mayerling incident: Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria, and his mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera commit a double suicide (or a murder-suicide) at the Mayerling hunting lodge in the Vienna Woods.source
1889February 25 – The landmark court decision in the case of The Moorcock establishes the concept of implied terms in English contract law.source
188925 February – The landmark court decision in the case of The Moorcock establishes the concept of implied terms in English contract law.United Kingdom source
188911 March – baby farmer Jessie King is the last woman to be hanged in Edinburgh, for infanticide.Scotland source
1889May 11 – Wham Paymaster robbery: An attack upon a U.S. Army paymaster and escort in the Arizona Territory results in the theft of over $28,000, and the award of two Medals of Honor.source
1889June – Vincent van Gogh paints The Starry Night at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence.source
1889June – The Volpini Exhibition is staged by Paul Gauguin and other "peintures du Groupe impressioniste et synthétiste" in Paris.France source
1889June – A lion escapes from a travelling menagerie at Llandrindod Wells.Wales source
1889July 6 – Several aristocrats are implicated in the Cleveland Street scandal after police raid a male brothel in London.source
188917 August – The 9 by 5 Impression Exhibition, featuring works by Tom Roberts, Arthur Streeton and Charles Conder, was opened in Melbourne.Australia source
1889August 26 – The Prevention of Cruelty to, and Protection of, Children Act, commonly known as the Children's Charter, is passed in the United Kingdom; for the first time it imposes criminal penalties to deter child abuse.source
1889Arthur Wharton signs for Rotherham Town F.C. in England for the 1889/90 season, becoming probably the world's first black professional Association football player.source
1889Rémy Cogghe, Cockfights in FlandersBelgium source
1889Long jump – Leonard Cuff (Canterbury)New Zealand source
1889Plattsburgh Normal School (Plattsburgh, New York)United States source
1890May 20 – Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh moves to Auvers-sur-Oise on the edge of Paris, in the care of Paul Gachet, where he will produce around seventy paintings in as many days.source
1890August 6 – At Auburn Prison in New York, William Kemmler becomes the first person to be executed in the electric chair.source
18907 August - Anna Månsdotter became the last woman in Sweden to be executed.Sweden source
189024 October – "Hampstead Tragedy": Mary Pearcey brutally murders her lover's wife and child in north London, for which she will be hanged on 23 December.United Kingdom source
1890November – Scotland Yard, headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service, moves to a building on London's Victoria Embankment, as New Scotland Yard.source
1890Verse by Adam Lindsay Gordon (1830-1870) set to music by Australian musician Theodore Tourrier (1846-1929)Australia source
1890The Thorvaldsen Exhibition Medal is awarded to Georg Achen for the painting ]Johanne Achen. The Artist's Mother.Denmark source
1890Octave Mirbeau - Sébastien RochFrance source
1890Prevention Of Cruelty To Animals ActIndia source
1890100 yards freestyle (Hamilton) – H. Bailey (Auckland)New Zealand source
1890Chair - Thomas Tudno Jones, "Y Llafurwr"Wales source
1891February 14 – In the FA Cup quarter-final in English association football, a goal is deliberately stopped by handball on the goal line. An indirect free kick is awarded, since the penalty kick, proposed the previous year by William McCrum, has not yet been implemented. This event probably changes public opinion on the penalty kick, seen previously as an Irishman's motion.source
1891March 14 – In New Orleans, a lynch mob storms the Old Parish Prison, and lynches 11 Italians arrested but found innocent of the murder of Police Chief David Hennessy.source
1891March 14 – In New Orleans, a lynch mob storms the Old Parish Prison and lynches 11 Italian Americans who had been found not guilty of the murder of Police Chief David Hennessy.United States source
1891May 6 - Itata Incident: the steamer Itata is detained in San Diego on orders of United States State Department official John W. FosterChile source
1891June 25 – Arthur Conan Doyle's detective Sherlock Holmes appears in The Strand Magazine (London) for the first time, in the issue dated July.source
1891September 14 – The first penalty kick is awarded in an Association football match: John Heath scores it for Wolverhampton Wanderers in England.source
1891September 29 – Thomas McGreevy is expelled from the House of Commons due to corruption.Canada source
189116 November–27 February 1892 – Buffalo Bill's Wild West show is resident at the former East End Exhibition Buildings in Glasgow.Scotland source
1891Fernand Khnopff, I lock my door upon myselfBelgium source
1891Ballinger Belt – Private C. Kruse (Wanganui Rifles)New Zealand source
1891Swedish Saw Mill Industry Workers UnionSweden source
1891Charles Ashton – Bywyd ac Amserau yr Esgob MorganWales source
189223 May – Frederick Deeming hanged at Melbourne Gaol having been unsuccessfully defended by the lawyer Alfred Deakin. Deeming was accused of committing a series of crimes on three continents – theft, perjury, fraud, bigamy and murder; he used at least 20 aliases.Australia source
1892June 7 – Homer Plessy, a mixed-race man, is arrested for deliberately sitting in a whites-only railroad car in Louisiana, leading to the landmark United States Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson, which legitimizes "separate but equal" racial segregation in the United States.source
1892July 6 – Dr. José Rizal, Filipino writer, philosopher and political activist, is arrested by Spanish authorities in connection with La Liga Filipina.source
1892July 6 – Rizal is arrested for establishing the La Liga Filipina.Philippines source
1892July 9 – Parliament passes the Criminal Code, 1892, the first unified criminal law for all of Canada, under the direction of the Minister of Justice, John ThompsonCanada source
1892August 4 – The father and stepmother of Lizzie Borden are found murdered in their Fall River, Massachusetts home; she will be acquitted of their murder.source
1892August 4 – The father and stepmother of Lizzie Borden are found violently murdered in their Fall River, Massachusetts home; she will be acquitted of their murder.United States source
1892October 5 – Master criminal Adam Worth is captured in Liège, Belgium, during an attempted robbery of a money delivery cart.source
1892October 5 – The Dalton Gang, attempting to rob two banks in Coffeyville, Kansas, is shot by the townspeople; only Emmett Dalton, with 23 wounds, survives, to spend 14 years in prison.source
189214 October – Peter Nicolai Arbo, painter (born 1831)Norway source
1892Théo van Rysselberghe, An EveningBelgium source
1892Travemünde Week in Travemünde is started.Germany source
1892Ruggero Leoncavallo - PagliacciItaly source
1893February 1 – Murder of Emanuele Notarbartolo, former mayor of Palermo and former director general of the Banco di Sicilia by the Sicilian Mafia. Raffaele Palizzolo, a member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies, was regarded as the mastermind of the assassination. The series of trials over the following decade split Sicilian society in two and astonished public opinion. The conviction of Palizzolo in August 1902, would be hailed as a big blow against the Mafia. The Assize Court in Bologna convicted Palizzolo and two others to 30 years of imprisonment.Italy source
1893March 20 – In Belgium, Adam Worth is sentenced to 7 years for robbery (he is released in 1897).source
189314 June – Gold discovered at Kalgoorlie, Western Australia by Paddy Hannan and two others.Australia source
1893June 17 – Gold is found in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia.source
1893June 20 – Lizzie Borden is acquitted of the axe murder of her parents in Fall River, Massachusetts in 1892.source
1893June 20 – Lizzie Borden is found not guilty for the murder of her father and step-mother in New Bedford, Massachusetts.United States source
18939 September – Stuttgarter FußballvereinGermany source
1893October 16 – American sisters Patty Hill and Mildred J. Hill copyright their book Song Stories for the Kindergarten including "Good Morning to All". The melody, by Mildred Hill, is later adapted, without authorization, by Robert H. Coleman as "Good Morning to You!", with the second stanza containing the words to "Happy Birthday to You", leading to a successful copyright lawsuit by the Hill sisters in 1934.source
189317 November – Two boatmen involved in the Aberavon drowning disaster of 7 August are found not guilty of manslaughter by a jury at Cardiff Crown Court.Wales source
1893Eugène Laermans, Evening strikeBelgium source
1893100 yards – Jack Hempton (Wellington)New Zealand source
1893Edvard Munch begins to paint The Scream.Norway source
189417 February-15 March – first exhibition of La Libre Esthétique in Brussels.Belgium source
1894February 17 – Outlaw John Wesley Hardin is released from prison.United States source
1894May 30 – The leaders of the Fasci Siciliani are sentenced in Palermo: Giuseppe de Felice Giuffrida to 18 years and Rosario Garibaldi Bosco, Nicola Barbato and Bernardino Verro to 12 years in jail.Italy source
1894Coxey's Army arrives in Washington; Coxey is arrested on the Capitol grounds.source
1894October 15 – Dreyfus affair: French Army officer Alfred Dreyfus is arrested for spying.source
1894The Sociedad Protectora de la Infancia (Child Protection Society) is founded in Santiago.Chile source
189419 December – Trial and conviction of Alfred Dreyfus begins at the Cherche-Midi prison and lasts four days.France source
1894December 22 – Dreyfus affair: French Army officer Alfred Dreyfus is convicted of treason. It will be 12 years before his innocence is officially recognised.source
1894Spillers Records is founded in Cardiff (Wales), the world's oldest record shop still in operation.source
1894Winners: Distillery 2–2, 3–2 LinfieldIreland source
1894100 yards freestyle – T. Needham (New South Wales, Australia)New Zealand source
1894Chair – Howell Elvet Lewis, "Hunanaberth"Wales source
1895January 5 – Dreyfus affair: French officer Alfred Dreyfus is stripped of his army rank and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island (off French Guiana) on what is much later admitted to be a false charge of treason.source
189518 February – the Marquess of Queensberry (father of Lord Alfred Douglas, Oscar Wilde's lover), leaves his calling card at the Albemarle Club in London, inscribed: "For Oscar Wilde, posing somdomite", i.e. a sodomite, inducing Wilde to charge him with criminal libel.United Kingdom source
1895March 3 – In Munich, Germany, bicyclists have to pass a test and display license plates.source
189522 March – the burned body of Bridget Cleary is discovered in County Tipperary; her husband, Michael, is subsequently convicted and imprisoned for manslaughter, his defence being a belief that he had killed a changeling left in his wife's place after she had been abducted by fairies.Ireland source
1895April 6 – Oscar Wilde is arrested in London for "gross indecency", after losing a criminal libel case against the Marquess of Queensberry.source
1895May 25 – R. v. Wilde: Oscar Wilde is convicted in London of "unlawfully committing acts of gross indecency with certain male persons" (under the Labouchere Amendment) and given a two years' sentence of hard labour, during which he will write De Profundis.source
189525 May – Criminal case of Regina v. Wilde: After a retrial at the Old Bailey, Oscar Wilde is convicted of gross indecency and is taken to Pentonville Prison to begin his two years' sentence of hard labour. On 21 November he is transferred to Reading Gaol.United Kingdom source
1895June 11 – The Paris–Bordeaux–Paris automobile trial is held.source
189511 June – The Paris–Bordeaux–Paris automobile trial is held.France source
189512 August: Minnie Dean, the only woman to be executed in New Zealand, hanged for murderNew Zealand source
1895100 yards freestyle – L. Leo (New South Wales, Australia)New Zealand source
1895Arthur Machen – The Three ImpostorsWales source
1895Chair – John Owen Williams, "Dedwyddwch"Wales source
1896January 28 – Walter Arnold, of East Peckham, Kent, England, is fined 1 shilling for speeding at 8 mph, exceeding the contemporary urban speed limit of 2 mph, the first speeding fine.source
1896March 13 – As the result of a pardon recognizing the excessive brutality of the repression of the Fasci Siciliani 120 prisoners are released, including the leaders of the movement Giuseppe de Felice Giuffrida, Rosario Garibaldi Bosco, Nicola Barbato and Bernardino Verro.Italy source
18967 April – Viggo Jensen wins a gold medal in Men's two hand lift and a bronze medal in Men's one hand lift wrestling.Denmark source
189625 April – Murder of Delphina-Angelica Borée in Brussels.Belgium source
1896September 15 – The Crash at Crush train wreck stunt is held in Texas.source
1896November 30 – "St. Augustine Monster": A large carcass, later postulated to be the remains of a gigantic octopus, is found washed ashore near St. Augustine, Florida.source
1896November 30 – The St. Augustine Monster, a large carcass later postulated to be the remains of a gigantic octopus, is found washed ashore near St. Augustine, Florida.United States source
1896Free Exhibitions, a free art exhibition, opened.Finland source
1896Long jump – Leonard Cuff (Canterbury)New Zealand source
1896Charles Rennie Mackintosh produces stencilled friezes for Catherine Cranston's Buchanan Street tearooms in Glasgow.Scotland source
1896David Jenkins – Four Welsh AirsWales source
1897January 23 – Elva Zona Heaster is found dead in Greenbrier County, West Virginia. The resulting murder trial of her husband is perhaps the only capital case in United States history, where spectral evidence helps secure a conviction.United States source
1897February 2 – Clara Brett Martin becomes the first woman to practise law in Ontario.Canada source
189722 April – King Umberto I is attacked by an unemployed anarchist ironsmith, Pietro Acciarito, who tried to stab him near Rome.Italy source
18971 July – Workmen's Compensation Act introduces a form of no-fault workman's compensation in dangerous trades.United Kingdom source
1897Maurice Barrès - Les DéracinésFrance source
1897Long jump – Leonard Cuff (Canterbury)New Zealand source
1897The General Art and Industrial Exposition of StockholmSweden source
1897Ellis Pierce – Teulu'r GilfachWales source
1898January 8 – Seminole burning: Lynching by burning of two Seminole boys near Maud, Oklahoma; 6 of the lynch mob are convicted and imprisoned, the first successful prosecution of lynching in the Southwest.United States source
1898February 23 – Émile Zola is imprisoned in France, after writing J'Accuse…!.source
189827 February – To annihilate the Sicilian Mafia, Italian troops arrest 64 people of Palermo. In a series of reports between 1898 and 1900, Ermanno Sangiorgi, the police chief of Palermo, identified 670 mafiosi belonging to eight Mafia clans that went through alternating phases of cooperation and conflict.Italy source
1898April 21 – More suspects were arrested by the Spanish authorities: Doroteo Jose; Cecilio Velarde, the parish priest of Quiapo; Felix Roxas; Padre Consunji; and many more.Philippines source
1898October 3 – U.S. Senator Matthew Quay of Pennsylvania is arrested for conspiracy to defraud the People's Bank of Philadelphia.source
1898October 23 – An anarchist, suspected of plotting the assassination of Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm II, is arrested in Egypt at Alexandria.source
1898December 15 – A warrant issued in Paris for the arrest of Count Ferdinand Esterhazy in connection with the Dreyfus case.source
189826 December - Gatton murders - Three members of the same family are sexually molested and murdered near the town of Gatton, Queensland (unsolved).Australia source
1898December 29 – King Umberto of Italy commutes the sentences of all prisoners who had been given the death penalty.source
1898100 yards – George Smith (Auckland)New Zealand source
1898Laura Gundersen, actor (born 1832)Norway source
1898Charles Rennie Mackintosh carries out the interior design for Catherine Cranston's tearooms in Argyle Street, Glasgow, including the first appearance of his characteristic high-backed chair.Scotland source
1898T. Gwynn Jones — Gwedi Brad a GofidWales source
18992 February – Halfdan Egedius, painter and illustrator (born 1877)Norway source
1899February 7 – Following conviction at court-martial for "conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman" arising from his accusations against Major General Nelson A. Miles, U.S. Commissioner General Charles P. Eagan is suspended from duty for six years by President McKinley.source
1899February 23 – Because of distrubances at the funeral of the late President Faure, parliament members Paul Déroulède, Lucien Millevoye and Marcel Habert are arrested.source
1899March 20 – At Sing Sing prison in Ossining, New York, Martha M. Place becomes the first woman to be executed in an electric chair.source
1899May 10 – Finnish farmworker Karl Emil Malmelin kills seven people with an axe at the Simola croft in the village of Klaukkala.source
1899June 2 – American outlaws Robert L. Parker (Butch Cassidy) and Harry A. Longabaugh ("The Sundance Kid") commit their first armed robbery as "The Wild Bunch", stopping a Union Pacific train near Wilcox, Wyoming, with accomplices Harvey Logan and Elzy Lay, and steal more than $30,000 worth of cargo.source
1899July 5 – In Brandon, Manitoba, housemaid Hilda Blake shoots her mistress twice; the first shot misses, but the second bullet pierces the mistress's right lung. Blake was later hanged for murder.Canada source
1899September 9 – Dreyfus affair: In the retrial of his court-martial, Alfred Dreyfus is again found guilty of treason and sentenced to serve the remaining 10 years of his prison sentence on Devils Island, notwithstanding that the real culprit has previously admitted to his actions.source
1899September 14 – Henry H. Bliss becomes the first person to be killed by a motor vehicle in the United States. Upon disembarking from a streetcar in New York City, an electric-powered taxicab strikes and crushes him and he dies from his injuries the following morning.United States source
189917 September – The career of bandit John Francis Peggotty ends in the town of Meningie, South Australia, when Peggotty's intended victim shoots both the bandit and the ostrich. The body of the ostrich is found, but Peggotty is never seen again.Australia source
1899September 19 – Dreyfus affair: Alfred Dreyfus is pardoned in France by the Ministry of War. He is released from prison at Rennes the following day but not fully exonerated until 1906.source
189927 October – Louise Masset, an unmarried mother, murders her 3-year old son in a bathroom at the Dalston Junction railway station in London. She will be found guilty on 18 December and hanged at Newgate Prison three weeks later.United Kingdom source
1899November 7 – (October 26 Old Style) – Anton Chekhov's Uncle Vanya receives its Russian metropolitan première at the Moscow Art Theatre.source
1899November 20 – The U.S. Supreme Court issues its decision in Brown v. New Jersey (175 U.S. 172) and upholds the constitutionality of the "struck jury" method of selecting jurors.source
1899Victor Horta, Maison du Peuple, BrusselsBelgium source
1899100 yards – George Smith (Auckland)New Zealand source
1899Christian Workers Union of Sweden (1899)Sweden source