Economy & Finance in the 19th century

820 sourced entries, 1800 CE to 1899 CE, oldest first. Also see Economy & Finance across every century or everything else in the 19th century.

1800January 1 – The Dutch East India Company dissolves.source
180021 January - decree abolishing the commissioners of the Treasury and entrusting the service to Bertrand Dufresne, director general subordinate to the Minister of Finance Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin.France source
180013 February - Foundation of the Banque de France.France source
1800May 30 – Bar of Quebec is founded.Canada source
1800Inflation reaches an all-time recorded high of 36.5%.United Kingdom source
1800Richard Fothergill goes into partnership with Samuel Homfray at Tredegar. Jeremiah Homfray begins leasing mineral lands at Abernant, Cwmbach, and Rhigos.Wales source
18011 March – London Stock Exchange founded as a regulated institution; its new building is completed on 30 December.United Kingdom source
1801Cassidy's Ltd. is established, third oldest company closed its doors in 2000Canada source
1802Alexander Mackenzie is knighted for his efforts in 1802 and becomes a member of the XY Company.Canada source
1802National income - ₹11,115 millionIndia source
1802Lærdalske lette infanterikompani was formed.Norway source
1802Ministry of Finance of the Russian EmpireRussia source
1802Malcolm Laing publishes History of Scotland from the Union of the Crowns to the Union of the Kingdoms.Scotland source
1802North Wales Baptist Association is launched by Christmas Evans.Wales source
1802Royal Anglesey Yacht Club founded at Beaumaris.Wales source
1803September - A new company, the Union Iron World Company, is formed to run Rhymney ironworks, after Benjamin Hall takes it over.Wales source
1803The XY Company is reorganized under Alexander Mackenzie's name.Canada source
1803National income - ₹11,369 millionIndia source
1803The new Bank of Ireland buys the former Irish Parliament House on College Green in Dublin from the Government of the United Kingdom for conversion to its headquarters by Francis Johnston.Ireland source
1804Merger of the North West Company and XY Fur Companies. The XY Company is absorbed by the North West Company.Canada source
1804German Gerhard Bonnier begins a publishing business in Copenhagen (Denmark) by issuing Underfulde og sandfærdige kriminalhistorier, origin of the Swedish Bonnier Group.Germany source
1805Pernod Fils founded in Pontarlier, Franche-Comté, by Henri-Louis Pernod and starts the production of the anise-flavored liquor known as absinthe.France source
1805The Snow Tower (keep) of Kildrummy Castle collapses.Scotland source
1805John and James Crombie establish the Crombie clothing company in Aberdeen.Scotland source
1805John Kenrick III develops his great-uncle's chandlery at Wrexham into a bank.Wales source
1806January 1 – The French Republican Calendar is abolished.source
1806National income - ₹11,730 millionIndia source
1806John Kenrick III develops his great-uncle's chandlery at Wrexham into a bank.Wales source
1807January 20 – The Sierra Leone Company, faced with bankruptcy because of the imminent abolition of the slave trade in British colonies, petitions the British government for purchase and transfer of its property to the Crown; Parliament approves the transfer on July 29, and it takes effect on January 1, 1808.source
180720 January – The Sierra Leone Company, faced with bankruptcy because of the imminent abolition of the slave trade in British colonies, petitions the British government for purchase and transfer of its property to the Crown; Parliament approves the transfer on 29 July, and it takes effect on 1 January, 1808.United Kingdom source
1807March 25 – The United Kingdom Slave Trade Act becomes law abolishing the slave trade in most of the British Empire with effect from 1 May (slavery itself is abolished in British colonies in 1833).source
180725 March – The Slave Trade Act becomes law, abolishing the slave trade throughout the British Empire with effect from 1 May (slavery itself is abolished in British colonies in 1833).United Kingdom source
1807Millburn distillery is established as the Inverness Distillery by a Mr. Welsh.Scotland source
1807The publisher A & C Black is founded by Adam and Charles Black in Edinburgh.Scotland source
1808January 1 – Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves (1807) comes into effect: The importation of slaves into the United States is banned; this is also the earliest day under the United States Constitution that an amendment can be made restricting slavery.United States source
1808April 6 – John Jacob Astor incorporates the American Fur Company.source
1808April 6 – John Jacob Astor founds the American Fur Company.United States source
18086 June – the Bank of Ireland moves its premises to the former Irish Houses of Parliament on College Green, Dublin.Ireland source
1808October 12 – Banco do Brasil, a major financial group in South America, founded in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.source
1808The American Fur Company is chartered by John Jacob Astor to compete with Canadian fur tradeCanada source
1809March 1 – The Embargo Act of 1807 is repealed in the United States; the Non-Intercourse Act replaces it.source
180911 November – the North British and Mercantile Insurance company commences business as a fire insurance office in Edinburgh.Scotland source
1809Kagalnitskaya stanitsa foundedRussia source
1809Blackie and Son, publishers, are established in Glasgow by John Blackie as Blackie, Fullarton and Company.Scotland source
181025 March – the Commercial Bank of Scotland is founded in Edinburgh by John Pitcairn, Lord Cockburn and others.Scotland source
1810June 23 – John Jacob Astor forms the Pacific Fur Company.source
181030 November - The Norwegian Government commission was dissolved.Norway source
1810Commissioners of Woods, Forests and Land Revenues established by merging the former offices of Surveyor General of Woods, Forests, Parks, and Chases and Surveyor General of the Land Revenues of the Crown into a three-man commission.United Kingdom source
1811January 8 – An unsuccessful slave revolt is led by Charles Deslandes in St. Charles and St. James, Louisiana.United States source
18113 March – Sparekassen Bikuben is founded in Copenhagen.Denmark source
1811March 4 – The charter of the First Bank of the United States expires.United States source
181125 March - Sir Joseph Bailey takes over Nantyglo Ironworks.Wales source
181130 June – Hassel & Teudt is founded in Copenhagen.Denmark source
1811Christiani & Grisson is founded.Denmark source
1811East India Company Bonds Act (British statute)India source
1812April 4 – U.S. President James Madison enacts a 90-day embargo on trade with the United Kingdom.source
18124 April – U.S. President James Madison enacts a ninety–day embargo on trade with the United Kingdom.United Kingdom source
181211 May – Bankrupt banker John Bellingham assassinates Prime Minister Spencer Perceval in the lobby of the House of Commons.United Kingdom source
1812June 16 – New York State charters the City Bank of New York (later Citibank).source
181226 November – 70,000 Spanish dollars in coins arrive in New South Wales on the Royal Navy ship HMS Samarang. To prevent their use outside the colony, holes are punched though the centre of the coins to create "holey dollars"—Australia's first official currency.Australia source
1812The City Bank of New York is founded.United States source
1813January 5 – The Danish state bankruptcy of 1813 occurs.source
18135 January - The heavy financial and economic burden of the Gunboat War with England takes its monetary toll: Denmark-Norway defaults on its foreign debt (Danish state bankruptcy of 1813).Denmark source
18135 January - Denmark-Norway declared bankruptcy and a new state bank, the Rigsbank, was created.Norway source
1813January - Sir Joseph Bailey sells his 25% share in Cyfarthfa ironworks for £20,000.Wales source
181313 December - Swedish East India Company is dissolved.Sweden source
1813December 17 – A trade embargo comes into effect, aimed at New England merchants who have been supplying the British in CanadaUnited States source
181325 December – William Debenham joins Thomas Clark in a partnership to manage a draper's store in London, origin of the Debenhams business which will run department stores until 2020.United Kingdom source
1813National income - ₹16,193 millionIndia source
1813The Charter Act 1813 was passed in United Kingdom on the company rule in India.India source
181431 January – The "holey dollar" and "dump" go into circulation.Australia source
1814February 21 – The Great Stock Exchange Fraud is exposed in London.source
181421 February – Great Stock Exchange Fraud in London.United Kingdom source
1814March 25 – De Nederlandsche Bank is established.source
1814Faroe Islands, Greenland and Iceland becomes a part of Denmark.Denmark source
1814National income - ₹13,556 millionIndia source
1815February 3 – The first commercial cheese factory is founded in Switzerland.source
1815Aberdeen Savings Bank is formed.Scotland source
1815On Islay, Ardbeg distillery begins commercial production and Laphroaig distillery is established by Donald and Alexander Johnston.Scotland source
181618 March – Income tax abolished.United Kingdom source
1816April 27 – The Dallas tariff is passed in Congress seeking to protect American manufacturing against an influx of cheaper British goods following the War of 1812.United States source
1816April 28 – The French Caisse des dépôts et consignations, a public investment body, is created by Louis XVIII.source
181614 June - Norges Bank, the central bank of Norway is founded.Norway source
1816Mutuelle de L'assurance contre L'incendie ("L'Anciente Mutuelle"), predecessor of Axa, the global insurance and financial services company, is founded in Rouen, France.source
1816Pinkus Müller brewery established.Germany source
1816Lagavulin distillery established on Islay.Scotland source
1816The Coinage Act and Great Recoinage attempt to stabilise the currency by reintroduction of a silver coinage (for transactions under forty shillings) and changing the gold coinage from the guinea valued at 21 shillings to the slightly lighter sovereign worth 20 shillings and defining the value of the pound sterling relative to gold.United Kingdom source
1817March 3 – President James Madison vetoes John C. Calhoun's Bonus Bill.United States source
1817March - A riot breaks out in Amlwch over food prices, and a ship carrying flour is prevented from leaving the harbour.Wales source
18178 April – Australia's first bank, the Bank of New South Wales is established.Australia source
18172 June - The Ministry of Finance is established.Chile source
1817National income - ₹11,450 millionIndia source
1817Teaninich distillery founded by Hugh Munro at Alness.Scotland source
1818July 11 – The Bank of the United States reverses its policy of expanding credit, and sends notices to its borrowers nationwide demanding immediate repayment of balances due; the defaults during the next six months will trigger the Panic of 1819.source
1818National income - ₹11,927 millionIndia source
1818Robert Barclay founds the engineering company in Glasgow that will become marine engineers Barclay Curle.Scotland source
1819January 2 – The Panic of 1819, the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States, begins.source
1819January 2 – The Panic of 1819, the first major financial crisis in the United States, begins.United States source
18201 May – Sparekassen for Kjøbenhavn og Omegn is established in Copenhagen.Denmark source
18206 May – failure of Newport's Bank in Waterford.Ireland source
182025 May – failure of Roche's Bank and stoppage of Leslie's Bank in Cork.Ireland source
1820Anchor coinage is first struck in silver in London denominated in fractions of the Mauritian dollar for use in British colonies.source
1820National income - ₹11,684 millionIndia source
1820John Walker sets up as a grocer and wine and spirits merchant in Kilmarnock, from where he will sell the blended Scotch whisky which will be branded as Johnnie Walker.Scotland source
18217 May – Bank of England returns to the gold standard.United Kingdom source
1821July – The Hudson's Bay Company merges with archrivals, the Montreal-based North West Company, creating unemployment for a substantial proportion of their Métis workforce.Canada source
1821Parramatta Marist High School, Australia's first private school, founded by John Joseph Therry.Australia source
1821Whitely Stokes publishes a critique of Thomas Malthus's reflections on Ireland: Observations on the population and resources of Ireland, Dublin, Joshua PorterIreland source
1821Elizabeth Fry and others establish the British Ladies' Society for Promoting the Reformation of Female Prisoners, an early example of a national women's organisation.United Kingdom source
182228 February – Spare- og Laanekassen i Marstal, a savings bank on the island of Ørø, is founded by a group of local residents.Denmark source
1822Dissolution of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the AlgarvesBrazil source
1822Motala Verkstad is founded by Baltzar von Platen.Sweden source
1822Stonemason John Mowlem establishes the contracting firm Mowlem.United Kingdom source
182318 July – Excise Act reduces duties on the distillation of whisky, encouraging its commercial production.Scotland source
1823The Bank of Van Diemen's Land is established, it is Van Diemen's Land first commercial financial institution.Australia source
1823Bergens Sparebank was established. It is Norway's second oldest bank.Norway source
1824March 9 – The Netherlands Trading Society (Netherlandsche Handel-Maatschappij), predecessor of the Dutch bank ABN AMRO, is founded.source
1824German shipping company F. Laeisz of Hamburg, producer of the Flying P-Liner sailing ships, is established.Germany source
1824Slave Trade Act (British statute)India source
1824Foundation of the Northern Banking Company.Ireland source
1824Harmony Society establishes the settlement of Economy, Pennsylvania.United States source
1824Speyside Scotch whisky distilleries established in Scotland: Balmenach, Glenlivet and Macallan.United Kingdom source
1825March 17 – The Norfolk & Dedham Group is founded as The Norfolk Mutual Fire Insurance Company in the United States.source
1825March 17 – The Norfolk & Dedham Group is founded as The Norfolk Mutual Fire Insurance Company.United States source
1825March – the National Bank of Scotland is constituted in Edinburgh; it opens for business in October.Scotland source
1825June 27 – The Canada Company is foundedCanada source
182527 June – the Excise Licences Act raises Irish excise licences to bring them in line with those of Great Britain.Ireland source
1825August 18 – Scottish adventurer Gregor MacGregor issues a £300,000 loan with 2.5% interest, through the London bank of Thomas Jenkins & Company, for the fictitious Central American republic of Poyais. His actions led to the Panic of 1825, the first modern stock market crash, in England.source
182518 August – Scottish adventurer Gregor MacGregor issues a £300,000 loan with 2.5% interest through the London bank of Thomas Jenkins & Company for the fictitious Central American republic of Poyais. His actions lead to the Panic of 1825, the first modern stock market crash, starting in the Bank of England and precipitating the closure of six London banks and sixty country ones in England.Scotland source
1825Foundation of the Provincial Bank of Ireland.Ireland source
1825Rix dollar converted to British currency.South Africa source
1825Vicksburg, Mississippi is incorporated.United States source
18265 January – Irish currency assimilated to that of Great Britain under terms of the Currency Act 1825.Ireland source
182626 May – Country Bankers Act 1826 permits joint-stock banks outside the London area, which may issue banknotes.United Kingdom source
182623 August – last fatal duel in Scotland fought near Kirkcaldy: linen manufacturer David Landale shoots banker George Morgan.Scotland source
1826November 3 – The Paris Stock Exchange opens at the Palais de la Bourse.source
18263 November - The Paris Stock Exchange opens at the Palais de la Bourse.France source
1827March 12 – In Brown v. Maryland, the United States Supreme Court ruled that imported goods in their original package are under federal jurisdiction and thus not subject to state regulation.United States source
1828May 19 – The Tariff of 1828 is enacted. Critics name it the 'Tariff of Abominations' because they see it as unfairly protective of northern industry to the detriment of the southern economy.United States source
1828December 19 – A document written by U.S. Vice President John C. Calhoun, the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, is presented to the South Carolina House of Representatives protesting the 'Tariff of Abominations'.United States source
1828The Cornwall Bank, earliest constituent of ANZ bank in Australasia, is formed in Launceston, Van Diemens Land.source
1828Glasgow Co-operative Society established.Scotland source
1828Two minor political parties are formed: The single-issue Anti-Masonic Party in upstate New York, and the Nullifier Party advocating states' rights in opposition to the 'Tariff of Abominations'.United States source
1830March 12 – Craig vs. Missouri: The United States Supreme Court rules that state loan certificates are unconstitutional.United States source
183023 July – Beerhouse Act 1830 liberalise regulations on the brewing and sale of beer by individuals.United Kingdom source
1830Sogo, a Japanese department store brand founded in Osaka, Japan, as predecessor part of Seven & I Retail Group.source
1830Debts Recovery Act (British statute)India source
1830National income - ₹9,100 millionIndia source
1830Austins established in the Diamond, Derry. At closure in 2016 it will be the world's oldest independent department store.Ireland source
1830McVitie's founded as McVitie & Price's biscuit bakery in Rose Street, Edinburgh.Scotland source
1830Annandale distillery opened and Talisker distillery founded.Scotland source
1830Austins of Derry established in Northern Ireland. At closure in 2016 it will be the world's oldest independent department store.United Kingdom source
1831January 10 – Japanese department store, Takashimaya in Kyoto established.source
183116 April – Trade in preserved Māori heads as curios is outlawed by the Governor of New South Wales.New Zealand source
183115 October – Truck Act prohibits payment of wages other than in cash.United Kingdom source
1831November 7 – Slave trading is forbidden in Brazil.source
1831December 26 – Global financial services business Assicurazioni Generali is founded in Trieste (at this time in the Austrian Empire) as Imperial Regia Privilegiata Compagnia di Assicurazioni Generali Austro-Italiche.source
1831Glenugie distillery is established as Invernettie at Peterhead by Donald McLeod; Talisker distillery is opened at Carbost, Talisker, Skye, by Hugh and Kenneth MacAskill.Scotland source
1831Private banks are allowed to issue their own banknotes.Sweden source
1832March 30 – Bank of Nova Scotia is foundedCanada source
1832July 1 – Global conglomerate Jardine Matheson is founded in Canton (modern day Guangzhou) in Qing dynasty China by Scottish merchants.source
1832July 10 – President Andrew Jackson vetoes a bill that would re-charter the Second Bank of the United States.United States source
183218 August - The Savings Bank of New South Wales is establishedAustralia source
1832November 24 – Nullification Crisis: The U.S. state of South Carolina passes the Ordinance of Nullification, challenging the power of the U.S. federal government, by declaring that it will not enforce national tariffs signed into law in 1828 and 1832.source
1832November 24 – Ordinance of Nullification is passed.United States source
1832December 10 – U.S. President Andrew Jackson responds to the Nullification Crisis by threatening to send the U.S. Army and Navy into South Carolina if it does not comply.source
1832The City of Buffalo in New York is incorporated.source
1832Global watch brand Longines is founded in Switzerland.source
1832Torkil Abraham Hoppe, Danish civil servant was sent to Iceland to make a report on the country's trading posts. Hoppe would later serve as Governor of Iceland (1841 – 1847).Iceland source
1832The Bank of Hindostan was liquidated.India source
1832Nullification Crisis (1832–1833)United States source
18334 August - Norderhov Spareindretning, Ringerikes first bank is established (today it is known as SpareBank 1 Ringerike Hadeland).Norway source
1833American healthcare brand McKesson Corporation established as a partnership.source
1833Nullification Crisis (1832–1833)United States source
18341 January – Zollverein (Germany): Customs charges are abolished at borders within its member states.Germany source
183412 February - The city of Bangor, Maine, is incorporated in the United States. It is said to have been named after the Welsh hymn tune "Bangor".Wales source
1834February 13 – Robert Owen organizes the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union in the United Kingdom.source
1834March 6 – York, Upper Canada, is incorporated as Toronto.source
1834March 6 – Incorporation of Toronto, heretofore York, Upper Canada.Canada source
1834March 28 – Andrew Jackson is censured by the United States Congress (expunged in 1837).source
1834March 28 – The United States Senate censures President Andrew Jackson for his actions in defunding the Second Bank of the United States (censure expunged in 1837).United States source
183429 November – P. Hertz is founded by Peter Hertz in Copenhagen.Denmark source
1834The British East India Company monopoly on China trade ends. It appoints a Tea Committee to assess the potential of Assam tea.source
1834Adopting revolutionary tactics, Papineau advises wearing homespun cloth and buying nothing British, in order to diminish misused revenues. Bankstocks being of British ownership, he advises a general demand of gold for banknotes.Canada source
1834Harrods founded as a wholesale tea dealer in Stepney in the East End of London.United Kingdom source
1835January 8 – The United States public debt contracts to zero, for the only time in history.source
1835July – The Bertelsmann company is founded by Carl Bertelsmann as a religious printer and publisher in Prussia.source
18353 November – Sparekassen for Roskilde By og Omegn is established.Denmark source
1835December 16– The Great Fire of New York begins and lasts until the next day, destroying 530 buildings, including the New York Stock Exchange.source
1835The British Geological Survey is founded, as the world's first national geological survey.source
1835In the British Parliament, Mr. Stanley says there is no evidence to justify any one of the 92 Resolutions.Canada source
1835Alloa Coal Company established as a partnership by William Mitchell and others to work coal pits in Clackmannanshire.Scotland source
1836February – foundation of the Ulster Bank in Belfast.Ireland source
183615 March – Annual general meeting of the Banque de Belgique, founded the previous year.Belgium source
183625 June – Køge Savings Bank is established.Denmark source
18361 July – North of Scotland Bank (a constituent of Clydesdale Bank) established in Aberdeen by Alexander Anderson and others.Scotland source
1836July 8 – Valparaiso, Indiana is incorporated.United States source
1836The New Board brokerage group is founded in New York City.source
1836Eugène Schneider and his brother Adolphe Schneider purchase a bankrupt ironworks near the town of Le Creusot, in the Burgundy region of France, and found the steelworks and engineering company Schneider Frères & Cie.source
1836Undated – Copenhagen's Music Society is founded.Denmark source
1836Eugène Schneider and his brother Adolphe Schneider purchase a bankrupt ironworks near the town of Le Creusot in the Burgundy region and found the steelworks and engineering company Schneider Frères & Cie.France source
1836Legal & General formed as the New Law Life Assurance Society by London lawyers.United Kingdom source
183713 February – Rowland Hill's government inquiry into postal reform discusses the idea of carrying letters in a separate sheet which folds to become an envelope and the idea of "a bit of paper" which could be affixed to a letter to flag that postage had been prepaid.United Kingdom source
18371 April – John Josiah Guest is elected the first chairman of the Merthyr "board of guardians", formed to obtain an act of Parliament for the incorporation of Merthyr.Wales source
1837April 12 – The conglomerate of Procter & Gamble has its origins, when British-born businessmen William Procter and James Gamble begin selling their first manufactured goods (soap and candles) in Cincinnati, Ohio.source
1837May 10 – Panic of 1837: New York City banks fail, and unemployment reaches record levels.United States source
1837October 31 – In what will become the world's leading consumer goods brand, Procter & Gamble is founded in Ohio in the United States.source
1837Revolts in Upper and Lower Canada. Small businessmen and farmers against merchant elites who, as political leaders, are raising property taxes, tariffs and freight rates to raise money for canals.Canada source
1837The artist Emil Bærentzen founds his own printing business as Em. Bærentzen & Co.'s Lithografiske Institut.Denmark source
1837Luxury goods manufacturer Hermès is established in Paris by Thierry Hermès.France source
1837Shaw's Bank merges with the Royal Bank of Ireland (later to become one of the Allied Irish Banks).Ireland source
1837The Little, Brown and Company publishing house opens its doors in Boston.United States source
18382 March – Clydesdale Bank founded in Glasgow.Scotland source
1838March 8 – The New Orleans Mint strikes its first coinage, 30 dimes.United States source
18387 April – Tariffs raised on woollen cloth, porcelain, glass, crystal and chemical products.Belgium source
183816 August – The Tin Duties Act converts the tin coinage taxation system of the mines of Devon and Cornwall into an annual payment to the Duchy of Cornwall.United Kingdom source
1838Thomas Gee joins his father's printing business.Wales source
18394 May – William Wakefield of the New Zealand Company leaves from London for New Zealand on the ToryNew Zealand source
1839June 24 – Last meeting of the Committee of Trade, forerunner of the Board of Trade.Canada source
1839August – National Chartist organisation set up in Scotland.Scotland source
18395 December - Uniform Fourpenny Post introduced in United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, a major postal reform, whereby fourpence is levied for pre-paid letters up to half an ounce in weight instead of postage being calculated by distance and number of sheets of paper.Ireland source
1839Galveston, Texas, is incorporated.source
1839Valley Falls Company, a predecessor of Berkshire Hathaway, a conglomerate and holdings company in the United States, is founded in Rhode Island.source
184024 March — The first bank in New Zealand, the Union Bank, is opened in Britannia.New Zealand source
1840National income – ₹7,560 millionIndia source
1840Chawri Bazar, a specialized wholesale market of brass, copper, and paper products, is established in North DelhiIndia source
1840Bewley's established as tea and coffee importers.Ireland source
1840Samuel Kelly, started his business as a "grocers and commission coal merchant" on Queen's Quay, Belfast, that would go on to become John Kelly Limited.Ireland source
1840Melhus Sparebank was established, it is one of Norway’s oldest savings banks.Norway source
1840Kockums Naval Solutions is founded.Sweden source
184125 February - Circular from the Minister of Finances Georges Humann to prefects requiring a general census of property in every commune for a door and window tax. This leads to criticism in the press and unrest in cities across the country from 7 July to 10 September.France source
184122 March - Law on regulation of working conditions for children ages 8 to 16, prohibiting under-8s from employment.France source
184110 June - The Stocks punishment, already restricted and generally fallen of use, is banned.Sweden source
1841Foundation of the shipping company Götaverken.Sweden source
1841Mordecai Jones opens a brewery at Brecon.Wales source
1842May 11 – The Income Tax Act establishes the first peacetime income tax in the United Kingdom; 7 pence in the pound, for incomes over 150 pounds.source
184211 May – Income Tax Act 1842 establishes the first peacetime income tax in Britain; 7 pence on the pound, for incomes over 150 pounds.United Kingdom source
184216 July – "Linen convention" exempts Belgian textiles from French protectionist measures in return for a reduction in the Belgian tariff on French wines.Belgium source
1842John Kilner & Co., glass manufacturers, established in Castleford, Yorkshire, to produce the Kilner jar.United Kingdom source
184321 February – repeal (of the Act of Union) debate in Dublin Corporation.Ireland source
184327 March – A decision in Foss v Harbottle, a leading precedent in English corporate law, declares that in any action in which a wrong is alleged to have been done to a company, the proper claimant is the company itself and not individual shareholders.United Kingdom source
18432 September – The Economist newspaper first published (preliminary issue dated August).United Kingdom source
1843Undated – Lindeman's wine company, is founded in by Dr Henry John Lindeman (died 1881) in New South Wales.Australia source
1843George Cannock and Andrew White establish the Dublin business that becomes Arnotts department store.Ireland source
1843The Glenmorangie distillery is established in Tain by William Matheson.Scotland source
1844July 19 – The Bank Charter Act 1844 is approved, which restricts the powers of British banks, limiting note-issuing powers outside the central Bank of England.source
184419 July – Bank Charter Act restricts powers of British banks other than the Bank of England to issue banknotes of the pound sterling.United Kingdom source
1844July – Glasgow Stock Exchange opens.Scotland source
184416 December – Edinburgh Stock Exchange formed.Scotland source
1845March 1 - Ragamuffin War: peace negotiations led by Luis Alves de Lima e Silva and Antônio Vicente da Fontoura concluded with the signing of the Ponche Verde Treaty between rebels and imperial government, in Dom Pedrito. The treaty offered the rebels a full amnesty, full incorporation into the imperial army and the choice of the next provincial president. All the debts of the Riograndense Republic were paid off by the Empire of Brazil and a tariff of 25% was introduced on imported charque. The Treaty did not state clearly whether the Riograndense and Juliana republics remained independent, but they remained in the Empire of BrazilBrazil source
18459 May – F. H. Faulding & Co pharmaceutical company founded in Adelaide, Australia.Australia source
18456 August – Edvard Liljedahl, politician and Minister (died 1924)Norway source
1845October – Aberdeen stock exchange formedScotland source
1845December 30 – Queen's Colleges of Belfast, Cork, and Galway are incorporated in Ireland.source
184530 December – Queen's Colleges of Belfast, Cork and Galway are incorporated.Ireland source
184530 December – Queen's Colleges of Belfast, Cork and Galway are incorporated in Ireland.United Kingdom source
1845Sofus Arctander, politician and Minister (died 1924)Norway source
1845Thomas Gee inherits his father's printing business.Wales source
184614 March – First property purchased for Feargus O'Connor's Chartist-backed English National Land Company to provide smallholdings and suffrage for working men, at Heronsgate (O'Connorville) in Hertfordshire.United Kingdom source
184616 May – Under the leadership of British Prime Minister Robert Peel, the British Parliament repeals the Corn Laws, replacing the old Colonial mercantile trade system with Free Trade.Canada source
1846November 17 – Carl Zeiss, a major worldwide optoelectronics and digital camera brand, is founded in Thuringia, Germany.source
184619 November – Banco de Portugal establishedPortugal source
1846The John Dewar & Sons company is created by John Dewar Sr. and his sonsScotland source
1847June – E. H. Booth & Co. Ltd, which becomes the northern England supermarket chain Booths, is founded when tea dealer Edwin Henry Booth, 19, opens a shop called "The China House" in Blackpool.source
1847June – E. H. Booth & Co. Ltd, which becomes the Northern England supermarket chain Booths, is founded when 19-year-old tea dealer Edwin Henry Booth opens a shop called "The China House" in Blackpool.United Kingdom source
1847November - The piano manufacturer Brødrene Hals was founded.Norway source
1847December – The Christmas cracker is first marketed by Tom Smith of London.United Kingdom source
1847Cartier, a luxury brand in France, is founded.source
1847The perfume and cosmetic company Antoinette W Nording is founded by Antoinette Nording.Sweden source
1847Panic of 1847: A crisis in the banking sector prompted largely by the collapse of Railway Mania. On 25 October the Bank Charter Act 1844 is suspended.United Kingdom source
1848March 7 – Comptoir national d'escompte de Paris, predecessor of European bank BNP Paribas, is founded by decree of the French Provisional Government.source
18487 March - The Provisional government establishes the Comptoir national d'escompte de Paris, a national bank which is the earliest predecessor of BNP Paribas.France source
1848April 3 – The Chicago Board of Trade is founded by 82 Chicago merchants and business leaders.source
184820 June – Jens Carl Peter Brandt, businessperson and politician (died 1912)Norway source
1848Watch brand Omega is founded by Louis Brandt in Switzerland.source
1848Fred. Olsen & Co. was founded.Norway source
1848Scottish Building Society established as the Edinburgh Property Investment Company.Scotland source
1849January 27 – The Fayetteville and Western Plank Road Company is incorporated, to build a plank road from Fayetteville to Bethania, North Carolina.source
1849February 1 – The abolition of the Corn Laws by the United Kingdom's Importation Act 1846 comes fully into effect.source
1849February–May – Shareholder enquiries into the conduct of railway financier George Hudson begins his downfall.United Kingdom source
1849March 3 – The United States Congress passes the Gold Coinage Act allowing the minting of two additional denominations of gold coins, the gold dollar and the double eagle.source
1849March 3 – The U.S. Congress passes the Gold Coinage Act allowing the minting of gold coins.United States source
184921 April – Belgian domestic law updated in line with becoming a signatory to the Treaty for the Suppression of the African Slave TradeBelgium source
1849December 26 – Electors ask J. McConnell, M.P.P. for Stanstead, if he favours annexation, which they believe will, alone, relieve depression.Canada source
1849The Danish West Indian daler replaces the rigsdaler as the currency of the Danish West Indies.Denmark source
1849Undated – Pfizer is founded by cousins Charles Pfizer and Charles F. Erhart in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, as a manufacturer of fine chemicals.United States source
1849Two shilling coin (florin), depicting the Queen crowned, introduced, partly to test public opinion on possible decimalization of the currency.United Kingdom source
185030 March – All Danish Gold Coast Settlements are sold to Britain and incorporated into the British Gold CoastDenmark source
18505 May – National Bank of Belgium foundedBelgium source
1850May 7 – A single currency, the Swiss franc, is imposed to replace cantonal currencies in the first Federal Coinage ActSwitzerland source
1850June 3 – Kansas City, Missouri, is incorporated by Jackson County, Missouri, as the Town of Kansas (traditional date of its founding).source
1850National income - ₹5,910 millionIndia source
1850Eriksbergs Mekaniska Verkstad is founded.Sweden source
185118 April – New law on bankruptcy.Belgium source
1851June 2 – Castle & Cooke, the predecessor of Dole Food Company, is founded in Hawaii.source
18512 July – the Melbourne Chamber of Commerce elects their first chairman, William Westgarth, and deputy chairman, J.B.Were.Australia source
1851the first huiguan, the Kong Chow Company emerged seeing that the majority of Chinese already settled in California were connected to six districts collectively called GangzhouChina source
1851Hagen & Sievertsen is founded in Odense.Denmark source
1851Oriental Bank Corporation chartered to allow competition with the East India Company's opium billing monopolyIndia source
1851The ninth revision (poll-tax census, revizskaya skazka), begun in 1850, is carried out across the empire in 1850–1851.Russia source
1851James Valentine (photographer) establishes the printing business of Valentine & Sons in Dundee.Scotland source
1851Patek Philippe & Co. is foundedSwitzerland source
1852March 18 – Henry Wells and William Fargo create Wells Fargo & Company.source
185222 August – Franco-Belgian conventions on intellectual property and tariffs.Belgium source
1852October 25 – The Toronto Stock Exchange opens.Canada source
185217 December – Earl of Derby resigns as Prime Minister, following the defeat of his budget.United Kingdom source
1852Samuel Kelly establishes his coal merchant's business as Samuel Kelly Coal Merchant on the Coal Quay, Belfast.Ireland source
1852Lavey-Morcles is created by a merger of Morcles and LaveySwitzerland source
1852Lowell, Indiana is incorporated.United States source
1852The Alliance Insurance Company is set up in Wrexham, advertising itself as the only Welsh insurance company.Wales source
1853March – The clothing company Levi Strauss & Co. is founded in San Francisco (US).source
1853March – Levi Strauss & Co. is founded in San Francisco, California.United States source
185315 April – The Bing & Grøndahl porcelain manufactury is founded in Copenhagen.Denmark source
185323 June – Herman Garmann (born 1787), businessman and merchant.Norway source
1853September 20 – Otis Elevator, as predecessor of Otis Worldwide, is founded in the United States.source
18533 October - Illawarra Steam Navigation Company incorporatedAustralia source
1853December 14 – Compagnie Générale des Eaux, predecessor of Vivendi and Veolia, a global media conglomerate, is founded in Paris, France.source
1853The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China is incorporated in London by Scotsman James Wilson, under a Royal Charter from Queen Victoria.source
18531853–1873 – More than 130,000 Chinese laborers come to Cuba.source
1853Coinage (Colonial Offences) ActIndia source
1853National Association for the Vindication of Scottish Rights formed.Scotland source
1853Coffee brand Gevalia was launched.Sweden source
1853Tissot, a Swiss watch company, is foundedSwitzerland source
185427 February – Commercial treaty with France on tariffs, transit and navigation for five years.Belgium source
1854March 1 – The Plan de Ayutla calls for liberal reforms and the ouster of President Antonio López de Santa Anna of Mexico.source
1854March – The British East India Company annexes Jhansi State in India under the doctrine of lapse.source
1854The French fashion label Louis Vuitton is founded.source
1854Formation of the Maua, McGregor and Company Bank in Rio de JaneiroBrazil source
1854Lauritz Rasmussen establishes a zinc and bronze foundry at Åbenrå 24 in Copenhagen.Denmark source
1854Bhopal Agency was absorbed into the Central India AgencyIndia source
1854The Dalhousie administration formally dissolved Fort William CollegeIndia source
1854Founding of the Fruntimmersällskapet för fångars förbättring.Sweden source
1854The United Bank of Switzerland is formed in the form of the Swiss Bank Corporation when six private banking firms pool their resourcesSwitzerland source
1854The West Switzerland Company is formedSwitzerland source
185531 July – Limited Liability Act protects investors in the event of corporate collapse.United Kingdom source
1855July – Bank of Toronto incorporated in Canada (in 1955 it will merge with The Dominion Bank to become Toronto-Dominion Bank).source
1855August 31 – The First Volunteer Militia units are formed, by year end 21 Companies have been formed.Canada source
185518 November – Sødring & Co. is founded by Christopher Hansen Sødring and Frederik Marchus, Count Knuth til Knuthenborg.Denmark source
185515 December – Fredrik Meltzer, businessman and politician (born 1779).Norway source
185517 December – London General Omnibus Company established in Paris as the Compagnie Générale des Omnibus de Londres; in the following year it will absorb a substantial proportion of horse-drawn omnibus operators in London.France source
1855Premier of Newfoundland — Philip Francis LittleCanada source
1855Legal Representatives Suits ActIndia source
1855Dublin Zoo buys its first pair of lions.Ireland source
1856June 20 – General Mills is founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, as the Minneapolis Milling Company.source
185615 October – André Oscar Wallenberg establishes the Stockholms Enskilda Bank.Sweden source
1856Global financial services business Credit Suisse is founded as La Schweizerische Kreditanstalt.source
1856Adolphe Stache, Elegant CompanyBelgium source
1856Premier of Newfoundland — Philip Francis LittleCanada source
1856The Ceres Brewery is founded by Malthe Conrad Lottrup in Aarhus.Denmark source
1856Nicolai Johan Lohmann Krog, politician and Minister (born 1787)Norway source
1856Christianssands Bryggeri is founded.Norway source
1856Undated – Edward Stanley Gibbons begins the sale of collectable postage stamps in his father's pharmacy in Plymouth, origin of the firm of Stanley Gibbons.United Kingdom source
1856Richard Cory sells his provision business and begins to trade as "Richard Cory and Sons" in the coal and shipping business.Wales source
1857May 15 – Spanish financial group, Banco Santander founded in Cantabria, Spain.source
1857May 28 – Banco de Bilbao, as predecessor of BBVA is founded in Spain.source
185730 June – Hassel & Teudt is founded in Copenhagen.Denmark source
1857August 24 – Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company suspends payments, leading to the Panic of 1857.United States source
1857October 13 – Panic of 1857: New York banks close, and do not reopen until December 12.source
1857October 13 – Panic of 1857: New York banks close and do not reopen until December 12. This has an impact in Europe also.United States source
18579 November – The Western Bank of Scotland (Glasgow) collapses.Scotland source
1857Christiani & Grisson is acquired by Wilhelm Hansen.Denmark source
1857Tom Gallaher sets up the Gallaher tobacco business in Derry.Ireland source
1857Tom Gallaher sets up the Gallaher tobacco business in Ireland.United Kingdom source
1858March 4 – A speech by fire-eater James Henry Hammond of South Carolina in the United States Senate promotes the idea of "King Cotton" and the "mudsill theory" in support of slave labor.United States source
18582 August – Stock Exchange in Antwerp burns down.Belgium source
1858November 17 – Modified Julian Day zero starts on this date.source
1858December 8 – Rensselaer, Indiana is incorporated.United States source
1858The haute couture firm of Worth and Bobergh is established in Paris.source
1858The Canadian government imposes revenue tariffs on US manufactured goods to pay for railroad debts.Canada source
1858The Province of Canada releases its first decimal coinage into circulation, minted in England.Canada source
18597 June – Lauritz Dorenfeldt Jenssen, businessperson (born 1801)Norway source
1859Nillmij, a predecessor of Aegon, Dutch-based worldwide insurance company, is founded in the Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia).source
1859The Society for Promoting the Employment of Women is founded.source
1859The all-Black Victoria Pioneer Rifle Company is formed to defend British Columbia.Canada source
1859Albani Brewery is founded in Odense.Denmark source
1859East India Loan Act (British statute)India source
1859Merger of Yr Amserau and Baner Cymru.Wales source
1860TAG Heuer watchmaker founded in Bern Canton, Switzerland.source
1860National income - ₹4,100 millionIndia source
1860Indian Securities Act (British statute)India source
1860Superannuation Act (British statute)India source
1860State Bank of the Russian EmpireRussia source
1860Royal Gothenburg Yacht Club is founded.Sweden source
1860Sedalia, Missouri is incorporated.United States source
1860Founding of the Danygraig Copperworks.Wales source
1860Principality Building Society established in Cardiff as the Principality Permanent Benefit Building and Investment Society.Wales source
186115 April – Watchmaker Junghans is founded.Germany source
1861May 29 – The Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce is established.source
186131 July – Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act codifies company law.United Kingdom source
1861August 5 – In order to help pay for the war effort, the United States government issues the first income tax as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 (3% of all incomes over US$800; rescinded in 1872).source
18616 August – Coinage Offences Act, codifying the law on counterfeiting of coins.United Kingdom source
1861October 25 – The Toronto Stock Exchange is established in Canada.source
1861The Maritime and Commercial Court is established.Denmark source
1861East India Loan Act (British statute)India source
1861William Morris founds the influential furnishing company, Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co.United Kingdom source
1861Alonzo E. Deitz founds the A. E. Deitz lock company in Brooklyn, New York.United States source
18621 January – a formal partnership between Edward Harland and Gustav Wilhelm Wolff establishes the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff.Ireland source
1862April 22 – Global financial group UBS is founded in Switzerland as the Bank in Winterthur.source
186218 June - The liberalization of the Swedish economy is completed by the law of free commerce of 1864; all privileges and monopolies of the guilds are abolished, all manners of trade, craftsmanship, industries and other businesses are liberalized and allowed to be practiced freely in both the cities and the countryside by all citizens, regardless of gender, who are either of legal majority or of legal minors who have been given permits of their legal guardians.Sweden source
18627 August – Companies Act 1862 facilitates creation of limited liability companies.United Kingdom source
1862Standard Bank of British South Africa Limited is established in London.South Africa source
1862Iwai Fumisuke Shoten (岩井文助商店), predecessor of Japanese conglomerate Sojitz, is founded in Osaka.source
1862Indian Stock Transfer Act (British statute)India source
1862Prime gilt, a duty levied by Trinity House of Leith on goods coming into the port, is abolished.Scotland source
1863January 2 – Master Lucius Tar Paint Company (Teerfarbenfabrik Meister Lucius), predecessor of Hoechst as a worldwide chemical manufacturing brand, is founded in a suburb of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.source
1863February 26 – Abraham Lincoln signs the National Banking Act into law.source
1863April 2 – Southern bread riots: In Richmond, Virginia, about 5,000 people, mostly poor women, riot to protest the exorbitant price of bread.United States source
186327 July – Commercial treaty with the Austrian Empire, bringing relations into line with the free trade agreements already signed with France (1861), the United Kingdom (1862) and the Netherlands (1863).Belgium source
1863August 1 – The pharmaceutical brand Bayer is founded by Friedrich Bayer in Germany.source
186317 September – royal burgh of Linlithgow enters bankruptcy.Scotland source
18633 November – Banker wins the Melbourne Cup, in the smallest field in Cup history of six horses.Australia source
1863December 15 – Gerard Adriaan Heineken, 22, buys the brewery 'De Hooiberg' ("The Haystack") in Amsterdam.source
186326 December – Solvay chemical company founded.Belgium source
1863Rubber goods company Metzeler is founded in Munich.Germany source
1863Teerfarbenfabrik Meister, Lucius & Co., predecessor of Hoechst AG, founded at Höchst (Frankfurt) for the manufacture of green dye from coal tar.Germany source
1863India Stock Certificate Act (British statute)India source
1864February 15 – Heineken Brewery is founded in the Netherlands.source
1864April 22 – The United States Congress passes the Coinage Act of 1864, which makes privately issued Civil War tokens illegal. An additional law is passed on June 8 to include all private coinage.source
1864April 22 – The U.S. Congress passes the Coinage Act of 1864 which mandates that the inscription "In God We Trust" be placed on all coins minted as United States currency.United States source
1864May 4 – Société Générale, a major financial group in France, is founded.source
18644 May – Société Générale bank established in Paris.France source
1864Yasudaya Currency Exchange Bank, as predecessor of Mizuho Financial Group, is founded in Edo (modern-day Tokyo), Japan.source
1864Merchants Bank of Halifax, as predecessor of Royal Bank of Canada, founded in Nova Scotia.source
1864Foundation of the Munster Bank, later rescued as the Munster & Leinster Bank, a constituent of Allied Irish Banks.Ireland source
1864Banco Nacional Ultramarino establishedPortugal source
1864The National Bank of Scotland becomes the first Scottish bank to open an office in London.Scotland source
1864The Skandinaviska Banken founded.Sweden source
1864Joseph Hepworth sets up his tailoring business in Leeds, predecessor of Next plc.United Kingdom source
1865January 4 – The New York Stock Exchange opens its first permanent headquarters at 10-12 Broad near Wall Street, in New York City.source
18653 March – Thomas Sutherland founds the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.Scotland source
18653 March – Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, founded by Scottish businessman Thomas Sutherland, begins operation in British Hong Kong.United Kingdom source
1865May 12 – Electric equipment and mobile brand Nokia founded in Tampere, Finland.source
186521 August — Law on tariffs and customs reform published.Belgium source
1865Economic depression hits South Africa.South Africa source
1865December 11 – The United States Congress creates the United States House Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Banking and Commerce, reducing the tasks of the House Committee on Ways and Means.source
1865December 11 – The U.S. Congress creates the House Appropriations Committee and the Committee on Banking and Commerce, reducing the tasks of the Committee on Ways and Means.United States source
1865The National Temperance Society and Publishing House is founded by James Black in the U.S.source
1865Arnott's Biscuits is founded by Scottish baker William Arnott.Australia source
1865Shapoorji Pallonji Group, Mumbai based business conglomerate, was foundedIndia source
1865P&O Bank purchased Allahabad BankIndia source
18667 January – Le Peuple (predecessor organisation of Belgian Labour Party) joins First International.Belgium source
186617 April – The Tariff Bill passes through the Parliament of Victoria; Australia's first protective tariffs become law the following day.Australia source
1866May 10 – London bank Overend, Gurney and Company collapses, precipitating Panic of 1866.source
186611 May – London bank Overend, Gurney and Company collapses precipitating a financial crisis.United Kingdom source
186620 July – Arthur Macalister resigns as Premier of Queensland during a bank crisis, he resumes his post on 7 August as the crisis easedAustralia source
1866December 4 – The London Conference on resolutions discussed in 1864, to be added to the British North America Act.Canada source
1866Magirus, as predecessor of a major worldwide commercial vehicles manufacturing brand, Iveco, is founded in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.source
1866Foundation of the predecessors of Nestlé S.A., the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company and Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé.source
1866The piano manufacturer Heintzman & Co. is incorporated.Canada source
1866The Viceroy's Executive Council, Sir Henry Maine and Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, passed the Indian Companies ActIndia source
1866Machilipatnam Municipal Corporation was constituted as a municipalityIndia source
186715 March – 'Conference of Trades' first meets; later forming the nucleus of the Trades Union Congress.United Kingdom source
1867March 23 – William III of the Netherlands accepts an offer of 5,000,000 guilders from Napoleon III for the sale of Luxembourg, leading to the Luxembourg Crisis.source
186724 July - Law on Sociétés anonymes.France source
186716 October – English immigrant James Nash reports to authorities that he has discovered 75 ounces of alluvial gold in a creek at Gympie, Queensland. The find sparks a gold rush to the area, saving the colony of Queensland from bankruptcy.Australia source
1867Margarine Unie, at the time named Antoon Jurgens United, a predecessor of the Unilever, worldwide toiletries, beauty care and beverage brand, is founded in Netherlands.source
1867Delhaize, as predecessor for Ahold Delhaize, a major retail group in Europe, is founded in Belgium.source
1867Date unknown - Germanischer Lloyd was founded.Germany source
1867Balmer Lawrie manufacturing company was founded in CalcuttaIndia source
1867The scandal of the great bankruptcy of the heiress Louise von Fersen (1816–1879) attracts attention.Sweden source
1867Artizans, Labourers & General Dwellings Company formed.United Kingdom source
1868March 24 – The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company is formed, in New York City.source
1868June 2 – The first Trades Union Congress is held in Manchester, England.source
18682 June – the first Trades Union Congress is held in Manchester.United Kingdom source
1868The Dortmunder Actien Brauerei is founded in Germany.source
1868Tata Group is founded by Jamsetji Tata as a trading company in India.source
1868The Herrenhäuser Brewery is founded in Hanover.Germany source
1868Dadabhai Naroji computed the National Income of India ( Annual Per capita Income ) to be Rs. 20.India source
1868Tata Group is founded By Jamsethji Tata.India source
1868The Foreign & Colonial Investment Trust is founded by Philip Rose as The Foreign & Colonial Government Trust, the world's first collective investment scheme.United Kingdom source
18692 May - Folies Bergère opens in Paris as the Folies Trévise.France source
18691 June – the telephone company Det Store Nordiske Telegrafselskab A/S, present-day GN Store Nord A/S, is founded as the result of merging three recently established telephone companies.Denmark source
1869September 24 – Black Friday: The James Fisk–Jay Gould Scandal causes a financial panic in the United States.source
1869September 24 – Black Friday: The Fisk-Gould Scandal causes a financial panic in the United States.United States source
1869October 9 – Sir Francis Hincks becomes Minister of FinanceCanada source
1869Campbell Soup Company is founded in New Jersey, United States.source
1869The investment bank Goldman Sachs is founded in New York.source
1869The Co-operative Central Board (later Co-operatives UK) is founded in Manchester, England.source
1869Heinz, as predecessor of Kraft Heinz, a worldwide food processing and cheese brand, founded in Pennsylvania, United States.source
1869Rud. Rasmussen, a wooden furniture manufacturing company, is founded.Denmark source
1869New Zealand Cup winner: MainsailNew Zealand source
1869The Caledonian Brewery is established in Shandon, Edinburgh, by George Lorimer and Robert Clark.Scotland source
1869The H. J. Heinz Company is founded as Heinz Noble & Company in Sharpsburg, Pennsylvania.United States source
1870January 10 – John D. Rockefeller incorporates Standard Oil.source
1870February 10 – Anaheim, California, is incorporated.source
1870February 26 – The German Commerzbank is founded in Hamburg.source
187026 February – German company Commerzbank is founded in Hamburg.Germany source
1870March 10 – Deutsche Bank is founded in Berlin.source
1870March – The Mitsubishi Company is established in Japan as a shipping firm, by Iwasaki Yatarō with Thomas Blake Glover.source
187019 May – the Home Government Association is established in Ireland by Isaac Butt to argue for devolution for Ireland and repeal of the Act of Union 1800.United Kingdom source
18706 July – Chartered Institute of Bankers in Scotland founded, the world's oldest such organisation.Scotland source
1870Gulgong, New South Wales, is founded.Australia source
1870Botanical Garden of Brussels (founded 1826) bought by the Belgian state.Belgium source
1870National income - ₹3,332 millionIndia source
1870The Russian Tax Debate of 1870–1871Russia source
18711 January – Belgium repeals import duty on salt.Belgium source
1871April – The Stockholms Handelsbank is founded.source
1871June 27 – The Meiji government officially adopts the yen as Japan's modern unit of currency. Coins which have been made in advance with the date 1870 are released into circulation.source
1871June 27 – The yen becomes the country's national currency.Japan source
1871June 29 – Trade unions are legalized in the United Kingdom by the Trade Union Act 1871.source
187129 June – trade unions are legalised by the Trade Union Act but the Criminal Law Amendment Act criminalises coercion in a trade dispute.United Kingdom source
18715 October – Den Danske Landmandsbank, Hypothek- og Vexelbank i Kjøbenhavn, present-day Danske Bank, is founded.Denmark source
1871October 8 – Continental AG is founded as Continental-Caoutchouc und Gutta-Percha Compagnie in Hanover, Germany.source
1871December 19 – The city of Birmingham, Alabama, is incorporated with the merger of three existing towns.source
1871December 19 – The city of Birmingham, Alabama, is incorporated with the merger of three pre-existing towns.United States source
1871German company Continental is founded in Hannover.Germany source
1871National income - ₹3,348 millionIndia source
1871Geologiska föreningen is founded.Sweden source
1872April – Japan introduces its first modern paper currency (designed by Italian engraver Edoardo Chiossone) in the form of Meiji Tsuho notes. These are initially worth up to 1 yen before higher denominations are printed/released in June and August.source
1872June 14 – Trade unions are legalised in Canada.source
1872July 1 – Schenker, predecessor of DB Schenker, the worldwide logistics and freight operator, is founded in Vienna, Austria.source
1872September 4 – The New York Sun breaks the story on the Crédit Mobilier of America scandalUnited States source
1872November 12 – Dresdner Bank is founded in Dresden, Germany.source
187212 November – Dresdner Bank is foundedGermany source
1872November 22 – "Spitzeder Swindle": Adele Spitzeder's pioneering Ponzi scheme in Munich collapses.source
1872Kimberly, Clark and Co. is founded in Neenah, Wisconsin, by John A. Kimberly, Charles B. Clark, Havilah Babcock and Franklyn C. Shattuck.source
1872Simpson's chain of stores founded.Canada source
1872date unknown - The shipping company CSAV is founded.Chile source
1872Fritz Hansen, a furniture design company, is founded.Denmark source
1872Chargeurs established as a shipping company.France source
1872National income - ₹3,376 millionIndia source
1872Olav Kavli, businessperson and cheese scientistNorway source
1873February 12 – The Coinage Act of 1873 in the United States is signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant. Coming into effect on April 1, it ends bimetallism in the U.S., and places the country on the gold standard.source
1873March 29 – The Rio Tinto Company is formed in Spain, following the February 17 purchase of the Rio Tinto Mine from the Spanish government by a British investment group.source
1873March – Robert Fleming & Co. founded by Robert Fleming in Dundee as a series of investment trusts including the Scottish American Investment Company (co-founded with William Menzies)Scotland source
18735 May – The Scandinavian Monetary Union, a monetary union with Sweden, is formed, pegging the countries' currencies to each other.Denmark source
18735 May - The Scandinavian Monetary Union is founded. Swedish krona becomes the currency, replacing the riksdaler, in the effort to create a central, trans-national currency in Scandinavia.Sweden source
1873May 9 – Der Gründerkrach: The Wiener Börse (Vienna stock exchange) crash in Austria-Hungary ends the Gründerzeit, and heralds the global Panic of 1873 and Long Depression.source
187318 May – Law allowing the formation of limited liability companies.Belgium source
1873July 9 – The government of Otto von Bismarck in a united Germany introduces the gold mark, a unified currency to replace the various legal tender of the nation-states of the German Confederation..source
1873September 18 – The New York stock market crashes as the Jay Cooke & Company investment firm declares bankruptcy, triggering the Panic of 1873, part of the Long Depression.source
1873September 18 – The New York stock market crash triggers the Panic of 1873, part of the Long Depression.United States source
1873November 8 – Winnipeg incorporated as a city.Canada source
1873December 16 – The Heineken Brewery is founded in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.source
1873The Swedish arms company Aktiebolaget (AB) Bofors-Gullspång, better known as Bofors, is founded.source
1873The Married Woman's Property Rights Association is founded in Sweden.source
1873Konishiya Rokubei, predecessor of the Konica Minolta worldwide imaging brand, is founded in Tokyo, Japan.source
1873The Baden gulden, the Bavarian gulden, the Bremen thaler, the Hamburg mark, the Hesse-Kassel vereinsthaler, the Mecklenburg vereinsthaler, the Prussian vereinsthaler, the Saxon vereinsthaler, the South German gulden and the Württemberg gulden are all abolished and replaced with the new single currency of the German Empire, the German gold mark.Germany source
1873Government Savings Promotion ActIndia source
1874Schindler Group, known for escalators and elevators, is founded in Switzerland.source
1874The 25 øre coin is introduced on the decimalisation of the krone. It remains in circulation until 2008, when it is demonetised as the lowest-denomination coin in the country.Denmark source
1874German company HeidelbergCement is founded.Germany source
1874The Danish krone was introduced to Iceland, replacing the earlier Danish currency, the rigsdaler.Iceland source
1874East India Company is dissolved.India source
1874National income - ₹3,507 millionIndia source
1874Coulburn Lobnitz & Company establish the shipbuilding business that will become known as Lobnitz in Renfrew.Scotland source
1874Depression of 1873–79 (1873–1879)United States source
1874The Welsh Flannel Company is established at Holywell.Wales source
18751 January – the krone replaces the rigsdaler as the official currency of Denmark.Denmark source
1875March 3 – The Page Act of 1875 is enacted in the United States, effectively prohibiting the immigration of Chinese women.source
187527 May – German company Soennecken is foundedGermany source
1875July 9 – Asia's first stock exchange is established as The Native Share & Stock Brokers Association (the modern-day Bombay Stock Exchange).source
18759 July - Bombay Stock Exchange known as BSE, Indian stock market was foundedIndia source
1875July 28 – Joe Borden throws the first no-hitter in baseball history versus Mike Golden and the Chicago White Stockings in his third start as a replacement for Cherokee Fisher as a member of the Philadelphia White Stockingssource
1875October – The Ottoman state declares partial bankruptcy, and places its finances in the hands of European creditors. It is also suffering widespread nationalist rebellions resulting in Russian intervention and Great Power tensions.source
1875Delhaize brothers go into retail business.Belgium source
1875American trading company Augustine Heard & Co. becomes bankruptChina source
1875Thorvaldsensfélagið is foundedIceland source
1875New Zealand Cup winner: NectarNew Zealand source
1875Depression of 1873–79 (1873–1879)United States source
1876May 10 – Major pharmaceutical brand Eli Lilly is founded in Indiana, United States.source
187619 May – Sir Edmund Buckley, 1st Baronet, files for bankruptcy in Manchester with debts exceeding £500,000, causing his Dinas Mawddwy estate to be put up for sale.Wales source
1876June – Dublin Artisans' Dwellings Company established.Ireland source
1876August 1 – Senate votes to acquit former Secretary of War William W. Belknap of all impeached charges relating to the trader post scandal.United States source
1876September 26 – Global consumer goods and personal care company Henkel is founded by Friedrich Karl Henkel in Aachen, Germany.source
1876December 2 – Chugai Economic Daily, predecessor of Nikkei Economic Daily (Nihon Keizai Shinbun), is first issued in Tokyo, Japan.source
1876Adolphus Busch's brewery, Anheuser-Busch in St. Louis, Missouri, first markets Budweiser, a pale lager, as a nationally sold beer.source
1876Star Oil Company, predecessor of the global Chevron energy product and sales brand, is founded in California.source
1876Julius Mortensen Shipping, present-day United Shipping & Trading Company, is founded in Fredericia.Denmark source
1876Customs Consolidation Act (British statute)India source
1876National income - ₹3,887 millionIndia source
1876Date unknown - Lars Magnus Ericsson founds Ericsson.Sweden source
1876Depression of 1873–79 (1873–1879)United States source
187714 March – Trade agreement with Romania signed in Brussels.Belgium source
187724 April – six Scotch whisky distilleries combine to form Distillers Company.Scotland source
1877Sir Wilfrid Laurier is appointed Canadian Minister of Inland RevenueCanada source
1877German company Blohm+Voss is founded.Germany source
1877East India Loan Act (British statute)India source
1877Depression of 1873–79 (1873–1879)United States source
1877Jesse Boot takes over the family shop in Nottingham, the foundation of Boots the chemists.United Kingdom source
1878May 15 – The Tokyo Stock Exchange is established.source
1878November 26 – American-born artist James McNeill Whistler's libel case against English critic John Ruskin, over a review of the painting Nocturne in Black and Gold – The Falling Rocket (in which Whistler is described as "flinging a pot of paint in the public's face"), is decided in the High Court of Justice in London. Whistler wins a farthing in nominal damages and only half of the costs, leading to his bankruptcy, and alienates patrons.source
1878Geiger (corporation), formed as Geiger Brothers.source
18788–9 January – "Black Wednesday", 300 senior public servants are sacked in Victoria by the government of Graham Berry as revenge against the Legislative Council, on the grounds that as the appropriation bill had not been passed in the council, they could not be paid.Australia source
1878National income - ₹3,960 millionIndia source
1878West coast shipping operator David Hutcheson & Co. passes wholly to control of David MacBrayne.Scotland source
1878Depression of 1873–79 (1873–1879)United States source
1878The prison system in Wales is nationalised and brought under centralised government control.Wales source
1879March 12 – Sir John A. Macdonald introduces protective tariffs on manufactured goods being imported into Canada, a transcontinental railway, and immigration to the west in his National Policy.Canada source
18791 April – Dundee Stock Exchange established.Scotland source
1879June 21 – German chemical company Linde is founded by Carl von Linde.source
187921 June – German chemical company Linde is founded.Germany source
187912 July – The German tariff of 1879 is voted for by a majority of 100 in the Reichstag.Germany source
1879August 1 – Tokio Marine (insurer) is founded in Japan, as Tokio Marine Holdings.source
187910 November – Tandanor, a worker-owned shipyard, is founded in Buenos Aires.Argentina source
1879The Bombay Dyeing & Mfg. Co. Ltd., a textile company, establishedIndia source
1879The Kverneland Group was established by Ole Gabriel Kverneland.Norway source
1879Depression of 1873–79 (1873–1879)United States source
18803 April – German company Munich Re is founded.Germany source
1880August 26 – Competing circus owners P. T. Barnum and James A. Bailey sign a contract in Bridgeport, Connecticut, to create the Barnum & Bailey Circus. In 1907, the circus will merge forces with another competitor, the Ringling Brothers Circus.source
1880October 1 – German company Munich Re is founded in Munich.source
1880German company Bilfinger is founded.Germany source
1880India Stock (Powers of Attorney) Act (British statute)India source
1880The III Branch of the Imperial Chancellery was abolishedRussia source
1880A. & R. Scott begin producing the predecessor of Scott's Porage Oats in Scotland.United Kingdom source
1881February 14 – Pine City, Minnesota, is incorporated.United States source
1881February 25 – Phoenix, Arizona, is incorporated.source
188112 May – The Romanian National Party is founded by the union of the National Party of Romanians in Transylvania (Partidul Național al Românilor din Transilvania) and the National Party of Romanians in Banat and Hungary (Partidul Național al Românilor din Banat și Ungaria).Romania source
1881De Danske Spritfabrikker is founded by C.F. Tietgen, Isidor Henius and C.A. Olesen through the merger of a number of existing distilleries.Denmark source
1881First commercial bank of India was established (Oudh Commercial Bank). Having an entirely Indian board of directors. In Faizabad, IndiaIndia source
1881The Auckland Association is formed.New Zealand source
1881The government passes the Chinese Immigration Act 1881. This imposes a £10 tax per Chinese person entering New Zealand, and permits only one Chinese immigrant for every 10 tons of cargo.New Zealand source
1881Clydebank Co-operative Society formed.Scotland source
1882January 2 – The Standard Oil Trust is secretly created in the United States to control multiple corporations set up by John D. Rockefeller and his associates.source
1882January 2 – The Standard Oil Trust (monopoly) is secretly created to control multiple corporations set up by John D. Rockefeller and his associates.United States source
1882March 28 – German medical products company Beiersdorf is founded.source
188228 March – German company Beiersdorf was founded.Germany source
18821 May – Helsingør Shipyard is founded by Mads Christian Holm.Denmark source
188210 June – Hjedding Dairy is established as Denmark's first cooperative dairy.Denmark source
1882August 3 – The United States Congress passes the Immigration Act of 1882, imposing a head tax on immigrants to the U.S. and excluding undesirables.source
1882August 3 – The U.S. Congress passes the Immigration Act of 1882, imposing a head tax on arrivals in the U.S., excluding undesirable immigrants, and setting up a federal bureaucracy to manage immigration.United States source
1882August 5 – Standard Oil of New Jersey, the company later known as ExxonMobil, is established.source
1882The North Bay Police Service is founded.Canada source
1882Founding of Albion Rovers F.C. through the amalgamation of two Coatbridge clubs, Albion and Rovers.Scotland source
1882Albion Rovers F.C. (through the amalgamation of two Coatbridge clubs, Albion and Rovers) in industrial west Scotland.United Kingdom source
188313 August – Coventry City F.C. are formed as "Singers F.C."United Kingdom source
1883The J. Boag & Son brewery is established in Launceston, Tasmania.Australia source
1883Emil Christian Hansen from Carlsberg develops a method for propagating pure yeast which revolutionises the brewing industry. The yeast is named Saccharomyces Carlsbergensis after the brewery.Denmark source
1883Harboe's Brewery is founded in Skælskør.Denmark source
1883German company AEG is founded in Berlin.Germany source
1883the New Zealand Shipping Company was formed in Christchurch.New Zealand source
1883A depression starts in Seattle, Washington, United States.United States source
1883Depression of 1882–85 (1882–1885)United States source
1884January 11 — Clara Oriol de la Huerta, First Lady of Mexico (1920) (died 1967)Mexico source
1884April 21 – Hammond, Indiana, is incorporated a city.United States source
1884May 4 – The Panic of 1884 creates a credit shortage that accelerates the current United States economic recession into the Depression of 1882–1885.source
1884May 16 – Sweden's Finance Minister Robert Themptander becomes his country's Prime Minister (1884–88).source
1884June 2 – Banamex was formed from the merger of Banco Nacional Mexicano and Banco Mercantil Mexicano, two banks that had operated since the beginning of 1882.Mexico source
188416 June – The South Australian government of John Bray lost a no confidence motion over the introduction of a new tax and Bray was replaced as premier by the opposition leader John Colton.Australia source
188412 July – The foundation stone of the National Bank of Romania is laid.Romania source
18846 December – Representation of the People Act ("Third Reform Act") extends the franchise uniformly across the U.K. to all male tenants paying a £10 rental or occupying land to that value, and restricts multiple voting; this increases the Irish electorate from 126,000 to 738,000.Ireland source
1884German company Glastechnisches Laboratorium Schott & Genossen was founded, later becoming Schott AGGermany source
1884Depression of 1882–85 (1882–1885)United States source
1885May – The Depression of 1882–85 ends.United States source
1885July 16 – BHP (Broken Hill Proprietary), a worldwide mining and natural gas producer is founded in New South Wales, Australia.source
1885July 20 – The Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 was enacted. The act imposed a $50 head tax on Chinese immigrants, with the exceptions of diplomats, government representatives, tourists, merchants, "men of science", and students. The act came after a big wave of Chinese immigrants going to Canada.Canada source
1885July – Japan Brewery, predecessor of Kirin Holdings, is founded in Yokohama, Japan.source
188510 August – BHP, later to become the world's largest mining company, is registered as a company in Victoria.Australia source
1885October 12 – The city of Fresno, California, is incorporated.source
1885The Danish Union of Joiners is established.Denmark source
1885The National Bank (Landsbanki) is founded in Reykjavik.Iceland source
1885East India Unclaimed Stock Act (British statute)India source
1885Auckland Cup winner: Nelson (Australian owned)New Zealand source
1885Under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, the constituencies of Denbighshire, Glamorganshire, North and South Monmouthshire are among those disestablished.Wales source
188623 May – Romania introduces a tariff on imported goods to protect local industry, which leads to Austria-Hungary introducing new custom duties on imports and the Romanian-Austro-Hungarian customs war. It lasts until December 1893.Romania source
18861 July – The national bank (Landsbanki) begins operations.Iceland source
1886September – Avon Products, a worldwide cosmetics and household brand is founded by David H. McConnell in New York City, United States.source
188615 November – Robert Bosch GmbH is founded.Germany source
188628 December – Peder Sather, banker and philanthropist (born 1810)Norway source
1886Scotch whisky distiller William Grant & Sons is founded.source
1886Yorkshire Tea is established in Harrogate, England.source
1886Johnson & Johnson, which becomes a multinational brand, begins manufacturing healthcare products in New Jersey, United States.source
1886Food product and processing brand Del Monte Foods is founded in California, United States.source
1886Auckland Cup – Nelson (Australian owned)New Zealand source
1886Burmah Oil founded as the Rangoon Oil Company in Glasgow by David Sime Cargill.Scotland source
1886Undated – Arthur Hinds & Company, later Barnes & Noble booksellers, is founded in New York City.United States source
1886The corporation of the Borough of Holt is dissolved.Wales source
1887March 3 – The United States imposes the Fisheries Retaliation Act putting limits on Canadian fishermen and tradersCanada source
188723 May – Slagelse B&I is founded in Slagelse.Denmark source
188720 June – Jubilee coinage first issued, including the only issue of a double florin.United Kingdom source
1887June 28 – Minot, North Dakota, is incorporated as a city.source
188714 July – A strict protectionist tariff is established in Italy in an attempt to support fledgling industry, applicable from 1 January 1888. It marked the start of a tariff war with France that led to the economic crisis of 1888-1894.Italy source
1887October 12 – Yamaha Corporation, the global musical instrument and audiovisual brand, is founded as Yamaha Organ Manufacturing in Hamamatsu, Japan.source
1887December 25 – Glenfiddich single malt Scotch whisky is first produced.source
1887Nagase Shoten (長瀬商店), predecessor of Japanese cosmetics and toiletry brand Kao Corporation, is founded in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, Japan.source
1887Tokyo Fire Insurance, predecessor of Sompo Japan Nipponkoa Insurance, is founded.source
1887American financial services company A. G. Edwards is founded by General Albert Gallatin Edwards in St. Louis, Missouri.source
1887Global construction and real estate development company Skanska is founded in Malmö, Sweden.source
1887Conversion Of India Stock Act (British statute)India source
1887George Roe & Company Distillers becomes the largest distillery in Europe.Ireland source
1887Richard John Lloyd Price establishes a Welsh whisky distillery on his Rhiwlas estate at Frongoch.Wales source
18881 March — As a reaction to the strict protectionist tariff established in Italy in July 1887, France introduced a discriminatory trade tariff, and Italy raised their duties on French goods by 50%; initiating a full-scale tariff war. The short-term effects of the tariff war would be dramatic: "Trade between the two countries was halved. Italian exports to France fell from an average of 444 million lire in 1881-87 to an average of 165 million lire in 1888-90; the French share of Italian exports fell from 41 per cent to 18 per cent. Imports from France went down from 307 million to 164 million lire. Only about one-third of the lost export market could be made up elsewhere. Silk and wine were particularly affected, although rice, dairy produce and cattle exports all suffered."Italy source
1888March 13 – The De Beers diamond mining conglomerate is founded by Cecil Rhodes in Kimberley, Northern Cape (South Africa).source
1888March 13 – De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd. is founded in Kimberley.South Africa source
1888May 10 – Nippon Oil Corporation, predecessor of Eneos, a petroleum and gas energy brand in Japan, is founded in Niigata Prefecture.source
1888May 12 – The North Borneo Chartered Company's territories (including Sabah) become the British protectorate of North Borneo.source
188817 June – Hans Jensen, businessperson (born 1817)Norway source
188824 September – Stock exchange opened at Greenock.Scotland source
1888October – Salt Union Ltd formed to achieve an effective monopoly over British salt production.United Kingdom source
1888Katz's Delicatessen is founded on the Lower East Side of Manhattan.source
1888date unknown – Antofagasta PLC is established.Chile source
1888Jeweller and glass designer René Lalique establishes the Lalique luxury goods business in Paris.France source
1888Auckland Cup winner (January) – Nelson (Australian owned)New Zealand source
188913 April – German company Rheinmetall was founded.Germany source
1889May 28 – Rubber tire company Michelin is registered by Édouard and André Michelin in Clermont-Ferrand, France.source
188928 May – The Michelin rubber tire company is registered by Édouard and André Michelin in Clermont-Ferrand.France source
1889In June 1889 inspections of the Banca Romana by a government commission revealed serious irregularities in its administration and accounts and that 91 percent of the assets of the bank were illiquid. Prime Minister Francesco Crispi and his Treasury Minister Giovanni Giolitti knew of the 1889 government inspection report, but feared that exposure might undermine public confidence and suppressed the report. The inspections followed the suspension of payments of three banks in Turin, that were seriously involved in building speculation in Rome.Italy source
1889August 14–September 15 – London Dock Strike: Dockers strike for a minimum wage of sixpence an hour ("The dockers' tanner"), which they eventually receive, a landmark in the development of New Unionism in Britain.source
1889September 23 – The Nintendo Koppai (later Nintendo Company, Limited) is founded in Japan by Fusajiro Yamauchi, to produce and market Hanafuda playing cards.source
1889October 29 – The British South Africa Company receives a Royal Charter.source
188929 October – British South Africa Company receives a Royal Charter.United Kingdom source
188924 December – The former royal family receive official notice that they will never be allowed to return to Brazil.Brazil source
1889founding of Falabella (retail store)Chile source
1889founding of S.A.C.I. FalabellaChile source
1889Ketil Motzfeldt, politician and Minister (born 1814)Norway source
1890February 5 – The worldwide insurance and financial service brand Allianz is founded in Berlin, Germany.source
18905 February – German company Allianz is founded in Berlin.Germany source
1890June 16 – Royal Dutch Petroleum, predecessor of Royal Dutch Shell, the major worldwide energy production and sales company, is founded in the Netherlands to develop an oilfield in Pangkalan Brandan, North Sumatra.source
189016 July - German company Mannesmann is founded in Düsseldorf.Germany source
1890August 23 – The BOVESPA stock exchange is founded in São Paulo, Brazil.source
18909 December – The Finance Minister, Giovanni Giolitti, and the Minister of Public Works, Gaspare Finali, resign over a contrast on the Ministry of Public Works expenses.Italy source
1890Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts is founded. Pierre Puvis de Chavannes is president and co-founder.France source
1890A study finds that the most common Irish surnames are Murphy, Kelly, O'Sullivan and Walshe.Ireland source
1890Establishment of the Niassa Company.Portugal source
1890Baring crisis, a financial panic precipitated by the need to guarantee Barings Bank's risky debts in Argentina.United Kingdom source
1891January 15 – Foundation of Critica Sociale by Filippo Turati and Anna Kuliscioff, the most influential Marxist review in Italy from 1891 to 1898, tackling all the serious public problems of 1890s: banking scandals, repression of the Fasci Siciliani unrest, the colonial war in Africa, and food riots.Italy source
189111 February - Establishment of the Mozambique Company.Portugal source
189113 April - Howard Moffat founds newspaper Daily Commercial News, which runs for 108 years before merging with Lloyd's List Australia Weekly to form Lloyd's List DCN.Australia source
1891May 29 – In the Italian Chamber of Deputies, Giovanni Bovio proposes the abandonment of the African expansion policy, but his proposal, supported only by the Extreme Left, is rejected on 6 June.Italy source
1891August Thyssen and Joseph Thyssen found German steel company Thyssen.Germany source
1891September 29 – Thyssen, predecessor of the Thyssen Krupp worldwide conglomerate, is founded in Duisburg, Germany.source
1891A predecessor of the Japanese personal care brand Lion Corporation is founded as Kobayashi Tomijirō Shōten (小林富次郎商店).source
189116–22 August – International Socialist Labor Congress of BrusselsBelgium source
1891International Electrotechnical Exhibition in Frankfurt am MainGermany source
1891Belfast Celtic F.C. is founded.Ireland source
1892February 18 – Pennsauken Township, New Jersey is incorporated.United States source
1892April 15 – The General Electric Company is established through the merger of the Thomson-Houston Electric Company and the Edison General Electric Company.source
1892May 10 – Glen Ellyn, Illinois is incorporated.United States source
1892July 4 – Samoa changes its time zone from 4 hours ahead of Japan to being 3 hours behind California, such that it crosses the International Date Line, and Monday, July 4 occurs twice.source
1892September 15 – Sergei Witte replaces Ivan Vyshnegradsky as Russian finance minister.source
1892December 6 – Giolitti's Treasury Minister, Bernardino Grimaldi, and Agriculture Minister, Pietro Lacava, introduce a bill aimed at providing the existing banks the right to issue currency for another six years. The close friendship of Grimaldi with the governor of the Banca Romana, Bernardo Tanlongo, increased suspicion of wrongdoing in Banca Romana scandal.Italy source
18927 December – Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co, a leading case in English contract law.United Kingdom source
1892December 20 – The Socialist deputy Napoleone Colajanni reads out long extracts of a report on the Banca Romana in Parliament and Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti is forced to appoint an expert commission to investigate the Banca Romana scandal.Italy source
1892Panama scandals: The Panama Canal Company bankruptcy is found to have involved over 800,000 French people (including 15,000 single women) losing their investments in stocks, bonds and founder shares of the company, to the sum of approximately 1.8 billion gold Francs.France source
1892Superannuation Act (British statute)India source
1892The Knights of the Plough, a farm labourers' body, predecessor of the Irish Land and Labour Association, is founded by Benjamin Pellin in Narraghmore, County Kildare.Ireland source
189330 January – The Federal Bank collapses, starting the Australian banking crisis of 1893.Australia source
189330 January – Old Head coinage introduced.United Kingdom source
1893March 20 – Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti presents a bill to reorganize the banking system.Italy source
1893May 5 – Panic of 1893: A crash on the New York Stock Exchange starts a depression.source
189320 June – Zentis, a confectionery and preserve concern, begins trading in Aachen.Germany source
189328 October - The Banco de Chile is founded.Chile source
1893December 20 – Evergreen Park, Illinois, is incorporated.source
1893Unknown date – Nagoya Life Insurance, as predecessor of T&D Holdings has founded.Japan source
1893Associação Naval 1º de Maio foundedPortugal source
1893Sisters Patty and Mildred J. Hill publish Song Stories for the Kindergarten including "Good Morning to All", which later becomes known as "Happy Birthday to You".United States source
1894January 1 – the town of Calgary is incorporated as a cityCanada source
1894May 17 – Testimony at the Banca Romana scandal trial reveals that former Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti had been aware of the financial disorder at the Banca Romana in 1889 already, but had held back that information. Gioltti also allegedly received money from the bank for election purposes.Italy source
1894August 31 – New Zealand enacts the world's first minimum wage law, to take effect on January 1, in the passage of the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 1894.source
189425 December – Julius Nicolai Jacobsen, businessperson and politician (born 1829)Norway source
1894The Australian Workers' Union is formed from the joining of the Amalgamated Shearers' Union of Australasia and the General Labourers' Union.Australia source
1894The German company Wintershall is founded.Germany source
1894Hið íslenska kvenfélag is founded in Reykjavík.Iceland source
1894Punjab National Bank was founded by Lala Lajpat RaiIndia source
1894New Zealand enacts the world's first national minimum wage law, by the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act.New Zealand source
1895January 21 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules in United States v. E. C. Knight Co. that Congress and the U.S. federal government cannot regulate manufacturing, and dismisses an antitrust lawsuit against American Sugar Refining Company, which controls 98 percent of sugar refining in the United States.source
189524 January – Compagnie Maritime Belge foundedBelgium source
1895February 20 – The gold reserve of the U.S. Treasury is saved when J. P. Morgan and the Rothschilds loan $65 million worth of gold to the United States government. The offering of syndicate bonds sells out only 22 minutes after the New York market opens, and just two hours after going on sale in London.source
189529 March – The National Trust acquires Dinas Oleu, Barmouth, its first property in the UK.Wales source
1895April 16 – The town of Sturgeon Falls, Ontario, is incorporated.Canada source
1895April 24 – The Supreme Court decides that former Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti cannot not be tried by an ordinary civil court, as Giolitti had argued since he had made his accusations against the involvement of current Prime Minister Crispi in the Banca Romana scandal in the Italian Chamber of Deputies. Only the Senate could hear the case. Giolitti had been accused of embezzlement of judiciary document as well as libel against Crispi and his wife, and had been summoned before the courts after the Public Prosecutor, sustained by lower courts, had started the prosecution.Italy source
1895July 31 – The Basque Nationalist Party (Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea-Partido Nacionalista Vasco) is founded by Sabino Arana.source
1895December 13 – The Chamber declines to indict former Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti, who had asked to be brought for the Senate, as part of the Banca Romana scandal.Italy source
1895The Swarovski Company is founded by Armand Kosman, Franz Weis and Daniel Swarovski in the Austrian Tyrol, for the production of crystal glass.source
1895The Raiffeisen model of Cooperative Credit and Saving Bank, predecessor of Rabobank, a worldwide multiple financial service provider, is founded in the Netherlands.source
1895Belfast Botanic Gardens becomes a public park when Belfast Corporation purchases the gardens from the Belfast Botanical and Horticultural Society.Ireland source
1895Top New Zealand stakes earner – MahakiNew Zealand source
1895The gold reserve of the U.S. Treasury is saved when J. P. Morgan and the Rothschilds loan $65 million worth of gold to the United States government.United States source
1896March 9 – Responding to national outrage at the defeat at Adwa, Italian Prime Minister Francesco Crispi resigns.source
189628 March – Tom Gallaher incorporates the Gallaher tobacco business and opens the world's largest tobacco factory in Belfast.Ireland source
1896May 13 – The Franchise Bill is passed by Natal's Legislative Assembly, disfranchising natives of other countries.South Africa source
1896May 26 – Eleven years after its foundation, a group of 12 purely industrial stocks are chosen to form the Dow Jones Industrial Average in the U.S. The index is composed entirely of industrial shares for the first time.source
1896July 14 – Di Rudini reforms his Cabinet, getting support from Giovanni Giolitti and Giuseppe Zanardelli. Luigi Luzzatti becomes Minister of the Treasury and Luigi Pelloux Minister of War.Italy source
1896July 26 – The International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress opens in London.source
189626 July–1 August – International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress held in London.United Kingdom source
1896July: The Waikato Times and Waikato Advocate merge, and the former moves to daily publication.New Zealand source
1896August 1 – The Park Seung-jik shop, predecessor of South Korean conglomerate Doosan Group, is founded in Joseon (the kingdom of Korea).source
1896September 28 – Pathé Frères, a French film company and one of the oldest film companies, is founded by the brothers Charles Pathé, Théophile Pathé, Émile Pathé and Jacques Pathé.source
189628 September – Pathé Frères, one of the oldest film companies, is founded by the brothers Charles, Théophile, Émile and Jacques Pathé.France source
1896November 21 - The Hamburg dockworkers' strike of 1896-97 is considered one of the largest labour disputes in the German Empire.source
1896December 28 – Nippon Flower Mills (Nipun) was founded.Japan source
1896The Famous Grouse Scotch whisky first blended by Matthew Gloag & Son of Perth.Scotland source
189720 March – The East Asiatic Company is founded by H. N. Andersen in Copenhagen.Denmark source
1897April 15 – Yamaichi Securities founded in Japan; it will cease trading a hundred years later.source
189716 November – Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd, a landmark case in United Kingdom company law, is decided in the House of Lords: creditors of an insolvent company cannot not sue the company's shareholders individually to pay up outstanding debts.United Kingdom source
1897December 12 – Belo Horizonte, the first planned city in Brazil, is incorporated.source
1897Red Revenue incident, Chinese revenue stamps were overprinted (surcharged) and subsequently used as postage stamps in 1897China source
1897The machine company Titan A/S us founded by merger of two existing companies.Denmark source
1897The Danish Workers' Union is founded.Denmark source
1897The Irish Motor Car and Cycle Company is established.Ireland source
1897Top New Zealand stakes earner – MultiformNew Zealand source
1897The recently formed Engineering Employers' Federation stages a lockout of its employees across the north of England and Scotland; continues to January 1898.United Kingdom source
1898June 19 – Food processing giant Nabisco is founded in Chicago by merger as the National Biscuit Company.source
18987 August - Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) is foundedSweden source
18987 September – Karl Hals, businessperson and politician (born 1822)Norway source
1898The Danish Confederation of Trade Unions is established with Jens Jensen as its first president.Denmark source
1898The year is marked by widespread bread riots all over Italy. The tariff on the duty on imported wheat is lowered from 75 lire a tonne to 50 lire. In 1897 the wheat harvest in Italy was substantially lower than the years before; it fell from on average 3.5 million tons in 1891–95 to 2.4 million tons that year. Moreover, import of American grain was more expensive due to the Spanish–American War in 1898. Wheat prices in Milan increased from 225 lire a tonne to 330 lire a tonne in April 1898. In order to try to diminish the rising prices the government of Antonio Di Rudinì was urged to abolish the duty on imported wheat. The lowering of the tariff is generally considered to be too little and too late. Street demonstrations demanding "bread and work" began in the South of Italy, which already had seen widespread revolts by the Fasci Siciliani in 1893–94. In towns like Bari and Naples rioting could be suppressed, while Florence was controlled by demonstrators for a whole day. The situation escalated when demonstrators were shot by nervous policemen, and rioting increased.Italy source
1898Top New Zealand stakes earner – MultiformNew Zealand source
18981st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour PartyRussia source
1898Scottish-born American industrialist Andrew Carnegie purchases Skibo Castle in Sutherland (which he has been leasing for a year).Scotland source
1898H. W. Perlman, American piano manufacturer is founded.United States source
1899January 15 – The General Federated Union, representing 100,000 laborers in the U.S. state of New York, is formed from a merger of the Central Labor Union and the Central Labor Federation.source
1899January 23 – The New York Stock Exchange has the largest day of business in its history, with 1,527,644 shares of stock changing hands.source
1899January 31 – The French Senate passes the trade agreement with Italy by a vote of 248 to 40.source
1899February 1 – The Suntory whisky distiller and worldwide alcoholic and soft drink brand of Japan is established by Shinjiro Torii in Osaka as a store selling imported wines.source
1899May 4 – Cape Town based food packaging company Imperial Cold Storage and Supply Company is founded in London.South Africa source
1899May 27 – Rangers F.C., one of the most successful teams in the Scottish Football League, is incorporated.source
1899June 15 – Cycle & Carriage, now one of the largest investment companies in Singapore, is founded, initially to sell bicycles and motor vehicles.source
1899July 7 – The Great Lakes Towing Company is incorporated by John D. Rockefeller and William G. Mather to acquire more than 150 tugboats to control shipping in four of the North American Great Lakes and quickly builds a monopoly on Great Lakes traffic.source
1899July 17 – NEC Corporation is organized as the first Japanese joint venture with foreign capital.source
1899July 24 – In the first trade treaty signed by the U.S. after the passage of the Dingley Act, France and the United States sign an agreement for a 20% reduction of France's existing tariffs on 635 items, in return for the U.S. reduction between 5% and 20% of duty fees on 126 items.source
1899July 27 – Gold is discovered in Nome, Alaska, leading to the Nome Gold Rush.United States source
189922 November – J. P. Suhr & Søn is dissolved.Denmark source
1899Oxo beef stock cubes are introduced, by Liebig's Extract of Meat Company.source
1899Giros-Loucheur Group, predecessor of Vinci, a worldwide construction and infrastructure industry, founded in France.source
1899The Horch car company is established at Ehrenfeld (Cologne) by August Horch and his partner Salli Herz.Germany source
1899Unknown date – Morinaga Confectionery was founded, as predecessor name was Morinaga Western Confectionery.Japan source
1899Kauri gum exports peak at 11,116 tons.New Zealand source
1899Lauritz Jenssen, businessperson and politician (born 1837)Norway source
1899Monthey-Champéry-Morgins established.Switzerland source