1632 CE

The Treaty of Saint-Germain is signed, returning Quebec to French control after the English had seized it in 1629. Fasilides, Emperor of Ethiopia in succession to his father Susenyos, declares the state religion of the country again to be Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and confiscates the lands of the Jesuit missionaries, relegating them to Fremona. (November 6 Old Style) – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Lützen in Saxony – Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus leads an assault on Wallenstein's army, but is killed early in the battle, despite which the Swedish commanders manage to rally the army and eventually defeat Wallenstein, who withdraws from Saxony. Following the death of Gustavus Adolphus, he is succeeded as ruler of Sweden by his six-year-old daughter Christina, while five regents (headed by Axel Oxenstierna) govern the country. On November 17, Gottfried zu Pappenheim, Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire, dies from wounds sustained in the battle.

In the 1630s, the 17th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

March 29 – The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is signed, returning Quebec to French control, after the English had seized it in 1629.source
29 March – The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is signed in which England agrees to return all of New France to French control.England source
29 March – The Treaty of Saint-Germain is signed, returning Quebec to French control after the English had seized it in 1629.France source
22 May – States General of the United Provinces call upon southern provinces to rise against Spain, promising freedom of worship.Belgium source
Conspiracy of Nobles: the prince of Barbançon, prince of Espinoy, duke of Bournonville and count of Egmont plot to overthrow Spanish rule in the Southern Netherlands.Belgium source
June 20 – Charles I of England issues a charter for the colony of Maryland (named in honor of Henrietta Maria), under the control of Lord Baltimore.source
20 June – A royal charter was issued for the foundation of the Maryland colony in North America. Lord Baltimore appointed as the first governor.England source
3 October – Marquis of Santa Cruz leaves the Low Countries in disgrace.Belgium source
Catharina Stopia succeeds her spouse as Sweden's ambassador to Russia, becoming perhaps the first female diplomat in Europe.source
The Portuguese are driven out of Bengal.source
Catharina Stopia is appointed to succeed her deceased spouse as Sweden's ambassador to Russia, and becomes the first female diplomat of her country.Sweden source
Following the death of Gustaf II Adolf, king of Sweden, he is succeeded by his 6-year-old daughter Christina while five regents, headed by Axel Oxenstierna, govern the country since she is underage.Sweden source

Conflict & Security

25 January – Gaston of Orleans arrives in Brussels to join Marie de Medici in exile.Belgium source
March 9 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Bamberg – Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, commander of the Catholic League, defeats the Swedish army under Gustav Horn, and recaptures the town of Bamberg.source
March 21 – Thirty Years' War: King Gustavus Adolphus makes a triumphant entry into Nuremberg, where he is welcomed by the populace and pledges to protect the cause of Protestantism.source
March – Thirty Years' War: Gustavus Adolphus invades Bavaria with his army.source
March – Thirty Years' War – Gustaf II Adolf of Sweden, invades Bavaria with his army.Sweden source
15 April – Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, mortally wounded in the Battle of Rain.Belgium source
April 15 – Thirty Years' War – Gustaf II Adolf defeats Tilly for the second time within a year at the Battle of Rain. Tilly is severely wounded during the battle.Sweden source
May 17 – Thirty Years' War: Munich, capital of Bavaria, is captured by the Swedish army.source
June – Eighty Years' War: Leading a Dutch army, Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange captures in short succession the cities of Venlo, Roermond and Sittard, before besieging the city of Maastricht.source
June – Count of Bergh defects to the Dutch.Belgium source
August 22 – Eighty Years' War: A Dutch army, led by Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, captures the city of Maastricht after a two-month siege.source
September 1 – Battle of Castelnaudary: A rebellion against French king Louis XIII is crushed. The leader of the rebellion, Gaston, Duke of Orléans, the brother of Louis XIII, surrenders.source
1 September – A rebellion against French king Louis XIII is crushed at the Battle of Castelnaudary. The leader of the rebellion, Gaston, Duke of Orléans, the brother of Louis XIII, surrenders.France source
September 9 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of the Alte Veste – Besieged by Wallenstein at Nuremberg, Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus attempts to break the siege, but is defeated.source
9 September – Thirty Years' War – Besieged by Wallenstein at Nuremberg, Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus attempts to break the siege, but is defeated in the Battle of the Alte Veste.France source
September 9 – Thirty Years' War – Besieged by Wallenstein at Nuremberg, Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus attempts to break the siege, but is defeated in the Battle of the Alte Veste.Sweden source

Exploration & Expansion

June 20 – Two ships, Saint Jean (250 tons) and L'Esperance-en-Dieu, set sail from La Rochelle in France, bound for Acadia in North America.source
July 23 – Three hundred colonists for New France depart Dieppe.source
23 July – Three hundred colonists for New France depart Dieppe.France source
Antigua and Barbuda is first colonized by England.source
Approximate date – Last inhabitants leave the original city of Reimerswaal in Zeeland.source
Date Unknown - The Portuguese are driven out of Bengal.India source

Religion & Belief

June 25 – Fasilides, Emperor of Ethiopia in succession to his father Susenyos, declares the state religion of the country again to be Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and confiscates the lands of the Jesuit missionaries, relegating them to Fremona.source
25 June ¬– Circular from the Infanta Isabella brands Bergh a traitor.Belgium source
22 August – Fall of Maastricht: Brabantine lordship of the city lost to the Dutch Republic; the Prince-Bishop of Liège retains his share in the lordship.Belgium source
September 3 – The last executions of Christians in Japan take place as four Spanish missionaries (including Augustinin friar Bartholomew Gutierrez) and two Japanese converts are burned alive in Nagasaki. They are beatified in 1867 as the last of the 205 Martyrs of Japan.source
18 September – Cardinal de la Cueva, Spanish ambassador, leaves Brussels.Belgium source
King Władysław IV Vasa of Poland forbids anti-Semitic books and printings.source
The rural parish of Loppi was founded.source
Compilation of the Annals of the Four Masters begins at Donegal.Ireland source

Technology & Infrastructure

Construction of the Taj Mahal begins.source
Christian IV starts the construction of the fortification Christianspris north of Kiel.Denmark source

Science & Discovery

Anthony van Dyck leaves for London.Belgium source
The Second Folio of William Shakespeare's plays published.England source

Health & Medicine

January 31 – The dissection of a body for the benefit of medical students is carried out by Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, the anatomist for the city of Amsterdam, and will be immortalized in Rembrandt's painting The Anatomy Lesson.source
September 8 – Government order for the destruction of St Patrick's Purgatory in Lough Derg, County Donegal, carried out on 25 October.Ireland source

Crime & Justice

Publication of William Prynne's Histriomastix, an attack on the English Renaissance theatre.England source

Disasters & Accidents

December 6 – Indians wipe out a new Dutch settlement of Swanadael in New Netherland.source

Culture & Society

January 8 – University of Amsterdam is established at the site of the Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam.source
February 22 – Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is published in Florence.source
June 15 – Sir Francis Windebank is made chief Secretary of State in England.source
June 30 – The University of Tartu is founded.source
30 July – The Infanta summons the Estates General, to meet on 7 September.Belgium source
July – portraitist Anthony van Dyck, newly returned to London, is knighted and granted a pension as principalle Paynter in ordinary to their majesties.England source
7 September – Estates General convene what will be their last session (dissolved in 1634).Belgium source
September 25 – Yakutsk, Russia is founded by Pyotr Beketov.source
October 15 – The University of Tartu officially opens, in Swedish Livonia.source
October 15 – Official opening of the University of Tartu in Swedish Livonia.Sweden source
17 October – the court of Star Chamber prohibits all "news books" because of complaints from Spanish and Austrian diplomats that coverage in England of the Thirty Years' War is unfair.England source
November 8 – Wladyslaw IV Waza is elected king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, after Sigismund III Vasa's death.source
7 December – Delegates of the Estates General received in The Hague.Belgium source
Peter Lombard's De Regno Hiberniae sanctorum insula commentarius is published at Louvain.Ireland source
Foundation of the Rudbeckii flickskola, the first school for girls.Sweden source

Births

January 8 – Samuel von Pufendorf, German jurist (died 1694)source
January 11 – Adam Frans van der Meulen, Flemish Baroque painter specialising in battle scenes (died 1690)source
11 January – Adam Frans van der Meulen, painter (died 1690)Belgium source
29 January – Elsa Elisabeth Brahe, Swedish countess (died 1689)Sweden source
February 18 – Giovanni Battista Vitali, Italian composer (died 1692)source
February 20 – Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds, English statesman (died 1712)source
March 30 – John Proctor, Massachusetts farmer, tavern keeper (died 1692)source
June 10 – Esprit Fléchier, French writer and Bishop of Nîmes (died 1710)source
24 August – Peder Griffenfeld, statesman and royal favourite (died 1699)Denmark source
August 29 – John Locke, English philosopher (died 1704)source
29 August – John Locke, philosopher (died 1704)England source
October 20 – Sir Christopher Wren, English architect, astronomer and mathematician (died 1723)source
October 24 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch scientist (died 1723)source
October 31 (bapt.) – Johannes Vermeer, Dutch painter (died 1675)source
November 24 – Baruch Spinoza, Dutch philosopher (died 1677)source
November 28 – Jean-Baptiste Lully, Italian-born French composer (died 1687)source
December 17 – Anthony Wood, English antiquarian (died 1695)source
December 31 – Abbas II of Persia, Shah of Iran (died 1666)source

Deaths

January 1 – Giovanni Battista Agucchi, Italian churchman, papal diplomat and writer on art theory (born 1570)source
March 14 – Tokugawa Hidetada, Japanese shōgun (born 1579)source
April 15 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Rain – Gustavus Adolphus defeats Tilly's Catholic League armies for the second time within a year; Tilly is severely wounded during the battle and dies on April 30.source
April 30 – Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly, Bavarian general (born 1559)source
April 30 – Sigismund III Vasa, King of Sweden (1592–1599) and Poland (1587–1632) (born 1566)source
30 April – Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly (born 1559), military commanderBelgium source
April 30 – Sigismund III Vasa, Former King of Sweden, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania (died 1632)Sweden source
May 24 – Robert Hues, English mathematician and geographer (born 1553)source
June 17 – Shah Jahan's beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal dies, after giving birth to their 14th child. Soon after, construction of the Taj Mahal, begins.source
August 23 – Frances Carr, Countess of Somerset (born 1590)source
September 17 – Emperor Susenyos of Ethiopia (born 1607)source
October 30 – Henri II de Montmorency, is executed for his participation in the rebellion of Gaston, Duke of Orléans, against French king Louis XIII.source
November 5 – Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland (born 1564)source
5 November – Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland, nobleman, Catholic sympathiser and scientist (born 1564)England source
November 6 – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (in battle) (born 1594)source
November 16 (November 6 Old Style) – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Lützen in Saxony – Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus leads an assault on Wallenstein's army, but is killed early in the battle, despite which the Swedish commanders manage to rally the army and eventually defeat Wallenstein, who withdraws from Saxony. Following the death of Gustavus Adolphus, he is succeeded as ruler of Sweden by his six-year-old daughter Christina, while five regents (headed by Axel Oxenstierna) govern the country. On November 17, Gottfried zu Pappenheim, Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire, dies from wounds sustained in the battle.source
November 29 – Frederick V of the Palatinate, briefly King of Bohemia (born 1596)source
20 December – Melchior Borchgrevinck composer (born 1572)Denmark source