Exploration & Expansion in the 19th century

1,110 sourced entries, 1800 CE to 1899 CE, oldest first. Also see Exploration & Expansion across every century or everything else in the 19th century.

1800March 26 – British Royal Navy officer Henry Waterhouse first charts the Antipodes Islands.source
1800March: HMS Reliance, Captain Henry Waterhouse, discovers and charts the Antipodes Islands.New Zealand source
180011 May: The Betsey, Captain John Myers, leaves Port Jackson for Peru. En route she visits Hauraki for three days to collect timber. On board are two pākehā women, the first to visit the North Island.New Zealand source
180026 June – Major Joseph Foveaux is appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Norfolk Island.Australia source
1800August - Owen Davies and John Hughes arrive in Ruthin to superintend the Wesleyan Methodist mission to Wales.Wales source
1800October 7 – French privateer Robert Surcouf leads the 150-man crew of his corvette Confiance 1797 ship to capture the 40-gun, 437-man British East Indiaman Kent 1799 ship in the Indian Ocean.source
18003 December – The brig Lady Nelson and Lt. James Grant arrive in Southern Australia; Grant names Cape Northumberland, Cape Banks, Mount Schanck and Mount Gambier.Australia source
1800Alexander Mackenzie, the explorer, joins XY Company.Canada source
1800Kronprinsessegade is established in Copenhagen.Denmark source
1800Ndlambe and his people settle west of the Fish River, previously cleared of AmaXhosa by the Dutch.South Africa source
1801January – Brig Harbinger, under John Black, is the second vessel to sail through Bass Strait en route to Port Jackson.Australia source
18012 March – The El Plumier, Captain William Reid arrives at Hauraki (the Waihou River between the Hauraki Plains and Coromandel Peninsula) to collect timber. There are women and children on board. In attempting to travel up the Waihou the ship runs aground causing some damage. The crew meet Thomas Taylor, who acts as interpreter for the local Māori who help in unsuccessful attempts to refloat the ship and also provide the crew with food.New Zealand source
180120 April – The Royal Admiral, Captain William Wilson, arrives at Hauraki to collect timber before taking several London Missionary Society Brothers to the mission in Tahiti. They encounter Māori who help with provisioning and inform them of a ship further up river. They send a boat several days later which soon finds the El Plumier. Captain Wilson later encounters Thomas Taylor who had been staying with local Māori for 2 years. Captain Wilson and the LMS Brothers record some details of Māori life given to them by Taylor.New Zealand source
180127 May – The French cartographic expedition of Nicolas Baudin sights Cape Hamelin.Australia source
180118 July – Matthew Flinders sets out on a voyage to produce a detailed survey of the coastline of Australia, the southern coast of which is still unknown.United Kingdom source
1801Two ships, the Sarah and the Dove, arrive at Upper Canada carrying 700 passengers from Lochaber, Scotland from the Cameron and Fraser clans.Canada source
1801Chivas Brothers open a grocery store in Aberdeen which will blend Chivas Regal whisky.Scotland source
1801The Truter-Somerville Expedition of Petrus Johannes Truter, William Somerville, John Barrow and Samuel Daniell with missionaries Jan Matthys Kok and William Edwards reaches Dithakong near current day KurumanSouth Africa source
1802January 29 – The French Saint-Domingue expedition (40,000 troops) led by General Charles Leclerc (Bonaparte's brother-in-law) lands in Saint-Domingue (modern Haiti) in an attempt to restore colonial rule following the Haitian Revolution in which Toussaint Louverture (a black former slave) has proclaimed himself Governor-General for Life and established control over Hispaniola.source
180214 February – Acting lieutenant John Murray, commander of the Lady Nelson, explores Port Phillip.Australia source
18028 April – Matthew Flinders meets the French explorer Nicolas Baudin at Encounter Bay.Australia source
18021 May – Matthew Flinders becomes the first European to visit the You Yangs ranges near Geelong, Victoria. He and three of his men climb to the highest point, naming it "Station Peak". It is later renamed Flinders Peak.Australia source
180221 May – Governor King questions the Captains of three ships, the Britannia, Speedy and Venus i about whaling off the New Zealand coast.New Zealand source
1802May – Amelia, commanded by William Proby, Lord Proby sails to Cork, Waterford and Dublin to land 150 discharged seaman.Ireland source
1802August - Sir William and Lady Hamilton visit Milford Haven, along with Admiral Horatio Nelson. Nelson subsequently visits Monmouth and the Naval Temple on The Kymin. Also on his Welsh expedition he visits Cyfarthfa Ironworks, in recognition of its contribution to the war effort.Wales source
1802Hans Jonatan, an escaped slaved from the West Indies arrives in Iceland, landing in Djúpivogur unbeknownst to the Danish government.Iceland source
1802The whaler Harriet is the first ship known to have visited the Bay of Islands since 1793.New Zealand source
18031 January – Denmark–Norway abolishes transatlantic slave trade.Norway source
180314 January – Lieut-Col David Collins is commissioned in England to found a new settlement on Bass Strait, preferably at Port Phillip.Australia source
180330 January – George Bass asks Governor King of New South Wales for a fishing monopoly from a line bisecting New Zealand from Dusky Sound to Otago Harbour extending south to include the subantarctic islands. It is not granted but shows the sealers' area of interest at this time.New Zealand source
18031 June – Alexander, Captain Robert Rhodes, arrives in Port Jackson with Teina aboard. Teina is the first Māori recorded to have left New Zealand since Tuki and Huru in 1793. Teina may have been related to Huru while the Sydney Gazette reports that Tuki spoke with the Alexander, possibly when it visited Doubtless Bay.New Zealand source
18039 June – Matthew Flinders completes the first known circumnavigation of Australia.United Kingdom source
1803August 7 - Expedition to accomplish first Russian circumnavigation of the earth begins.Russia source
1803August 31 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition begins as Lewis and a crew of 11 depart on the Ohio River.source
1803John Colter becomes the fourth man selected by William Clark to join the Lewis and Clark Expedition.Canada source
1803Pascoe Grenfell contracts to trade in copper in the Swansea area.Wales source
1804April 4 – Samuel Taylor Coleridge sets sail on The Speedwell for the Mediterranean. In Malta, he obtains employment as a public official.source
1804May 14 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition departs from Camp Dubois and begins its historic journey by traveling up the Missouri River.source
1804May 14 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition departs from Camp Dubois near St. Louis and begins their journey by traveling up the Missouri River.United States source
1804June – James Cavanagh, a prisoner on the government vessel HMS Lady Nelson, Lieutenant James Symons, runs from the ship when it stops near the Cavalli Islands. He lives with Māori in the Bay of Islands, becoming one of the earliest recorded Pākehā Māori, but avoids any further European contact.New Zealand source
18044 November – In a letter to Sir Joseph Banks, Matthew Flinders recommends that the newly discovered country, New Holland, be renamed "Australia" or "Terra Australis" (from the Latin "australis" meaning "of the south").Australia source
18045 November – Lieutenant-Colonel William Paterson arrives at Outer Cove, leading the Buffalo, the Lady Nelson and two schooners, under instructions from London to form a settlement in the north of Van Diemen's Land.Australia source
1804December – Owen Folger Smith on board Honduras Packet 1800 ship, Captain Owen Bunker, discovers Foveaux Strait which he names Smith's Strait.New Zealand source
1804Matthew Flinders recommends that New Holland be renamed Australia (from the Latin australis meaning "of the south").source
18041,400 American ships are fishing off Labrador and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.Canada source
1804Molotschna founded; largest Russian Mennonite colonyRussia source
1804A diverse group later called the Griqua migrates from the Cape to Klaarwater, north of the Orange River.South Africa source
1805June 13 – Lewis and Clark Expedition in the United States: Scouting ahead of the expedition, Meriwether Lewis and four companions sight the Great Falls of the Missouri River, confirming they are heading in the right direction.source
180529 July – The Venus, Captain William Stewart, leaves Port Jackson with Maa-Tara on board. Governor King has given Maa-Tara tools and other gifts for his father Te Pahi. After collecting animals at Norfolk Island for Te Pahi she lands Maa-Tara and the animals at the Bay of Islands.New Zealand source
1805July – A British expeditionary force sets sail from Great Britain to re-occupy the Cape ColonySouth Africa source
1805August 12 – Lewis and Clark Expedition: U.S. Army Captain Meriwether Lewis reaches the Continental Divide of the Americas, crossing to the west at Lemhi Pass. Karen Jones and John Wills, The American West: Competing Visions (Edinburgh University Press, 2009) p17source
1805August 31 – British Army General David Baird departs from Cork, leading an expedition to capture the Cape of Good Hope. Their ship arrives on January 4.source
1805September 29 – Admiral Nelson of the British Royal Navy takes command of the fleet off the coast of Cádiz, in order to counteract the navies of France and Spain.source
1805October 18 – Lewis and Clark Expedition: William Clark sights Mount Hood through the fog, some 45 miles (72 km) away.United States source
1805November 7 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition arrives at the Pacific Ocean.source
180527 November – HMS Buffalo arrives at Port Jackson. Governor King is impressed by Te Pahi, whom he mentions to Joseph Banks, and makes plans to visit New Zealand. These plans are cancelled when King receives news that he is to be relieved as Governor by William Bligh. Te Pahi also visits Samuel Marsden at Parramatta and is sufficiently taken with the farm and various other aspects of European culture to want to bring them to New Zealand. Marsden in turn is also impressed by the Maori and passes this on to the Church Missionary Society. (see 1806)New Zealand source
1805100th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment) arrives in Nova ScotiaCanada source
1805Hanover Expedition - alliance occupation of the Electorate of HanoverRussia source
1805English geologist George Bellas Greenough tours Scotland.Scotland source
1805English watercolour landscape painter David Cox makes his first tour in Wales.Wales source
18064 January – The British expeditionary force arrives at the CapeSouth Africa source
18069 January - The ship Cecelia, on a voyage from Dublin to Barbados, founders in the Irish Sea off Holyhead, Anglesey, with the loss of all hands.Wales source
1806March 23 – Explorers Lewis and Clark and their Corps of Discovery, having reached the Pacific Ocean after traveling through the Louisiana Purchase, begin their journey home.source
180617 June – The Venus, Captain Samuel Chace, is taken piratically at Port Dalrymple (Launceston) and sails for New Zealand. There are two women, Charlotte Badger and convict Catherine Hagerty, among those who take over the ship.New Zealand source
1806July 15 – Pike Expedition: Near St. Louis, Missouri, United States Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike leads an expedition from Fort Bellefontaine, to explore the American West.source
180612 August – Governor King boards HMS Buffalo for his return to England, and Bligh's commission is formally read.Australia source
1806August 14 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition re-visit the Mandan Indians while making its return trip to St. Louis.United States source
1806August 18 – English seal hunter Abraham Bristow discovers the Auckland Islands.source
180618 August – English seal hunter Abraham Bristow discovers the Auckland Islands.United Kingdom source
1806August 1806: First Russian circumnavigation of the earth completedRussia source
1806September 23 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition reaches St. Louis, Missouri, ending a successful exploration of the Louisiana Territory and the Pacific Northwest. Their arrival comes "much to the amazement of residents, who had given the travelers up for dead" according to one historian.source
1806November 15 – Pike Expedition: During his second exploratory expedition, Lieutenant Zebulon Pike sees a distant mountain peak while near the Colorado foothills of the Rocky Mountains (later named Pikes Peak in his honor).source
1806November 21 – Napoleon's Berlin Decree initiates the Continental System, blocking the import of British manufactured goods to the rest of Europe.source
1806Russian-American Company Company collects otter pelts from Alaska to Spanish California.Canada source
18078 February – Lieutenant Thomas Laycock explores Van Diemen's Land, finding the Clyde RiverAustralia source
1807February 10 – The Survey of the Coast (renamed the United States Coast Survey in 1836 and the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1878) is established; work begins on August 3, 1816.source
1807February 10 – The United States Coast Survey is established; work begins on August 3, 1816.United States source
180717 April – The Richard and Mary, Captain Leikins arrives in England with (Maa-)Tara, son of Te Pahi, aboard. He meets Sir Joseph Banks.New Zealand source
180721 October – The British sail away with the Danish naval fleet (17 ships of the line, 12 frigates, 8 brigs, 35 smaller vessels and 81 transport ships) after destroying the ships under construction at the Holmen Naval Base.Denmark source
180729 October – The exiled Louis XVIII of France arrives at Great Yarmouth with his entourage. It is only on 2 November that they receive permission to go ashore .United Kingdom source
1807October – The General Wellesley, Captain David Dalrymple, arrives in the Bay of Islands. George Bruce and his wife Te Atahoe (daughter of Te Pahi) go on board but are not returned to shore. The General Wellesley then heads for Penang via Fiji. After numerous deprivations George Bruce and Te Atahoe (aka Mary Bruce) are finally returned to Port Jackson in January 1810 where Mary dies shortly after.New Zealand source
1807The Embargo Act aims at keeping US ships out of European conflicts.Canada source
1807Highland Clearances – clearance of crofting tenants from the Highland estates of the Marchioness and her husband the Marquess of Stafford to make way for sheep and other farming begins at Farr and Lairg.Scotland source
18082 February – William Paterson sails to Sydney from Port Dalrymple, Van Diemen's Land to take over the administration of New South Wales following the removal of Bligh.Australia source
180818 February – First recorded rescue using the Manby Mortar when the crew of the Plymouth brig Elizabeth stranded off Great Yarmouth are hauled safely to shore under the direction of Captain Manby.United Kingdom source
1808March 1 – The slave trade is abolished by the United Kingdom in all of its colonies as the Slave Trade Act 1807 takes effect. This year, the British Royal Navy establishes the West Africa Squadron on the coast of West Africa to enforce the abolitionist Blockade of Africa.source
180826 September – Te Pahi returns to the Bay of Islands on the Commerce.New Zealand source
1808November 12 – Four large French frigates under the command of Jacques Félix Emmanuel Hamelin, including the Venus, are sent to operate from Isle de France (Mauritius) against British trade in the Indian Ocean, triggering the Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811.source
1808David Thompson explores Kootenay River.Canada source
1808The British naturalist William Hooker traveled around Iceland for the first time.Iceland source
1808Either 1807 or this year Charlotte Badger, from the Venus, is presumed to have left New Zealand, after at least twice refusing passage to Port Jackson. A woman fitting her description is sighted in Tonga nearly 10 years later.New Zealand source
1808Moravian missionaries receive Groenekloof farm for work among freed slaves & Khoikhoi.South Africa source
1808Twelve-year-old Charles Nice Davies goes to serve in India as an ensign.Wales source
1809March 20–22 - Crossing the Gulf of BothniaRussia source
1809May 31 – Mauritius campaign of 1809–11 – Action of 31 May 1809 in the Bay of Bengal: The French frigate Caroline, operating from Isle de France (Mauritius), captures most of a British East India Company fleetsource
18097 August – The Pegasus discovers Port Pegasus on Stewart Island/Rakiura.New Zealand source
1809August 8 – Seventy disciples of Vilna Gaon arrive in Palestine.source
180928 August – The convict ship Ann leaves England with Samuel Marsden and William Hall and John King and their wives as passengers. Marsden discovers Ruatara on board.New Zealand source
1809September – The Pegasus is at the Chatham Islands. William Stewart finishes charting the islands left incomplete by their discoverer William R. Broughton.New Zealand source
18099 November – The Brothers, Captain Robert Mason sailing for Campbell & Co of Sydney, leaves what is now the coast of Dunedin having landed eight men, including William Tucker, on "The Isle of Wight" and three more on "Ragged Rock", perhaps modern Green Island and White Island respectively, to hunt for seals. The gang leader is Robert Brown. The men stay in the area and the ship does not return until the following year.New Zealand source
1809Arorae an atoll of the Gilbert Islands was sighted by Captain John Patterson, on British brig Elizabeth.source
1809Black Brunswickers establishedGermany source
1809The first Roman Catholic Magdalene asylum in Ireland is opened in Cork.Ireland source
1809Gola's Xhosa community settles at Pramberg.South Africa source
1810January 4 – Australian seal hunter Frederick Hasselborough discovers Campbell Island, in the Subantarctic.source
181010 January – The sealer Sydney Cove, Captain Charles McLaren, lands a sealing gang on Stewart Island.New Zealand source
181027 March – The Governor Bligh, Captain Chace, leaves Port Jackson with supplies for the Experiment. When it is discovered that the Leith party has already returned to Port Jackson Captain Chace decides to return via Foveaux Strait, where it collects (around June) the sealing gang left by the Fox in October 1809.New Zealand source
1810May 3 – Lord Byron swims across the Hellespont in Turkey.source
18103 May – Lord Byron swims across the Hellespont in Turkey.United Kingdom source
1810July 11 – Frederick Hasselborough discovers Macquarie Island, in the subantarctic.source
1810September 8 – The Tonquin sets sail from New York Harbor, with 33 employees of John Jacob Astor's newly created Pacific Fur Company on board. After a six-month journey around the tip of South America, the ship arrives at the mouth of the Columbia River, and Astor's men establish the fur-trading town of Astoria.source
1810September 8 – The Tonquin sets sail from New York Harbor with 33 employees of John Jacob Astor's newly created Pacific Fur Company on board. After a 6-month journey around the tip of South America, the ship arrives at the mouth of the Columbia River and Astor's men establish the fur-trading post of Fort Astoria.United States source
1810Palm oil sales from West Africa to Britain reach 1,000 tons.United Kingdom source
1810Western Cherokees establish themselves between the White River and the Arkansas River in what is now Arkansas.United States source
1810Etcher Charles Norris settles in Tenby.Wales source
1810Richard Fenton - Historical Tour through PembrokeshireWales source
181116 May – The Earl of Caledon issues a proclamation to establish circuit courts in the Cape Colony. These courts, composed of two members from the Court of Justice, were designed to hear both civil and criminal cases in the outlying districts of Swellendam, George, Uitenhage, Graaff-Reinet, and Tulbagh. The system introduced public trials and the use of oral (viva voce) testimony for the first time at the Cape. According to legal historian H.J. Erasmus, this extended legal protection to Khoikhoi laborers and other "black employees". This led to the notable "Black Circuit" in 1812, where numerous charges were brought against white colonists on behalf of Khoikhoi servants.South Africa source
1811July 9 – British explorer David Thompson posts a notice at the confluence of the Columbia and Snake Rivers (in modern-day Washington), claiming the area for the United Kingdom.source
1811July 14 – David Thompson reaches the mouth of the Columbia River, finding Fort Astoria under construction.source
18117 October – The Frederick, Captain Bodie, leaves Port Jackson to go whaling and then return to London. Captain Bodie has agreed with Samuel Marsden to return Ruatara, Te Pahi's son and 2 other Māori to New Zealandied Marsden gives Ruatara 2 saws, some other tools and some seed wheat to take with him. After provisioning at North Cape the Frederick goes whaling for 6 months. (see 1812)New Zealand source
1811December 2 – Reverend Samuel Marsden sends the first commercial shipment of wool from New South Wales to England.source
18112 December – Reverend Samuel Marsden sent the first commercial shipment of wool from New South Wales to England.Australia source
181115 December – The King George, Captain Lasco Jones, leaves Port Jackson to go whaling with 2 Māori among the crew. (see 1812)New Zealand source
1811The Red River Colony is founded in Manitoba, Canada.source
1811British-Canadian fur trader, surveyor, and cartographer David Thompson follows Columbia to Pacific and finishes charting entire length of the river.Canada source
1811William Price Hunt, leading Astor's overland party, explores Snake River Valley and much of future Oregon Trail.Canada source
1811Approximate date – John Paton begins his own yarn spinning business in Alloa.Scotland source
1811Richard Fenton - A Tour in Quest of GenealogyWales source
1812July 19 – Beethoven and Goethe meet each other in Teplice, Bohemia.source
18121 August – The Ann arrives at Port Jackson with Ruatara. During his subsequent stay with Reverend Marsden at Parramatta Ruatara asks that someone be sent to the Bay of Islands to teach reading and writing.New Zealand source
1812August 7 – 130 Filibusters of the Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition cross from Louisiana into Spanish Texas, soon after they capture the town of Nacogdoches.United States source
1812September 13 – Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition: The Expedition, having since grown to 300 men, captures the town of Santísima Trinidad de Salcedo.United States source
18121 October - Balloonist James Sadler flies over the north Wales coastline in an unsuccessful attempt to cross the Irish Sea.Wales source
1812David Thompson retires to Montreal.Canada source
1812c. April – The Frederick returns to New Zealand for provisions after 6 months whaling but Captain Bodie does not allow Ruatara and the other Maori to land as promised. He then proceeds to Norfolk Island promising to land the Māori in New Zealand on his way back to England but abandons them at Norfolk Island (without pay) and forcibly takes Te Pahi's son with him.New Zealand source
1812The settlement of Grahamstown is foundedSouth Africa source
1812The British troops stationed at the Cape along with settler militia drove the Xhosa from the Zuurveld, a district between the Sundays and the Great Fish Rivers, once again and thereby ending the 4th Cape Frontier War.South Africa source
1813February – War of 1812 in North America: General William Henry Harrison sends out an expedition to burn the British vessels at Fort Malden by going across Lake Erie via the Bass Islands in sleighs, but the ice is not hard enough, and the expedition returns.source
181319 April – The Perseverance, leaves Sydney looking for flax trading possibilities in the south of the South Island. During the trip she is the first ship known to have entered Bluff Harbour.New Zealand source
18132 May – The Perseverance collects the sealing gang left on Solander Island in western Foveaux Strait in 1809 by the Fox.New Zealand source
1813May 11 – 1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains: Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth leave on an expedition to cross the Blue Mountains of Australia.source
181331 May – Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Charles Wentworth reach Mount Blaxland marking the end of the first successful expedition across the Blue Mountains.Australia source
181319 November – George William Evans, assistant surveyor, set out to confirm the earlier discoveries of Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth.Australia source
181331 December – Blücher's Army of Silesia crosses the RhineGermany source
1813The East India Company's trading monopoly is abolished.India source
1813The first Kirkcaldy whaler, The Earl Percy, sails north to the Davis Strait.Scotland source
1813General Harrison sends out an expedition to burn the British vessels at Fort Malden by going across Lake Erie via the Bass Islands in sleighs, but the ice is not hard enough and the expedition returns.United States source
1814January 1: Brigadier Gabino Gaínza and his military expedition sail from Callao.Chile source
1814January 31: The Royal Expedition arrives to Chile.Chile source
1814March 9 – The USS Enterprise reaches Wilmington, North Carolina, returning from the Caribbean.United States source
181414 March – Thomas Kendall and William Hall leave Sydney on the Active, captain Dillon, for Hobart, on the way to explore the Bay of Islands for a suitable mission site. Also with them is Tui (Tupaea), younger brother of the Ngāpuhi chief Korokoro, who has been staying with Kendall in Sydney.New Zealand source
1814June 6 – Beginning of the Allied sovereigns' visit to England: Tsar Alexander I of Russia and King Frederick William III of Prussia sail from Boulogne-Sur-Mer to Dover on board the Royal Navy ship HMS Impregnable as guests of George, Prince of Wales, the regent during the incapacity of King George III.source
18146 June – Beginning of the Allied sovereigns' visit to England: Tsar Alexander I of Russia and King Frederick William III of Prussia sail from Boulogne-Sur-Mer to Dover on board the Royal Navy ship HMS Impregnable as guests of George, Prince of Wales, the regent during the incapacity of King George III.Germany source
181411 June – 3 July – Kendall and Hall meet a number of Ngāpuhi chiefs including Kawiti, Ruatara, Tara (of Kororāreka), Pōmare I, Hauraki (aka Te Wera, of Kerikeri), and Hongi Hika.New Zealand source
1814August 12: Brigadier Mariano Osorio and his expedition arrive to Talcahuano.Chile source
1814David Thompson delivers his map of western North America to partners of North West Company.Canada source
181516 January – The Active anchors off Whakatiwai pā on the Firth of Thames coast. Marsden meets Ngāti Paoa chief Te Haupa.New Zealand source
181524 February – Having completed the purchase of 200 acres for the mission site at Rangihoua, Marsden leaves for Port Jackson accompanied by chiefs Te Morenga and Te Pehi(Tupe).New Zealand source
18157 April – Bathurst, New South Wales is founded following its discovery by George Evans. It is Australia's first inland European settlement.Australia source
18151 May - Explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville marries Adèle Dumont D'Urville (née Pepin) in Toulon.France source
18151 August – William Smith publishes the first national geological map of the UK, A Delineation of the Strata of England and Wales, with part of Scotland.United Kingdom source
1815October 15 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon begins his exile on Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean.source
1815October – Robert Adams, American sailor and the first Westerner to visit Timbuktu, is found wandering the streets of London, starving and half-naked, leading to the invitation for him to tell his story as a Barbary captive, which is later published as The Narrative of Robert Adams.source
1815The Ulricha, a Jewish trade ship rented by Ruben Moses Henriques of Copenhagen, arrived in Iceland.Iceland source
18156-year-old Edgar Allan Poe attends school in Irvine, North Ayrshire.Scotland source
1815A twice-weekly boat service between Cardiff and Bristol is established.Wales source
1816February – Thomas and Elizabeth Hansen arrive at Oihi, Rangihoua from Port Jackson on the Active. They are the first non-missionary European family to settle in New Zealand. They eventually raised 11 children who all lived to at least their late 60s.New Zealand source
1816March – Tui and Tītore, who arrived the previous year, leave Port Jackson (Sydney) for England in HMS Kangaroo. While there they may have helped Professor Samuel Lee start his Maori dictionary.New Zealand source
1816April – Banjul, capital of the Gambia, is founded as a trading post named Bathurst.source
181616 May – Beau Brummell flees England by way of the port of Dover, sailing to France in order to escape his gambling debts.United Kingdom source
1816December 9–21 – The American Colonization Society is established, to support the emigration of free African Americans to Africa.source
1816The British found Banjul, The Gambia.United Kingdom source
1816A British expedition explores up from the mouth of the Congo River.United Kingdom source
1816Samuel Johnson - A Diary of a Journey Into North Wales, in the Year 1774Wales source
1816Taliesin Williams, son of Iolo Morganwg, opens a school at Merthyr Tydfil.Wales source
1817January 1 – Sailing through the Sandwich Islands, Otto von Kotzebue discovers New Year Island.source
181719 January-13 February - Crossing of the AndesChile source
1817February 28 – One Goudie and others petition for a monopoly of navigation of Lake Champlain, in Canada, as like U.S. monopolists injure Canadian Commerce, by trading into Canada.Canada source
1817April 3 – "Princess Caraboo" appears in Almondsbury in Gloucestershire in England, and convinces the local residents that she had come to their town from a far-off island kingdom of "Javasu" in the Indian Ocean. A Portuguese sailor named Manuel Enes soon arrives and says that he speaks her mysterious language, and translates her story of an escape from pirates. After publicity, Princess Caraboo is discovered to be a servant girl from the village of Witheridge in Devon.source
181715 October – school of whales seen in the Tay.Scotland source
1817November 22 – Frédéric Cailliaud discovers the old Mons Smaragdus emerald mines at Sikait, Egypt.source
181722 December – The King expedition of 1817, to explore and make a rough survey of the northern and north-west coasts of Australia, departs Sydney.Australia source
1817David Thompson takes post as chief surveyor for International Boundary Commission.Canada source
1817Bladnoch distillery founded by John and Thomas McClelland near Wigtown.Scotland source
1817Approximately 200 Scottish artisan immigrants are brought to the Cape Colony by Benjamin Moodie. Among them is David Hume, who becomes an explorer and big-game hunter.South Africa source
1817Catherine Hutton - The Welsh MountaineerWales source
1818April 7 – Brooks Brothers, the oldest men's clothier in the United States, opens its first store on the northeast corner of Catherine and Cherry Streets in New York City, where the later South Street Seaport stands.source
1818April 14–August 9 – The United States Survey of the Coast operations is suspended.source
1818April 14 – United States Coast Survey operations suspended until August 9, 1832.United States source
1818April 18 – John Ross sets sail on his ship, the Isabella, in search of the Northwest Passage.source
181818 April – John Ross sets sail from London on the Isabella on an Admiralty expedition to search for the Northwest Passage.United Kingdom source
181828 May – John Oxley leaves Bathurst to explore along the Macquarie RiverAustralia source
1818June–August – English poet John Keats with his friend Charles Armitage Brown makes a walking tour of Scotland, Ireland and the English Lake District. On 11 July, while in Scotland, he visits Burns Cottage, the birthplace of Robert Burns (1759–96). Before Keats arrives, he writes to a friend "one of the pleasantest means of annulling self is approaching such a shrine as the cottage of Burns — we need not think of his misery — that is all gone — bad luck to it — I shall look upon it all with unmixed pleasure." but his encounter with the cottage's alcoholic custodian returns him to thoughts of misery. On 2 August he climbs to the summit of Ben Nevis, on which he writes a sonnet.Scotland source
1818September – Sir Stamford Raffles sets out to visit Lord Hastings, Governor-General of India, to gain his approval to establish a trading station at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula (modern-day Singapore).source
181819 October - The Spanish frigate Maria Isabel is captured by a Chilean squadron commanded by Manuel Blanco Encalada.Chile source
1818October 20 – A treaty between the U.S. and the United Kingdom establishes the boundary between the U.S. and British North America as the 49th parallel, from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, also creating the Northwest Angle.source
181811 December - Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald takes command of the Chilean Navy.Chile source
1818Halifax and St. John's are made free ports.Canada source
1818Settlers move beyond the Orange RiverSouth Africa source
181927 January – The Indiana, together with the Discover and the Investigator with William Farquhar surveying the possibility of the Karimun Islands as a new British site. After a discussion, they decided that it was not suitable.Singapore source
1819February 19 – Captain William Smith sights Williams Point, the northeast extremity of Livingston Island in the South Shetlands, the first land discovered south of latitude 60° S.source
181919 February – William Smith discovers the South Shetland Islands in the Antarctic.England source
1819April 6–June 21 – The French slave ship Le Rodeur sails from Bonny in West Africa to Guadeloupe in the West Indies. In the course of the transatlantic voyage many onboard become blind, and 30 slaves are thrown overboard as a consequence.source
18196 April–21 June - French slave ship Le Rodeur sails from Bonny in West Africa to Guadeloupe in the West Indies; in the course of the transatlantic voyage all onboard become blind, and slaves are thrown overboard as a consequence.France source
1819May 22 – The SS Savannah leaves port at Savannah, Georgia, on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The ship arrives at Liverpool, England, nearly a month later, on June 20, although only a fraction of the trip is made under steam.source
1819May 22 – The SS Savannah leaves port at Savannah, Georgia on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The ship arrives at Liverpool, England on June 20.United States source
181917 June – Leigh returns to New South Wales. While in New Zealand he has conceived the idea of establishing a Wesleyan mission to the Māori. He returns to England before the end of the year with this proposition in mind. His report to Marsden leads to the appointment of John Gare Butler to head the second Church Missionary Society mission.New Zealand source
1819July 21 – Explorer William Parry, sailing in the Arctic in a quest for the Northwest Passage through North America, guides the ships HMS Hecla and HMS Griper through an iceberg-laden passage that will later be named the Parry Channel.source
1819August – three ships set out from Oban carrying migrants to Canada.Scotland source
1819October 15 – Desolation Island, in the South Shetland Islands of the Antarctic, is discovered by Captain William Smith.source
1819The United States African Slave Trade Patrol is founded to stop the slave trade on the coast of West Africa.source
1819A British Arctic expedition under William Parry, comprising HMS Hecla and HMS Griper, reaches longitude 112°51' W in the Northwest Passage, the furthest west which will be attained by any single-season voyage for 150 years.source
1819Denmark's first steamship, SS Caledonia, a paddle steamer bought used in England, begins operations as a mail steamer between Copenhagen and Kiel.Denmark source
1819Scottish-born London India merchant John Christie purchases a substantial tract of the Great Forest of Brecknock from the Crown.Wales source
1820January 27 (NS, January 15 OS) – An Imperial Russian Navy expedition, led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen in Vostok with Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, sights the Antarctic ice sheet.source
182028 January – German-Russian explorer Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen discovers the continent of Antarctica during the First Russian Antarctic ExpeditionGermany source
1820January 30 – British Royal Navy captain Edward Bransfield, an Irishman, becomes the first person to positively identify Antarctica as a land mass.source
182030 January – Royal Navy captain Edward Bransfield in the Williams is the first person to positively identify Antarctica as a land mass.United Kingdom source
1820February 6 – A group of 86 free African American colonists sail from New York City to Freetown, Sierra Leone, with a goal of creating a home for freed American slaves, to be called "Liberia".source
1820February 6 – 86 free African American colonists sail from New York City to Freetown, Sierra Leone.United States source
182027 February – Samuel Marsden arrives on his third visit to New Zealand aboard HMS Dromedary. He unsuccessfully attempts to dissuade Thomas Kendall from his impending visit to England. The Dromedary spends 5-month getting timber in Whangaroa Harbour.New Zealand source
182017 March - The first British settlers arrive in Table Bay, Cape Town on the "Nautilus" and the "Chapman".South Africa source
1820May 11 – HMS Beagle, the ship that will later take young Charles Darwin on his scientific voyage to examine the "origin of the species", is launched at Woolwich Dockyard.source
1820May 20 – At age 14, John Stuart Mill sets out on his formative trip to the south of France, staying with Samuel Bentham.source
182019 August – Joseph Wild discovers Lake George and names the Snowy Mountains.Australia source
182020 August - The Freedom Expedition of Perú sails for Paracas.Chile source
1820November 17 – American seal hunter Captain Nathaniel Palmer becomes the third known explorer to sight Antarctica. The Palmer Peninsula is later named after him.source
1820Creation of the municipality of Prescott and Russell in Upper Canada (today Ontario).Canada source
1821January 28 – Alexander Island, the largest in Antarctica, is first discovered by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.source
182112 July – Thomas Kendall, Hongi Hika and Waikato arrive back in the Bay of Islands from their trip to England. While in England they have helped to compile a Maori dictionary, met King George IV who gave Hongi a suit of armour, and Hongi has acquired a number of muskets (his primary purpose).New Zealand source
1821August 21 – Jarvis Island is discovered in the Pacific by the crew of the Eliza Frances.source
18216 October - Cochrane sails to California.Chile source
1821October 8 (O.S.)/October 20 (N.S.) – Tsar Alexander I of Russia issues an imperial ukase guaranteeing freedom of commerce in Russia by merchants from Persia.source
1821November 16 – American Old West: The Santa Fe Trail is first used by William Becknell.source
1821November 16 – American Old West: The Santa Fe Trail is used for the first time by a White American, William Becknell.United States source
1821December 6 – The South Orkney Islands are discovered by seal hunters George Powell and Nathaniel Palmer.source
1821Wool export in Australia - 75,400 pounds.Australia source
1821History of Liberia – The first groups of freed slaves from the U.S. arrive in modern-day Liberia and found Monrovia.United States source
1822January 3 – The famous French explorer, Aimé Bonpland, is imprisoned in Paraguay on charges of espionage.source
182222 January – Samuel Leigh and his wife arrive in the Bay of Islands to start the first Wesleyan mission. They stay at Te Puna with the Hall family of the Church Missionary Society for the next 16 months.New Zealand source
1822April 25 – The American Colonization Society lands at Cape Mesurado on the West African coast, after purchasing 60 mi of coastline. The settlement will soon become Monrovia, as the nation of Liberia is established to fill the ACS mission of freeing black American slaves and sending them "back to Africa".source
182213 June - William Lloyd climbs Boorendo in the Himalayas.Wales source
1822July 26 – Guayaquil Conference: José de San Martín arrives in Guayaquil, Ecuador, to meet Simón Bolívar.source
1822August 22 – The English ship Orion lands at Yerba Buena on the North American west coast of Mexico, under the command of William A. Richardson. The area is later acquired by the U.S. and becomes the site of San Francisco.source
182222 August – English ship Orion lands at Yerba Buena, later named San Francisco, under the command of William A. RichardsonUnited Kingdom source
182224 August – The Victorine a schooner under command of Captain William Risk, left Sydney bound for Mauritius. Carrying a crew of seven or eight the ship disappeared en route and was presumed lost.Australia source
1822November 9 – Action of 9 November 1822: USS Alligator engages three pirate schooners off Cuba, as part of the West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States.source
1822November 9 – Action of 9 November 1822: USS Alligator engages three pirate schooners off the coast of Cuba as part of the West Indies anti-piracy operations of the U.S.United States source
182229 November – Thomas Cochrane leaves the service of the Chilean Navy.Chile source
1822The Rocky Mountain Fur Company (Ashley's Hundred) leave from St. Louis, Missouri, setting off a major increase in fur trade.source
1822The Rhine Province, the westernmost province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia, within the German Reich, established from 1822 to 1946.Germany source
1822AmaMfengu refugees of the Difaqane settle in the Eastern Cape.South Africa source
1823January 23 – In Paviland Cave on the Gower Peninsula of Wales, William Buckland inspects the "Red Lady of Paviland", the first identification of a prehistoric (male) human burial (although Buckland dates it as Roman).source
1823February 20 – Explorer James Weddell's expedition to Antarctica reaches latitude 74°15' S and longitude 34°16'45" W: the southernmost position any ship has reached at this time.source
182320 February – Explorer James Weddell's expedition to Antarctica reaches latitude 74°15' S and longitude 34°16'45" W, further south than any ship has reached previously.United Kingdom source
1823March 15 – Sailor Benjamin Morrell erroneously reports the existence of the island of New South Greenland near Antarctica.source
18237 May – John Kent arrives in Foveaux Strait to investigate the possibility of setting up a flax trade.New Zealand source
18235 June – A path through the Liverpool Range, now known as Pandora's Pass, is found by Allan Cunningham.Australia source
18233 August – The Brampton arrives at the Bay of Islands. On board are Samuel Marsden, Henry Williams and family, and the Wesleyan missionaries John Hobbs and Nathaniel Turner (and family).New Zealand source
1823August 24 – Hugh Glass gets mauled by a sow grizzly while on a fur trapping expedition in the Missouri Territory and has to crawl 200 miles for help.source
1823October 22 – Simón Bolívar writes to Paraguayan dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia to release his friend the explorer Aimé Bonpland under threat of invasion. Rodríguez never responds to the letter.source
182331 October – John Oxley explores the Tweed River.Australia source
1823October – HMS Essex, a former American frigate of 1799, is hulked at Cork to serve as a prison ship; from 1824 to 1834 she serves in this capacity at Kingstown.Ireland source
1823British expedition up the St. Clair River; site of Corunna surveyed as a potential capital for Upper Canada.source
1823A group of men hike Eyjafjallajökull to inspect craters. They discovered a fissure vent near the summit caldera a bit to the west of Guðnasteinn.Iceland source
1824March 19 – American explorer Benjamin Morrell departs Antarctica after a voyage later plagued by claims of fraud.source
18243 April – George Clarke arrives in the Bay of Islands having taken passage from Sydney on board the French corvette La Coquille. La Coquille is commanded by Louis Isidore Duperrey, with Jules Dumont d'Urville as second-in-command, and will go on to complete a global circumnavigation.New Zealand source
1824April 9 – The first permanent settlers arrive to construct the new city of Tallahassee, Florida, selected to be the capital of the Florida Territory newly acquired from the Kingdom of Spain; the area has been selected because it is roughly equidistant from the territory's main cities, Pensacola and St. Augustine.source
182419 April – brigantine Helen of Dundee, bound for Quebec, founders on what becomes known as Helen's Reef off Rockall with fatalities.Scotland source
1824July 18: The first 39 German settlers from Rio Grande do Sul disembark in Porto Alegre.Brazil source
1824August 16 – Lafayette begins his tour of the United States, departing on September 7, 1825.United States source
1824September 13 – With his crew and 29 convicts aboard the Amity, John Oxley arrives at and founds the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement at what becomes Brisbane, Queensland, in Australia, after leaving Sydney.source
1824September 26 – The earliest reference by the British government to an official renaming of its South Pacific Ocean territory as "Australia" comes in a dispatch titled "Taking Possession of Melville and Bathurst Islands", as the Admiral Sir Gordon Bremer refers to "the North Coast of New Holland or Australia".source
182428 September – John Oxley recommends a new settlement be founded at Brisbane after finding Moreton Bay unsuitable.Australia source
1824Russians begin exploration of mainland that leads to discovery of Nushagak, Kuskokwim, Yukon, and Koyukuk Rivers.Canada source
1824Shaka grants land to British traders Farewell & Fynn, who exploit it for illicit trade.South Africa source
1824Thomas Prichard – Welsh Minstrelsy: Containing the Land beneath the SeaWales source
1825May – the British Ordnance Survey begins its survey of Ireland.Ireland source
18254 July – The sloop Restauration set sail from Stavanger to New York City. It is considered the first organized emigration from Norway to the United States.Norway source
182511 July – The Danish schooner Vigilant captures the Spanish privateering schooner Adolpho north of Colibra in the West Indies.Denmark source
1825July 30 – Malden Island (an uninhabited island in the central Pacific Ocean) is discovered by George Byron, 7th Baron Byron.source
18251 November – George Thompson establishes the Aberdeen Line of shipping to the Empire.Scotland source
1825Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan is founded as a mudfort on the Silk Roadsource
1825The Peter Robinson settlement brings 2,000 poor Irish families to Scott's Plains (now Peterborough, Ontario)Canada source
1825Wesleyan missionary William White becomes possibly the first European to visit the central Waikato.New Zealand source
1825The 1825 New Zealand Company forms. A preliminary expedition to New Zealand, with 60 artisans, leaves Great Britain on the Rosanna (Captain James Herd) and the Lambton (Captain Barnett) before the end of the year.New Zealand source
1825The first horse-drawn short-stage coaches run in the London area.United Kingdom source
182625 March - William Williams, missionary brother of Henry Williams, arrives in the Bay of Islands on the Brampton with his wife and daughter.New Zealand source
182610 August – The first Cowes Regatta is held on the Isle of Wight.United Kingdom source
1826September 3 – The USS Vincennes, commanded by William Finch, leaves New York City to become the first U.S. warship to circumnavigate the globe.United States source
182623 September – The New Zealand Company agents aboard the Rosanna complete the purchase of 'Pakatu' (Pakatoa), 'Taratora' (Rotoroa), 'Ponue' (Ponui) and 'Pake' (Pakihi) Islands in the Hauraki Gulf. They then become frightened of the local Māori, change their minds almost immediately, sell up and leave for the Bay of Islands.New Zealand source
1826William Stewart establishes a timber, flax and trading settlement at Port Pegasus on Stewart Island.New Zealand source
1826Jules Dumont d'Urville arrives in New Zealand on the Astrolabe during his circumnavigation. He charts much of New Zealand that Cook did not, in particular the Marlborough Sounds. (see also 1827).New Zealand source
1826Straits Settlements established as part of the territories controlled by the British East India Company.United Kingdom source
1826Daniel Evans (Daniel Ddu o Geredigion) - Golwg ar Gyflwr yr Iddewon, CerddWales source
1827January 5 – The first regatta in Australia is held, taking place in Tasmania (called at the time Van Diemen's Land), on the River Derwent at Hobart.source
18275 January - First boat regatta held on the River Derwent. On 30 April a regatta was held in Sydney.Australia source
1827April 23 – Scottish-born novelist John Galt founds the town of Guelph in Upper Canada.source
1827April 26 – The Royal Netherlands Navy's British-built paddle steamer Curaçao sets off on the first transatlantic crossing by steam, departing from Hellevoetsluis in the Netherlands to Paramaribo in the Netherlands South American colony of Dutch Guiana. The ship arrives after a voyage of four weeks.source
1827May 20 – Zarafa, the first giraffe to be seen in Europe for over three centuries, arrives in Marseille as a gift from the Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt, Mehmet Ali Pasha, to King Charles X of France. The giraffe then begins a 50-day journey to Paris, walking with its handlers toward Paris where it will arrive on July 9.source
1827May 24 – The Royal Netherlands Navy's British-built paddle steamer Curaçao completes the first transatlantic crossing by steam, arriving in Paramaribo in Dutch Guiana (now Suriname) four weeks after its April 26 departure from the Netherlands.source
18276 September–October – Ordnance Survey staff survey a Lough Foyle baseline for their survey of Ireland.Ireland source
1827First temperance society in Canada formed in MontrealCanada source
1827John Guard establishes a whaling station at Te Awaiti on the Arapaoa Island shore of the Tory Channel. This is the first permanent land-based whaling station in New Zealand and the first European settlement in the South Island.New Zealand source
1827The Clunies-Ross family first settles on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.Scotland source
1827A Wesleyan mission station is established north of the Great Kei River at present day Butterworth, Eastern CapeSouth Africa source
1827Six Osage people depart Missouri for a three-year tour of France.United States source
182831 March – HDMS hvalfisken sets out from Copenhagen, marking the beginning of the 1828–1831 Danish East Greenland Expedition.Denmark source
1828April 18 – Ornithologist Carl Julian (von) Graba lands in the little-studied Faroe Islands for a three-month visit to research the bird life.source
1828April 20 – French explorer René Caillié becomes the first non-Muslim to enter Timbuktu and later return alive.source
18284 May - The 40-ton schooner Enterprise, the second sailing ship built in New Zealand, is wrecked in a storm north of the Hokianga, with the loss of all hands.New Zealand source
1828October 26 – English naturalist and explorer William John Burchell collects the only known specimen of Parabouchetia brasiliensis, an exceptionally rare member of the nightshade family Solanaceae, in central Brazil.source
1828October 27 – Gold is discovered by Benjamin Parks in or near Cherokee First Nation land in Hall County - later reorganized into Lumpkin County - in, Georgia.United States source
182810 November - Charles Sturt and Hamilton Hume trace the course of the Macquarie River.Australia source
1828Settlement begins in Stratford, OntarioCanada source
1828Unknown date – Guangdong Pharmacy Store, as predecessor of Watsons a cosmetics and pharmacy retailer around Southeast Asia, was founded.China source
1828Inhabitants of the island of Muck emigrate to Nova Scotia.Scotland source
1828T. J. Llewelyn Prichard - The Adventures and Vagaries of Twm Shon Catti, descriptive of life in Wales; interspersed with poemsWales source
182914 May – Aboriginal mission on Bruny Island opened by George Augustus Robinson.Australia source
18298 June – Captain James Stirling founds the Swan River Colony in Western Australia, landing at Garden Island.Australia source
1829A whaling station is established at Preservation Inlet on the south-west corner of the South Island by Captain William Anglem.New Zealand source
1829James Farrow, the first trader known to have frequented the Tauranga area, arrives for the first time. (see also 1838)New Zealand source
1829Mizur (Мизур), a rural settlement, foundedRussia source
1829Occupation of Danubian PrincipalitiesRussia source
18303 February – John Guard arrives in Sydney with a cargo of whale oil, the first to be shipped from the South Island.New Zealand source
1830February - Charles Sturt and party discover the mouth of the Murray River.Australia source
1830April 8 – José María Estudillo an early settler and leader of San DiegoMexico source
1830Austins of Derry is established in Northern Ireland. Until closure in 2016, it is the world's oldest independent department store.source
1830Ridout's Hardware Store, later known as Aikenhead's Hardware opens in Toronto.Canada source
1830The settlements of Alluitsup Paa, Kitsissuarsuit, Narsaq, and Qeqertaq are established in Greenland.Denmark source
1830The road over Sir Lowry's Pass is openedSouth Africa source
1830Southern Ocean Expedition: John Biscoe sets out on an expedition to find new seal-hunting grounds in the Southern Ocean.United Kingdom source
1830Sir Thomas Frankland Lewis is appointed Treasurer of the Navy by the Duke of Wellington.Wales source
1831February 8 – French-born botanical explorer Aimé Bonpland leaves Paraguay for Argentina.source
1831May 31 – Auxiliary paddle steamer Sophia Jane arrives at Sydney from London, becoming the first steamboat to operate in the coastal waters of New South Wales.source
1831June 1 – British Royal Navy officer James Clark Ross locates the position of the North Magnetic Pole, at this time on the Boothia Peninsula.source
18315 August – Charles Darwin travels from Shrewsbury to Llangollen with his tutor, Rev Adam Sedgwick, to carry out geological studies. They remain in Wales for more than two weeks.Wales source
183113 September – HDMS Hvalfisken arrives back in Copenhagen, marking the end of the 1929–1831 Danish East Greenland Expedition.Denmark source
1831December 27 – Charles Darwin embarks from Plymouth on the second voyage of HMS Beagle which will be the foundation for his life of scientific study.source
183127 December – Charles Darwin embarks on his historic voyage aboard HMS Beagle from Plymouth.United Kingdom source
1831Fjallvegafélagið (The Society for Mountain Trails) was founded under the leadership of Bjarni Thorarensen.Iceland source
1831African American actor Ira Aldridge tours Ireland.Ireland source
1831Joseph Brooks Weller arrives in Otago Harbour on the Sir George Murray and makes an agreement with local Māori claiming territory for King William IV before returning to Sydney.New Zealand source
1831Joseph Brooks Weller commissions a vessel from shipbuilders on Stewart Island.New Zealand source
1831Alexis de Tocqueville visits the United States.United States source
183222 February – French Expedition to Ancona occupies Ancona in Italy, remaining until 1838France source
1832February 28 – Charles Darwin and the crew of HMS Beagle arrive at South America for the first time.source
1832May 16 – Juan Godoy discovers the rich silver outcrops of Chañarcillo sparking the Chilean silver rush.source
183211 June - 25 June – The Norwegian ultramarathoner Mensen Ernst ran about 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi) from Paris to Moscow in 14 days.Norway source
1832July 10 – The United States Survey of the Coast is revived within the Department of the Treasury.source
183211 July – Provisional postal convention between Belgium and the Office of the Prince of Tour and Taxis signed in Frankfurt am Main.Belgium source
1832A local guide working for British explorer B. H. Hodgson during a Himalayan expedition claimed to have spotted a large bipedal creature running away in fear. It would become the first sighting of the so-called Yeti.source
1832The trade with meat, bread and drink is liberalized in 37 Swedish cities.Sweden source
183323 February – Grand Orient of Belgium established, with Goswin de Stassart as first Grand MasterBelgium source
1833April 23 – A group of interstate slave traders agree to relocate their slave pens outside the city limits of Natchez, Mississippi, to the Forks of the Road.United States source
183310 May – James Busby arrives in the Bay of Islands on HMS Imogene.New Zealand source
1833August 12 – The settlement of Chicago is established by 350 settlers at the estuary of the Chicago River in the U.S. state of Illinois.source
1833August 12 – The town of Chicago is established at the estuary of the Chicago River by 350 settlers.United States source
1833August 18 – The Canadian ship SS Royal William sets out from Pictou, Nova Scotia on a 25-day passage of the Atlantic Ocean, primarily under steam, to Gravesend in England.source
1833Glengoyne distillery is established as the Burnfoot distillery by George Connell on the Highland line near Dumgoyne.Scotland source
1833David Hume, explorer and big-game hunter, becomes the first European to enter the country of the Bamangwato (Botswana).South Africa source
1833Autumn – The community of Gomer, Ohio, is founded in the United States by Welsh settlers.Wales source
1834January 1 – Zollverein (Germany): Customs charges are abolished at borders within its member states.source
1834March 11 – The United States Survey of the Coast is transferred to the Department of the Navy.source
1834March – John Scott Russell's Scottish Steam Carriage Company begins operating a regular passenger service in west central Scotland on the open road between Glasgow and Paisley, Renfrewshire.source
1834August – Foresters Friendly Society formed as the Ancient Order of Foresters in Rochdale.United Kingdom source
18349 October – first shipment of tea direct from India arrives at the Broomielaw quay in Glasgow.Scotland source
1834October 31 – Solon Robinson settled in the location that would eventually become Crown Point, Indiana.United States source
1834November 2 – The ship Atlas docks in Mauritius carrying the first group of laborers (from Calcutta) under the Indian indenture system to work on sugar plantations following the abolition of slavery in the British Empire.source
183419 November – The first permanent European settlement on the north coast of Bass Strait is established at Portland by Edward Henty.Australia source
1834December 11 – The Sixth Xhosa War is characterized by severe clashes between white settlers and Bantu peoples in Cape Colony; Dutch-speaking settlers colonize the area north of Orange River.source
183429 December - The West of England and South Wales District Bank is established in Bristol.Wales source
183430 December – William Colenso, printer/missionary for the Church Missionary Society, arrives at Paihia in the Bay of Islands.New Zealand source
1834Two Māori converts returning from the Bay of Islands introduce Christianity to Gisborne. (see also 1838)New Zealand source
1834Secret preparations for the Great Trek begin as armed Boer farmers plan to leave Cape Colony.South Africa source
1835January 7 – HMS Beagle anchors off the Chonos Archipelago on her second voyage, with Charles Darwin on board as a scientist.source
1835August 30 – European settlers, landing on the north banks of the Yarra River in Victoria, Australia, found the settlement of Melbourne.source
1835September 7 – Charles Darwin arrives at the Galápagos Islands, aboard HMS Beagle.source
18357 September – Charles Darwin arrives at the Galapagos Islands aboard HMS Beagle.United Kingdom source
1835September 9 – José Figueroa, Governor of Alta California (born 1792)Mexico source
1835December 3 – Limerick-owned barque Francis Spaight is badly damaged homebound from Newfoundland and the surviving crew resort to cannibalism at sea to escape starvation before being rescued.Ireland source
183519 December – HMS Beagle, captained by Robert FitzRoy and carrying Charles Darwin, arrives in New Zealand.New Zealand source
1835December – Charles Darwin witnesses a game of cricket at the Bay of Islands.New Zealand source
1835The British East India Company negotiates a lease of the Darjeeling area west of the Mahananda River, from the Kingdom of Sikkim.source
1835Aoruk – A.C. Perch's Tea House opens on Kronprinsensgade in Copenhagen.Denmark source
1835Roderick Murchison names the Silurian period in geology.Scotland source
1835Missionaries publish the first IsiXhosa grammar in Grahamstown.South Africa source
1836January 12 – HMS Beagle, with Charles Darwin on board, reaches Sydney.source
183614 March – HMS Beagle, carrying Charles Darwin, leaves Australia.Australia source
183616 July – the brig Mariner leaves Loch Eriboll on the north coast for Cape Breton Island and Quebec in British North America with 154 emigrants, mostly from the nearby Reay district.Scotland source
1836July 27 – The settlement of Adelaide, South Australia, is founded.source
1836August – The Commission reaches Quebec, and consists of Lord Gosford, Sir Charles Grey and Sir James Gipps. A congratulatory address is presented to them at Quebec.Canada source
1836September 1 – Narcissa Whitman, one of the first white women to settle west of the Rocky Mountains, arrives at Walla Walla, Washington.United States source
1836October 2 – Charles Darwin returns to England aboard HMS Beagle, with biological data he will later use to develop his theory of evolution, having left South America on August 17.source
1836October 16 – Alte Pinakothek in Munich opened.Germany source
1836George Catlin ends his 6-year tour of 50 tribes in the Dakota Territory.source
1836Captain John Howell is sent by whaler and merchant Johnny Jones to establish a whaling station at Riverton to replace that recently abandoned at Preservation Inlet. (see also 1829 and 1835)New Zealand source
1836The town of Levanger was founded.Norway source
1836The Philanthropic Order of True Ivorites is established in Wrexham by Thomas Robert Jones, it is Wales' first friendly society.Wales source
183719 March – The first permanent European settlement in Canterbury. Prussian whaling captain George Hempleman (var. Hemplemann) establishes a whaling station at Peraki Bay, Banks Peninsula. Hempleman and his wife are the first German settlers in New Zealand.New Zealand source
18371 June - First inner-city land sale in Melbourne.Australia source
183710 June - The first whale is caught in Western Australia.Australia source
1837July – Charles W. King sets sail on the American merchant ship Morrison. In the Morrison incident, he is turned away from Japanese ports with cannon fire.source
18374 September – HMS Terror, badly damaged during an Arctic expedition, is beached at Lough Swilly to save her.Ireland source
183724 October – George Hempleman occupies Peraki Bay under licence from Clayton. Later, after Clayton leaves for Sydney, Hempleman is forces to make further payments for the right to occupy the land. (for the occupation at Peraki Bay see History of Canterbury, New Zealand#Whalers and sealers)New Zealand source
1837Messrs. Papineau, Lafontaine, Girouard and Morin go through the country, exciting the inhabitants.Canada source
1837Tsar Nicholas I is the first reigning Russian monarch to tour the Caucuses region since Peter I, 115 years earlier.Russia source
1837The voortrekkers under the leadership of Piet Retief arrived in Natal over the Drakensberg mountains after trekking overland from the Cape Colony during the Great Trek.South Africa source
1838February 6 – Boer explorer Piet Retief and 60 of his men are massacred by King Dingane kaSenzangakhona of the Zulu people, after Retief accepts an invitation to celebrate the signing of a treaty, and his men willingly disarm as a show of good faith.source
1838April 4–22 – The paddle steamer SS Sirius makes the transatlantic crossing to New York from Cork, Ireland in 18 days, though not using steam continuously.source
183823 April 1838 - The arrival of the first German vinedressers in Australia. The barque Kinnear arrived at Sydney carrying six German vinedresser families who were one of the first group of foreign immigrants brought to Australia under the newly formed Bounty Scheme. They were Caspar Flick, Georg Gerhard, Johann Justus, Friedrich Seckold, Johann Stein, and Johann Wenz. They brought with them the first Riesling grape cuttings to Australia and worked in the vineyards belonging to John Macarthur's son William Macarthur at Camden Park. Major Edward Macarthur recruited these six families from the Rheingau region of Hesse in October 1837.Australia source
1838August 18 – The United States Exploring Expedition sets sail from Hampton Roads, Virginia.United States source
183831 August – scene painter David Roberts sets sail for Egypt to produce a series of drawings of the region for use as the basis for paintings and chromolithographs.Scotland source
1838September 7 – Grace Darling and her father rescue 13 survivors from the Forfarshire, off the Farne Islands.source
1838November 4 – Survivors of the Potawatomi Trail of Death arrive at the modern-day site of Osawatomie, Kansas.United States source
183816 November - The ship Bengalee arrived at Port Misery (South Australia) with a group of Prussian immigrants, the first in a large wave of 19th-century German immigration to Australia.Australia source
1838Sylvain Charles Valée founds Skikda, Algeria.source
18384–22 April – the paddle steamer SS Sirius (1837) makes the Transatlantic Crossing to New York from Cork in eighteen days, though not using steam continuously.Ireland source
1838The Voortrekkers establish Natalia Republic with Pietermaritzburg as capitalSouth Africa source
1838John Cory of Devon opens his chandlery near the Custom House in Cardiff.Wales source
1839January 19 – The British Aden Expedition captures Aden.source
18391 May – Edward John Eyre explores the area north of Adelaide until 29 June, during the expedition he discovers Lake TorrensAustralia source
18391 May – The start of Eyre's expeditions to the interior of South Australia.United Kingdom source
1839May 22 – Former British statesman Lord Durham, as President of the New Zealand Company, formally asks the British government for permission to colonize New Zealand, and to establish a colonial government under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom.source
183915 June – David Clark, the first emigrant ship to sail directly from Great Britain to Port Phillip sets out from Greenock under the command of Capt. J. B. Mills, with mainly Scots assisted immigrants, arriving in Australia on 27 October.Scotland source
1839October 19 – Charles Thomson, Governor of Upper and Lower Canada, arrives. It is determined that Upper and Lower Canada shall share revenue in the ratio of 2 to 3.Canada source
183923 December – While visiting the Taranaki Ernst Dieffenbach, along with whaler James Heberley, becomes the first European to climb Mount Taranaki/Egmont.New Zealand source
1839Archaeological excavation at the Mayan site of Copán begins.source
1839A quarrel breaks out between the Chief of Abu Dhabi of the Beniyas tribe, Shaikh Khalifa bin Shakboot, and the fugitives who settled there after their departure from Bahrain, the Al Binali tribe. Under the command of their leader, Isa bin Tureef Al Binali, they relocate to Kenn Island where they exercise depredations over the Bahraini and other Gulf vessels. Their motive is to restore their belongings which they abandoned upon leaving Bahrain.source
1839East India Company forces capture Aden to provide a coaling station for ships en route to India, founding the Aden ColonyIndia source
1839The town of Pietermaritzburg is founded. It is named after the Voortrekker leaders Gert Maritz and Piet Retief.South Africa source
1839William Bingley – Excursions in North WalesWales source
18403 January — The Cuba arrives in Port Nicholson with a survey party to prepare for the New Zealand Company settlement.New Zealand source
1840January 19 – Captain Charles Wilkes' United States Exploring Expedition sights what becomes known as Wilkes Land in the southeast quadrant of Antarctica, claiming it for the United States, and providing evidence that Antarctica is a complete continent.source
1840January 19 – Captain Charles Wilkes circumnavigates Antarctica, claiming what becomes known as Wilkes Land for the United States.United States source
184020 January - Dumont D'Urville discovers Adélie Land, Antarctica.France source
1840January 21 – Jules Dumont d'Urville discovers Adélie Land in Antarctica, claiming it for France.source
1840January 22 – British colonists reach New Zealand, officially founding the settlement of Wellington.source
184022 January – British colonists reach New Zealand. Official founding date of Wellington.United Kingdom source
184029 January — Lieutenant-Governor Captain William Hobson arrives in the Bay of Islands. With Hobson are the members of the Executive Council, Colonial Secretary Willoughby Shortland, Colonial Treasurer George Cooper and Attorney-General Francis Fisher and the Legislative Council comprising the Executive Council and three Justices of the Peace.New Zealand source
1840From 3–4 March 1840, Ayya Vaikundar's followers carry him to Swamithoppe from Thiruvananthapuram in a Vahana after encountering King Swathi ThirunalIndia source
1840East India Company initiated the tea trade in ChittagongIndia source
1840William Lloyd - The Narrative of a Journey from Cawnpoor to the Boorendo PassWales source
1841January 28 – Ross discovers the "Victoria Barrier", later known as the Ross Ice Shelf. On the same voyage, he discovers the Ross Sea, Victoria Land and Mount Terror.source
1841February - The first economic minerals discovered in Australia were silver and lead at Glen Osmond, now a suburb of Adelaide in South Australia.Australia source
184131 March: The William Bryan arrives at Taranaki from Plymouth, bearing 148 settlers to found New Plymouth.New Zealand source
1841July 20 – The Mercantile Agency (ancestor of Dun & Bradstreet) is founded in New York City by Lewis Tappan.source
1841July 31 – Scottish missionary David Livingstone arrives at Kuruman in the Northern Cape, his first posting in Africa.source
1841August 20–October 16 – The Niger expedition of 1841 begins sailing up the Niger River by paddle steamers, under the auspices of the British Society for the Extinction of the Slave Trade and the Civilisation of Africa; it is largely abortive, due to the high incidence of disease among the crews.source
1841November – The settlement of Dallas, Texas, is founded by John Neely Bryan.source
1841The Dawn Settlement, in what is now Dresden, Ontario, is established to provide self-help for Blacks in agricultural communities.Canada source
1841the British expedition divided its forces, sending one fleet south to the Pearl River while sending a second fleet north to the Yellow Sea. The northern fleet sailed to the Hai River, where Elliot personally presented Palmerston's letter to the Emperor to Qing authorities from the capital. Qishan (ᡴᡳᡧᠠᠨ), a high-ranking Manchu official, was selected by the Imperial Court to replace Lin as the Viceroy of Liangguang after the latter was discharged for his failure to resolve the opium situation.China source
1841Missionaries from the Presbyterian Church of Wales found the Presbyterian Church in India in the Khasi Hills in northeast IndiaIndia source
1841Autumn – Chartist leader Feargus O'Connor tours Scotland.Scotland source
1841Missionary David Livingstone arrives in the Cape Colony and proceeds to Kuruman before journeying through Central Africa.South Africa source
1841The Brymbo ironworks are bought out of Chancery after a long period of litigation and reopened by a limited company.Wales source
1842January 23 – Antarctic explorer James Clark Ross, charting the eastern side of James Ross Island, reaches a Farthest South of 78°09'30"S.source
18421 February: The first settlers arrive in Nelson aboard the Fifeshire.New Zealand source
1842March 9 – First documented discovery of gold in California, by Francisco Lopez at Placerita Canyon in Rancho San Francisco, sparking a small-scale gold rush, mainly of Mexicans from Sonora.United States source
18421 September – Queen Victoria arrives by sea at Granton, Edinburgh, to start her first visit to Scotland.Scotland source
184220 October – Races are held on the beach at Petone.New Zealand source
1842The Sons of Temperance is founded in New York City.source
1842Ivar Aasen commenced his research on rural dialects all across NorwayNorway source
1842Pioneering allotments are established in Nottingham: St Ann's Allotments and Bagthorpe Gardens.United Kingdom source
1842The Merchants Fund organization in PhiladelphiaUnited States source
1842John Cory and his family move to the docks area of Cardiff and open a ship's chandlery business.Wales source
1843January 6 – Antarctic explorer James Clark Ross discovers Snow Hill Island.source
18436 January – Antarctic explorer James Clark Ross discovers Snow Hill Island.United Kingdom source
1843April 16 or 17 – A group of 24 West Indian Moravians from Jamaica and Antigua, recruited by the Danish minister and Basel missionary, Andreas Riis, arrive in Christiansborg (Osu), Gold Coast, now Ghana, to set up schools and Presbyterian churches in the country.source
1843May 7 – Nakahama Manjirō lands in New Bedford, Massachusetts, the first known Japanese in the United States.United States source
1843July 25 – Père Antoine Désiré Mégret, a Capuchin missionary, purchases the land that will become Abbeville, Louisiana for $900, a town founded by descendants of Acadians from Nova Scotia.source
18432 August: The New Zealand Colonist and Port Nicholson Advertiser ceases publishing after one year.New Zealand source
18438 August – Border convention between Belgium and the Netherlands concluded at Maastricht.Belgium source
1843August 15 – Tivoli Gardens, one of the oldest amusement parks in the world still intact, opens in Copenhagen, Denmark.source
1843September 21 – The crew of schooner Ancud, including John Williams Wilson, takes possession of the Strait of Magellan on behalf of the Chilean government.source
1843October 30 – Fuerte Bulnes, the first Chilean settlement in the strait of Magellan, is founded.source
1843November 17 – The city of Shanghai opens for trade with foreigners for the first time, welcoming a party of traders from the United Kingdom.source
1843Kurdish leader Bedir Khan Beg launched an expedition against the Assyrians in the Hakkari region.Thousands of Assyrians were massacred during the campaign.source
1843David Thompson sends a set of refined maps to London.Canada source
1843the first Treaty Ports were openedChina source
1843The Ordnance Survey commences its first published mapping of Scotland with a survey of Wigtownshire.Scotland source
1843Abbeville, Louisiana is founded by descendants of Acadians from Nova Scotia.United States source
1844August – Charles Sturt explores the Stony Desert, fails to establish existence of an inland sea.Australia source
18441 October – Ludwig Leichhardt leads expedition starting from Jimbour on the Darling Downs to Port Essington, Northern Territory, arriving in December 1845.Australia source
1844December 21 – The Rochdale Pioneers commence business at their cooperative in Rochdale, England.source
184421 December – The Rochdale Pioneers, usually considered the first successful cooperative enterprise, open their store in Rochdale, forming the basis for the modern cooperative movement.United Kingdom source
1844December 31 – This date is omitted from the calendar in the Philippines in order to align it with the calendar elsewhere in East Asia, essentially moving the International Date Line to the east of the archipelago.source
1844Joseph Patrick Haverty paints Patrick O'Brien: The Limerick Piper and his brother Martin Haverty publishes Wanderings in Spain in 1843.Ireland source
1844Voortrekkers from Natal cross back over the Drakensberg Mountains and settle at Potchefstroom.South Africa source
1844The Voortrekker leader Hendrik Potgieter settles at Delagoa Bay, MozambiqueSouth Africa source
1844King Frederick Augustus II of Saxony makes an informal summer tour of Britain.United Kingdom source
1844English watercolour landscape painter David Cox spends his first summer at Betws-y-Coed, which he will continue to do until 1856.Wales source
1845January 1 – The Philippines began reckoning Asian dates by hopping the International Date Line through skipping Tuesday, December 31, 1844. That time zone shift was a reform made by Governor–General Narciso Claveria on August 16, 1844, in order to align the local calendars in the country with the rest of Asia as trade interests with Imperial China, Dutch East Indies and neighboring countries increased, after Mexico became independent in 1821. The reform also applied to Caroline Islands, Guam, Marianas Islands, Marshall Islands, and Palau as part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines.source
1845May 19 – HMS Erebus and HMS Terror, with 134 men, comprising Sir John Franklin's expedition to find the Northwest Passage, sail from Greenhithe on the Thames. They will last be seen in the summer, entering Baffin Bay.source
184519 May – HMS Erebus and HMS Terror with 134 men, comprising Sir John Franklin's expedition to find the Northwest Passage, sail from Greenhithe on the Thames. They will last be seen in the summer entering Baffin Bay.United Kingdom source
1845May 30 – Fatel Razack (Fath Al Razack, 'Victory of Allah the Provider', قتح الرزاق) is the first ship to bring indentured labourers from India to Trinidad and Tobago, landing in the Gulf of Paria with 227 immigrants.source
1845July 4 – Near Concord, Massachusetts, Henry David Thoreau embarks on a 2-year experiment in simple living at Walden Pond (see Walden).United States source
184520 July – Charles Sturt enters the Simpson Desert in central Australia.Australia source
1845July 28 – HMS Terror and HMS Erebus of the Franklin Expedition go missing in the Davis Strait west of Greenland, while searching for the Northwest Passage.source
1845September–December – African American abolitionist Frederick Douglass makes a speaking tour of Ireland.Ireland source
184517 December – Ludwig Leichhardt arrives at Port Essington, Northern Territory, after an overland journey of 4800 km from Jimbour on the Darling Downs.Australia source
1845Scottish Rights of Way Society establishedScotland source
1845The Voortrekker settlement of Ohrigstad is foundedSouth Africa source
1845The road from Cape Town to Stellenbosch through the Maitland area is completedSouth Africa source
1846January – Gold is found at the Victoria Mine near Castambul, in the Adelaide HillsAustralia source
1846January – African American abolitionist Frederick Douglass arrives in Scotland from Ireland to continue his speaking tour of the United Kingdom.Scotland source
1846February 4 – Led by Brigham Young, many Mormons in the U.S. begin their migration west from Nauvoo, Illinois, to the Great Salt Lake in what becomes Utah.source
1846February 11 – Many Mormons begin their migration west from Nauvoo, Illinois to the Great Salt Lake, led by Brigham Young.United States source
1846June 15 – The Oregon Treaty establishes the 49th parallel as the border between the United States and Canada, from the Rocky Mountains to the Strait of Juan de Fuca.source
1846August – Canadian physician and geologist Abraham Pineo Gesner demonstrates a process to refine a liquid fuel, which he calls kerosene, from coal, bitumen or oil shale.source
1846December: Thomas Brunner sets out on a journey of exploration south of Nelson which will eventually take 18 months to complete.New Zealand source
1846David Thompson begins compiling a book about his travels.Canada source
1846Banqiao District established in Fujian (now Taiwan)China source
1846Locations Commission established by Chief Justice Cloete & Sir Theophilus Shepstone to explore racial segregation in Natal.South Africa source
1846Trade and craft professions are opened to all unmarried women.Sweden source
1847March 28 – The Massachusetts Donation of 1847 for Ireland sails from Boston on USS Jamestown.United States source
184712 April – the Massachusetts Donation of 1847 arrives at Cork on USS Jamestown.Ireland source
184720 June – Galeries Royales Saint-Hubert shopping arcade opened in Brussels.Belgium source
18475 August – The Ramilles arrives in Auckland with the first fencibles. They are initially housed at the Auckland Barracks.New Zealand source
1847August 27 — Hong Xiuquan returned to the Thistle Mountains from Hua County, the God Worshipers numbered over 2,000. At this time, most God Worshippers were peasants and miners.China source
184723 November – the Otago Association ship Philip Laing sets sail from Greenock carrying settlers, mostly from the Free Church of Scotland, bound for Port Chalmers in New Zealand.Scotland source
1847American Methodist Episcopal Society (North) entered the field of ChinaChina source
1847Jeweler Cartier established in Paris.France source
1848January 26 – Justo Sierra (writer)Mexico source
184813 February – The first non-British ship carrying immigrants to arrive in Victoria was from Germany; the Goddefroy. Many of those on board were political refugees and known as Forty-Eighters.Australia source
1848March 23 – The settlement of Dunedin, New Zealand is founded, with the arrival of settlers from Scotland on board the John Wickliffe.source
184823 March – Scottish settlers on the John Wickliffe, captained by Edinburgh-born William Cargill, arrive at what will become Port Chalmers in the Otago region of New Zealand. Dunedin is established by the Lay Association of the Free Church of Scotland through the Otago Association.Scotland source
18483 April – Explorer Ludwig Leichhardt was last seen on the Darling Downs. On that date he wrote a letter from MacPherson's Station, Cogoon. Leichhardt had set off for Swan River.Australia source
1848April 25 – Captain Francis Crozier and Commander James Fitzjames of the Royal Navy deposit the final formal record ever recovered from the Franklin Expedition in a cairn on King William Island, after deserting their ships, HMS Erebus and HMS Terror, with their surviving 105 crew members on April 22 to attempt to march to the mainland of North America.source
1848August 6 – HMS Daedalus reports a sighting of a sea serpent.source
1848December 16 – The main Austrian imperial forces, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, cross the Hungarian border.source
1848December 18 – Punta Arenas, the first major settlement in the Strait of Magellan, is founded.source
1848The city of Joensuu is founded in North Karelia, Finland by Czar Nicholas I of Russia.source
1848Admiral Nevelskoy demonstrates that the Strait of Tartary is a strait.source
1848Voortrekkers settle across the Vaal River.South Africa source
1848Approximately 163 German settlers, known as the Bergthiel Settlers, arrive in Natal.South Africa source
1848John Hughes - The Self-SearcherWales source
1848Butchers' Market in Wrexham opened.Wales source
184926 January – The Australasian Anti-Transportation League is formed during a public meeting at Launceston, Tasmania; later branches were formed in Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney, and Canterbury (New Zealand).Australia source
1849February 28 – Regular steamboat service from the west to the east coast of the United States begins, with the arrival of the SS California in San Francisco Bay. The California leaves New York Harbor on October 6, 1848, rounds Cape Horn at the tip of South America, and arrives at San Francisco after the 4-month, 21-day journey.source
1849February 28 – Regular steamboat service from the west to the east coast of the United States begins with the arrival of the SS California in San Francisco Bay. The California leaves New York Harbor on October 6, 1848, rounds Cape Horn at the tip of South America, and arrives at San Francisco, California after a 4-month-21-day journey.United States source
1849July – A delegation of Anishinaabe chiefs petition Lord Elgin to address the encroachment of mining interests on the shore of Lake Superior and north shore of Lake Huron in the absence of a formal treaty.Canada source
1849October – Swedish writer and reformist Fredrika Bremer travels to the United States and lands in New York City, beginning her two year long journey across the US and Britain.Sweden source
1849November – English-born merchant Joshua Norton, the future "Emperor Norton", arrives in San Francisco.source
1849December 3 – German missionaries Johann Ludwig Krapf and Johannes Rebmann become the first Europeans to see Mount Kenya.source
1849Jacob Jacobs, Merchant Vessels off the Turkish CoastBelgium source
1849The requirement for passports for journeys inside Denmark is abolished.Denmark source
1849Gennady Nevelskoy embarks on the Amur ExpeditionRussia source
1849The Byrne Settlers start arriving in Natal.South Africa source
1850January 14 – Malcolm Cameron visits Washington, D.C. about a trade reciprocity agreement.Canada source
185018 January – Don Pacifico affair: Lord Palmerston, the Foreign Secretary, sends a Royal Navy squadron to blockade the port of Piraeus in the Aegean Sea in defence of the interests of a British citizen, causing a diplomatic incident with Russia and France.United Kingdom source
1850March 19 – American Express is founded by Henry Wells and William Fargo.source
185030 March – Denmark sells the Danish Gold Coast to the United KingdomDenmark source
1850May 23 – The USS Advance puts to sea from New York to search for Franklin's lost expedition in the Arctic.source
1850May 23 – The USS Advance puts to sea from New York City to search for Franklin's lost expedition in the Arctic.United States source
1850June 1 – The transportation of British convicts to Western Australia begins, as the transportation of British convicts to other parts of Australia is phased out, when the ship Scindian arrives in Fremantle, with 75 male prisoners.source
1850September 4 – The Eusébio de Queirós Law is passed in the Brazilian Empire to abolish the international slave trade.source
1850December 16 – Members of the Canterbury Association, the first settlers bound for Christchurch, arrive from England at the port of Lyttelton, New Zealand, aboard the Charlotte Jane and Randolph.source
185016 December – The Charlotte-Jane, one of the First Four Ships bringing settlers to Canterbury arrives in Lyttelton Harbour followed by the Randolph later the same afternoon.New Zealand source
1850Mayer Lehman arrives from Germany to join his siblings in Lehman Brothers dry-goods business (predecessor of the bank) in Montgomery, Alabama.source
1850From this year until 1880, 144,000 East Indian laborers go to Trinidad and 39,000 to Jamaica.source
1850The temperance organisation, International Organisation of Good Templars, is established in Utica, New York, as the order of the Knights of Jericho.source
1850One of the original segments of the historic Pacific Highway (United States) in Washington (state) in Clark and Cowlitz counties is established.source
1850Bucolus fourneti - described by Étienne MulsantAustralia source
1850Cox Brothers open the Camperdown Works in Dundee which will become the world's largest jute works.Scotland source
1850Wesleyan settlers arrive in NatalSouth Africa source
185128 February – Formation of an Anti-Transportation League from anti-transportation organisations in Victoria and Tasmania.Australia source
1851March 27 – The first European men reportedly see Yosemite Valley.source
1851April 9 – San Luis, the oldest permanent settlement in the state of Colorado, is founded by settlers from Taos, New Mexico.source
1851May-October – Embroiderer Joseph Van Halle exhibits "Church ornaments and Brussels lace" at the Great Exhibition in London. The Belgian ambassador, Sylvain Van de Weyer, was consulted to ensure that the display of ecclesiastical vestments was arranged in such a way as not to offend Protestant sensibilities.Belgium source
1851August 3 – The filibustering Lopez Expedition sails from New Orleans, Louisiana heading to seize Spanish-ruled Cuba.source
1851August 22 – The yacht America wins the first America's Cup race, off the coast of England.source
1851August 22 – The yacht America of the New York Yacht Club wins the first America's Cup race, off the coast of England.United States source
1851September 30 – HSwMS Eugenie leaves from Karlskrona, Sweden to begin its voyage as the first Swedish Royal Navy vessel to circumnavigate the world.source
185130 September – HSwMS Eugenie leaves from Karlskrona, Sweden to begin its voyage as the first Swedish Royal Navy vessel to circumnavigate the world.Sweden source
1851November 13 – The Denny Party lands at Alki Point, the first settlers of what later becomes Seattle.source
1851William Kennedy was commander of the second sponsored expedition to find Sir John Franklin.Canada source
1851Wilhelm Marstrand's painting of Church-Goers Arriving by Boat at the Parish Church of Leksand on Siljan Lake is part of the exhibition.Denmark source
1851Norwegians starts to settle at the mouth of the Jakobselva river, and the area develops into the village of Grense Jakobselv.Norway source
1851Hebrides shipping services of Burns Brothers pass to David and Alexander Hutcheson and David MacBrayne as David Hutcheson & Co.Scotland source
185226 February – the Birkenhead founders off the coast of South Africa. The soldiers stand to attention while women and children are placed in the lifeboats.Ireland source
185215 April – Postal convention between Belgium and the Office of the Prince of Tour and Taxis signed in Brussels.Belgium source
1852The British Inman Line is the first to offer United States-bound migrants steerage passage in a steamer, SS City of Glasgow.source
1852Germans are encouraged to immigrate to Chile.source
1852The French Catholic De La Salle Brothers arrive from Europe in Singapore, aboard La Julie, and sail up to Penang in the Straits Settlements, to found the first Lasallian educational institutions in Asia.source
1852Louis Gallait, Gypsy Woman with Two ChildrenBelgium source
1852Tenant farmer Michael O'Regan emigrates from County Tipperary to London. He will become paternal great-grandfather to Ronald Reagan, President of the United States.Ireland source
1852Eglington Pauper Lunatic Asylum opened in Cork.Ireland source
1852Two boatloads of emigrants leave the island of Raasay for Australia.Scotland source
1853May 19 — Western Expedition launched along the Yangtze RiverChina source
18536 June – Naval fleet travels to Besika Bay to fend off Russian threats to the Ottoman Empire.United Kingdom source
1853July 8 – U.S. Commodore Matthew C. Perry arrives in Edo Bay, Japan, with a request for a trade treaty.source
185312 August - sailing ship Madagascar left Melbourne for London with two tonnes of gold and disappeared.Australia source
185314 September – The Ann is the first steamship to visit Lyttelton.New Zealand source
1853October 15 – William Walker sets out with 45 men to conquer the Mexican territories of Baja California and Sonora.United States source
185325 October – Neue Pinakothek in Munich opened.Germany source
1853Russian explorer-trappers find oil seeps in Cook Inlet.Canada source
1853date unknown - The first Chilean postage stamps are issued.Chile source
1854January 4 – The McDonald Islands are discovered by Captain William McDonald aboard the Samarang.source
18544 January – Captain William McDonald aboard the Samarang discovers the McDonald Islands.Australia source
1854March 1 – The British Inman Line's SS City of Glasgow sets out from Liverpool on passage to the United States with 480 on board; she is lost without a trace.source
18541 March – Inman Line's SS City of Glasgow sets out from Liverpool on passage to the United States with 480 on board; she is lost without trace.United Kingdom source
1854March 11 – A Royal Navy fleet sails from Britain, under Vice Admiral Sir Charles Napier.source
185411 March – Royal Navy fleet sails from Britain under Vice Admiral Sir Charles Napier.United Kingdom source
1854August 27 – English lawyer Alfred Wills and party set out for the first ascent of the Wetterhorn in Switzerland, regarded as the start of the "golden age of alpinism".source
1854August 27 – Alfred Wills ascends the Wetterhorn, starting the golden age of alpinismSwitzerland source
185427 August – Alfred Wills and party set out for the first ascent of the Wetterhorn in Switzerland, regarded as the start of the "golden age of alpinism".United Kingdom source
1854September 28 or 29 – Sloop USS Albany is lost off the coast of Venezuela with all hands.United States source
1854The Icelandic trade is opened to merchants other than Danes.source
1854Ignacy Łukasiewicz drills the world's first oil well in Poland, in Bóbrka near Krosno County.source
1854Happy Valley Tea Estate, a tea garden in Darjeeling district in the Indian state of West Bengal, was establishedIndia source
1854Dalhousie, India, a hill station in Himachal Pradesh, was established by the British Empire's government in India as a summer retreat for its troops and officialsIndia source
1855May 3 – American adventurer William Walker and a group of armed mercenaries (filibusters) sail from San Francisco in California south to Central America to attempt to conquer Nicaragua.source
1855July 4 – Thomas Cook escorts his first party of excursionists from England to tour the European continent, travelling via Belgium and enabling the tourists to visit the Paris Exposition.source
18554 July – Thomas Cook escorts his first party of excursionists to tour the European continent, travelling via Belgium and enabling the tourists to visit the Exposition Universelle in Paris.United Kingdom source
185526 July - Ole Paus, ship's captain, shipowner and land owner (born 1766)Norway source
1855September 29 – The Port of Iloilo in the Philippines is opened to international trade, by Queen Isabella II of Spain. This year also the ports of Sual (modern-day Pangasinan) and Zamboanga City are opened to international trade.source
1855October 28–31 – 1855 Fiji expedition: The U.S. Navy dispatches the USS John Adams to Viti Levu, Fiji, to protect American interests. One American sailor is killed and two Marines are wounded.United States source
1855October – Victor Hugo moves to Hauteville House, Saint Peter Port, Guernsey, in the Channel Islands, accompanied by his mistress, Juliette Drouet.France source
1855November 17 – Scottish missionary explorer David Livingstone becomes the first European to see Victoria Falls, in modern-day Zambia–Zimbabwe.source
185517 November – explorer David Livingstone discovers Victoria Falls in Africa.Scotland source
1855Palm oil sales from West Africa to the United Kingdom reach 40,000 tons.source
1855Charles Leickert, Coastal scene with fisherfolkBelgium source
1855William Healey Dall moved to India to work as a missionaryIndia source
1855William Rees (Gwilym Hiraethog) – Gweithiau Barddonol Gwilym HiraethogWales source
1856January 23 – The American sidewheel steamer SS Pacific leaves Liverpool (England) for a transatlantic voyage on which she will be lost with all 186 on board.source
185626 February – Teis Lundegaard, farmer, shipowner, politician and representative at the Norwegian Constituent Assembly (born 1774)Norway source
185616 April – Jacob Heinrich Moresco opens a shop with women's clothing and fashion accessories at Amagertorv 13 in Copenhagen.Denmark source
1856April 29 – The iron-hulled paddle steamer RMS Persia concludes a 9-day 16 hour westbound transatlantic crossing, at an average 13.11 knots (24.28 km/h), regaining the Blue Riband for the Cunard Line.source
1856May 20 – David Livingstone arrives at Quelimane on the Indian Ocean, having completed a 2-year transcontinental journey across Africa from Luanda.source
1856June 9 – 500 Mormon handcart pioneers leave Iowa City and head west for Salt Lake City, Utah, carrying all their possessions in two-wheeled handcarts.source
1856June 9 – 500 Mormons leave Iowa City, Iowa and head west for Salt Lake City, Utah, carrying all their possessions in two-wheeled handcarts.United States source
1856August – Pre-human remains are found in the Neanderthal Valley in Prussia.source
1856August – Pre-human remains are found in the Neander Valley in Prussia.Germany source
1856Suburb of Goodna founded in Queensland, Australia – Originally part of NSW, its 150-year anniversary was celebrated in 2006.Australia source
1856Charles-Philogène Tschaggeny, The Unwilling TravellerBelgium source
1856Approximately 3000 Crimean War veterans (German Legionnaires) settled in Kaffraria, later joined by 2700 German civilians.South Africa source
1856Arnold Escher von der Linth becomes a professor of geology at the École Polytechnique in ZurichSwitzerland source
18576 May — Samuel Roberts (S. R.) sails for Tennessee.Wales source
1857July 18 – The Utah Expedition leaves Fort Leavenworth, effectively beginning the Utah War.source
1857The Mormons abandon Las Vegas.source
1857The first commercial tea plantation in the British Raj is opened in the Mulnicherra Estate in Sylhet.source
1857Suzumoto Vaudeville Theater officially opens in Ueno region, Edo (modern-day Tokyo) in Japan.source
1857The Palliser Expedition begins its exploration of Western Canada.Canada source
1857About 157 Irish women arrive on the ship Lady Kennaway 1816 ship and settle in British Kaffraria.South Africa source
1857The Mormons abandon the Las Vegas Valley of Nevada.United States source
1857Robert Parry (Robyn Ddu Eryri) — Teithiau a Barddoniaeth Robyn Ddu EryriWales source
1858February 13 – Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke become the first Europeans to discover Lake Tanganyika.source
185813 February – Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke become the first Europeans to discover Lake Tanganyika.United Kingdom source
1858May 13 – John Ruskin begins a tour of Europe; he considers it a significant turning point in his life.source
1858May 14 – David Livingstone's 6-year Second Zambesi expedition arrives at the African coast.source
1858May (unknown date) – Japanese trading company Itochu founded in Toyosato, Shiga Prefecture, Japan.source
1858July – Forty-Niners stream into the Rocky Mountains of the western United States during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush.United States source
18583 August – Explorer John Hanning Speke discovers Lake Victoria, source of the River Nile.United Kingdom source
1858August 11 – The Eiger is first ascended.source
1858August – German writer Theodor Fontane tours Scotland.Scotland source
1858October 28 – Macy's department store, founded by R. H. Macy, opens for business in New York City.source
1858November 28 – At Jekyll Island, Georgia, the Wanderer illegally lands 400 slaves purchased from traders at the mouth of the Congo River.United States source
1858December 30 – Paraguay expedition: Seventeen U.S. Navy warships, under the command of William Shubrick, depart from Uruguay on a mission to demand concessions from Paraguay, and to go to war if necessary.source
1858German historian Konrad von Maurer visited Iceland.Iceland source
1859March 2–3 – The Great Slave Auction, the largest single sale of slaves in U.S. history, with more than 400 people sold, takes place near Savannah, Georgia.United States source
1859June 8 – The discovery of the Comstock Lode in the western Utah Territory sets off the Rush to Washoe.source
1859June 8 – The discovery of the Comstock Lode in the western Utah Territory (present-day Nevada) sets off a rush of prospectors to the area.United States source
1859June 30 – Charles Blondin crosses Niagara Falls on a tightrope for the first time.source
185930 June - Charles Blondin crosses Niagara Falls on a tightrope for the first time.France source
1859July – Pike's Peak Gold Rush begins in the Colorado Territory.United States source
185927 August – Catharine Hermine Kølle, adventurer and painter (born 1788)Norway source
1859September – British merchant Thomas Blake Glover begins business in Nagasaki, Japan.source
1859The island of Timor is divided between Portugal and the Netherlands.source
1859Pike's Peak Gold Rush begins in the Colorado Territory.source
1859The Ørnen Corvette begins patrolling Icelandic waters.Iceland source
1859St. Cuthbert's Co-operative Society opens its first shop in Edinburgh.Scotland source
1859Women are explicitly permitted to engage freely and without restrictions in any type of retail business in both the cities as well as the countryside and to manage village general stores without inheriting them (married women, however, would as minors still be obliged to provide a permit from their spouse as well).Sweden source
18608 January: Julius von Haast begins his journey of exploration of the West Coast.New Zealand source
1860April 3 – In the U.S., the Pony Express begins its first run from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, with riders carrying a small Bible.source
1860May 6 – Expedition of the Thousand: Giuseppe Garibaldi and his troops depart from Quarto.source
186026 June – Natal – Durban to Point, 2 mi.South Africa source
186018 July – Duties charged on goods brought from the countryside into towns abolished.Belgium source
1860August 2 — Joseph Edkins and Griffith John arrive in Suzhou to meet Hong Rengan.China source
186020 August – Burke and Wills expedition sets off from Royal Park, Melbourne at about 4 p.m. watched by around 15,000 spectators.Australia source
1860August 22 – Assisted by the British Navy, the troops of Giuseppe Garibaldi cross from Sicily to the Italian mainland.source
1860October – John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant leave Zanzibar, to search for the source of the Nile River.source
1860December 18 – Senator John J. Crittenden proposes the so-called Crittenden Compromise hoping to resolve the U.S. secession crisis.United States source
1860Two month tour of Canada by Albert Edward, Prince of WalesCanada source
1860The internal passport, until then needed to travel inside the country, is abolished.Sweden source
1861June – first modern excavation of the Neolithic chambered cairn and passage grave of Maeshowe on Orkney.Scotland source
1861July – The archaeological excavations at the Jelling Stones are resumed under supervision of Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae and later that month visited by King Frederik VII personally.Denmark source
186117 September – the SS Great Eastern, with a badly damaged rudder, anchors in Cork Harbour for temporary repairs.Ireland source
1861Charles-Philogène Tschaggeny, The Ardennes Mail Coach.Belgium source
1861Ferdaminni fraa Sumaren 1860 (A remembrance of a journey in the summer 1860) was written by Aasmund Olavsson Vinje.Norway source
1861Griffith John becomes the first Christian missionary to penetrate into central China.Wales source
18621 May – Cape Western – Cape Town to Stellenbosch, 30 mi.South Africa source
1862July 4 – Charles Dodgson (better known as Lewis Carroll) extemporises the story that becomes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, for ten-year-old Alice Liddell and her sisters, on a rowboat trip on The Isis from Oxford to Godstow.source
186224 July – Explorer John McDouall Stuart successfully returns from crossing the Australian continent from north to south on his third attempt.Australia source
186231 August – last mail coach runs from Carlisle to Hawick.Scotland source
1862December 12 – Yazoo Pass Expedition – Union ironclad gunboat USS Cairo is sunk by a remotely-detonated "torpedo" (naval mine) while clearing mines from the Yazoo River, the first armored ship sunk by mine.source
1862December 12 – American Civil War: Yazoo Pass Expedition – Union ironclad gunboat USS Cairo is sunk by a remotely-detonated "torpedo" (naval mine) while clearing mines from the Yazoo River, the first armored ship sunk by mine.United States source
1862Donald McIntyre builds a settlement in northwest Queensland (Australia) which becomes the town of Julia Creek (named after his niece).source
1862William Duncan, an Anglican missionary on the northwest coast, establishes the village of Metlakatla with 50 Tsimshian followers, who adopt the Christian faith and a European lifestyle. By 1880, more than 1,000 converts live there.Canada source
1862date unknown - Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez advances to Malleco.Chile source
1862The Nelson Intelligence is a short-lived newspaper in the Nelson, New Zealand area.New Zealand source
1862Guillermo Rawson, Interior Minister of Argentina, meets Love Jones-Parry and Lewis Jones to discuss the Welsh colonisation of Patagonia.Wales source
186310 January – steamer Bussorah is lost off Islay with all 33 hands on her maiden voyage.Scotland source
186317 January – Explorer John McKinlay returns home to Gawler, South Australia after an unsuccessful two-year search for the missing Burke and Wills expedition.Australia source
18631 August – Clipper Marnix van Sinte-Aldegonde the first ship to sail toll-free from Antwerp to the mouth of the Scheldt.Belgium source
1863The American clipper ship Anglo Saxon (westbound) is captured and burned by Confederate privateer Florida off the south coast of Ireland.source
18634 November – Cape Western – Stellenbosch to Wellington, 27 mi.South Africa source
18634–7 November – the Chōshū Five, having left Japan secretly, arrive in England to study at University College London, part of the ending of sakoku.United Kingdom source
1863David William Nash – The Pharaoh of the ExodusWales source
1864June 18 – The Decree of Extended Freedom of Trade introduces complete freedom of trade in Sweden.source
1864June 18 – The Decree of Extended Freedom of Trade introduce complete freedom of trade in Sweden: unmarried women are granted the same rights within trade and commerce as men.Sweden source
1864August 13 – The first fish and chips shop perhaps opens in London.source
1864Bloemhof is founded on the banks of the Vaal River when diamonds are discovered in the area.South Africa source
186415 September – The explorer of Africa, John Hanning Speke, 37, accidentally shoots himself at Neston Park, his estate in Wiltshire.United Kingdom source
1864October 30 – Helena, Montana, is founded, after four prospectors (the so-called Four Georgians) discover gold at Last Chance Gulch; it is their last and agreed final attempt for weeks, of trying to find gold in the northern Rockies.source
1864October 30 – Helena, Montana is founded after four prospectors (the so-called Four Georgians) discover gold at Last Chance Gulch; it is their last and agreed final attempt at weeks of trying to find gold in the northern Rockies.United States source
186419 December – Cape Western – Salt River to Wynberg, 6 mi.South Africa source
1864Asa Mercer travels from Seattle to the U.S. East Coast, and recruits 11 Mercer Girls, potential wives for men on the West Coast.source
1864The Dutch conquer southern Sumatra.source
1864The first Quanjude Peking Roast Duck restaurant opens on Qianmen Street in Peking, China.source
1864Up to 6000 miners come to the Wakamarina Valley in Marlborough after gold is discovered. Canvastown is founded at the river mouth. About 25,000 oz of gold is recovered in 1864, but the surface gold is quickly exhausted.New Zealand source
1864R. D. Blackmore - Clara VaughanWales source
186516 February – La Grange expedition led by Maitland Brown and including David Francisco and Lockier Burges leaves Fremantle to search for three settlers who had failed to return from an earlier exploring expedition. The three men were eventually found dead, having been speared and clubbed to death by Aboriginal Australians, apparently in their sleep.Australia source
18659 May – International Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures opens in Dublin.Ireland source
1865May 17 – French missionary Father Armand David first observes Père David's deer in Peking, China.source
1865May 28 – The Mimosa sets sail with emigrants from Wales for Patagonia.source
1865June 25 – James Hudson Taylor founds the China Inland Mission at Brighton, England.source
1865July 14 – First ascent of the Matterhorn: The summit of the Matterhorn in the Alps is reached for the first time, by a party of 7 led by the Englishman Edward Whymper; 4 die in a fall during the descent.source
186514 July – a party led by Edward Whymper makes the first ascent of the Matterhorn.United Kingdom source
1865July 27 – Welsh settlers arrive in Argentina at Chubut Valley.source
186521 October — Opening of Howells (department store) in Cardiff as a drapery.Wales source
18653 November - Opening of the first Printemps department store, in Paris.France source
18652–7 September – A deputation from Sleswig visits Copenhagen.Denmark source
1865The 1865 International Exhibition was held in PortoPortugal source
1865The Rossander Courses for women starts in Stockholm.Sweden source
1866February 26 – The Calaveras Skull is discovered in California. Purported to be evidence of humans in North America during the Pliocene epoch, it turns out to be a hoax.source
186610 October – Dandenong Market opens in South-East Melbourne.Australia source
1866October 14 – French troops under the command of Rear Admiral Pierre-Gustave Roze land at Ganghwa Island, Korea, as part of a punitive expedition against that kingdom for the execution of French Jesuit priests. It is the first military contact between Korea and a Western force.source
186624 October – The Intercolonial Exhibition of Australasia opens in Melbourne.Australia source
1866Erasmus Jacobs discovers the 21.25 carats Eureka Diamond near Hopetown on the banks of the Orange River in the Cape of Good Hope.source
1866Allahabad High Court was established as the High Court of Judicature for the North-Western Provinces at Agra on 17 MarchIndia source
1866St. Mary's Convent Inter College was established in Allahabad, Uttar PradeshIndia source
1866Murray, John (1869). The Knapsack Guide to Norway. London: J. Murray. p. 103.Norway source
1866The Denholm Group is established by John Denholm of Greenock as a shipping agency.Scotland source
1866Samurai Yamao Yōzō, one of the Chōshū Five, begins 2 years studying marine engineering in Glasgow.Scotland source
1866Morris Brothers department store established at Tenby; it will still be trading 150 years later.Wales source
1867January – Clara Schumann and Joseph Joachim tour to Edinburgh and Glasgow.Scotland source
1867April 1–November 3 – Exposition Universelle, an international exhibition in Paris. Among the visitors is Abdülaziz, making the first visit of a Sultan of the Ottoman Empire to Western Europe.source
18674 April – Natal – Durban to Umgeni, 3 mi.South Africa source
1867Delhaize Brothers begin trading.Belgium source
1867December 4 – Beginning of British expedition to Abyssinia.source
1867Carl Neumann is awarded the Thorvaldsen Exhibition Medal for the painting Skibe under land efter en byge.Denmark source
1867British Indian soldiers participate in the British Expedition to Abyssinia from 1867 to 1868India source
1867Augusta Lundin open her fashion studio in Stockholm.Sweden source
1867Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton, Massachusetts opens its doors for the first time, becoming the first school for the deaf in the United States to teach deaf children how to communicate with others using the "oral method".United States source
1867Alfred Russel Wallace – The Malay ArchipelagoWales source
1868January 2 – British Expedition to Abyssinia: Robert Napier leads an expedition to free captive British officials and missionaries.source
18682 January – British Expedition to Abyssinia: Robert Napier leads an expedition to free captive British officials and missionaries.United Kingdom source
1868January 6 – Asa Mercer and a number of new "Mercer Girls" sail from Massachusetts for the West Coast, arriving in Seattle on May 23.United States source
1868January 9 – Penal transportation from Britain to Australia ends, with arrival of the convict ship Hougoumont in Western Australia, after an 89-day voyage from England. There are 62 Fenians among the transportees.source
18689 January – penal transportation from Britain to Australia ends with arrival of the convict ship Hougoumont in Western Australia after an 89-day voyage from England.United Kingdom source
1868French geologist Louis Lartet discovers the first identified skeletons of Cro-Magnon, the first early modern humans (early Homo sapiens sapiens), at Abri de Crô-Magnon, a rock shelter at Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France.source
1868May to October – The first Australian cricket team to tour overseas plays against several English teams, winning 14 matches, losing 14 and drawing 19.Australia source
1868Scottish merchant Thomas Blake Glover develops Japan's first coal mine on Hashima Island.source
1868George Baxter opens a grocery shop in Fochabers, the origin of Baxters foods.Scotland source
1869February 5 – Prospectors in Moliagul, Victoria, Australia, discover the largest alluvial gold nugget ever found, known as the "Welcome Stranger".source
18698 May – The bushranger Captain Moonlite holds up a bank in Mount Egerton, Victoria.Australia source
1869May 24 – John Wesley Powell departs Green River, Wyoming, with a company of nine other men, on a trip down the Green and Colorado Rivers.source
186915 June – The Second German North Polar Expedition departs from BremerhavenGermany source
186914 August – Charles Wilhelm Thesen leaves Norway in his 117-ton schooner Albatros, loaded with timber to sell in New Zealand.Norway source
1869French missionary and naturalist Père Armand David receives the skin of a giant panda from a hunter, the first time this species becomes known to a Westerner; he also first describes a specimen of the "pocket handkerchief tree", which will be named in his honor as Davidia involucrata.source
1869Timothy Eaton opens his first store in TorontoCanada source
1869An international archeology congress visits the Sølager archeological site at Gundested.Denmark source
1869The New Zealand Ensign is introduced for use on government ships. It does not become the official national flag until 1902. The flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand is also in common use.New Zealand source
1869An Episcopal chapel from St Andrews is moved stone by stone in fishing boats to Buckhaven and re-erected there.Scotland source
1869John Hughes of Merthyr Tydfil buys land near the Sea of Azov, where he develops an ironworks and founds the city of Yuzovka (later Donetsk).Wales source
1870January 28 – British SS City of Boston departs Halifax, Nova Scotia, on a transatlantic passage with 191 people aboard and is lost with all hands.source
1870February 27 – The Nisshoki 'circle of the sun' flag of Japan is adopted as the national flag for Japanese merchant ships, by proclamation of the Daijō-kan.source
1870March 24 – A Chilean prospecting party led by José Díaz Gana discovers the silver ores of Caracoles in the Bolivian portion of Atacama Desert, leading to the last of Chilean silver rushes and a diplomatic dispute over its taxation between Chile and Bolivia.source
1870August 24 – The Wolseley expedition arrives at Upper Fort Garry, ManitobaCanada source
187027 August – John Forrest successfully arrives in Adelaide from Perth, leading an expedition along the south coast via the Great Australian Bight.Australia source
1870September 18 – Old Faithful Geyser is observed and named by Henry D. Washburn, during the Washburn–Langford–Doane Expedition to Yellowstone in Wyoming.source
1870September 18 – Old Faithful Geyser is observed and named by Henry D. Washburn during the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition to Yellowstone.United States source
1870William Morris visits Iceland for the first time.Iceland source
1870Augustus Halvorsen Hilton, migrated from Norway to San Antonio, New Mexico, establishing the American branch of the Hilton family.Norway source
1870Undated – the David Greig grocery chain begins with a store in London.United Kingdom source
187118 February – Namaqualand – Port Nolloth to Muishondfontein, 44 mi 40 ch.South Africa source
187121 March – Welsh-born journalist Henry Morton Stanley sets out for Africa to seek missing Scottish explorer and missionary Dr. David Livingstone.Wales source
1871March – Explorer John Ross is the first European to explore and name the Todd River.Australia source
1871June 10 – United States expedition to Korea: Captain McLane Tilton leads 109 members of the United States Marine Corps in a punitive naval attack on the Han River forts on Ganghwa Island in Korea, resulting in 250 Koreans dying and diplomatic failure to "open up" Korea.source
1871July 28 – The Annie becomes the first boat ever launched on Yellowstone Lake, in the Yellowstone National Park region.source
1871July – Handelsbanken is established in Stockholm.Sweden source
1871August 7 – Banco de Concepcion, predecessor of Itaú Unibanco, a major financial services provider in South America, is founded in Chile.source
1871October 11 – Heinrich Schliemann begins the excavation of Troy in the Ottoman Empire.source
1871November 10 – Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-born correspondent for the New York Herald, locates missing Scottish explorer and missionary Dr. David Livingstone in Ujiji, near Lake Tanganyika, and greets him by saying, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" (according to his later account).source
187110 November – missing Scottish explorer and missionary Dr. David Livingstone is located by journalist Henry Morton Stanley in Ujiji, near Lake Tanganyika.Scotland source
187110 November – Welsh-born journalist Henry Morton Stanley locates missing Scottish explorer and missionary, Dr. David Livingstone in Ujiji, near Lake Tanganyika and greets him saying "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" (according to his later account).United Kingdom source
1871Hippolyte Boulenger, Storm over the ScheldtBelgium source
1871Jules Verne - Une ville flottanteFrance source
1872March 1 – In the United States, Yellowstone National Park (once dubbed "Colter's Hell" after John Colter, of the Lewis and Clark Expedition) is established as the world's first national park.source
1872July 19 – Explorer William Gosse reaches Uluru in central Australia and names it Ayers Rock.source
1872September 17 – Shiseido Pharmacy Shop, predecessor of Shiseido, a major worldwide cosmetics brand, is founded in Ginza, Tokyo, Japan.source
1872November 7 – The Mary Celeste sets sail from New York; bound for Genoa, Italy.source
1872November 7 – The Mary Celeste sets sail from New York, bound for Genoa.United States source
1872December 4 – The now-crewless American ship Mary Celeste is found (still seaworthy) by the British brig Dei Gratia in the Atlantic.source
1872December 4 – The crewless American-owned ship Mary Celeste is found by the British brig Dei Gratia in the Atlantic.United States source
1872December 21 – Challenger expedition: HMS Challenger sails from Portsmouth, England, on the 4-year scientific expedition that lays the foundation for the science of oceanography.source
187221 December – the Challenger expedition sails from Portsmouth on the four year scientific expedition that will lay the foundation for the science of oceanography.United Kingdom source
1872The first Marist Brothers travel to Australia.source
1872S. T. Dupont begins the manufacture of luxury leather goods in France.source
1872An award of arbitration sets the final boundary between Canada and the United States in the Gulf of Georgia and the Strait of Juan de Fuca, ending the San Juan boundary dispute.Canada source
1872Aventures de trois Russes et de trois Anglais dans l'Afrique australeFrance source
1872S. T. Dupont begins manufacture of luxury leather goods.France source
1872Hans Westfal-Larsen, ship-ownerNorway source
1872The Wheeler Survey of the southwestern U.S., 1872–1879United States source
1873February 20 – British naval officer John Moresby discovers the site of Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea, and claims the land for Britain.source
1873May 1 – The Vienna World's Fair opens in the capital of Austria-Hungary and runs for six months, closing on October 31.source
1873August 30 – The Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition discovers Franz Josef Land.source
18733 September – The town of Cooktown, Queensland is founded after gold is discovered at the Palmer River, sparking a gold rush.Australia source
1873December 4 – HMS Challenger, on its worldwide marine research expedition, is officially welcomed in Cape Town.South Africa source
1873December 15 – Women of Fredonia, New York, march against the retail liquor dealers in town, to inaugurate the Woman's Crusade of 1873–74.source
1873December 26 – HMS Challenger arrives at Prince Edward Islands and contacts survey and charts the islandsSouth Africa source
1873Liebig's Extract of Meat Company begins producing tinned corned beef, sold under the label Fray Bentos, from the town in Uruguay where it is processed.source
1873Alphonse Daudet - Robert HelmontFrance source
1873Namaqualand – Muishondfontein to Kookfontein, 15 mi.South Africa source
187414 March – peace treaty with the Ashanti gives freedom of movement for British Gold Coast traders, and a promise to end human sacrifice.United Kingdom source
18741 April – John Forrest leads an expedition from Geraldton, Western Australia across the Gibson Desert to the Peake telegraph station in South Australia.Australia source
1874May 27 – The first group of Dorsland Trekkers, a series of expeditions by Trekboere in search of political independence and better farming conditions, departs South Africa to settle in Angola, led by Gert Alberts.source
1874May 27 – The first group of Dorsland Trekkers departs from Pretoria to settle in Angola, led by Gert Alberts.South Africa source
1874The South African Teachers' Association is established in the Cape.South Africa source
1874Gold is discovered in the Black Hills.source
1874Anabaptists (Russian Mennonites) start to arrive in Manitoba from various Russian colonies arriving in Canada in August.Canada source
1874Émile Zola - La Conquête de PlassansFrance source
1874The Marine Department employs Capt. B.A. Edwin to provide weather maps and forecasts to ships, establishing New Zealand's first weather service.New Zealand source
1874Sir William Boyd Dawkins – Cave HuntingWales source
18756 May – Ernest Giles and party leave South Australia for an overland expedition to Perth, they arrive on 10 November.Australia source
187524 May – J. V. Mulligan and party discover the Barron River in Queensland, they left Cooktown on 17 AprilAustralia source
187529 May – British Arctic Expedition: George Nares sets sail on an expedition to attempt to reach the North Pole via Smith Sound.United Kingdom source
187526 July – Cape Midland – Port Elizabeth to Addo, 31 mi 55 ch.South Africa source
187516 September Chilean International Exhibition opensChile source
187522 September – Cape Midland – Swartkops to Uitenhage, 13 mi 46 ch.South Africa source
1875December - South Wales miners, led by William Abraham, come to agreement on a sliding scale of wages in relation to prices and profits.Wales source
1875A combined Auckland clubs team toured Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, Nelson and New Plymouth. They lost all matches, despite some of their opposition having only learned rugby rules for a few weeks in preparation for the tour – the Christchurch and Dunedin clubs had primarily been playing football (soccer).New Zealand source
187616 January Chilean International Exhibition closesChile source
1876Thousands of Plains Indians in the United States travel to an encampment of the Sioux chief Sitting Bull in the region of the Little Bighorn River, creating the last great gathering of native peoples on the Great Plains.source
187616 June – Cape Western – Ceres Road to Worcester, 24 mi 38 ch.South Africa source
1876August 10 – The world's first long-distance phone call connects the Bell residence with a shoe and boot store in nearby Paris, Ontario.Canada source
1876September 12 – King Leopold II of Belgium hosts the Brussels Geographic Conference, on the subject of colonizing and exploring central Africa. By the event's conclusion, a new international body named the International African Association (indirect forerunner of the modern Congo state) is established.source
187612 September – Brussels Geographic Conference opens, leading to the foundation of the International African AssociationBelgium source
1876Heinrich Schliemann begins excavation at Mycenae.source
187618–19 April – Catalpa rescue; Rescue team sent from New Bedford, Massachusetts, USA by John Devoy, rescues six escaped Fenian prisoners from Fremantle, Western AustraliaAustralia source
1876Frederik Johnstrup led an expedition to Iceland to study Askja and the volcanoes at Mývatn with Þorvaldur Thoroddsen (1855–1921) as his guide.Iceland source
1876A combined side from Canterbury toured Nelson, Wellington (at Lower Hutt), and Auckland (at Ellerslie)New Zealand source
1876Spring – Vast numbers of Indians move north to an encampment of the Sioux chief Sitting Bull in the region of the Little Bighorn River, creating the last great gathering of native peoples on the Great Plains.United States source
18773 January - The clipper Champion of the Seas is abandoned off Cape HornChile source
18771 April – A settlement on Thursday Island was established for the refueling of steam shipsAustralia source
1877Native reservations for the Tswana people are established in Griqualand West.South Africa source
1877June 30 – The British Mediterranean fleet is sent to Besika Bay.source
187723 August – the Merchandise Marks Act obliges exporters to indicate the place of manufacture of their goods.United Kingdom source
1877Manzo Nagano was the first official Japanese immigrant into CanadaCanada source
1877Jowaki Expedition against the Afridi tribe.India source
1877An England XI under the leadership of James Lillywhite tours in January and February. None of the fixtures were first class, and all the home sides field teams of between 18 and 22 players. The team went on to Australia to play the first ever Test matches. ItineraryNew Zealand source
1877Ex-President of the United States Ulysses S. Grant tours his ancestral Scotland.Scotland source
1878January 23 – Benjamin Disraeli orders the British fleet to the Dardanelles.source
1878April 16 – The Senate of the Grand Duchy of Finland issues a declaration establishing a city of Kotka on the southern part of the islands from the old Kymi parish.source
187810 June – Konrad Korzeniowski, the future novelist Joseph Conrad, sets foot on English soil for the first time, at Lowestoft from the SS Mavis.United Kingdom source
1878June 20 – The United States Coast Survey is renamed the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.source
1878June 22 – Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld leaves Karlskrona on a voyage that will make him the first man to navigate the Northern Sea Route, a shipping lane from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, along the Siberian coast.source
187821 July - The Vega Expedition startsSweden source
187815 August – Cape Eastern – East London to Landing Jetty, 1 mi 58 ch.South Africa source
1878August 26 – Uyedineniya Island is discovered in the Kara Sea, by Norwegian explorer Captain Edvard Holm Johannesen.source
1878September 30 – The ship Priscilla arrives in Hawaii from Funchal, Madeira, marking the beginning of the Portuguese immigration to the Hawaiian Islands (1878–1913).United States source
1878December - Chile dispatches a warship to Antofagasta.Chile source
1878European discovery of the Great Artesian Basin when a shallow bore near Bourke, New South Wales produced flowing water.Australia source
1878See Australian cricket team in New Zealand in 1877–78New Zealand source
1878A passenger ferry service is established between Bangor and Porthaethwy on the Menai Strait.Wales source
1879February 22 – In Utica, New York, Frank Woolworth opens the first of many of 5 and 10-cent Woolworth stores.United States source
1879April – Conquest of the Desert: Julio Argentino Roca begins his second sweep of the land up to the Río Negro, aiming to "extinguish, subdue or expel" the Indians who inhabit the region.Argentina source
1879May 14 – The first group of 463 Indian indentured labourers arrive in Fiji, aboard the Leonidas.source
1879July 8 – Led by George W. De Long, the ill-fated United States Jeannette Expedition departs San Francisco, in an attempt to reach the North Pole, by pioneering a route through the Bering Strait.source
1879July 16 – The city of Kotka is founded in Kymenlaakso, Finland, by separating its two islands from the old Kymi parish.source
187926 August – Cape Midland – Mount Stewart to Graaff-Reinet, 72 mi 18 ch.South Africa source
187917 September – The Sydney International Exhibition opens at the Garden Palace.Australia source
18792 October – William Denny and Brothers launch the world's first transatlantic steamer to be built of mild steel, the SS Buenos Ayrean, at Dumbarton. On 1 December she makes her maiden voyage out of Glasgow for South America.Scotland source
187929 November – Stradey Park opens as the home of Llanelli RFC. It remains the home for Llanelli RFC for nearly 130 years, and later for the regional side Scarlets, but closes in November 2008 when the teams' new home, Parc y Scarlets, opens in nearby Pemberton.Wales source
1879Tetteh Quarshie first brings cocoa beans to Ghana from Equatorial Guinea.source
1879Visitor fears the Metis on the Assiniboine River will not hold on to their lands much longerCanada source
1879Prince Valdemar visits St. Croix in the Danish West Indies.Denmark source
188031 January – training frigate HMS Atalanta leaves Bermuda bound for Falmouth but is lost in the Atlantic with all 281 on board.United Kingdom source
1880The Gokstad ship is found in Norway, the first Viking ship burial to be excavated.source
1880January – The White slave trade affair is exposed in Brussels and attracts international attention.Belgium source
1880February 2 – The first successful shipment of frozen mutton from Australia arrives in London, aboard the SS Strathleven.source
18805 February – Cape Western – Fraserburg Road to Beaufort West, 48 mi 45 ch.South Africa source
188018 April – A banquet is held for Nordenskiöld and the other members of the Vega Expedition in the Great Hall of Børsen in Copenhagen.Denmark source
1880August 24 – The SS Columbia completes her maiden voyage, arriving without incident in Portland, Oregon, after a stopover in San Francisco.source
188010 October – Geologist Lamont Young and four others disappear on a boat trip north from Bermagui, New South Wales.Australia source
1880October – the SS Ferret is fraudulently chartered at Greenock and taken to Australia.Scotland source
18801 December – Natal – Botha's Hill to Pietermaritzburg, 41 mi 9 ch.South Africa source
1880Charles G.D. Roberts, Orion and Other PoemsCanada source
1881March 1 – The Cunard Line's SS Servia, the first large steel transatlantic liner, is launched at Clydebank in Scotland.source
18811 June – Cape Midland – Cookhouse to Cradock, 54 mi 73 ch.South Africa source
188128 June – The Art Gallery of South Australia opened by Prince Albert Victor of the United Kingdom.Australia source
1881October 5–December 31 – The International Cotton Exposition is held in Atlanta, Georgia, USA.source
1881October 5–December 31 – International Cotton Exposition in Atlanta, Georgia.United States source
1881Hattori Watch Shop (服部時計店) is founded by Kanetarō Hattori in Ginza, Tokyo, Japan, predecessor of watch brand Seiko.source
1881Kinshasa (the capital of the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo) is founded by Henry Morton Stanley as a trading outpost called Léopoldville.source
1881Danish Distillers open in Aalborg.Denmark source
1881More than 600 Norwegians sign on as contract laborers for sugar plantations in Hawaii, making a four month journey to the islands.Norway source
1881Bruichladdich distillery established on the Rinns of Islay.Scotland source
1881Summer – First ever summer camp held, on Chocorua Island in Grafton County, New Hampshire.United States source
1882January 2 – Irish-born author Oscar Wilde arrives in New York at the beginning of a lecture tour of the United States and Canada.source
188215 February: The Dunedin departs from Port Chalmers carrying the first shipment of frozen meat bound for Britain.New Zealand source
1882May 17 – Provisional districts of the North-West Territories are established between Manitoba and British Columbia: the districts of Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and AthabaskaCanada source
188231 May – The steamer Pretty Jane is wrecked on the Ninety Mile Beach, 30 km west of Lakes Entrance. There were no deaths.Australia source
188218 August – The passenger ship Thetis departs carrying Romanian Jews to Palestine as part of the First Aliyah. They found Rosh Pinna and Zikhron Ya'akov.Romania source
1882September 29 – 229 Norwegians settle at the mouth of the Umzimkulu River, founding Port Shepstone.South Africa source
1882December – Jean-Charles Houzeau leads a scientific expedition to San Antonio, Texas, to observe a transit of Venus in order to determine the solar parallax.Belgium source
1882South American Continental Exhibition is heldArgentina source
1882The Salvation Army is introduced in Sweden by Hanna Ouchterlony.Sweden source
18835 May – Cape Western – Muizenberg to Kalkbaai, 1 mi 45 ch.South Africa source
188312 May – A German merchant Adolf Lüderitz purchases and takes possession of land in South-West Africa, which subsequently forms the basis of the first German colony of German South-West Africa (Deutsch-Südwestafrika).Germany source
1883October 1 – In Amsterdam, the first International Colonial and Export Exhibition closes, having had over 1 million visitors.source
1883October 4 – The Orient Express train begins to run through from Paris Gare de l'Est to Giurgiu in Romania, with onward ferry and train connections to Istanbul (the train has been running since June 5 as far as Vienna).source
188315 October – Cape Eastern – Queenstown to Sterkstroom, 35 mi 28 ch.South Africa source
188316 October – Cape Midland – Cradock to Colesberg, 126 mi 19 ch.South Africa source
1883Boundary rider Charles Rath discovers the Line of Lode, a massive silver deposit near the town of Broken Hill, New South Wales.Australia source
1883The Calcutta International Exhibition world's fair was held from the end of 1883 to March 1884India source
1883Scotlands first home international game played at Raeburn Place in Edinburgh.Scotland source
1883Home and Colonial Stores established as grocers, in London.United Kingdom source
188426 April — The start of the 1884 Italian General Exhibition in Turin. The exhibition closed on 20 November 1884.Italy source
1884June 22 – The seven surviving members of the 25-man Lady Franklin Bay Expedition, led by Adolphus Greely, are rescued by Winfield Scott Schley. One more died on the homeward journey.Canada source
1884June – The first ascent is made of Castle Mountain in the Canadian Rockies, by geologist Arthur Philemon Coleman.source
1884July 1 – First International Forestry Exhibition opens in Edinburgh, Scotland.source
1884September 23–24 (night) – Steamship Arctique runs aground near Cape Virgenes, leading to the discovery of nearby placer gold and beginning the Tierra del Fuego gold rush.source
1884October – Billy Hughes migrated to Australia.Australia source
1884November 15 – The Berlin Conference, which regulates European colonisation and trade in Africa, begins (ends February 26, 1885).source
188415 November – The Berlin Conference which regulates European colonisation and trade in Africa begins (ends 26 February 1885).Germany source
18841 December – Kowie – Port Alfred to Grahamstown, 44 mi.South Africa source
1884December 16 – The World Cotton Centennial world's fair opens in New Orleans.source
1884December 16 – The World Cotton Centennial World's Fair opens in New Orleans, Louisiana.United States source
1884Scottish Plymouth Brethren missionary Frederick Stanley Arnot identifies the source of the Zambezi River, near Kalene Hill.source
18841884 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales: A New Zealand team makes an overseas tour for the first time. The team makes a return visit (see 1882) to the Southern Rugby Union in New South Wales and wins all eight matches with 167 points for and 17 against.New Zealand source
1884Rugby union – The first international match is played at Cardiff Arms Park (between Wales and Ireland).Wales source
1885February 9 – The first Japanese arrive in Hawaii.source
1885February 26 – The final act of the Berlin Conference regulates European colonization and trade, in the "scramble for Africa".source
188526 February – The final act of the Berlin Conference regulates European colonization and trade in Africa.Germany source
18852 May – World Exhibition in Antwerp opens (to 2 November)Belgium source
18852 September – Cape Eastern – Molteno to Aliwal North, 69 mi 35 ch.South Africa source
188521 December – Natal – Merrivale to Estcourt, 61 mi 50 ch.South Africa source
1885The Geographical Society of Australasia sent an expedition to the Fly River region of Papua New Guinea, naming and exploring the Strickland River.Australia source
1885The Berlin Conference for regulating European colonization and trade in AfricaPortugal source
1885Date unknown - Creation of the Wahlström & WidstrandSweden source
188617 January – the Anglo-Irish writers cousins Somerville and Ross first meet, at Castletownshend.Ireland source
188611 May – the International Exhibition of Navigation, Commerce and Industry in Liverpool is opened by Queen Victoria.United Kingdom source
188621 June – Natal – Estcourt to Ladysmith, 45 mi 21 ch.South Africa source
18861-30 June - Numerous Norwegian emigrants arrived in North American ports aboard transatlantic steamships, including New York, Quebec, Boston, Philadelphia, and Halifax.Norway source
1886September – Lieutenant William Henn, R.N. of the Royal Northern Yacht Club with Galatea challenges unsuccessfully for the America's Cup in New York Harbor.Scotland source
1886The main gold reef on the Witwatersrand is discovered, giving birth to Ferreira's Camp, later to be named Johannesburg.South Africa source
1886December 17 – English adventurer Thomas Stevens concludes the first circumnavigation by bicycle in Yokohama, having set out on his penny-farthing from San Francisco in 1884.source
1886The village of Skorenovac is founded in Serbia, mostly by Székely Hungarians.source
1886Pierre Loti - Pêcheur d'IslandeFrance source
1886Trinomali or Tiruvannamalai, a cheftian town, an ancient mart and the headquarters of the taluk of same name in South Arcot district in Madras Presidency was constituted as municipality. It was shifted to North Arcot district later. After independence, the city and few taluks of North Arcot district separated as new district with Trinomali as headquarters.India source
1887February 4 – The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, passed by the 49th United States Congress, is signed into law by President Grover Cleveland.source
1887October – Cape Central – Worcester to Roodewal, 42 mi.South Africa source
1887November – Park Deer Raid in the Outer Hebrides: a mass poaching expedition by dispossessed crofters turns into a riot.Scotland source
188717 December – English adventurer Thomas Stevens concludes the first circumnavigation by bicycle in Yokohama, having set out on his penny-farthing from San Francisco in 1884.United Kingdom source
1887Italian ethnologist Guido Boggiani travels through the interior of Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay to document the lives of Indians in the region.Brazil source
1887British Settlements Act (British statute)India source
1887A Country Cobbler, naturalist is painted by Harriet Backer.Norway source
1887The Old Blacksmith's Shop at Gretna Green is promoted as a visitor attraction.Scotland source
1887Wales play their first international in Llanelli; though the original venue of Stradey Park is moved to a local cricket pitch due to a frozen pitch.Wales source
1888March 9 – 1888 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia: The "English Footballers" embark for the first British rugby union tour of Australasia.source
1888March 15 – The Sikkim Expedition, a British military expedition to expel the Tibetans from northern Sikkim, begins.source
1888April 13 – Kahisakan (可否茶館), the first coffee shop in Japan, opens in Tokyo.source
1888May – Owen Glynne Jones climbs Cadair Idris by the east ridge of the Cyfrwy.Wales source
1888September 8 – Patagonian sheep farming boom: The Great Herding (El Gran Arreo) begins with thousands of sheep being herded from the Argentine outpost of Fortín Conesa to Santa Cruz near the Strait of Magellan.source
188825 October – Theodor Kjerulf, geologist and poet (born 1825)Norway source
1888December 18 – Richard Wetherill and his brother-in-law, Charlie Mason, discover the Indian ruins of Mesa Verde in southwestern Colorado.source
1888The dolphin Pelorus Jack is first sighted in Cook Strait, New Zealand.source
1888G. D. Searle by Gideon Daniel Searle in Omaha, Nebraska.source
1888Boundary survey started by Dr. William H. Dall of the United States and Dr. George M. Dawson of Canada.Canada source
1888Sikkim expedition, an 1888 British military expedition to expel Tibetan forces from Sikkim in present-day northeast India.China source
1888The Nordic Exhibition of 1888 took place in Copenhagen.Denmark source
1888First sightings of the dolphin Pelorus Jack in Cook Strait.New Zealand source
1888The board game Snakes and Ladders is introduced from India to the U.K. by Jaques of London.United Kingdom source
188923 April – Namaqualand – Braakpits Junction to Flat Mine, Concordia, 9 mi.South Africa source
18894 September – Natal – Ladysmith to Glencoe Junction, 41 mi 5 ch.South Africa source
1889October 6 – Mount Kilimanjaro's summit is first reached, by German geologist Hans Meyer with Austrian mountaineer Ludwig Purtscheller.source
188919 October – Jacob Kielland, naval officer and politician (born 1825)Norway source
188914 November — Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, offensive on the tribes of the Chin and Lushai HillsIndia source
1889December 30 – Abdul Hamid II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, introduces the Kanunname of 1889 against the slave trade.source
1889W. B. Yeats published The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems (including Down by the Salley Gardens) and Crossways.Ireland source
1889100 yards – T. Lewis (Hawkes Bay)New Zealand source
1889880 yards – P. Cox (Southland)New Zealand source
1889Owen Morgan Edwards – O'r Bala i GenevaWales source
18901 February – Cape Western – Somerset West to Sir Lowry's Pass Village, 5 mi 20 ch.South Africa source
189013 October – Transvaal – Braamfontein to Springs, 30 mi.South Africa source
1890English archaeologist Flinders Petrie excavates at Tell el-Hesi, Palestine (mistakenly identified as Tel Lachish), the first scientific excavation of an archaeological site in the Holy Land, during which he discovers how tells are formed.source
1890Solitude football ground in Belfast, the home of Cliftonville, is opened, making it the oldest football ground in Ireland.Ireland source
1890Pole vault – D. Robertson (Canterbury)New Zealand source
18903 miles – Peter Morrison (South Canterbury)New Zealand source
1890Eastern journey of Nicholas IIRussia source
1890Tunnock's bakers established in Uddingston.Scotland source
1890Cricket - The England ladies' team plays an exhibition match at Newport.Wales source
1891January 19 – A British Royal Navy squadron is ordered to Chile.source
1891January 27–May 2 – The Jamaica International Exhibition is held.source
1891March 3 – The Ocean Mail Act of 1891 is passed by the Fifty-first United States Congress, providing subsidies to steamships for the carrying of mails between US and foreign ports.United States source
1891September 15 – Garza Revolution: 60-80 followers of Catarino Garza crossed the Rio Grande from Texas into Mexico. Most are Mexican-Americans recruited locally.Mexico source
1891October – Eugène Dubois finds the first fragmentary bones of Pithecanthropus erectus (later redesignated Homo erectus), or "Java Man", at Trinil on the Solo River.source
1891November - Opening of the Belmond Reid's Palace hotel, in Funchal, Madeira.Portugal source
189128 December – Transvaal – Mozambique border near Komatipoort to Malelane, 33 mi.South Africa source
1891Icelandic Police began operating in places outside of ReykjavíkIceland source
18913 miles – Derisley Wood (Canterbury)New Zealand source
1891Eastern journey of Nicholas IIRussia source
1891date unknown – The South Wales and Monmouthshire Training School of Cookery and the Domestic Arts opens in Cardiff.Wales source
189222 May – Ananias Dekke, ships designer (born 1832).Norway source
1892May 28 – The Sierra Club is organized by John Muir in San Francisco, California.United States source
189220 June – Transvaal – Malelane to Nelspruit, 38 mi.South Africa source
1892June 26 – José Rizal arrives in the Philippines from Europe via Hong Kong.Philippines source
1892July 16 – Liberian freed slave Martha Ann Ricks meets Queen Victoria.source
18926 September – Dundee Whaling Expedition begins.Scotland source
1892October 30 – The Historical American Exposition opens in Madrid.source
1892English visitor rides out from Lethbridge, Alberta to watch 2000-head cattle roundupCanada source
1892Iolanta by Pyotr Ilyich TchaikovskyRussia source
1892D Davies – Patagonia: a description of the countryWales source
18931 January – Transvaal – Germiston to Pretoria, 35 mi.South Africa source
1893May 23 – Mahatma Gandhi arrives in Durban.South Africa source
1893September 16 – Settlers make a land run for prime land in the Cherokee Strip in Oklahoma.source
1893November 12 – The Durand Line is established as the boundary between British India and Afghanistan, by a memorandum of understanding signed by Sir Mortimer Durand, Foreign Secretary of British India, and Abdur Rahman Khan, Amir of Afghanistan.source
1893Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria spends time hunting kangaroos and emus in AustraliaAustralia source
1893Wilhelm Dörpfeld begins his excavations on the site of the ancient city of Troy.Germany source
1893Alexander Keith Johnston publishes a map of the Island of Iceland.Iceland source
18931893 New Zealand rugby union tour of AustraliaNew Zealand source
18933 miles – William J. Burk (Otago)New Zealand source
18943 October – Cape Western – Vryburg to Mafeking, 96 mi.South Africa source
189418 November – Transvaal – Airlie to Pretoria, 179 mi.South Africa source
1894Eugène Laermans, The EmigrantsBelgium source
1894American balloonist Leila Adair tours New Zealand. She is possibly the first woman to fly in New Zealand.New Zealand source
1894220 yards freestyle – W. Gormley (New South Wales, Australia)New Zealand source
1894Svend Foyn, whaler (born 1809)Norway source
1894Alyth golf course laid out by Old Tom Morris.Scotland source
1894Date unknown - Expansion of maritime trade and development of Swedish ports.Sweden source
1895January 23 – Philippine Regional Exposition was held in Manila, wherein Governor-General Blanco declares a great future predestined for the Philippines.Philippines source
1895March 23–26 - Pescadores Campaign (1895)Japan source
1895April 7 – Nansen's Fram expedition to the Arctic reaches 86°13.6'N, almost 3° beyond the previous Farthest North attained.source
18952 May – British South Africa Company's territory south of the Zambesi renamed 'Rhodesia'.United Kingdom source
189515 December – Transvaal – Natal-Transvaal border to Union Junction near Alberton, 157 mi.South Africa source
1895December 17 - Venezuela Crisis of 1895: U.S. President Cleveland asks the U.S. Congress to fund a commission to study the boundaries between Venezuela and British GuianaVenezuela source
1895First ascent of Mount Hector in Banff National Park.Canada source
1895New Zealander Alexander von Tunzelmann becomes the first person to set foot on Antarctica, at Cape AdareNew Zealand source
1895Percy Pilcher flies in several versions of his hang glider Bat at Cardross, Argyll, the first person to make repeated heavier-than-air flights in the UK.Scotland source
1896February — Russo-Chinese Bank, opened a Shanghai branch.China source
18963 June – An expedition organised by the Royal Irish Academy leaves from Killybegs onboard the Congested Districts Board steamer Granuaile in order to study the island of Rockall. Irish naturalist Robert Lloyd Praeger is onboard, who later describes it in his 1937 memoir The Way That I Went. The group attempt to land twice, but due to bad weather have to cancel.Ireland source
1896June 5 – Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi embarks from Durban for Calcutta en route to Bombay.South Africa source
1896July 27 – A causeway is opened between the islands of Saaremaa and Muhu in Estonia.source
1896August 16 – Keish (often called Skookum Jim Mason), George Carmack, and Dawson Charlie discover gold in the Klondike, Yukon.source
18962 November – Transvaal – Krugersdorp to Frederikstad, 52 mi.South Africa source
1896December 1 – Archaeologist Alois Anton Führer, Nepalese General Khadga Samsher Rana and an expedition rediscover the great stone pillar of Ashoka at Lumbini, traditionally the spot of the birthplace of Gautama Buddha, after using Faxian's records.source
1896Joshua Slocum sails Cape Horn solo on his globe-circling voyageCanada source
1896Pole vault – tie R. Hunter (Hawkes Bay) and H. Kingsley (Wanganui)New Zealand source
1896440 yards hurdles – J. Thomas Roberts (Auckland)New Zealand source
1896The BAA's first organised eclipse expeditionNorway source
1897January 4 – A British force is ambushed by Chief Ologbosere, son-in-law of the ruler. This leads to a punitive expedition against Benin.source
1897February 18 – Benin is put to the torch by the British Army's Benin Expedition. Ovonramwen, Oba of Benin, is exiled from his kingdom and the Benin Bronzes are carried off to London.source
189714 May: Pigeon post is introduced between Auckland and Great Barrier Island.New Zealand source
1897July 11 – S. A. Andrée's Arctic Balloon Expedition of 1897 begins. The ill-fated expedition to fly over the Arctic results in the death of the entire team within months.source
1897July 17 – The Klondike Gold Rush begins when the first successful prospectors arrive in Seattle. On July 25 Jack London sails to join the Rush.United States source
18977 August – Euclides da Cunha goes to the sertão ("backland"), as war correspondent for O Estado de S. Paulo.Brazil source
189716 August – Belgian Antarctic Expedition sets sail from AntwerpBelgium source
189716 August – Emil Racoviță departs on an expedition aboard the Norwegian research vessel RV Belgica as part of the Belgian Antarctic Expedition. The international team is the first to overwinter in Antarctica.Romania source
1897October 12 – USS Baltimore (Cruiser # 3, later CM-1) is recommissioned, since 1890, for several months of duty in the Hawaiian Islands.source
1897Bergville is established in the foothills of the Drakensberg mountains in Natal.South Africa source
1897Lord Grey proposes that Canada create a navy to protect its west coast; Prime Minister Laurier does not act on the recommendation.Canada source
1897Congested Districts Board (Scotland) set up by the government to administer grants for the development of agriculture, fishing and cottage industries in Highlands and Islands areas where existing resources are inadequate for support of the population.Scotland source
18983 March – Cape Midland – Middelburg to Graaff-Reinet, 91 mi.South Africa source
1898March 9 Kiautschou Bay concession leasing Qingdao to German Empire "on 6 March 1898 the German Empire retreated from outright cession of the area and accepted a leasehold of the bay for 99 years, or until 1997"China source
1898May 3 – The Ugong conferees are rowed upstream in 17 bancas to a part of the Pasig River known as Bitukang Manok. They are welcomed by Valentin Cruz, president of the Sangguinang Bayan of the Katipunan in Pasig. In this big gathering, called Asemblea Magna, Dr. Pio Valenzuela is chosen to see Rizal in Dapitan.Philippines source
1898June 1 – The Trans-Mississippi Exposition World's Fair opens, in Omaha, Nebraska.source
1898June 9 – The British government arranges a 99-year rent of extended territories of Hong Kong from China.source
1898July 3 – American adventurer Joshua Slocum completes a 3-year solo circumnavigation of the world.source
1898July 29 – White Pass and Yukon Route opens (Skagway–Whitehorse).Canada source
1898August 23 – The Southern Cross Expedition, the first British venture of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, sets sail from London.source
1898October 10 – A military expedition departs from France toward the French Equatorial Africa colony of Chad. Commanded by Lieutenant de vaisseau Henri Bretonnet and Lt. Solomon Braun, the force is sent to liberate areas dominated by the Muslim warlord Rabih az-Zubayr, with the help of troops sent by the envoys of the Muslim rulers Mohammed al-Senoussi and Gaourang II, sultan of Bagirmisource
1898October 20 – The first residents of the "cooperative socialist colony", created by the Cooperative Brotherhood, arrive at what is now Burley, Washington in Kitsap County, settling on 260 acres of land purchased by the Brotherhood.source
189822 October – Bjørn Skjærpe, gymnast and Olympic silver medallistNorway source
189825 October _ WilheIm II voyages to the Levant.Germany source
1898440 yards – R. Oliphant (Auckland)New Zealand source
1899January 23 – The British Southern Cross Expedition crosses the Antarctic Circle.source
189914 February – Belgian Antarctic Expedition research vessel Belgica freed from Antarctic ice.Belgium source
1899February 17 – The research vessel SS Southern Cross, on an Antarctic expedition led by Carsten Borchgrevink, arrives at Cape Adare and begins unloading 90 sledge dogs – the first ever on the continent – and two Norwegian Sámi crewmen, who become the first humans to spend the night in Antarctica. Over the next 12 days, the rest of the 31-man crew builds a temporary settlement.source
1899February 21 – The British freighter SS Jumna is last seen passing Rathlin Island off Northern Ireland. Bound from Scotland to deliver a shipment of coal to Uruguay with minimal crew, it never arrives and is never seen again.source
1899February 27 – Japanese immigration to South America, primarily Peru, begins as the ship Sakura Maru departs from Yokohama with 790 men employed by the Morioka-shokai Sugar Company. The group arrives in Callao on April 3.source
1899March 9 – Japan promulgates its commercial code, the Shōhō, to take effect on June 16.Japan source
1899March 24 – The U.S. Ambassador to Argentina, acting as arbitrator of a boundary dispute between Argentina and Chile, awards the disputed territory to Chile.source
1899April 4 – The British Antarctic Expedition reports discovery of new land in the Weddell Sea at a latitude of 71 36" S.source
1899April 5 – A team of prospectors sets out from Northern Rhodesia to explore the minerals of central Africa for the British company Tanganyika Concessions (TCL). Discovering that the most valuable copper deposits are in the Congo Free State, TCL makes an unsuccessful attempt to purchase full rights from King Leopold of Belgium.source
18991 May – Transvaal – Potgietersrus to Pietersburg, 39 mi.South Africa source
1899May 15 – A clue to the fate of the British freighter Pelican, which disappeared in October 1897 along with 40 crew, is found in a message in a bottle that washes ashore at Portage Bay, Alaska.United States source
1899May 31 – The Harriman Alaska Expedition is launched.source
1899June 15 – The French expedition to liberate Chad, arrives at Kouno, where the commander, Henri Bretonnet, meets with the Gaourang II, the Muslim Sultan of Bagirmi.source
1899July 4 – The most famous skeleton of a dinosaur ever found intact, a diplodocus, is discovered at the Sheep Creek Quarry near Medicine Bow, Wyoming. The expedition team, financed by Andrew Carnegie for the Carnegie Museum of Natural History and led by William Harlow Reed, bestows the name "Dippy" on the Diplodocus carnegii. It becomes well known after Carnegie has plaster cast replicas made for donation to museums all over the world.source
1899July 10 – British colonial authorities in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan give control of the Red Sea port of Suakin to Sudan, after having agreed that Egypt would have the right to administer commerce there.source
1899July 30 – The Harriman Alaska Expedition ends.source
1899July 31 – Duke of York Island, off Antarctica, is discovered by the Southern Cross Expedition.source
1899September 13 – Halford Mackinder, Cesar Ollier and Josef Brocherel make the first ascent of Batian, the highest peak of Mount Kenya.source
1899November 5 – The Belgian Antarctic Expedition is concluded.source
1899November 13 - Hunan province opens to foreign trade for the first time.China source
1899George Washington Lambert wins the Wynne Prize for landscape painting or figure sculpture for his landscape Across the Blacksoil PlainsAustralia source
1899Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft began archaeological excavations of Babylon.Germany source
1899British expedition led by Carstens Borchgrevink, including several New Zealanders, establishes first base in Antarctica, at Cape AdareNew Zealand source