1582 CE
France followed two months later, letting Sunday, December 9 be followed by Monday, December 20.
In the 1580s, the 16th century.
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
- January 17 - Kristinehamn is made a city when Duke Charles (future king Charles IX) issues a royal charter granting town privileges to the city then known as Broo.Swedensource
- February 6 – Hudiksvall is granted town privileges.Swedensource
- Annal Memoranda Gadelica begins.Irelandsource
Conflict & Security
- January 15 – Russia cedes its conquered areas in Livonia (Northern Latvia and Southern Estonia), to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.source
- April 17 – Siege of Takamatsu: In Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi departs from the Himeji Castle in the modern-day Hyōgo Prefecture and begins his march westward with 20,000 soldiers to the Bitchū Province in the modern-day Okayama Prefecture. Along the way, he stops at the Kameyama Castle where he makes a rendezvous with the Ukita clan and 10,000 additional forces before proceeding toward the Takamatsu Castle.source
- May 17 – The Siege of Takamatsu begins as Hideyoshi attacks the forces of Shimizu Muneharu, who has twice as many soldiers. Hideyoshi orders an engineering project to block the Ashimori River and divert its waters to flood Takamatsu Castle.source
- June 8 – Siege of Takamatsu: Heavy rains and the dikes built by Hideyoshi's forces turn the area around Takamatsu Castle into a lake.source
- June 23 – Shimizu Muneharu surrenders Takamatsu Castle to Toyotomi Hideyoshi and, in return for the pledge that the castle's defenders will be spared, commits the ritual suicide of seppuku.source
- 22 August – Raid of Ruthven: a political conspiracy of Presbyterian nobles abduct the King.Scotlandsource
- September – Fiach McHugh O'Byrne surrenders, ending the Second Desmond Rebellion in Leinster.Irelandsource
- October 26 (Julian) (November 5 Gregorian) – General Yermak Timofeyevich completes the Russian conquest of Siberia in the Battle of Chuvash Cape as Kuchum Khan abandons Qashliq, the capital of the Khanate of Sibir. The Qashliq fortress will be torn down and a new town, Tobolsk will be built 11 mi further up the Irtysh river.source
- The Cagayan battles in the Philippines, the only recorded clashes between Spanish regular soldiers and samurai warriors.source
- Maharana Pratap defeats Mughal Forces of Akbar in Battle of Dewair in present day RajasthanIndiasource
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
- February 24 (Julian) (March 6 Gregorian) – Pope Gregory XIII proclaims the Gregorian calendar, to come into effect in October. Under the order, the date on the Julian calendar will be advanced by 10 days in order to synchronize the calendar date back to the equinoxes and solstices, since the gap has been increasing by one day every 100 years since the 6th century and is 10 days off schedule.source
- March 9 – Scryer Edward Kelley arrives at John Dee's house in London. They practice angelic magic together and Dee develops the Enochian language.source
- July – Lord Grey, Lord Deputy of Ireland, is recalled to England. Sir Henry Wallop and Adam Loftus, Archbishop of Dublin, are appointed lords justices responsible for the government of Ireland to succeed him.Irelandsource
- October 4 (Julian) (October 14 Gregorian) – The Julian calendar is discarded at the end of the day in Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain as Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian calendar. In the nations where the calendar is accepted, Thursday, October 4 is followed the next day by Friday, October 15.source
- The temple complex of Kumbum is founded in Tibet.source
- Hazira Maqbara mausoleum constructed in VadodaraIndiasource
- Mosque established at RohinkhedIndiasource
Economy & Finance
Science & Discovery
Crime & Justice
- August 23 – Raid of Ruthven in Scotland: Presbyterian nobles led by William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie kidnap King James VI of Scotland, the kingdom's 16-year-old ruler, while he is hunting in Perthshire. The Earl of Gowrie imprisons the King at Ruthven Castle as part of a coup d'etat to reform the Scottish government.source
- September 28 – Ruthven and his co-conspirators arrange for John Maxwell, 8th Lord Maxwell, heir to former regent James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, to be installed as Scotland's regent. Douglas had been executed in 1581 for the 1567 murder of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and father of King James VI, who is imprisoned at Ruthven's castle.source
- Ulick Burke secures succession to his father as 3rd Earl of Clanricarde by murdering his brother, John of the Shamrocks, and affirming his loyalty to Queen Elizabeth I of England.Irelandsource
Climate & Environment
- April 2 – 1582 Ancuancu earthquake: Ancuancu (in modern-day La Paz Department, Bolivia) is struck by an earthquake that reportedly buries all of the inhabitants, except for one chief, who reportedly loses the ability to speak. On the place where the village had stood, the Jacha Kalla (Achocalla) valley is formed as a result of the earthquake.source
Culture & Society
- January 2 – The University of Würzburg is refounded.source
- February 10 – François, Duke of Anjou, arrives in the Netherlands, where he is personally welcomed by William the Silent.source
- March – The New Testament of the Douai Bible, the translation into English by Father Gregory Martin from Latin of the New Testament, for use in the Roman Catholic Church, is published. Martin had started his work on October 16, 1578.source
- March – traditional melody Cailín Óg a Stór first on record.Irelandsource
- April 14 – King James VI of Scotland signs a charter creating the Tounis College, which becomes the University of Edinburgh.source
- November 29 – Ten years before he begins writing his first known plays, William Shakespeare, 18 years old, marries pregnant 26-year-old Anne Hathaway in England.source
- December 9 (Julian) (December 19 Gregorian) – France discards the Julian Calendar at the end of the day and adopts the Gregorian Calendar at midnight. Sunday, December 9 is followed the next day in France by Monday, December 20.source
- The earliest reference is made to the publishing of private newspapers in Beijing.source
- George Buchanan's History of Scotland (Rerum Scoticarum Historia) is first published, in Edinburgh.Scotlandsource
Births
- January 26 – Giovanni Lanfranco, Italian painter (died 1647)source
- 28 January – John Barclay, writer, satirist and poet (died 1621 in Rome)Scotlandsource
- March 15 – Daniel Featley, English theologian and controversialist (died 1645)source
- March 15 – Deodat del Monte, Flemish painter, architect (died 1644)source
- March 22 – John Williams, Welsh clergyman and political advisor to King James I (died 1650)source
- May 5 – John Frederick, Duke of Württemberg (1608–1628) (died 1628)source
- June 28 – William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele, English nobleman and politician (died 1662)source
- 7 August – William Douglas, 7th Earl of Morton, Lord High Treasurer of Scotland (died 1648)Scotlandsource
- August 17 – John Matthew Rispoli, major Maltese philosopher of great erudition (died 1639)source
- August 28 – Taichang Emperor, of the Ming Dynasty of China (died 1620)source
- September 25 – Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (died 1620)source
- October 17 – Johann Gerhard, Lutheran church leader (died 1637)source
- October 19 – Dmitri Ivanovich, Russian Tsarevich (died 1591)source
- October 21 – John Ernest of Nassau-Siegen, German general (died 1617)source
- December 10 – William Chappell, Irish bishop (died 1649)source
- December 16 – Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey, English adventurer and soldier (died 1642)source
- approx. date – Ambrose Ussher, Church of Ireland clergyman and Biblical scholar (died 1629)Irelandsource
- William Lithgow, traveller, writer and alleged spy (died 1645)Scotlandsource
Deaths
- April 3 – Takeda Katsuyori, Japanese daimyō of Takeda Clan (born 1546)source
- April 3 – Battle of Temmokuzan: Unable to reverse the collapse of Takeda clan, Takeda Katsuyori and his household commit suicide.source
- April 21 – Francisco de Toledo, Spanish soldier and politician (born 1515)source
- April – after three years of scorched earth warfare, the provost marshal of Munster, Sir Warham St Leger, estimates that 30,000 people died of famine in his province during the previous six months and hundreds are dying in Cork.Irelandsource
- June 21 – (2nd day of the sixth month, Tenshō 10) The Honnō-ji Incident occurs in Kyoto in Japan, as Japanese warlord Oda Nobunaga, on the verge of unifying Japan under his rule, is assassinated following a betrayal by a rebel subject, Akechi Mitsuhide.source
- June 21 – Oda Nobutada, Japanese samurai, oldest son of Nobunaga (born 1557) (forced suicide)source
- June 21 – Oda Nobunaga, Japanese daimyō of the Oda Clan (born 1534) (forced suicide)source
- July 2 – Battle of Yamazaki: Counterattacking forces led by Toyotomi Hideyoshi decisively defeat Akechi Mitsuhide's smaller army; Akechi is killed while retreating to his domain.source
- July 2 – Akechi Mitsuhide, Japanese samurai and warlord (born 1528)source
- July 3 – James Crichton, Scottish scholar (born 1560)source
- 3 July – James Crichton, polymath (born 1560) (fatally stabbed in Mantua)Scotlandsource
- July 26 – Battle of Ponta Delgada (War of the Portuguese Succession): Spanish admiral Santa Cruz decisively defeats a larger mercenary fleet from France, England, supporters of the Portuguese claimant António, Prior of Crato, and the Dutch Republic, under Filippo di Piero Strozzi (who is killed) off the Azores, the first engagement between large fleets of galleons, operating at any great distance from the mainland.source
- September 23 – Louis, Duke of Montpensier (born 1513)source
- September 28 – George Buchanan, Scottish humanist scholar (born 1506)source
- 28 September – George Buchanan, Scottish historian (born 1506)Scotlandsource
- October 4 – Teresa of Ávila, Spanish Carmelite nun, poet and saint (born 1515)source
- December 11 – Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, Spanish general (born 1507)source
- Bega Begum empress of the Mughal Empire dies (born 1511)Indiasource