Health & Medicine in the 19th century

680 sourced entries, 1800 CE to 1899 CE, oldest first. Also see Health & Medicine across every century or everything else in the 19th century.

180022 March – Company of Surgeons granted a royal charter to become the Royal College of Surgeons in London.United Kingdom source
1800June 2 – The first smallpox vaccination is made in North America, at Trinity, Newfoundland.source
1800The Cape Colony government launches the Cape Town Gazette and African Advertiser, restricting press freedom with heavy fines.South Africa source
1800Conrad Malte-Brun is sent into exile for his pamphlets which contained outright criticism of the government, something which the new censorship laws forbade.Denmark source
1800Dr. John Milner Barry introduces vaccination in Cork.Ireland source
1800Royal Cornhill Hospital established as Aberdeen Lunatic Asylum.Scotland source
18011 February – The first complete and reliable census was held in Norway: 883,603 inhabitants in Norway.Norway source
1801March 10 – The first census is held in Great Britain. The population of England and Wales is determined to be 8.9 million, with London revealed to have 860,035 residents. 1.5 million people live in cities of 20,000 or more in England and Wales, accounting for 17% of the total English population.source
180110 March – the first British census is carried out (under terms of the Census Act 1800), with the Scottish counts undertaken by schoolmasters. The population of Scotland is determined to be 1,608,420.Scotland source
180110 March – The first British census is carried out. The count is conducted by clergy, overseers of the poor and schoolmasters. The population of England and Wales is determined to be 8.9 million, with London revealed to have 860,035 residents.United Kingdom source
18016 July – The first vaccination against smallpox in Denmark is made, using the method invented by Edward Jenner.Denmark source
1801September – Metric system obligatory throughout France.France source
1801Philippe Pinel publishes Traité médico-philosophique sur l'aliénation mentale; ou la manie, presenting his enlightened humane psychological approach to the management of psychiatric hospitals. Translated into English by D. D. Davis as Treatise on Insanity in 1806, it is influential on both sides of the Atlantic during the nineteenth century.source
1801Edinburgh town council resolves to drain The Meadows.Scotland source
1802January – Mitchell's Hospital Old Aberdeen admits its first residents.Scotland source
1802April 12 — Beethoven leaves Vienna for a small nearby Austrian village named Heiligenstadt where he would cope with his declining mental and physical health including his growing deafness. He would stay until October and there he would write an unsent letter to his brothers called the Heiligenstadt Testament. In the letter, Beethoven contemplates suicide but it was his passion for the art of music that prevented him so.source
1802December 2 – The Health and Morals of Apprentices Act in the United Kingdom comes into effect, regulating conditions for child labour in factories. Although poorly enforced, it pioneers a series of Factory Acts.source
18022 December – The Health and Morals of Apprentices Act (2 June) comes into effect, regulating conditions for child labour in factories. Although poorly enforced, it pioneers a series of Factory Acts.United Kingdom source
1802Cork Fever Hospital and House of Recovery founded by Dr. John Milner Barry in Cork.Ireland source
1802London Fever Hospital founded.United Kingdom source
1802Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, admits its first intake.United Kingdom source
1803March–April – The franc germinal is introduced in France.source
180325 November - William James Hobart Thorne is born at Port Phillip. He is the first white child born in what will later become the state of Victoria. He dies on 2 July 1872.Australia source
1803November 30 – The Balmis Expedition starts in Spain, with the aim of vaccinating millions against smallpox in Spanish America and the Philippines.source
180414 May – Cork Street Fever Hospital, Dublin, opens in Cork Street, Dublin.Ireland source
180416 September – A government-owned brewery is opened at Parramatta as a means of controlling the consumption of spirits.Australia source
1804World population reaches 1 billion people.source
1804Morphine is first isolated from the opium poppy by the German pharmacist, Friedrich Sertürner.source
1804German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner first isolates morphine from opium, probably the first ever isolation of a natural plant alkaloid.Germany source
1804Hester Thrale - British Synonymy: or an attempt at regulating the choice of words in familiar conversationWales source
1805February 11 – Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, son of Sacagawea, is born with Meriwether Lewis aiding in the baby's delivery.United States source
1805April 29 – Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck is appointed as Grand Pensionary of the Batavian Republic by Napoleon.source
18055 July – Governor King invites all the Pacific Islanders living in Sydney, including Maa-Tara, to a meeting at Government House. He offers compensation far any ill-treatment, passage home or training in European trades to any that want it.New Zealand source
180531 December - The French Republican calendar is used for the last time, 8 days after being annulled by Napoleon with effect from 1 January 1806, the final official date being "9 Nivôse in Year XIV of the Revolution". This year also he has ordered his soldiers to be vaccinated.France source
1805Napoleon orders his soldiers to be vaccinated.source
1805German Army surgeon Philipp Bozzini invents the lichtleiter, ancestor of the endoscope, for examination of bodily orifices.Germany source
18065 January – The body of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, lies in state in the Painted Hall of Greenwich Hospital, London.United Kingdom source
180625 February – The Lady Nelson leaves Port Jackson to return Te Pahi and his sons to the Bay of Islands. Te Pahi has been given bricks and a frame for a European house, and other goods. During the journey Te Pahi becomes ill and is nursed by ex-convict George Bruce.New Zealand source
1806May 25 – George Sweeney allegedly poisons the household of his great-uncle, Founding Father George Wythe, in order to accelerate his inheritance.United States source
1806Julia Ann Hatton moves to Kidwelly after her husband's death.Wales source
1806William Owen Pughe inherits the estate of the Rev. Rees Pughe in Denbighshire and takes the surname "Pughe".Wales source
180710 February – Former Governor Philip Gidley King leaves New South Wales.New Zealand source
1807April – Governor Bligh issues a proclamation that South Sea Islanders (including Māori) are not to be taken to England and £20 bond is to be deposited for any that are brought into Port Jackson. This is ignored by most ship's captains.New Zealand source
1807The use of fulminate in firearms is patented by the Rev. Alexander John Forsyth.Scotland source
180810 July – The Commerce arrives in Port Jackson. Te Pahi arrives ill and is unable to meet Governor Bligh formally in any case as the latter is under house arrest.New Zealand source
1808The Perseverance Tavern opens in Cape Town, becoming South Africa's oldest pub by the time it closes in 2020.South Africa source
18091 March – The City of Edinburgh arrives in the Bay of Islands, returning chief (Maa-)Tara from Port Jackson. Tara dies of bronchitis some months later (possibly July–September).New Zealand source
18098 May – Lachlan Macquarie is officially appointed Governor of New South Wales, caretaker William Patterson governs until his appointment begins on 1 January 1810.Australia source
18094 October – Portland resigns as Prime Minister due to ill health; Spencer Perceval takes over,United Kingdom source
1809December 25 – American physician Ephraim McDowell performs the first ovariotomy, removing a 22-pound tumor.source
1809December 30 – Wearing masks at balls is forbidden in Boston, Massachusetts.source
1809William Combe begins publication of the verse Tour of Dr. Syntax in search of the Picturesque in Ackermann's Political Magazine (London), illustrated with cartoons by Thomas Rowlandson, depicting comic and ridiculous scenes involving a hapless country physician, and coming to represent British Regency humour.source
1809Jenny Pipes becomes the last woman in England to suffer punishment in the ducking stool for being a common scold, in Leominster.United Kingdom source
1810October – King George III of the United Kingdom is deemed permanently insane.source
1810October – King George III recognised as insane.United Kingdom source
1810Dominique Larrey makes the first ambulances.France source
181127 May – The second national Census reveals that the population of England and Wales has increased in ten years by over a million to 10.1 million.United Kingdom source
1811October 23 – José Gervasio Artigas and 16,000 orientales leave the Banda Oriental del Uruguay, to go into exile.source
1812January – The New England Journal of Medicine is first published in Boston by Dr John Collins Warren as the New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and the Collateral Branches of Medical Science.United States source
1812Fines for having children out of wedlock are abolished. The fines had been in place since the Stóridómur was passed in 1564.Iceland source
1813March 28 – 1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic spreads from Egypt.source
1813April - Thomas Price (Carnhuanawc) moves to Crickhowell to take over several parishes in the vicinity.Wales source
1813David Daniel Davis is appointed a physician at Queen Charlotte's Hospital in London.Wales source
1814May - Caernarvon and Anglesey Hospital is founded.Wales source
181423 October – The first plastic surgery carried out in England by Dr Joseph Constantine Carpue.United Kingdom source
1814From midyear – Highland Clearances: Patrick Sellar begins mass expulsion of crofting tenants from Strathnaver at Grummore to make way for sheep farming as factor for the Marquess and Marchioness of Stafford.Scotland source
1814Glasgow Medical Society is established.Scotland source
1814Gartnavel Royal Hospital is established as the Glasgow Lunatic Asylum.Scotland source
1814John Abernethy appointed lecturer in anatomy to the Royal College of Surgeons.United Kingdom source
1814John Keats leaves apprenticeship to become a student at a local hospital.United Kingdom source
1814Thomas William - Perl Mewn AdfydWales source
181530 April – Population Census: Norway had 885,431 inhabitants.Norway source
181510 July – Apothecaries Act prohibits unlicensed medical practitioners.United Kingdom source
1815St. Brendan's Hospital officially opened as the Richmond Lunatic Asylum, a national institution.Ireland source
1815John Fletcher Macfarlan takes over the family apothecary business in Edinburgh, the predecessor of MacFarlan Smith, and begins to manufacture laudanum.Scotland source
1815Regius Professorships at the University of Glasgow in Midwifery and Surgery are established by King George III.Scotland source
18161 January – The first public hospital, the Rum Hospital, is opened.Australia source
181622 January – Large numbers of Māori from North Cape, Whangaroa and Thames visit the mission at Rangihoua.New Zealand source
1816René Laennec invents the stethoscope.source
1816Iceland made the clergy responsible for smallpox vaccination and gave them the responsibility of keeping vaccination records for their parishes.Iceland source
181711 January – Hannah King Hansen (later Letheridge, then Clapham) is born at Oihi, Rangihoua Bay. She is the second female European child born in New Zealand. Her gravestone at Christ Church in Russell claims she was the first female child, and she is certainly the first female child to attain her majority and whose subsequent history is known. (see 1815)New Zealand source
1817June 12 – Tradesman Jeffery Sedwards establishes the Skibbereen Abstinence Society in Ireland, considered the first organisation devoted to teetotalism in Europe.source
181711 July – an act to provide for the establishment of asylums for the lunatic poor in Ireland.Ireland source
181730 September – national fever committee appointed to distribute government relief to victims of the typhus epidemic (October 1816–December 1819).Ireland source
1817The first cholera pandemic originates in Bengal, reaching Calcutta by September.source
1817A typhus epidemic occurs in Edinburgh and Glasgow.source
1817Nova Scotia population estimated at 78,345.Canada source
1817c. July – tradesman Jeffery Sedwards establishes the Skibbereen Abstinence Society, considered the first organisation devoted to teetotalism in Europe.Ireland source
18188 January – Governor Macquarie accuses Samuel Marsden of conspiracy against himAustralia source
1818April 8 – Homathlemico and Hillis Hadjo are hanged near St. Marks, Florida by order of Andrew Jackson.United States source
181822 April–26 May – Select Committee of the House of Commons inquires into fever in Ireland. Typhus epidemic continues.Ireland source
181825 September – Dr James Blundell carries out the first blood transfusion using human blood, in London.United Kingdom source
1818The post of Regius Professor of Botany, Glasgow, is established by King George III, Robert Graham, MD, being the first holder; Thomas Thomson takes up his appointment as first Regius Professor of Chemistry here.Scotland source
1818Poet Felicia Hemans effectively separates from her husband, who goes to live in Rome for his health.Wales source
18199 April – 7 June: Select Committee of the House of Commons inquires into the state of disease and condition of the poor in Ireland. Typhus epidemic continues.Ireland source
18195 May – Samuel Leigh arrives on the Active to recuperate from ill-health at Samuel Marsden's invitation.New Zealand source
18201 May – Robert Owen's Report to the County of Lanark, of a plan for relieving public distress and removing discontent (published 1821) is delivered.Scotland source
18205 July – Pains and Penalties Bill put before Parliament to deprive Caroline of Brunswick, George IV's estranged wife, of the title of Queen Consort, leading to her de facto public trial before the House of Lords opening on 17 August. Although narrowly passed on 10 November in the House of Lords, the bill is withdrawn in the knowledge that it would almost certainly not pass the House of Commons.United Kingdom source
1820August 7 – The 1820 United States census is conducted, eventually determining a population of 11,176,475.United States source
1820Sheep population in Australia - 120,000.Australia source
1820The Edinburgh botanical garden is moved to the Inverleith site of the modern-day Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.Scotland source
1820AmaMfengu refugees flee to the Eastern Cape.South Africa source
1821January 26 – Congress of Laibach convenes to deal with outstanding international issues, particularly the outbreak of a revolution in southern Italy.source
182128 May – The national census is the first to measure age distribution and reveals that almost half of the population is under twenty years old. Over the preceding decade in England and Wales the population has increased by 18%.United Kingdom source
182215 January – HM Treasury directs that the Preventive Water Guard, Revenue cruisers and Riding officers should all be placed under the authority of the Board of Customs as HM Coast Guard.United Kingdom source
1822June 6 – Alexis St. Martin is accidentally shot in the stomach, which leads the way to William Beaumont's studies on digestion.source
1822July 31 – The last public whipping is carried out in Edinburgh.source
1822The teaching and practice of acupuncture and moxibustion were banned from the Imperial Medical Academy (Taiyuyuan)China source
1822London Missionary Society, led by Dr. Philip, establishes a mission station for the San at Philippolis.South Africa source
1822The last major outbreak of yellow fever in New York City occurs.United States source
18231 May - William Farquhar was dismissed from his position as First Resident by Stamford Raffles .Singapore source
1823November – the Highland Society’s Veterinary School, predecessor of the University of Edinburgh's Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, organises its first regular classes in Edinburgh under William Dick.Scotland source
1823Cape government enacts "ameliorative" laws to regulate slave treatment, outlawing the public flogging of female slaves.South Africa source
1824May–July – King Kamehameha II of Hawaii and his Queen Consort Kamāmalu make a state visit to London, where they both die of measles before they can meet George IV.United Kingdom source
1824The UK Weights and Measures Act legally abolishes use of the Irish mile for most official purposes.Ireland source
1824George Clarke starts one of the first schools for Māori children, at Kerikeri.New Zealand source
182522 June – Cotton Mills Regulation Act establishes a maximum of 12-hour day for children under 16.United Kingdom source
182527 November – Population Census: Norway had 1,051,318 inhabitants.Norway source
1825Vancouver, Washington is established by Dr. John McLoughlin on behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company.United States source
1826Convict Hospital built in Brisbane, it is replaced as Brisbane General Hospital in 1867.Australia source
1826Wrexham Maelor Hospital's predecessor founded.Wales source
1827March 11 – The predecessor of Qasr El Eyni Hospital and Cairo University School of Medicine is established in Egypt under the direction of Antoine Clot as the first medical school in the region.source
1827Ngāti Toa chief Te Rauparaha begins attacks on South Island tribes.New Zealand source
1827Count Baltzar von Platen is appointed Governor-general of Norway.Norway source
1827Physician Richard Bright first describes the renal condition which will become known as Bright's disease.United Kingdom source
1828February 19 – The Boston Society for Medical Improvement is established in the United States.source
182817 April – Royal Free Hospital, established as the London General Institution for the Gratuitous Care of Malignant Diseases by surgeon William Marsden, opens.United Kingdom source
1828December 20 – The U.S. State of Georgia legislature charters the Medical Academy of Georgia, which becomes the Medical College of Georgia, and authorizes it to award a Bachelor of Medicine degree, making it the 13th oldest U.S. medical school and the sixth public medical school to be established.source
1828December 20 – The Georgia state legislature charters the Medical Academy of Georgia, which becomes the Medical College of Georgia, and authorizes it to award a Bachelor of Medicine degree, making it the 13th oldest U.S. medical school and the 6th public medical school to be established.United States source
1829October 25 – Eastern State Penitentiary opens in Philadelphia as Cherry Hill State Prison, a pioneering example of the separate system in the history of United States prison systems.United States source
18294 December – Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829India source
18294 December – In the face of fierce opposition, Lord William Bentinck carries a regulation declaring that all who abet suttee in India are guilty of culpable homicide.United Kingdom source
1829Measures against Thuggee and sati (practice) are introduced.India source
1829Thomas Price (Carnhuanawc) - An Essay on the Physiognomy and Physiology of the Present Inhabitants of BritainWales source
183017 October – Decree of the provisional government prohibiting importation of jenever from the Netherlands.Belgium source
1830Influenza epidemic strikes tribes of British Columbia.Canada source
1830First brine bath opened at Droitwich Spa.United Kingdom source
1831February – at a public meeting in Maryborough, Queen's County, farmer Patrick "Patt" Lalor declares that he will no longer pay tithes.Ireland source
183126 October – Cholera epidemic begins in Sunderland.United Kingdom source
183123 December – the second cholera pandemic (1829–51) reaches Scotland.Scotland source
1832February 12 – A cholera epidemic in London claims at least 3,000 lives; the contagion spreads to France and North America later this year.source
183212 February – Second cholera pandemic begins to spread in London, starting from East London. It is officially declared over in early May but deaths continue. It will claim at least 3000 victims. In Liverpool, Kitty Wilkinson becomes the "Saint of the Slums" by promoting hygiene.United Kingdom source
1832May — Second cholera pandemic reaches Wales, at Flint.Wales source
1832June 20 – Eighty-eight deaths from Asiatic cholera are reported at Montreal.Canada source
1832June – The immigrant ship The Carrick arrives in Quebec filled with Irish immigrants. A few of these immigrants are ill with cholera, which becomes an epidemic in Lower Canada and Upper Canada.Canada source
1832July–August – The 1829–51 cholera pandemic reaches the Northeastern seaboard, beginning with New York City.United States source
1832Agriculturalist William McCombie forms his herd of black Aberdeen Angus cattle.Scotland source
1832John Neal publishes "The Haunted Man," the first work of American fiction to use psychotherapy as a theme.United States source
1832Wrexham Infirmary is founded at the instigation of Thomas Taylor Griffith.Wales source
183328 June - Law promulgated by François Guizot requires every commune or municipality to maintain a public primary school.France source
1833Late in the year Louisa, daughter of John and Betty Guard, is born at Port Underwood. She is the first female European child born in the South Island.New Zealand source
1833Törnrosens bok by Carl Jonas Love AlmqvistSweden source
1834December 3 – The Zollverein institutes the first regular census in Germany. The population is 23,478,120.source
18343 December – The Zollverein institutes the first regular census in Germany. The population is 23,478,120.Germany source
1834The Romanian language is banned in the schools and government facilities of the Russian Empire's Bessarabia Governorate.source
1834A majority of the Assembly call for Lord Aylmer's impeachment for maladministration, and invite Daniel O'Connell and others to assist them. The Council and British Canadians counter-petition. The Assembly omit voting supplies.Canada source
1834St. Vincent's Hospital is set up at St Stephen's Green, Dublin, by Mary Aikenhead, staffed by the Religious Sisters of Charity.Ireland source
1834Princess Royal Maternity Hospital is established as the Glasgow Lying-in Hospital and Dispensary.Scotland source
1835August – The September Laws ban all criticism of Louis Philippe and regulate publications and the theatre.France source
183510 September – The Cruelty to Animals Act extends protection of domesticated animals from maltreatment, including outright prohibition on bear-baiting and cockfighting in England and Wales.United Kingdom source
183520 September - outbreak of the Ragamuffin WarBrazil source
183529 November – Population Census: Norway had 1,194,827 inhabitants.Norway source
1835November/December – The German Federal Convention prohibits circulation of work by members of the "Young Germany" group of writers (Karl Gutzkow, Heinrich Heine, Heinrich Laube, Theodor Mundt and Ludolf Wienbarg) and the exiled poet Heinrich Heine.Germany source
183529 December – Mary Gilbert gives birth to her son, James Port Phillip Gilbert, the first European child born in the Port Phillip settlement of Melbourne.Australia source
1835There are approximately 80 Europeans at the Weller brothers whaling station at Otakou.New Zealand source
1835Judge William Harper of South Carolina rules that a person's acceptance as white, not the proportion of white and black blood, determine a person's race.United States source
1836February – Lord Aberdeen approves of Lord Aylmer's conduct. The Governor declares that, in filling offices, he has more considered qualifications than nationality; that 80, of 142, places of emolument, and 295 of 580 unsalaried offices, are filled by Frenchmen.Canada source
1836October 13 – Theodor Fliedner, a Lutheran minister, and Friederike, his wife, open the Deaconess Home and Hospital at Kaiserswerth, Germany, as an institute to train women in nursing.source
1836In Upper Canada the 92 resolutions are expunged from the journals.Canada source
1836Eastern Townships, members desert Mr. Papineau.Canada source
1836Cape of Good Hope Punishment Act is passed to control trekboer and Voortrekker movements.South Africa source
1837January–February – Serious influenza outbreak.United Kingdom source
1837Among the malcontents are Dr. Nelson, Messrs. Papineau, Wilson, Viger, Lacoste, Brown, and Girod.Canada source
1837Alarmed at the length excitement has carried him, Mr. Papineau now inclines to the constitutional remedy of ceasing to trade with England, but Dr. Nelson declares that the time for action has come.Canada source
1837T.S. Brown and Dr. O'Callaghan cross the Line.Canada source
1837The capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus urogallus) is reintroduced to Scotland (Perthshire) from Sweden.Scotland source
1837Piet Retief orders Erasmus Smit to be ordained as a minister of the Voortrekkers, but meets with opposition because they consider him as being too old and sickly at 59.South Africa source
1837c. June – Smallpox epidemic of 1837–40 breaks out.United Kingdom source
183821 May – Elizabeth Jeffrey of Carluke is hanged in Glasgow for poisoning a neighbour and a lodger.Scotland source
1838September 4 – Potawatomi Trail of Death, the forced relocation of 859 members of the Potawatomi nation from Indiana to Kansas, begins. More than 40 Potawatomi die from disease and the stress of the march.United States source
1838October 27 – Lilburn Boggs, Governor of Missouri, by Missouri Executive Order 44, declares Mormons to be enemies of the state, and encourages the extermination or exile of the religious minority, forcing nearly 10,000 Mormons out of the state. It was later rescinded in 1976.source
1838October 27 – Governor of Missouri Lilburn Boggs issues Missouri Executive Order 44 (the "Extermination Order"), ordering the expulsion of all Mormons from the state. This winter, Mormons fleeing this persecution are welcomed in Quincy, Illinois.United States source
1838The population of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island is 1,282,000.Canada source
1838The state licensed brothels, London and Stadt Hamburg, open in the capital in an attempt by the city authorities to control the spread of sexual disease.Sweden source
1838Wrexham Infirmary established.Wales source
183931 May – Important British constitutional case of Stockdale v Hansard is launched when publisher John Joseph Stockdale sues for libel after John Roberton's pseudo-medical work On Diseases of the Generative System (1811) is declared in a parliamentary report to be indecent.United Kingdom source
1839June 3 – Destruction of opium at Humen begins, casus belli for Britain to open the 3-year First Opium War against Qing dynasty China. A rapid rise in the sale of opium in China to over 40,000 chests (~56,000 kg per annum) has caused the Chinese government to dispatch scholar-official Lin Zexu to Guangzhou to deal with the growing problem of opium addiction.source
1839Daoguang Emperor appointed scholar-official Lin Zexu to the post of Special Imperial Commissioner with the task of eradicating the opium trade. He bans the trade of opium and writes a letter to Queen Victoria asking her to stop the illegal importation of opiumChina source
1839The Weller brothers whaling settlement at Otakou on the shore of Otago Harbour has the largest population of Europeans in New Zealand outside the Bay of Islands/Hokianga.New Zealand source
184010 January – Uniform Penny Post introduced.Ireland source
18401 March — Governor Hobson suffers a stroke.New Zealand source
18409 April – The first election for the new City Council is held. Only 1929 citizens, out of a population of about 121,000, are able to participate in the election due to heavy restrictions on voting access.Denmark source
1840April 15 – King's College Hospital opens in London.source
184023 July – Vaccination Act 1840 provides for free vaccination for the poor and prohibits variolation.United Kingdom source
18407 August – Chimney Sweepers and Chimneys Regulation Act 1840 prohibits the employment of children under the age of 21 as chimney sweeps.United Kingdom source
1840Undated – Aboriginals Fire Arm Regulation Act 1840 is enacted prohibiting 'Aboriginal Natives' of New South Wales from possessing fire arms or ammunition without the permission of a Magistrate.Australia source
1840Metric system again mandatory across France.France source
1840The Cape Town Municipality is formed and has a population of 20,016, of which 10,560 are WhitesSouth Africa source
1841January 26 – Britain occupies Hong Kong. Later in the year, the first census of the island records a population of about 7,500.source
184110 February – Penny Red postage stamp replaces the Penny Black.United Kingdom source
1841April – Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew first opens to the public and William Hooker appointed director.United Kingdom source
18416 June – 1841 census of Ireland: the first thorough census is completed and the population of Ireland is calculated to be just under 8.2 million.Ireland source
18416 June – United Kingdom Census taken across Scotland.Scotland source
1841November 13 – Scottish surgeon James Braid first sees a demonstration of animal magnetism by Charles Lafontaine in Manchester, which leads to his study of the phenomenon that he (Braid) eventually calls hypnotism.source
184113 November – Surgeon James Braid attends his first demonstration of animal magnetism, which leads to his study of the subject he eventually calls hypnotism.United Kingdom source
184127 November – The execution of a national census was ordered.Uruguay source
1841William Bland published a paper on the first scarlet fever epidemic in Australia; probably Australia's earliest contribution to clinical medicine.Australia source
1841The state supported brothels London and Stadt Hamburg is closed.Sweden source
1842March 30 – American physician and pharmacist Crawford Long administers an inhaled anesthetic (diethyl ether) to facilitate a surgical procedure, performing the removal of a neck tumor.source
1842Beecham's Pills (a laxative) is first marketed in Lancashire, England, by Thomas Beecham, forming the basis of the Beecham Group and GSK plc pharmaceutical companies.source
1842The Conventicle Act was repealed.Norway source
1842Beecham's Pills (a laxative) first marketed in St Helens, Lancashire by Thomas Beecham, forming the basis of the Beecham Group and GSK plc pharmaceutical companies.United Kingdom source
1842The Rebecca Riots, which had seen sporadic outbreaks in 1839, begin in earnest.Wales source
18437 April – Indian Slavery Act, 1843 was passed.India source
184426 January: Governor Robert FitzRoy arrives in Wellington to investigate the Wairau Affray.New Zealand source
1844February: The Bay of Islands Advocate ceases publishing. It began in 1843.New Zealand source
184411 December – Health of Towns Association formed to press for public health improvements.United Kingdom source
1844Undated – Aboriginal Girls Protection Act 1844, is enacted in Western Australia to prevent Aboriginal girls from leaving or running away from school or their employed service.Australia source
1844Renji Hospital, the first western hospital in Shanghai, establishedChina source
1844Irish physician Francis Rynd utilises a hollow hypodermic needle to make the first recorded subcutaneous injections, specifically of a sedative to treat neuralgia.Ireland source
1844Owen Owen Roberts is instrumental in setting up the first hospital for Caernarvonshire and Anglesey, at Bangor.Wales source
184528 September – Cæsar Peter Møller Boeck, dermatologist (died 1917)Norway source
184520 November – a relief commission for Ireland first meets.Ireland source
1845December 27 – Anesthesia is used for childbirth for the first time, by Dr. Crawford Long in Jefferson, Georgia.source
1845December 27 – Anesthesia is used for childbirth for the first time (Dr. Crawford Long in Jefferson, Georgia).United States source
1845Grant Medical College opened in BombayIndia source
1845Oscar Ludvig Stoud Platou, jurist and professor (died 1929)Norway source
184626 August – The Public Baths and Wash Houses Act (An Act to encourage the Establishment of public Baths and Wash-houses) is passed by Parliament permitting local authorities to establish baths and wash houses in Britain.United Kingdom source
1846October 16 – At Massachusetts General Hospital, Dr. William T. G. Morton, a dentist, gives the first successful public demonstration of ether anesthesia.source
184621 December – Scottish-born surgeon Robert Liston carries out the first operation under anesthesia in Europe, at University College Hospital in London.Scotland source
184621 December – Surgeon Robert Liston carries out the first operation under anaesthesia in Britain.United Kingdom source
18461846–1860 cholera pandemic breaks out in south Asia; in the United Kingdom, Parliament passes The Nuisances Removal and Diseases Prevention Act.source
1846Deodands Act, abolishing the ancient legal remedy of deodand, with effect from 1 September.United Kingdom source
18471 January – The UK's first Medical Officer of Health is appointed, Dr. William Henry Duncan in Liverpool.United Kingdom source
1847January 30 – Lord Elgin, Governor, arrives at Montreal.Canada source
1847February 5 – A rescue effort, called the First Relief, leaves Johnson's Ranch to save the ill-fated Donner Party of California-bound migrants who became snowbound in the Sierra Nevada earlier this winter. Some have resorted to survival by cannibalism.source
1847May – typhus epidemic of 1847 among Irish emigrants arriving by ship in Canada.Ireland source
1847September 1 – Lord Elgin visits the Irish fever sheds at Windmill Point, Montreal, during the typhus epidemic of 1847.Canada source
184715 September – The first hospital in Wellington is opened in Thorndon.New Zealand source
1847November 4–8 – James Young Simpson discovers the anesthetic properties of chloroform and first uses it, successfully, on a patient, in an obstetric case in Edinburgh.source
1847Welfare in Sweden takes its first step with the introduction of the 1847 års fattigvårdförordning.source
1847The first permanent hospital in Auckland opens in Grafton Gully.New Zealand source
18474–8 November – James Young Simpson discovers the anaesthetic properties of chloroform and first uses it, successfully, on a patient, in an obstetric case in Edinburgh.Scotland source
1847Poor Care Regulation of 1847 replace the Beggar Regulation of 1642 and reorganize the poor relief system. Rotegång is banned for children.Sweden source
18483 February – Jørgen Løvland, politician and Prime Minister of Norway (died 1922)Norway source
1848The outbreak of the First Schleswig WarDenmark source
1848July – The Public Health Act establishes Boards of Health across England and Wales, the nation's first public health law, giving cities broad authority to build modern sanitary systems.source
184831 August – The Public Health Act receives Royal Assent, establishing Boards of Health across England and Wales and paving the way for considerable improvements in public sanitation to counter endemic cholera in British cities. This year the third cholera pandemic reaches the UK.United Kingdom source
184819 September – Gunnar Knudsen, politician and twice Prime Minister of Norway (died 1928)Norway source
1848November 1 – In Boston, Massachusetts, the first medical school for women, the Boston Female Medical School (which later merges with Boston University School of Medicine), opens.source
1848November 1 – The first medical school for women, The Boston Female Medical School (which later merges with Boston University School of Medicine), opens in Boston, Massachusetts.United States source
184814 November – Opening of the North Wales County Pauper Lunatic Asylum (North Wales Hospital), Denbigh.Wales source
1848Russia suffers major disasters such as a major cholera epidemic, a bad harvest, and an increase in fires due to weather.Russia source
1848Third cholera pandemic in Scotland, first breaking out in Edinburgh.Scotland source
184912 January – General conscription is introduced in Denmark a few weeks after the First Schleswig War has been resumed after a winter break.Denmark source
1849January 23 – Elizabeth Blackwell is awarded her M.D. by the Medical Institute of Geneva, New York, thus becoming the United States' first woman doctor.source
184923 February – Public meeting in Perth calls for introduction of convicts to the help the colony's depressed economy, first consignment arrive in the following June.Australia source
184913 May – A case of cholera is recorded in Cardiff, the beginning of an outbreak that spreads to Merthyr, Dowlais and Aberdare, and kills 800 people.Wales source
1849A cholera epidemic in New York kills 5,000.source
1849Global healthcare and pharmaceutical company Pfizer founded in New York, United States.source
1849Military rule introduced in British Kaffraria, with harsh punishments for minor crimes, cattle impounding, and indentured labour of black youths to white farmers.South Africa source
1849The 1846–1860 cholera pandemic claims 52,000 lives in England and Wales between 1848 and 1850.United Kingdom source
1850March – The first federal population census in Switzerland takes placeSwitzerland source
1850June 1 – The 1850 United States census shows that 11.2% of the population classed as "Negro" are of mixed race.source
1850October – Central Criminal Lunatic Asylum for Ireland opened in Dundrum, Dublin, the first secure hospital in Europe.Ireland source
1850October – The Merthyr Board of Health is founded, with John Josiah Guest as its first chairman.Wales source
1850November – The first issue of the periodical Y Drych is printed, though not in circulation for another two monthsWales source
1850The city of Manchester, England, reaches 400,000 inhabitants.source
1850The 1846–1860 cholera pandemic claims 52,000 lives in England and Wales between 1848 and 1850.United Kingdom source
1850The Llanelli Board of Health is founded, with William Chambers as its first chairman.Wales source
1851April 25 – Placer County, California, is formed from parts of Sutter and Yuba Counties with Auburn as the county seat.source
1851June 2 – Maine passes the Maine Liquor Law, the first state-wide prohibition in the United States.source
18514 August – The Governor of Western Australia complains of receiving too many convicts as 300 ticket-of-leave men arrive unexpectedly.Australia source
18517 August – Poor Relief (Ireland) Act provides for the establishment of dispensaries.Ireland source
185131 October – The New South Wales Legislative Council votes unanimously against transportation 'in any form what-so-ever, to any part of Her Majesty's Australian possessions'.Australia source
1851Donaldson's Hospital opens in Edinburgh, primarily for the education of deaf children.Scotland source
185130/31 March – United Kingdom census: Scotland's population is recorded as 2.89 million; about 7% are of Irish birth.Scotland source
1851The hospital Ersta diakoni is built in Stockholm by Maria Cederschiöld (deaconess) as the leader of the first deaconesses in Sweden. There Cederschiöld establishes the first formal nursing programme in Sweden.Sweden source
1851The last major outbreak of dysentery begins, going on to kill 26,000 people.Sweden source
1851Florence Nightingale's father allows her to return to the Institution of Protestant Deaconesses at Kaiserswerth in Germany for 3 months of nurse training.United Kingdom source
1852January 15 – Nine men representing various Jewish charitable organizations come together to form what will become Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City.source
1852January 15 – Nine men representing various Hebrew charitable organizations come together to form what will become the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City.United States source
1852February 14 – The Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London, admits its first patient.source
185214 February – Great Ormond Street Hospital in London admits its first child patient.United Kingdom source
185230 June – Common Law Procedure Act.United Kingdom source
1852December – In the by-election caused by the death of John Josiah Guest, Henry Austin Bruce is elected MP for Merthyr Tydfil.Wales source
1852Yellow fever in Buenos Aires epidemicArgentina source
1852Amalia Assur becomes the first female dentist in Sweden.Sweden source
1853April 7 – Prince Leopold, the youngest son and the eighth child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, is born in Buckingham Palace; he has inherited haemophilia. During the labour, Victoria chooses to use chloroform, thereby encouraging the use of anesthesia in childbirth.source
1853May – The 1853 yellow fever epidemic begins along the Gulf Coast, ultimately killing more than 10,000 people.United States source
185311 June – 1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak begins and continues until October.Denmark source
18531 August – Under terms of the Vaccination Act 1853, all children born after this date are to receive compulsory vaccination against smallpox during their first 3 months of life, with defaulting parents subject to a fine.United Kingdom source
185312 August – Licensing (Scotland) Act (known after its sponsor as the 'Forbes Mackenzie Act') regulates the supply of intoxicating beverages.Scotland source
185320 August – Betting Act (An Act for the Suppression of Betting Houses) prohibits betting shops, restricting legal betting on horse racing to racecourses.United Kingdom source
1853August 24 – Potato chips are traditionally said to have been invented on this date by George Crum in Saratoga Springs, New York.United States source
1853Charles Pravaz and Alexander Wood independently invent a practical hypodermic syringe.source
1853An outbreak of yellow fever kills 7,790 people in New Orleans.source
1853Second cholera pandemic again revives in Scotland.Scotland source
18531853 Stockholm cholera outbreak.Sweden source
1854April 1 – Hard Times begins serialisation in Charles Dickens' magazine, Household Words.source
18541 April – Hard Times begins serialisation in Charles Dickens's magazine, Household Words.United Kingdom source
1854August 31–September 8 – An epidemic of cholera in London kills over 10,000. Dr John Snow traces the source of one outbreak (that killed 500) to a single water pump, validating his theory that cholera is water-borne, and forming the starting point for epidemiology.source
185431 August–8 September – An epidemic of cholera in London kills 10,000. Dr John Snow traces the source of one outbreak (that killed 500) to a single water pump, validating his theory that cholera is water-borne, and forming the starting point for epidemiology.United Kingdom source
1854November 29 – Bleeding Kansas: A pro-slavery Democrat, John Wilkins Whitfield, is elected as the congressional delegate for Kansas Territory.United States source
1854Late August — Third cholera pandemic in Cardiff.Wales source
18554 May - Kyrkoplikt as well as all remaining forms of Public humiliation and Corporal punishments are abolished.Sweden source
1855May 17 – Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, is dedicated (originally named as the Jews' Hospital) in New York City; it opens to patients on June 5.source
1855May 17 – The Mount Sinai Hospital is dedicated (as the Jews' Hospital) in New York City; it opens to patients on June 5.United States source
185512 June – the Victorian parliament passed the Chinese Restriction Act in an effort to restrict Chinese immigration. These restrictions, including a £10 poll tax on Chinese and a limit to Chinese passengers per tonnage of shipping.Australia source
185531 December – Population Census: 1,490,047 inhabitants in Norway.Norway source
1855The third plague pandemic breaks out in Yunnan, China. This bubonic plague pandemic eventually spreads to all inhabited continents, and ultimately leads to more than 12 million deaths in India and China (estimated 15 million worldwide) making it one of the deadliest pandemics in history. The pandemic is considered active until 1960.source
1855Governor of New Brunswick — John Manners-SuttonCanada source
1855Third plague pandemic, major bubonic plague pandemic that begins in Yunnan and later spread across China and into IndiaChina source
1855Edinburgh Medical Journal first published.Scotland source
1855The island of Samson, in the Isles of Scilly, is depopulated.United Kingdom source
185611 February – Torje Olsen Solberg, politicianNorway source
185628 February – Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning became Governor-General of India (till 21 March 1862)India source
185611 April – At a public meeting in Melbourne, Dr Thomas Embling repeated the slogan "eight hours labour, eight hours recreation, eight hours rest".Australia source
1856May 22 – Caning of Charles Sumner: United States Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina beats Senator Charles Sumner with a cane in the hall of the United States Senate for a speech Sumner had made attacking pro-slavery Southerners, especially elderly South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler, a relative of Brooks. Sumner is unable to return to duty for three years while he recovers; Brooks becomes a hero across the South.source
1856May 22 – Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina beats Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts with a cane in the hall of the United States Senate, for a speech Sumner had made attacking Southerners who sympathized with the pro-slavery violence in Kansas ("Bleeding Kansas"). Sumner is unable to return to duty for 3 years while he recovers; Brooks becomes a hero across the South.United States source
185631 December – Lord Brougham's Act requires at least one party to a marriage contracted after this date to have been resident in Scotland for 21 days, putting a curb on Gretna Green marriage.Scotland source
1856The British Guiana 1c magenta postage stamp is issued in British Guiana in limited numbers; the one surviving specimen will become regarded as the world's rarest stamp.source
1856Governor of New Brunswick — John Manners-SuttonCanada source
1856New Natal legislature sets rules for importing Indian indentured labor to meet the demands of sugar planters.South Africa source
1856Fishguard becomes the first county court in Wales to close.Wales source
1857March 12 – Elizabeth Blackwell opens a hospital, the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children.source
185725 August – Obscene Publications Act makes the sale of obscene material a statutory offence.United Kingdom source
1857U.S. politician William Daniel proposes the Local Option for Prohibition.source
1857Liberia annexes the Republic of Maryland as native groups (notably Grebo people and Kru people) continually attack and kill settlers in Cape Palmas.source
1857In Victoria, Australia, one adult male in 7 is Chinese.Australia source
1857Jean Neuhaus opens an apothecary shop in Galeries Royales Saint-HubertBelgium source
1857Lunga, Treshnish Isles, is depopulated.Scotland source
1857An interim Swedish-Norwegian government is formed in Stockholm due to the King's deteriorating health.Sweden source
1857Maryland politician William Daniel proposes the Local Option for prohibition.United States source
1858April 16 – The Wernerian Natural History Society, a former Scottish learned society, is wound up.source
185816 April – the Wernerian Natural History Society of Edinburgh is wound up.Scotland source
1858August 2 – A bill is passed to create a modern sewage system in London as a result of the Great Stink, when the heat of the summer made the smell from sewage in the Thames unbearable.source
18582 August – Medical Act 1858 passed "to Regulate the Qualifications of Practitioners in Medicine and Surgery".United Kingdom source
1858August - Government of India Act 1878India source
18581 September – Local Government Act 1858 comes into force, General Board of Health abolished.United Kingdom source
1858September 1–2 – Staten Island Quarantine WarUnited States source
18581 December – The recently formed Odontological Society of London opens the Dental Hospital of London.United Kingdom source
1858Prince Wilhelm of Prussia becomes regent for his brother, King Frederick William IV, who has suffered a stroke. After Prince William's term acting as a regent for the King had been extended three times, the ailing Frederick William signed a regency charter for him on 7 October 1858, based on an expert opinion from the royal personal physicians.source
1858Squibb Pharmacy, as predecessor of Bristol Myers Squibb, a worldwide pharmaceutical brand, is founded in New York, United States.source
1858William becomes regent for his brother, Frederick William IV, who has suffered a stroke.Germany source
18591 January – Elizabeth Blackwell becomes the first woman to have her name entered on the General Medical Council's Medical Register, under a clause in the Medical Act 1858 that recognizes doctors with foreign degrees.United Kingdom source
185916 September – Charles Vaughan announces his resignation as headmaster of Harrow School, apparently under threat of exposure for an affair with a pupil.United Kingdom source
18591 October – The Odontological Society of London's Dental Hospital of London opens the first dental school in Britain, the London School of Dental Surgery.United Kingdom source
1859District nursing begins in Liverpool, England, when philanthropist William Rathbone employs Mary Robinson to nurse the sick poor in their own homes.source
1859Undated – A retaliatory mass-slaughter of Indigenous Australians occurs in the Hospital Creek Massacre.Australia source
1859District nursing begins in Liverpool when philanthropist William Rathbone employs Mary Robinson to nurse the sick poor in their own homes.United Kingdom source
1859The Cymanfa Ganu movement is launched in Aberdare.Wales source
1860March – The Food and Drink Act 1860 prohibits the adulteration of certain foodstuffs.United Kingdom source
18609 July – The Nightingale Training School and Home for Nurses, the first nursing school based on the ideas of Florence Nightingale, is opened at St Thomas' Hospital in London.United Kingdom source
1860October 6 – Section 377 of the British Indian penal code was enacted in British India.source
1860October 15 – 11-year-old Grace Bedell writes to Abraham Lincoln telling him to grow a beard.United States source
1860Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, opens.Scotland source
1861April 7 – A population census is taken in the United Kingdom. The population is more than double that of 1801 and those living in urban areas are in a majority.source
18617 April – United Kingdom census. The population is more than double that of 1801 and those living in urban areas are in a majority.United Kingdom source
1861April 27 – President Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus in Maryland.United States source
186119 May – Association "Vlamingen Vooruit!" organises mass meeting in BrusselsBelgium source
1861July – outbreak of yellow fever onboard paddle frigate HMS Firebrand in the West Indies kills 52.United Kingdom source
186124 August – Mater Misericordiae Hospital is opened in Dublin by the Sisters of Mercy (architect: John Bourke).Ireland source
1861Dr. Anderson Ruffin Abbott becomes the first Canadian-born Black to graduate from medical school.Canada source
1861Domicile Act (British statute)India source
1862March 13 – A smallpox epidemic in San Francisco spreads to British Columbia.source
186216 May – Habeas Corpus Act restricts the right of English courts to issue writs of habeas corpus in British colonies or dominions.United Kingdom source
1862December 2 – The first United States Navy hospital ships enter service.source
1862December 2 – The first U.S. Navy hospital ships enter service.United States source
1862The 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic sweeps through Fort Victoria area and up the length of the northwest coast, killing an estimated 20,000 First Nations peopleCanada source
1862Around 40% of the Fair Isle population migrates to New Brunswick.Scotland source
1862Henry Littlejohn becomes Edinburgh's first Medical Officer of Health, serving until 1908.Scotland source
1862A smallpox epidemic breaks out in California.United States source
186327 May – Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum at Crowthorne receives its first patients.United Kingdom source
18637 August - Johanna Hedén becomes the first licensed female surgeon by passing her exam as feldsher.Sweden source
1863The first outbreak of phylloxera on the European mainland is observed, in the vineyards of the southern Rhône region of France.source
1863The recipe for the herbal liqueur Bénédictine is devised by Alexandre Le Grand in Fécamp, France.source
1863The recipe for the herbal liqueur Bénédictine is devised by Alexandre Le Grand in Fécamp.France source
1863First outbreak of phylloxera on the European mainland observed in the vineyards of the southern Rhône region.France source
1863A scarlet fever epidemic causes over 30,000 deaths.United Kingdom source
1864April – Charles Baudelaire leaves Paris for Belgium in the hope of resolving his financial difficulties.France source
1864June – The United States Sanitary Commission's Sanitary Fair in Philadelphia takes place.source
186419 July – Chalmers Hospital opened in Banff, Aberdeenshire.Scotland source
1864July – President Abraham Lincoln signs a law that abolishes the commutation fee that could be paid to in lieu of conscription.United States source
1864The classic aperitif Hesperidina is invented by American immigrant Melville Sewell Bagley in Buenos Aires.Argentina source
1864Husbands are forbidden to abuse their wives.Sweden source
1864The Llandudno Improvement Commissioners attempt to ban Punch and Judy shows. In this year, the town first receives the title "Queen of Welsh Resorts".Wales source
186521 February – A Royal Commission into the origin and nature of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (a cattle disease) presents its third and final report to the Parliament of Victoria.Australia source
186526 May – 1863–75 cholera pandemic caused 45,000 fatalities in Belgium in 1865.Belgium source
1865May – national outbreak of rinderpest in British cattle first appears in Islington; it continues until September 1867.United Kingdom source
18655 July – Speed limit in Britain originally introduced by the Locomotive Act 1861 is reduced by the Locomotives Act 1865 – becoming 2 mph in town and 4 mph in the country.United Kingdom source
186528 July – English general practitioner Edward William Pritchard becomes the last person publicly hanged in Glasgow (on Glasgow Green), for poisoning his wife and mother-in-law in the city.Scotland source
18659 September — First of fifteen deaths in the only outbreak of yellow fever ever to occur in Britain, at Swansea.Wales source
1865Louis Melsens receives Montyon Prize for his work on the use of potassium iodide to treat mercury poisoning and lead poisoning.Belgium source
1865Joseph Lister begins to experiment with antiseptic surgery in Glasgow using carbolic acid.Scotland source
1866Fresh outbreaks in Brussels, Ghent and Antwerp of 1863–75 cholera pandemic.Belgium source
1866July – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson opens the St Mary's Dispensary in the Marylebone district of London where women can seek medical advice from exclusively female practitioners.United Kingdom source
186617 October — First confirmed death from a cholera epidemic in Carnarvon.Wales source
1866Peter Edmund Jones graduates from Queen's University, becoming Canada's first indigenous medical doctorCanada source
1866Straits Settlements Act (British statute)India source
1866Emmy Rappe are sent to Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery at St Thomas' Hospital in London in order to be educated in nursing.Sweden source
1866Elizabeth Stride emigrate to London in Great Britain.Sweden source
1866General Post Office writes to all urban householders without a front door letter box urging them to provide one.United Kingdom source
1867March 1 – Nebraska is admitted as the 37th U.S. state (see History of Nebraska).United States source
1867March 16 – An article by Joseph Lister outlining his use of antiseptic surgery is first published in The Lancet.source
186716 March – first publication of an article by Joseph Lister outlining the discovery of antiseptic surgery, in The Lancet.United Kingdom source
186710 April - Victor Duruy introduces legislation for female education.France source
1867July – The Reverend Thomas Baker, a Wesleyan Methodist missionary (born in Playden, East Sussex, England) is cooked and eaten by Navatusila tribespeople at Nabutautau, Fiji, together with eight of his local followers, the only missionary in that country to suffer cannibalism.source
1867The Prohibition National Committee is formed in the United States.source
1867Yellow fever kills 3,093 in New Orleans.source
1867The board game Parcheesi is introduced in the United States.source
1867Sassoon Hospital was built in Pune by David SassoonIndia source
1867Public Gambling Act of 1867 is passed, prohibiting the running or being in charge of a public gaming houseIndia source
1867While Henry Jenner is fundraising in England for his new diocese there are increasing concerns over his appointment among the New Zealand clergy and the citizens of Dunedin.New Zealand source
1867Emmy Rappe becomes head nurse in the newly established Surgical Clinic at the Uppsala Academic Hospital, where she opened the first professional training courses for nurses in Sweden.Sweden source
1867Edward Hamer – The Chartist Outbreak at LlanidloesWales source
186817 July – judicial decision of the House of Lords in Rylands v Fletcher, a leading case in English tort law, establishing a standard of strict liability in negligence actions.United Kingdom source
186831 July – Pharmacy Act 1868 regulates the profession of pharmacist and restricts sale of poisons and dangerous drugs.United Kingdom source
1868October 6 – The City of New York grants Mount Sinai Hospital a 99-year lease for a property on Lexington Avenue and 66th Street, for the sum of $1.00.source
1868October 10 – Anne Hazen McFarland, physician and medical journal editor (unknown year of death)United States source
1868October – Kilmarnock Infirmary opened.Scotland source
1868The population of Japan reaches c. 30 million.source
1868Jean-Martin Charcot describes and names multiple sclerosis.France source
18681–6 February: The Great storm of 1868 sweeps across the country causing major damage and loss of life. There were several fatalities in Temuka.New Zealand source
1868The Western General Hospital is established in Edinburgh.Scotland source
1869February 2 – Lord Lisgar replaces Viscount Monck of Ballytrammon as Governor GeneralCanada source
1869March 1 – The North German Confederation issues 10gr and 30gr value stamps, printed on goldbeater's skin.source
186924 March – A fatal case of cholera is reported in Sydney.Australia source
1869July 20 – Children's Hospital Boston is founded by Dr. Francis Henry Brown and other Harvard Medical School graduates, as a 20-bed facility in the South End of Boston, Massachusetts.source
1869October 11 – Gamma Sigma becomes the first high school fraternity in North America at Brockport Normal School, Brockport, New York.source
1869October – The 'Edinburgh Seven', led by Sophia Jex-Blake, start to attend lectures at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, the first women in the United Kingdom to do so (although they will not be allowed to take degrees).source
1869James Gordon Bennett Jr. of the New York Herald asks Henry Morton Stanley to find Dr. David Livingstone.source
1869Epidemic of typhoid fever in Brussels.Belgium source
1869Maria Susan Rye began bringing groups of children from poorhouses and orphanages to Canada from England.Canada source
18691869 to 1870 – Smallpox epidemic strikes Canadian Plains tribes, including Blackfeet, Piegan, and Blood.Canada source
1869James Gordon Bennett, Jr. of the New York Herald asks Henry Morton Stanley to find Dr. Livingstone.United States source
1869Timothy Richards Lewis goes to India to study cholera.Wales source
1870May 20 – Charles Craufurd Hay becomes acting Governor of the Cape of Good Hope and High Commissioner for Southern Africa.South Africa source
187015 July – General mobilisation in response to the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian WarBelgium source
18701 August – Burgh Customs (Scotland) Act enables burghs to abolish petty customs (local duties and tolls) and substitute local rates for them.Scotland source
187026 September – George Watson's Hospital in Edinburgh reopens as reconstituted as a fee-paying day school, George Watson's College Schools for Boys.Scotland source
1870Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act 1870 passed in an attempt to secure greater security of tenure for landholders.Ireland source
18714 March – The Tribune newspaper reports that the streets of fever-infested Buenos Aires are so dark at night that "it truly appeared as if the terrible scourge had swept away all the residents".Argentina source
1871March 29 – The first Surgeon General of the United States (John Maynard Woodworth) is appointed.source
18712 April – census in the United Kingdom, the first to record economic and mental status.United Kingdom source
18715 May – The Prince Alfred Hospital opens in Melbourne.Australia source
18711 June – Victor Hugo expelled from Belgium for endangering the public peace after publishing a letter in L'Indépendance Belge of 26 May criticising the Belgian government's attitude to Communard refugees.Belgium source
18714 June – Frederik Holst, medical doctor (born 1791).Norway source
1871August 29 – The abolition of the han system is carried out in Japan.source
1871Ontario Schools Act is passed in Ontario, requiring all students aged 7 to 12 to attend school.Canada source
1871Poor Care Regulation of 1871 replace the Poor Care Regulation of 1847.Sweden source
1871Lewis Jones is appointed governor of Chubut Province by the government of Argentina.Wales source
1872February 22 – The Prohibition Party holds its first national convention in Columbus, Ohio, nominating James Black as its presidential nominee.source
1872July 4 – The Society of Jesus is pronounced illegal in the German Empire.source
187218 August – Licensing Act establishes licences for public houses and limits drinking hours.United Kingdom source
1872October 1 – The Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College begins its first academic session (the university is later renamed Virginia Tech). The first case is reported in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, of the Great Epizootic of 1872 (equine influenza, or the "horse flu") which will substantially disrupt life in North America by mid-December.source
1872A conscription law, modeled on the French version, is issued.source
1872Universal public schools are called for.source
1872Brazil held its first nationwide census in 1872, having a recorded population of 10 million.Brazil source
1872A British Columbia law bans all Asian and First Nations peoples from voting.Canada source
1872Ulster Hospital for Women and Sick Children is opened in Chichester Street, Belfast.Ireland source
1872Vaccination of babies against smallpox made compulsory by the Public Health Act 1872New Zealand source
1872First hospital built on the site at Govan (Glasgow) that will become Queen Elizabeth University HospitalScotland source
1873February 20 – The University of California opens its first medical school in San Francisco.source
1873March 3 – Censorship: The United States Congress enacts the Comstock Law, making it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, or lascivious" books through the mail.source
1873March 3 – Censorship: The U.S. Congress enacts the Comstock Law, making it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, or lascivious" books through the mail.United States source
187318 June – Alice Vickery passes the Royal Pharmaceutical Society's examination, becoming the first qualified female pharmacist in the U.K.United Kingdom source
1873Émile Zola - Le Ventre de ParisFrance source
1873Jules Verne - Le Pays des fourruresFrance source
1873The Cape Government establishes the first district boarding schools to educate children from rural areas while education is standardised at the Cape.South Africa source
1873Eliza Daniel Stewart organizes the Woman's Temperance League in Osborn, Ohio.United States source
1873Elizabeth Garrett Anderson is admitted to membership of the British Medical Association. As the Association votes against the admission of further women in 1878, she remains the only woman member for nineteen years.United Kingdom source
187415 February - The Hospital of San Carlos (Chile) is founded.Chile source
1874The Molteno Regulations establish the South African public library system.South Africa source
1874June 22 – Andrew Taylor Still starts the movement for osteopathic medicine in the United States at Kirksville, Missouri.source
18747 August – Public Worship Regulation Act prohibits ritualistic practices in the Church of England.United Kingdom source
1874English chemist C. R. Alder Wright synthesizes heroin for the first time.source
187512 February – Robert Louis Stevenson is introduced to fellow writer W. E. Henley, at this time (August 1873–April 1875) a patient of surgeon Joseph Lister in the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh; Henley will be the model for Long John Silver. Henley has also met his future wife while in hospital and written the poems collected as In Hospital. In July Stevenson qualifies as an advocate, but never practices.Scotland source
1875March 1 – The Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto) is founded.Canada source
1875April – 'Albert's swarm' of Rocky Mountain locusts begins to devastate the western United States.source
187531 July – Public Health Act 1875 (38 & 39 Vict. c. 55) establishes a code of practice for sanitation across the country.United Kingdom source
1875August 9 – Joe Borden throws a 4 hit shoutout against future baseball hall of famer Pud Galvin and the St. Louis Brown Stockings 16–0United States source
187531 December – Population Census: 1,813,424 inhabitants in Norway.Norway source
1875Convent Scandal: During the winter in Montreal, typhoid fever strikes at a convent school. The corpses of the victims are filched by body-snatchers before relatives arrive from America, causing much furor. Eventually the Anatomy Act of Quebec is changed over it.source
1875The 1875–1876 Australia scarlet fever epidemic begins in Victoria.Australia source
1875Jennifer Trout becomes the first woman licensed to practise medicine in Canada, although Emily Stowe has been doing so without a licence in Toronto since 1867.Canada source
1875Hugh Owen Thomas - Diseases of the Hip, Knee, and Ankle JointsWales source
187615 August – Elementary Education Act 1876 ("Sandon's Act") prevents employment of children under 10; permits local attendance committees to impose compulsory school attendance for ages 5–13; and authorises poor law guardians to pay school fees for the poor and destitute under a system of certificates.United Kingdom source
1876Samurai are banned from carrying swords in Japan, and their stipends are replaced by a one-time grant of income-bearing bonds.source
1876Heinz Tomato Ketchup is introduced in the United States.source
1876Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi Regional Institute of Mental Health was set up as Tezpur Lunatic Asylum in April, 1876.India source
1876St. Michael's Hospital (Dún Laoghaire) established by the Sisters of Mercy.Ireland source
1876Grey squirrel introduced to England at Henbury Park, Cheshire.United Kingdom source
1876Heinz Tomato Ketchup introduced.United States source
1876The Medical Act 1876 (39 & 40 Vict. c. 41) repeals the previous Medical Act in the United Kingdom and enables every university or other body in the United Kingdom entitled to grant qualifications for registration to grant such qualifications to all people without distinction of sex.United Kingdom source
1877May – Sophia Jex-Blake qualifies as a Licentiate of the King’s and Queen’s College of Physicians of Ireland (LKQCPI).Ireland source
187712 July – Prison Act 1877 transfers responsibility for provision of prisons from counties to the Home Office.United Kingdom source
1877Joseph Parry resigns from his position as Professor of Music at University of Wales, Aberystwyth.Wales source
187828 March – Stoke City F.C. move into their new stadium at the Victoria Ground, beating Talke Rangers 1–0 in a friendly in their first game there.United Kingdom source
1878June 18 – Posse Comitatus Act signed into law to limit the powers of the federal government of the United States in using the United States Army to enforce domestic policy within the U.S.United States source
1878July 12 – Yellow fever epidemic begins in New Orleans. It will eventually kill 4,500 people.United States source
187819 October – First Anti-Socialist law passed by the German ReichstagGermany source
1878Yellow fever in the Mississippi Valley kills over 13,000.source
1878Anti-Chinese sentiment in British Columbia reaches a high point as the government bans Chinese workers from public works.Canada source
1878Dentists Act (British statute)India source
1878Public Health (Ireland) Act 1878 introduces laws regarding sanitary districts.Ireland source
1878Sophia Jex-Blake sets up in practice in Edinburgh as the city's first woman doctor.Scotland source
1879June 21 – Infielder William White plays in one game for the Providence Grays and in conjecture becomes the first African American to play MLB.United States source
1879Report claims only self-reliance and industry can relieve distress of Indigenous people and anxiety of Metis (Note: racial stereotypes)Canada source
1879Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh moves to Lauriston Place.Scotland source
1879Butter (General) Market in Wrexham opens.Wales source
1880May – School is made compulsory for children aged 6 to 14 in New South Wales.Australia source
1880June 1 – United States Census is 50,155,783. More than 100,000 Chinese men and 3,000 Chinese women are living in the western United States.United States source
188026 August – Elementary Education Act ("Mundella's Act") enforces school attendance up to the age of ten in England and Wales.United Kingdom source
1880September – Queen Marie Henriette visits Aachen for her health.Belgium source
188027 November – Rev. Richard Enraght is imprisoned for 49 days in Warwick Prison and deprived of his parish in Birmingham as a result of proceedings under the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874.United Kingdom source
1880Emily Stowe becomes the first woman doctor to practise medicine in CanadaCanada source
1880English philanthropists are active in connection with the west of Ireland: Quaker James Hack Tute distributes aid and publishes Irish Distress and its Remedies; heiress Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts, offers to advance £250,000 to the authorities for the supply of seed potatoes, forcing the government to take action itself.Ireland source
1881February 18 – Carlos Finlay introduces his discovery of the transmission of Yellow Fever by mosquitoes Aedes aegypti, in the Fifth International Sanitary Conference held in Washington, D.C.source
1881February 19 – Kansas becomes the first U.S. state to prohibit all alcoholic beverages.source
188112 March – Andrew Watson of Glasgow's Queen's Park F.C. (from a mixed Scottish/British Guianese background) captains the Scotland national football team in a 6–1 victory against England, becoming the world's first mixed race international Association football player.United Kingdom source
1881April 4 – The 1881 census finds Canada's population to be 4,324,810Canada source
188120 June – A law is passed to found first rural hospitals, initially in unoccupied monasteries until they could build their own buildings.Romania source
188127 August – the Sunday Closing (Wales) Act prohibits the sale of alcohol in Wales on a Sunday. This is the first act of Parliament of the United Kingdom, Great Britain or England since the 1542 Act of Union between England and Wales whose application is restricted to Wales.United Kingdom source
188127 August – The Sunday Closing (Wales) Act prohibits the sale of alcohol on a Sunday. This is the first Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom since the 1542 Act of Union whose application is restricted to Wales.Wales source
188125 September – in Meckesheim physician Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer performs the first modern Caesarean section, the transverse incision technique to minimise bleeding.Germany source
1881Approximate date – St John Ambulance Ireland establishes its first centre, in Dublin.Ireland source
1881An Australian team tours the country playing twelve matches against provincial teams. None of the games have first-class status, with the home teams fielding between 12 and 22 players. Australia suffered one loss, but 10 wickets to the Wanganui XXII. ItineraryNew Zealand source
1882March 22 – Polygamy is made a felony by the Edmunds Act, passed by the United States Congress.source
1882March 24 – Robert Koch announces the discovery of the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).source
188224 March – the Tuberculosis bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, was identified and described by Robert Koch.Germany source
1882May 6 – The Chinese Exclusion Act, prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers, is the first law which restricts immigration into the United States.source
1882May 6 – The Chinese Exclusion Act, prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers, is the first significant law that restricts immigration into the U.S.United States source
188220 December – Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, opened at Garnethill.Scotland source
1883May 31 – Otto von Bismarck pushes the first social security law through the Reichstag. It establishes a system of Publicly funded health care, one of the first worldwide. It is signed into law on June 15.source
1883June 16 – Victoria Hall disaster: A rush for treats results in 183 children being asphyxiated in a concert hall in Sunderland, England.source
188316 June – Victoria Hall disaster: A rush for treats results in 183 children being asphyxiated in a concert hall in Sunderland.United Kingdom source
18831 November – Mater Infirmorum Hospital in Belfast admits its first patients.Ireland source
1883Bernard Kroger establishes the first Kroger grocery store, in Cincinnati, Ohio.source
1883Augusta Stowe, daughter of Emily Stowe, is the first woman graduated by the Toronto Medical School.Canada source
1883Medicine Hat is settled by European Canadians when the CPR crosses the South Saskatchewan River.Canada source
1883Germany gets the world's first national social health insurance system by legislation of Otto von Bismarck's social legislation, which included the Health Insurance Bill of 1883.Germany source
1883Susan Hayhurst becomes first woman to get a pharmacy degree in the United States.United States source
1884January 7 – German microbiologist Robert Koch isolates Vibrio cholerae, the cholera bacillus, working in India.source
18847 March – Eugène Poubelle introduces the dustbin to Paris.France source
188410–16 August – The 8th International Medical Congress opens in Copenhagen. The participants include Peter Ludvig Panum (President), Louis Pasteur, Rudolf Ludwig Virchow and James Paget.Denmark source
188426 June — The first Italian officially to fall ill of cholera on Italian soil is a migrant worker who arrived at Ventimiglia from Toulon.Italy source
1884September 15 – The invention of local anesthesia by ophthalmologist Karl Koller is made public at a medical congress in Heidelberg, Germany.source
18842 November – the "Home Office Baby" is delivered to the Home Office.United Kingdom source
1884The water hyacinth is introduced in the United States, and quickly becomes an invasive species.source
1884Robert Koch resided and researched at Grant Medical College in Bombay, India, where he was able to determine the causative agent of cholera, isolating Vibrio cholerae.Germany source
1884Which led in turn to the 1889 Workers' Safety Act and the foundation of the Labor Inspectorate, as well as the 1891 National Health Insurance ActSweden source
1884The water hyacinth is introduced in the U.S. and quickly becomes an invasive species.United States source
1884Isolation hospital for cholera patients opens on Flat Holm.Wales source
188515 January — A law to the redevelopment the city of Naples is approved after a devastating cholera outbreak in 1884 due to extremely poor sanitary conditions. The law provided the needed 100 million lire for the renewal of the city. The radical transformation of the city called risanamento intended to improve the sewerage infrastructure and replace the most clustered areas, considered the main cause of insalubrity, with large and airy avenues.Italy source
188526 March – Prussian deportations: the Prussian government orders the expulsion of all ethnic Poles and Jews holding Russian citizenship, later extended to include Polish Austrian citizens. More than 30,000 people are forced across the border.Germany source
188520 May — The sixth International Sanitary Conference opened in Rome convened by the Italian government as a result of the outbreak of cholera in the country in 1884.Italy source
1885June – Former president Nicolás Avellaneda travels to France with his wife, seeking medical treatment for nephritis. The treatment is unsuccessful and 48-year-old Avellaneda, Argentina's youngest-ever president, dies at sea on the return journey.Argentina source
1885July 6 – Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux successfully test their rabies vaccine. The patient is Joseph Meister, a boy who was bitten by a rabid dog.source
1885Frances Hoggan is the first woman doctor registered in Wales.Wales source
1886March 11 - Anandi Gopal Joshi becomes the first Indian-born woman to graduate from medical school.source
18862 April – Christian Halvorsen Svenkerud, politician (born 1798)Norway source
1886May 29 – Pharmacist John Pemberton begins to advertise Coca-Cola (advertisement in the Atlanta Journal).United States source
1886October – Edinburgh School of Medicine for Women founded by Dr. Sophia Jex-Blake.Scotland source
1886The Norwegian Medical Association is established.Norway source
1886Rhoda Broughton – Doctor CupidWales source
1887January 11 – Louis Pasteur's anti-rabies treatment is defended in the Académie Nationale de Médecine, by Dr. Joseph Grancher.source
188711 January – Louis Pasteur's anti-rabies treatment is defended in the French Academy of Medicine by Dr. Joseph Grancher.France source
188731 March – St. John Ambulance Brigade formed.United Kingdom source
18871 April – Glasgow Botanic Gardens management taken over by town council.Scotland source
1887August – The earliest constituent of the U.S. National Institutes of Health is established at the Marine Hospital, Staten Island, as the Laboratory of Hygiene.source
1887August – The U.S. National Institutes of Health is founded at the Marine Hospital, Staten Island, New York, as the Laboratory of Hygiene.United States source
1887September- 1887 Yellow River flood- an estimated 1-2 million people die and up to another 2 million die in a pandemic in the following monthsChina source
1887Census finds a population of 401,520,392China source
1887Friedrich Loeffler creates Löffler's serum, a coagulated blood serum used for the detection of the bacteria.Germany source
1887The Hospitals Association establishes the first (non-statutory and voluntary) register of nurses in the UK.United Kingdom source
188822 December – The Crispi government enacted the first Italian law for the national healthcare system including cremation after a cholera pandemic in 1884–1885 killed approximately 50,000 persons, with a serious outbreak in the city of Naples in August–September 1884, killing 8,000 persons.Italy source
1888December 23 – During a bout of mental illness (and having quarreled with his friend Paul Gauguin), Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh infamously cuts off the lower part of his own left ear, taking it to a brothel, and is removed to the local hospital in Arles in the south of France.source
188823 December – Having quarrelled with Gauguin, van Gogh cuts off the lower part of his own left ear, taking it to a brothel, and is removed to the hospital in Arles.France source
1888Abbott Laboratories as Abbott Alkaloidal by Dr. Wallace C. Abbott in Illinois.source
1888First buildings of the Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil openedGermany source
1888Date unknown – Victor Babeș discovers the protozoan parasite Babesia.Romania source
1888W.D. & H.O. Wills launch the Woodbine brand of cigarette.United Kingdom source
1889January 1 – Paiute spiritual leader Wovoka experiences a vision, leading to the start of the Ghost Dance movement in the Dakotas.source
1889January 4 – An Act to Regulate Appointments in the Marine Hospital Service of the United States is signed by President Grover Cleveland. It establishes a Commissioned Corps of officers, as a predecessor to the modern-day U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps.source
1889January 15 – The Coca-Cola Company is originally incorporated as the Pemberton Medicine Company in Atlanta, Georgia.source
1889January 15 – The Coca-Cola Company, at this time known as the Pemberton Medicine Company, is incorporated in Atlanta, Georgia.United States source
1889May – The first case of the 1889–1890 pandemic of is reported in the city of Bukhara in the Central Asian part of the Russian Empire.source
188926 August – Official Secrets Act for the first time imposes criminal penalties to deter officials from disclosing confidential information.United Kingdom source
188926 August – Prevention of Cruelty to, and Protection of, Children Act ("Children's Charter") for the first time imposes criminal penalties to deter child abuse.United Kingdom source
188917 November – Emperor Dom Pedro II and his family are sent into exile in Europe.Brazil source
1889November - King's Cross Hospital opens in Dundee.Scotland source
1889Old Age and Disability Insurance Bill of 1889Germany source
1889Commissioners For Oaths Act (British statute)India source
1889Trowbridge supersedes Wilton as the county town of Wiltshire.United Kingdom source
1890March 27 – March 1890 middle Mississippi Valley tornado outbreak: 24 significant tornadoes are spawned by one system, including one that kills 76 people in Louisville, Kentucky.source
1890June 1 – The United States Census Bureau begins using Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine to tabulate census returns using punched card input, a landmark in the history of computing hardware. Hollerith's company eventually becomes IBM. The 1890 United States census determines the US population to be 62,979,766, an increase of 25.5 percent relative to the 1880 census.source
1890June 6 – Magadu Bhambada becomes chief of the AmaZondi people at the age of 25 after the death of his father and uncle.South Africa source
1890July 2 – The Sherman Antitrust Act becomes U.S. law.United States source
1890August 28 – The strongest storm in Finnish history kills at least three people.source
1890November 25 – The first Diet session is held.Japan source
1890Wilhelm II, German Emperor opposes Bismarck's attempt to renew the law outlawing the Social Democratic Party.source
1891January 19 – General Miles officially announces the end of the native outbreak and congratulates his troops.source
1891April 5 – Census in the United Kingdom: 15.6 million people live in cities of 20,000 or more in England and Wales, and cities of 20,000 or more account for 54% of the total English population.source
1891July 30 – The Springboks rugby union team of South Africa play their first international test match against the Lions team of the British Isles, and lose by 4–0.source
189130 July – The Springbok Rugby team plays its first international test match against the Lions team of the British Isles and win by 4–0.South Africa source
1891October 27 – The Nicotera Regulation, by interior minister Giovanni Nicotera, made prostitution in Italy fully legal in private houses, with strict regulations. A system of sifilicomi (hospitals for sex workers) was also set up, under the belief that they were the main sources of spreading venereal diseases. Although prostitutes found this regulated system oppressive, they developed ways to resist it.Italy source
18913 December – A sudden deterioration is noted in the health of Pedro II.Brazil source
1891James Ensor, The Man of SorrowsBelgium source
1892September 17 - inauguration of new psychiatric hospital in CaracasVenezuela source
1892A cholera outbreak occurs in Hamburg, Germany.source
1892The Afro-Brazilian practice of Capoeira is banned (not to be re-legalised until 1937).Brazil source
1892Free primary schooling and compulsory education up to the age of 14 is introduced through the Irish Education Act.Ireland source
1892Alexander Grant develops the original recipe for McVitie's digestive biscuit in Edinburgh.Scotland source
1893July 1 – U.S. President Grover Cleveland has a secret operation to remove cancer in his mouth.United States source
189322 September – Elementary Education (School Attendance) Act leads to raising of school leaving age in England and Wales to eleven years.United Kingdom source
18937 November – Aarhus Municipal Hospital opens with a building designed by architect Thomas Arboe.Denmark source
1893American pharmacist Caleb Bradham invents the recipe for what later becomes Pepsi. He originally sells it as 'Brad's Drink' at his pharmacy in New Bern, North Carolina.source
189371.2% of the working population of São Paulo is foreign-born.Brazil source
1893Cholera Riots break out in Hamburg resulting in the deaths of a sanitary officer and a policeman. The riots are eventually quashed by bayonet-wielding troops.Germany source
1893A detailed medical report was published by Dr. Frank Clemow documenting the cholera epidemic in the Caucasus region of Russia. The study analyzed how geography influenced the spread and severity of the outbreak, showing that the low-lying Northern Caucasus suffered more cases than the mountainous Southern Caucasus.Russia source
1893Vladimir Bekhterev described Ankylosing spondylitis (Bekhterev's disease).Russia source
1893The Russian Government continued to enforce antisemitic laws, adopting a policy to deny American Jews visas for visits to Russia on the basis of their religion. Despite official and unofficial American protest, the Russians maintained this policy for decades.Russia source
1894May – Third plague pandemic: Bubonic plague breaks out in the Tai Ping Shan area of Hong Kong (by the end of the year, the death toll is 2,552 people); it also breaks out this year in Canton.source
189422 June / 23 June – Glamorgan play against the touring South Africans. The Glamorgan team contains three Wales rugby internationals, Billy Bancroft, Selwyn Biggs and Ralph Sweet-Escott.Wales source
189413 July – Daniel Cornelius Danielssen, physician (born 1815)Norway source
1894July 19 – A package of anti-anarchist laws and public safety measures is enacted.Italy source
1894July – Marion Gilchrist becomes the first woman to graduate from the University of Glasgow and the first woman to qualify in medicine from a Scottish university.Scotland source
1894September 1 – Great Hinckley Fire: A forest fire in Hinckley, Minnesota, kills more than 450 people.source
189422 October - Martha Needle is hanged in Melbourne Gaol for the poisoning of her husband, and three children, in an attempt to obtain money from insurance policies.Australia source
1894Elsie Inglis sets up a medical practice in Edinburgh.Scotland source
1894Patrick Manson develops the thesis that malaria is spread by mosquitoes.United Kingdom source
18953 February – Marie-Thérèse Joniaux condemned to death for multiple poisoningsBelgium source
189518 June – The establishment of National Taiwan University Hospital.Taiwan source
1895September 18 – Daniel David Palmer performs the first chiropractic spinal adjustment, on Harvey Lillard, whose complaint was partial deafness after an injury.source
1896March 23 – The New York State Legislature passes the Raines Law, restricting Sunday alcoholic beverage sales to hotels.United States source
189615 April – Law on the making and importation of alcohol replaces duty on the capacity of distillery equipment (adopted in 1833) with a duty on the proportional alcohol content of the distilled product.Belgium source
1896May 11 – Edmund Flynn becomes Premier of Quebec, replacing Sir Louis-Olivier Taillon.Canada source
18961 June – Institut für Serumforschung und Serumprüfung in Berlin is opened.Germany source
1896August – The 1896 Eastern North America heat wave kills 1,500 people from Chicago, Illinois to Boston, Massachusetts.source
189630 September–August 1897: Lock-out of Welsh slate workers at Penrhyn Quarry.United Kingdom source
1896December 18 – Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi arrives back in Durban with his wife and two sons, but the ship is placed under a 5-day quarantine because Bombay was declared a plague-infected port. Quarantine will later be extended to 13 January 1897.South Africa source
1896The pharmaceutical and healthcare company Hoffmann-La Roche in Switzerland comes wholly under the control of Fritz Hoffmann-La Roche.source
1896Bombay plague epidemic killed thousandsIndia source
1896Census measures national population as 743,214.New Zealand source
18971 May – The Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek ioens in Copenhagen.Denmark source
18973 May: Margaret Cruickshank becomes New Zealand's first registered woman doctor.New Zealand source
1897June 2 – Mark Twain, responding to rumors that he is dead, is quoted by the New York Journal as saying, "The report of my death was an exaggeration."United States source
1897August 10 – At the Bayer pharmaceutical company, pharmacist Felix Hoffmann successfully synthesizes acetylsalicylic acid, after isolating a compound from a plant of the Spiraea family; the company markets it under the brand name "Aspirin".source
189720 August – Ronald Ross, who is to become the first Scot to win a Nobel prize (in 1902), discovers the malaria Plasmodium in dissecting an Anopheles mosquito, demonstrating the transmission mechanism for the disease.Scotland source
189710 October – Chemists working at Bayer AG create a synthetically altered version of salicin which the company names Aspirin.Germany source
1897October 29 – Henry Emmerson becomes premier of New Brunswick, replacing James Mitchell.Canada source
1897Elsa Eschelsson become the first female with a Doctor of Laws in Sweden.Sweden source
1897Rugby Union – Due to an argument with the International Football Rugby Board the Welsh Rugby Union withdraws from the organisation and Wales do not play international rugby for 12 months.Wales source
189814 May – Bread riots continue in various areas in Italy, such as Naples and Pontedera, with several people killed.Italy source
189812 August – Inebriates Act permits inebriates to be admitted to reformatories for up to 3 years if convicted of drunkenness 4 times in one year. It is largely ineffective as few reformatories are established. Of those who are committed, more than 80% are women.United Kingdom source
1898August 28 – American pharmacist Caleb Bradham names his soft drink Pepsi-Cola.source
1898August – Donald Farquharson becomes Premier of Prince Edward Island, replacing A. B. Warburton.Canada source
189811 September – Nikoline Harbitz, author (born 1841)Norway source
1898September 21 – Geert Adriaans Boomgaard of Groningen in the Netherlands becomes the world's first validated supercentenarian.source
1898November 24 – Italy sends an ultimatum to the Sultan of Morocco concerning treatment of Italian residents.source
1898December 1 – The French government decrees a ban on imports of fruit and plants from the United States.source
1898Holdsveikraspítalinn í Laugarnesi (Leprosy Hospital) is established in Laugarnes.Iceland source
1898Walking Troubles of Organic Hemiplegy, the first filmed medical procedure and first documentary produced on film, is released.Romania source
1898Edward William Barton-Wright introduces Japanese martial arts to Europe, a form of jujitsu which he calls Bartitsu.United Kingdom source
1899January 1 – In Samoa, followers of Mataafa, claimant to the rule of the island's subjects, burn the town of Upolu in an ambush of followers of other claimants, Malietoa Tanus and Tamasese, who are evacuated by the British warship HMS Porpoise.source
1899January 23 – Because of illness, King Oscar of Sweden and Norway entrusts the government to Crown Prince Gustav.source
1899February 1 – Ranavalona III, who had been the Queen of Madagascar until being deposed on February 28, 1897, is sent into exile by English colonial authorities, along with the rest of the royal family.source
1899February 4 – A new coercive Public Safety bill is introduced by the government of Luigi Pelloux and adopted by Parliament. The law made strikes by state employees illegal; gave the executive wider powers to ban public meetings and dissolve subversive organisations; revived the penalties of banishment; and preventive arrest for political offences, and; tightened control of the press by making authors responsible for their articles and declaring incitement to violence a crime. The Radicals and Socialist start an obstructionist campaign using the filibuster: points of order, endless speeches and other procedural delaying tactics.Italy source
1899March 1 – Sankyo Pharmaceutical established in Yokohama, as predecessor of Daiichi Sankyo.Japan source
1899March 19 – A tornado outbreak in the southern U.S. kills multiple people.source
1899March 21 – A report documented that bubonic plague reached Medina and another report noted that at least 21 cases of the plague.source
1899March – The annual Charlottenborg Spring Exhibition opens. Anna Ancher's A Vaccination has already prior to the opening of the exhibition been sold to a Swedish collector, a fact reported in several newspapers.Denmark source
1899The Transvaal government orders Asiatics to move into Locations specified by the government before 1 July.South Africa source
1899May 11 – The country adopts PHT as its standard time at exactly 12:00 a.m., prior to the adoption, each location in the country observed its own solar mean time.Philippines source
189920 July – A rabid dog attacks a group of children in Pontarddulais. In August, eight of them are sent to the Pasteur Institute in Paris to be inoculated.Wales source
1899August 12 – South African Republic General Jan Smuts makes a final initiative to avert the outbreak of what will become the Second Boer War, meeting in Pretoria with the British chargé d'affaires, Conyngham Greene.source
1899December 21 – Leonard Wood arrives in Havana to become the new Governor-General of Cuba.United States source
1899The 1899–1923 cholera pandemic begins, spreading to Europe, Asia and Africa.source
1899The Government legislates that from 1900 Labour Day will be a public holiday.New Zealand source