1625 CE

Dutch–Portuguese War: The Battle of Hormuz, one of the largest naval battles ever fought in the Persian Gulf takes place in the Straits of Hormuz as fleets of the Dutch East India Company and the English East India Company defend Persia against an attack by ships from the colony of Portuguese India. The Safavid Empire in Iran defeats an invasion from the Kingdom of Georgia in the Battle of Marabda with heavy losses on both sides, including the Georgian commander, Teimuraz I, Prince of Mukhrani. when the Iranian Safavid army defeated a Georgian force. The Barbary pirates first attack south-western England. In August they enslave about 60 people from Mount's Bay in Cornwall.

In the 1620s, the 17th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

June 2 – Prince Frederick Henry is sworn in as the stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland.source
June 18 – The English Parliament refuses to vote Charles I the right to collect customs duties for his entire reign, restricting him to one year instead.source
September 7 – The Treaty of Southampton makes an alliance between England and the Dutch Republic, against Spain.source
September – Recovery of Ré islandFrance source
December 9 – Thirty Years' War: The Netherlands and England sign the Treaty of The Hague, a military peace treaty for providing economical aid to King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway, during his military campaigns in Germany.source
9 December – The Treaty of The Hague leads to Denmark-Norway's intervention in the Thirty Years' War.Denmark source
December 9 – The Treaty of The Hague leads to Denmark-Norway's intervention in the Thirty Years' War.Norway source
Approximate date – Shyaam a-Mbul begins to unify the Kuba Kingdom in Central Africa.source
An English colony is established in Barbados.source
Castle at Ballycastle, County Antrim, rebuilt by Randal MacDonnell, 1st Earl of Antrim.Ireland source

Conflict & Security

January 17 – Led by the Duke of Soubise, the Huguenots launch a second rebellion against King Louis XIII, with a surprise naval assault on a French fleet being prepared in Blavet.source
February 11 – Dutch–Portuguese War: The Battle of Hormuz, one of the largest naval battles ever fought in the Persian Gulf takes place in the Straits of Hormuz as fleets of the Dutch East India Company and the English East India Company defend Persia against an attack by ships from the colony of Portuguese India.source
February – Huguenot forces under the Duke of Soubise capture the Island of Ré.source
March 25 – Battle of Martqopi: The Safavids are defeated in Georgia.source
March 28–April 24 – First Savoine War – Relief of Genoa: The Spanish fleet aids the Republic of Genoa, by overcoming the Franco-Savoyard occupation of the city of Genoa.source
June 5 – Eighty Years' War: Spanish troops under Ambrogio Spinola conquer Breda, after a nine-month siege.source
July 1 – The Safavid Empire in Iran defeats an invasion from the Kingdom of Georgia in the Battle of Marabda with heavy losses on both sides, including the Georgian commander, Teimuraz I, Prince of Mukhrani. when the Iranian Safavid army defeated a Georgian force.source
July – The Barbary pirates first attack south-western England. In August they enslave about 60 people from Mount's Bay in Cornwall.source
August 6 – Ernest Casimir of Nassau-Dietz is appointed as stadtholder of Groningen.source
August 16 – Ernest Casimir of Nassau-Dietz is appointed stadtholder of Drenthe.source
September 15 – After several skirmishes in the preceding days, troops under the Marquis of Toiras successfully recapture the island of Ré, forcing the Duke of Soubise to flee to England, and ending the second Huguenot rebellion.source
September 24 – A Dutch fleet attacks San Juan, Puerto Rico.source
October 25 – A Dutch fleet attacks the Portuguese garrison at Elmina castle at modern-day Elmina, Ghana, but is defeated with heavy casualties. This defeat, along with the defeats at Bahia and Puerto Rico, causes a five-year-long lull in Dutch attacks on Spanish and Portuguese colonies.source
Second Phase of Polish–Swedish War started.Sweden source

Exploration & Expansion

25 January – The Danish West India Company is granted an eight-year monopoly on trade with the West Indies, Virginia, Brazil and Guinea.Denmark source
May 1 – A Portuguese-Spanish expedition recaptures Salvador, Bahia (Bahia) from the Dutch.source
November 1–7 – Cádiz Expedition: English forces commanded by Admiral George Villiers (which set out from Plymouth on October 8) are decisively defeated by the Spanish at Cádiz.source
The Dutch settle Manhattan, founding the town of New Amsterdam. The town will transform into a piece of New York City.source

Religion & Belief

February 6 – Bogislaw XIV becomes the final Duke of Pomerania, an office that becomes extinct after his death in 1637.source
February 8 – Hafız Ahmed Pasha is designated as the new grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Murad IV, 11 days after the death of Çerkes Mehmed Pasha.source
March 21 – James Ussher is appointed Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland) and Primate of All Ireland.source
April 7 – Albrecht von Wallenstein is appointed German supreme commander of the armies of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.source
The first members of the Society of Jesus move to Quebec, Canada.source

Economy & Finance

The capital of Madagascar, Antananarivo, is founded by King Andrianjaka.source

Crime & Justice

May 15–16 – Rebellious farmers are hanged in Vocklamarkt, Upper Austria.source
September 13 – A total of 16 rabbis (including Isaiah Horowitz) are imprisoned in Jerusalem.source

Climate & Environment

In England, a very high tide occurs, the highest ever known in the Thames, and the sea walls in Kent, Essex, and Lincolnshire are overthrown, thus great desolation is caused to the lands near the sea.source

Culture & Society

February 3 – Francesca Caccini's opera La liberazione di Ruggiero has its premiere, stated in Florence in Italy. The opera will continue to be staged almost 400 years later, as late as the year 2018.source
March 27 – Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland succeeds to the throne on the death of his father, King James VI and I.source
March 27 – Charles I becomes King of England, Scotland and Ireland upon the death of his father James I.Ireland source
April 4 – Frederick Henry of Nassau marries Amalia, Countess von Solms-Braunfels.source
June 13 – King Charles I of England marries Catholic princess Henrietta Maria of France and Navarre, at Canterbury.source

Births

March 25 – Ann, Lady Fanshawe, English memoirist (died 1680)source
May 13 – Carlo Maratta, Italian painter (died 1713)source
June 8 – Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Italian astronomer and engineer (died 1712)source
June 9 – Sarah Rapelje, the "first white child" born in New Netherland (died 1685)source
June 16 – Samuel Chappuzeau, French scholar (died 1701)source
June 17 – Peder Hansen Resen, Danish historian (died 1688)source
17 June – Peder Hansen Resen, historian and legal scholar (died 1688)Denmark source
June 23 – John Fell, English churchman and influential academic (died 1686)source
July 27 – Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich (died 1672)source
August 20 – Thomas Corneille, French dramatist (died 1709)source
August 21 – John Claypole, English politician (died 1688)source
September 16 – Gregorio Barbarigo, Italian Catholic saint (died 1697)source
September 24 – Johan de Witt, Dutch politician (died 1672)source
October 4 – Jacqueline Pascal, French child prodigy and sister of Blaise Pascal (died 1661)source
10 October - Erik Dahlbergh, engineer and field marshal (died 1703)Sweden source
November 1 – Oliver Plunkett, Irish archbishop, martyr and saint (died 1681)source
20 November – Tønne Huitfeldt, landowner and military officer (died 1677).Norway source
Pietro Bellotti, painter (died 1700)Italy source

Deaths

January 5 – Simon Marius, German astronomer (born 1573)source
January/February – Robert Cushman, English Plymouth Colony settler (born 1577)source
February 6 – Philipp Julius, Duke of Pomerania (born 1584)source
February 23 - The First Gjæsling Accident: 210 fishermen are killed in a storm in the fjord Folda, Trøndelag.Norway source
February 26 – Anna Vasa of Sweden, Polish and Swedish princess (born 1568)source
26 February - Anna Vasa, Princess (born 1568)Sweden source
March 26 – Giambattista Marino, Italian poet (born 1569)source
March 27 – King James VI of Scotland/James I of England and Ireland (born 1566)source
March 28 or March 29 – Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas, Spanish historian (born 1549)source
April 23 – Maurice, Prince of Orange (born 1567)source
April 23 – Stadtholder Maurice of Nassau of the Dutch Republic dies, and is succeeded by his younger brother, Frederick Henry.source
1 June – Honoré d'Urfé, novelist (born 1568)France source
June 2 – Mōri Terumoto, Japanese warrior (born 1553)source
June 5 – Orlando Gibbons, English composer and organist (born 1583)source
8 July – Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, princess (born 1573)Denmark source
August 29 – John Fletcher, English writer (born 1579)source
September 6 – Thomas Dempster, Scottish historian (born 1579)source
November 16 – Sofonisba Anguissola, Italian painter (born c. 1532)source