Geopolitics & Diplomacy in the 19th century

1,124 sourced entries, 1800 CE to 1899 CE, oldest first. Also see Geopolitics & Diplomacy across every century or everything else in the 19th century.

• 1800February 7 – A public plebiscite in France confirms Napoleon as First Consul, by a substantial majority.source
• 1800April 2 – The Treaty of Constantinople establishes the Septinsular Republic, the first autonomous Greek state since the Fall of the Byzantine Empire.source
• 1800June 3 – U.S. President John Adams moves to Washington. Because the President's Mansion is still under construction, President Adams takes up residence at Tunnicliffe's City Hotel near the unfinished U.S. Capitol Building.source
• 1800July 2 – The Union with Ireland Act 1800 is passed by the Parliament of Great Britain; the Irish Parliament passes similar legislation in the following month, uniting the two kingdoms and abolishing the Parliament of Ireland.source
• 1800August 1 – King George III gives royal assent to the second Act of Union to unite the Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland (both ruled by him) into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, effective on January 1, 1801.source
• 1800September 30 – The Convention of 1800, or Treaty of Mortefontaine, is signed between France and the United States of America, ending the Quasi-War.source
• 1800October 1 – Third Treaty of San Ildefonso: Spain returns Louisiana (New Spain) to France, in return for the Tuscany area of Italy.source
• 1800November 1 – U.S. President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House).source
• 1800November 17 – The United States Congress holds its first Washington, D.C., session.source
• 1800December 3 – The 1800 United States presidential election: The Electoral College casts votes for president and Vice President that result in a tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, requiring a contingent election which will select Jefferson as president.source
• 1801January 1 – The legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland is completed under the Act of Union 1800, bringing about the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the abolition of the Parliament of Ireland.source
• 1801January 3 – Toussaint Louverture triumphantly enters Santo Domingo, the capital of the former Spanish colony of Santo Domingo, which has become a colony of Napoleonic France.source
• 1801January 31 – John Marshall is appointed Chief Justice of the United States.source
• 1801February 4 – William Pitt the Younger resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
• 1801February 9 – The Treaty of Lunéville ends the War of the Second Coalition between France and Austria. Under the terms of the treaty, all German territories left of the Rhine are officially annexed by France while Austria also has to recognize the Batavian, Helvetian, Cisalpine and Ligurian Republics.source
• 1801February 17 – An electoral tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr is resolved, when Jefferson is elected President of the United States and Burr Vice President by the United States House of Representatives.source
• 1801February 27 – Washington, D.C. is placed under the jurisdiction of the United States Congress.source
• 1801March 14 – Henry Addington becomes First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer, effectively Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
• 1801June 7 – War of the Oranges ends: Portugal and Spain sign the Treaty of Badajoz; Portugal loses the city of Olivenza.source
• 1801July 7 – Toussaint Louverture promulgates a reforming constitution for Santo Domingo, declaring himself emperor for life of the entire island of Hispaniola, and nominally abolishing slavery.source
• 1801September 9 – Alexander I of Russia confirms the privileges of the Baltic provinces.source
• 1801September 30 – The Treaty of London is signed for preliminary peace between the French First Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.source
• 1802March 25–27 – The Treaty of Amiens between the French Republic and the United Kingdom ends the War of the Second Coalition. The treaty also ends the French Revolutionary Wars.source
• 1802April 26 – A general amnesty signed by Napoleon allows all but about 1,000 of the most notorious émigrés of the French Revolution to return to France as part of a conciliatory gesture to make peace with the various factions of the Ancien Régime that ultimately consolidates his own rule.source
• 1802May 20 – By the Law of 20 May 1802, Napoleon reinstates slavery in the French colonies, revoking its abolition in the French Revolution.source
• 1802July 5 – Parliamentary elections begin in the United Kingdom, with voting continuing until August 28; the Tories, led by Henry Addington, win control of the House of Commons.source
• 1802August 2 – In a plebiscite, Napoleon Bonaparte is confirmed as the First Consul of France.source
• 1802September 11 – The Italian region of Piedmont becomes a part of the French First Republic.source
• 1802November 16 – The newly elected British Parliament is inaugurated by King George III, who tells the members, "In my intercourse with foreign powers, I have been actuated by a sincere disposition of the maintenance of peace," but adds that "My conduct will be invariably regulated by a due consideration of the actual situation of Europe, and by a watchful solicitude for the permanent welfare of my people."source
• 1803January 30 – Monroe and Livingston sail for Paris to discuss, and possibly buy, New Orleans; they end up completing the Louisiana Purchase.source
• 1803February 19 – An Act of Mediation, issued by Napoleon Bonaparte, establishes the Swiss Confederation to replace the Helvetic Republic. Under the terms of the act, Graubünden, St. Gallen, Thurgau, the Ticino and Vaud become Swiss cantons.source
• 1803February 19 – Ohio is admitted as the 17th U.S. state.source
• 1803February 25 – A major redistribution of territorial sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire is enacted, via an act known as the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss.source
• 1803March 9 – Aargau becomes a Swiss canton.source
• 1803June 7 – Indiana Territory governor (and future U.S. president) William Henry Harrison signs treaties at Fort Wayne, with representatives of the Delaware, Shawnee, Potawatomi, Miami, Kickapoo, Eel River, Wea, Piankeshaw and Kaskaskia Indian tribes. The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaties on November 25.source
• 1803July 4 – The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people.source
• 1803July 5 – The convention of Artlenburg leads to the French occupation of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king).source
• 1803October 14 – Orissa, an area of India along the Bay of Bengal that comprises the modern-day Indian state of Odisha, is occupied by the British under the British East India Company, after the Second Anglo-Maratha War. The Maratha Empire formally cedes the area in the Treaty of Deogaon, signed on December 17.source
• 1803October 20 – The Senate ratifies the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, doubling the size of the United States.source
• 1803November 30 – At the Cabildo in New Orleans, Spanish representatives Governor Manuel de Salcedo and the Marqués de Casa Calvo officially transfer Louisiana (New Spain) to French representative Prefect Pierre Clément de Laussat. Barely three weeks later, France transfers the same land to the United States.source
• 1803December 9 – The proposed Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, requiring that electoral ballots distinctly list the choice for president and the choice for vice president, is approved by Congress for submission to the states for ratification; passed in the wake of the problems in the 1800 presidential election, the amendment is ratified by 13 of the 17 states and is proclaimed in effect on September 25, 1804.source
• 1803December 20 – The Louisiana Purchase is completed as the French prefect, de Laussat, formally transfers ownership of land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains to the United States, by way of commissioners William C. C. Claiborne and James Wilkinson. Claiborne is appointed as the area's first American governor.source
• 1804January 1 – Haiti gains independence from France, becoming the first independent Black state in the New World.source
• 1804February 15 – New Jersey becomes the last of the northern United States to abolish slavery.source
• 1804February 20 – Hobart is established in its permanent location in Van Diemen's Land (modern-day Tasmania) as a British penal colony.source
• 1804March 21 – The Napoleonic Code is adopted as French civil law.source
• 1804April 26 – Henry Addington resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
• 1804May 10 – William Pitt the Younger begins his second term as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
• 1804May 18 – Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed Emperor of the French by the French Senate.source
• 1804June 15 – The Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified by New Hampshire, and arguably becomes effective (subsequently vetoed by the Governor of New Hampshire).source
• 1804July 27 – The Twelfth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which reforms the way that candidates for President and Vice President are chosen, is ratified by Tennessee, removing doubt surrounding adoption.source
• 1804November 3 – The Treaty of St. Louis is signed by Quashquame and William Henry Harrison; controversy surrounding the treaty eventually causes the Sauk people to ally with the British during the War of 1812, and is the main cause of the Black Hawk War of 1832.source
• 1804November 20 – Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, starts to rule.source
• 1804December 3 – Thomas Jefferson defeats Charles C. Pinckney in the United States presidential election.source
• 1804The Nguyễn dynasty emperor Gia Long changes his country's official name from Đại Việt to Việt Nam.source
• 1805January 11 – The Michigan Territory is created.source
• 1805March 5 – The New Brunswick Legislature passes a bill to advance literacy in the province, which eventually leads to the creation of public education in Canada.source
• 1805May 26 – Napoleon is crowned King of Italy.source
• 1805August 25 – Treaty of Bogenhausen is concluded between France and Bavaria forming a military alliancesource
• 1805September 21 – King Ferdinand of Naples signs a treaty in Paris agreeing to keep Naples neutral during the war between France and the allied powers.source
• 1805December 26 – The Peace of Pressburg between France and Austria is signed in the Primate's Palace, Pressburg (modern-day Bratislava).source
• 1806January 1 – The Kingdom of Bavaria is established by Napoleon.source
• 1806January 18 – The Dutch Cape Colony capitulates to British forces, the origin of its status as a colony within the British Empire.source
• 1806March 30 – The Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples is proclaimed.source
• 1806June 5 – Louis Bonaparte is appointed as King of Holland by his brother, Emperor Napoleon, replacing the Batavian Republic.source
• 1806July 12 – Sixteen German Imperial States leave the Holy Roman Empire and form the Confederation of the Rhine, leading to the collapse of the Empire. Liechtenstein is given full sovereignty.source
• 1806August 6 – Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor, abdicates, thus ending the Holy Roman Empire after 844 years.source
• 1807January 7 – The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland issues an Order in Council prohibiting British ships from trading with France or its allies.source
• 1807February 17 – Henry Christopher is elected first President of the State of Haiti, ruling the northern part of the country.source
• 1807February 23 – The Slave Trade Act is passed in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom by an overwhelming majority.source
• 1807March 2 – The United States Congress passes the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves "into any port or place within the jurisdiction of the United States ... from any foreign kingdom, place, or country" (to take effect January 1, 1808).source
• 1807May 29 – Selim III, Ottoman Emperor since 1789, is deposed in favour of his nephew Mustafa IV.source
• 1807June 9 – The Duke of Portland is chosen as Prime Minister after the United Kingdom general election.source
• 1807July 7–9 – The Treaties of Tilsit are signed between France, Prussia and Russia. Napoleon and Russian Emperor Alexander I ally together against the British. The Prussians are forced to cede more than half their territory, which is formed into the Duchy of Warsaw in their former Polish lands, and the Kingdom of Westphalia in western Germany. The Free City of Danzig is also formed (established July 21 by Napoleon).source
• 1807November 29 – Portuguese Queen Maria I and the Court embark at Lisbon, bound for Brazil. Rio de Janeiro becomes the Portuguese capital.source
• 1807December 17 – Napoleonic Wars: France issues the Milan Decree which confirms the Continental System (i.e. no European country is to trade with the United Kingdom).source
• 1807December 22 – The United States Congress passes the Embargo Act, a trade embargo on all foreign nations.source
• 1808January 1 – The importation of slaves into the United States is formally banned, as the 1807 Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves takes effect. However Americans still continue the slave trade by transporting Africans to Cuba and Brazil.source
• 1808January 1 – Sierra Leone becomes a British Crown Colony.source
• 1808January 22 – Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil: John (Dom João), Prince Regent, and the Braganza royal family of Portugal arrive in their colony of Brazil in exile from the French occupation of their home kingdom.source
• 1808February 21 – Russia issues an ultimatum to Sweden, to join Napoleon's Continental System against the United Kingdom.source
• 1808March 7 – Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil: The Portuguese royal court arrives in Rio de Janeiro, making it the centre of the Portuguese Empire.source
• 1808March 19 – Charles IV of Spain abdicates in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII.source
• 1808May 6 – Ferdinand VII is forced to abdicate as King of Spain by Napoleon. This effectively ends the Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) as the United Kingdom allies with Spain and Portugal against the French in the Peninsular War.source
• 1808July 8 – Joseph Bonaparte approves the Bayonne Statute, a royal charter intended as the basis for his rule as King of Spain, during the Peninsular War.source
• 1808September 27 – The Congress of Erfurt, between the emperors Napoleon I of France and Alexander I of Russia, begins.source
• 1808November 8 – 1808 United States presidential election: James Madison defeats Charles C. Pinckney, winning 122 electoral votes to Pinckney's 47. Ten of the 17 states choose their electors by popular vote; the rest choose through state legislatures. George Clinton, who is separately elected as vice president, gets six electoral votes for president.source
• 1808December 1 – Tsar Alexander I of Russia proclaims Finland a part of Russia.source
• 1809January 5 – The Treaty of the Dardanelles, between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Ottoman Empire, is concluded.source
• 1809January 14 – The Apodaca–Canning treaty is signed in London between Britain and Spainsource
• 1809February 3 – The Illinois Territory is created from the western part of the Indiana Territory.source
• 1809February 20 – United States v. Peters: The Supreme Court of the United States rules that the power of the federal government is greater than any individual state.source
• 1809March 29 – At the Diet of Porvoo, Finland's four Estates pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia, commencing the secession of the future Grand Duchy of Finland from Sweden. The Emperor, in return, promises to retain and uphold former laws and privileges, as well as the dominant Lutheran religion. His pledge is later interpreted by the Finns as a confirmation of constitutional laws, which had, effectively, established Finland as a separate state in real union with Russia.source
• 1809March 29 – King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden abdicates after the Coup of 1809 and is later exiled.source
• 1809May 5 – The Swiss canton of Aargau declares Jews citizens.source
• 1809May 10 – Gustav IV Adolf is officially deposed from the Swedish throne, by the Riksdag of the Estates.source
• 1809June 6 – Sweden promulgates a new Instrument of Government, which restores political power to the Riksdag of the Estates, after authoritarian rule since 1772. On the same day, Duke Charles (uncle of the deposed king Gustav IV Adolf) is elected King, under the name Charles XIII. In November he is affected by a heart attack and will be largely incapacitated for the remainder of his reign (until 1818).source
• 1809June 7 – Shoja Shah of the Durrani Empire signs a treaty with the British; only weeks later, he is succeeded by Mahmud Shah.source
• 1809June 26 – Danish adventurer Jørgen Jørgensen deposes Count Frederich Trampe as governor of Iceland in the Revolution of 1809 and declares himself "Protector of Iceland".source
• 1809July 16 – The city of La Paz (in modern-day Bolivia) declares its independence from the Spanish Crown and forms the Junta Tuitiva, the first independent government in Spanish America, led by Pedro Domingo Murillo.source
• 1809August 10 – Ecuador declares independence from Spain.source
• 1809September 17 – Finnish War: The Peace of Hamina is signed between Russia and Sweden. The future Grand Duchy of Finland is ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn.source
• 1809October 8 – Prince Klemens von Metternich becomes foreign minister of the Austrian Empire.source
• 1809October 14 – The Treaty of Schönbrunn cedes the Illyrian Provinces to France, and ensures peace between The First French Empire, and The Austrian Empire.source
• 1809British recruits to the British East India Company (and subsequently to the Indian Civil Service) are required to learn at least one Indian language fluently.source
• 1810January 1 – Major-General Lachlan Macquarie officially becomes Governor of New South Wales.source
• 1810February 17 – Napoleon I decrees that Rome would become the second capital of the French Empire.source
• 1810April 19 – Venezuela achieves home rule: Vicente Emparán, Governor of the Captaincy General of Venezuela, is removed by the people of Caracas, and Supreme Junta is installed. Venezuela is the first South American state to proclaim independence from Spain.source
• 1810April – Kaumualii receives an assurance of the continued independence of the Kingdom of Hawaii.source
• 1810June 7 – Argentina's new junta publishes the country's first newspaper, the Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres, edited by Mariano Moreno.source
• 1810July 9 – Russia acquires Sukhumi through a treaty with the Abkhazian dukes, and declares a protectorate over the whole of Abkhazia.source
• 1810July 20 – First Republic of New Granada: Patria Boba: A junta of seven patriots, led by José Acevedo y Gómez, assemble in Bogotá in the Viceroyalty of New Granada (modern-day Colombia), to declare its independence from the Spanish Empire, the first South American nation to break away from Spain as the third oldest independent republic state after Haiti.source
• 1810August 6 – The city of Santa Cruz de Mompox, in modern-day Colombia, declares independence from the Spanish Empire.source
• 1810September 18 – Chile forms its First National Junta, which is the country's first step towards its independence.source
• 1810September 23 – The Republic of West Florida declares independence from Spain.source
• 1810September 26 – A new Act of Succession is adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates, and Jean Baptiste Bernadotte becomes heir to the Swedish throne.source
• 1810October 27 – The United States annexes the Republic of West Florida.source
• 1810November 2 – A peace treaty in Haiti confirms its division between the northern State of Haiti, ruled autocratically by the gen de couleur Henri Christophe, and the southern Republic, ruled by mulatto Alexandre Pétion.source
• 1811March 28 – Henri Christophe is proclaimed King Henri I, turning the northern State of Haiti into the Kingdom of Haiti.source
• 1811May 14 – Paraguay declares independence from the Spanish Empire (recognised May 15).source
• 1811July 5 – Venezuela declares its Independence from the Spanish Empire.source
• 1811October 17 – The silver deposits of Agua Amarga in Chile are discovered becoming, in the following years, instrumental for the Patriots to finance the Chilean War of Independence.source
• 1811October 26 – The Argentine Government declares freedom of expression for the press.source
• 1811November 17 – José Miguel Carrera, Chilean founding father, is sworn in as President of the executive Junta of the government of Chile.source
• 1811December 21 – The first Constitution of the Republic of Venezuela, after it declares its independence from Spain, goes into effect.source
• 1812January 1 – The Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (the Austrian civil code) enters into force in the Austrian Empire.source
• 1812February 24 – Prussia and France sign the Treaty of Paris, a military alliance.source
• 1812February 27 – Argentine War of Independence: Manuel Belgrano raises the Flag of Argentina (which he designed) in the city of Rosario, for the first time.source
• 1812February 27 – English poet Lord Byron gives his first address as a member of the British House of Lords, in defense of Luddite violence against industrialism, in his home county of Nottinghamshire.source
• 1812March 14 – France and Austria sign the Treaty of Paris.source
• 1812March 19 – The Cortes of Cádiz creates the first modern Spanish constitution.source
• 1812March 26 – In the United States, the Boston Gazette prints a political cartoon coining the term Gerrymander, after former Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry's approval (on February 11) of legislation creating oddly shaped electoral districts, designed to help incumbents win re-election.source
• 1812April 30 – Louisiana is admitted as the 18th U.S. state.source
• 1812May 16 – Russian field marshal Mikhail Kutuzov signs the Treaty of Bucharest, ending the Russo-Turkish War (1806–12) and annexing Bessarabia to Imperial Russia.source
• 1812June 4 – Following Louisiana's admittance as a U.S. state, the territory previously known by that name is renamed the Missouri Territory.source
• 1812October 12 – The capital of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania is permanently moved from Lancaster to Harrisburg.source
• 1812November 5 – 1812 United States presidential election: James Madison defeats DeWitt Clinton.source
• 1812November 10 – 1812 United Kingdom general election: The Tory Party is victorious, under Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool.source
• 1812December 30 – The Convention of Tauroggen is signed.source
• 1812The Ranikot Fort is reconstructed in Sindh.source
• 1813January 31 – The Assembly of the Year XIII is inaugurated in Buenos Aires.source
• 1813February 9 – Prussia abolishes the canton system.source
• 1813June 6 – 1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains: Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth succeed in crossing the Blue Mountains (New South Wales) and return home.source
• 1813July 21 – U.K. Parliament passes the Doctrine of the Trinity Act 1813, repealing legal penalties for non-trinitarian sects such as Unitarians, and codifying religious tolerance in Great Britain (the Toleration Act of 1688 did not apply to Jews, non-trinitarians, or Roman Catholics).source
• 1813July 23 – Sir Thomas Maitland is appointed as the first Governor of Malta, transforming the island from a British protectorate to a de facto colony.source
• 1813September – Robert Southey becomes Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom.source
• 1813October 14 – After a ceremony in Caracas, Venezuela, the municipality gives Simón Bolívar the title of El Libertador.source
• 1813October 24–November 5 – Persia and Russia sign the Treaty of Gulistan at the end of the Russo-Persian War, by which Persia loses modern-day Georgia, Dagestan and most of Azerbaijan to Russia.source
• 1813November 21 – An independent government is restored in the Netherlands.source
• 1813The Supreme Council for the Northern Jurisdiction of the United States of America is founded.source
• 1814January 14 – Treaty of Kiel: Frederick VI of Denmark cedes the Kingdom of Norway into personal union with Sweden, in exchange for west Pomerania. This marks the end of the real union of Denmark-Norway.source
• 1814January 31 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas becomes Supreme Director of Argentina.source
• 1814February 11 – Norway's independence is proclaimed, marking the ultimate end of the Kalmar Union.source
• 1814February – George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, represents Britain at the Congress of Chatillon.source
• 1814March 9 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Treaty of Chaumont signed by four Allied powers, deepening their alliance against France.source
• 1814April 11 – Napoleonic Wars – Treaty of Fontainebleau: The War of the Sixth Coalition ends, and Napoleon is forced to abdicate unconditionally as Emperor of the French.source
• 1814April 12 – The Royal Norwegian Navy is re-established.source
• 1814May 3 – Treaty of Lircay signed between Royalists and Patriots during the Chilean War of Independence.source
• 1814May 4 – Ferdinand VII abolishes the Spanish Constitution of 1812, returning Spain to absolute monarchy.source
• 1814May 17 – The occupation of Monaco changes from French to Austrian hands.source
• 1814May 17 – The Constitution of Norway is signed and the Danish Crown Prince Christian Frederik is elected King of Norway, by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly.source
• 1814May 30 – Napoleonic Wars: The First Treaty of Paris is signed, returning France's borders to their 1792 extent. Napoleon is exiled to Elba on the same day.source
• 1814June 4 – Charter of 1814: Louis XVIII of France issues the Charter of 1814, a written constitution that retains royal supremacy and will remain in force from 1814 to 1815 and again from 1815 to 1830.source
• 1814June 17 – In London, Alexander, Frederick William and George exchange their ratifications of the Peace Treaty ending the war with France.source
• 1814June 21 – The secret Eight Articles of London are signed between the Great Powers, uniting the Low Countries under William I of the Netherlands.source
• 1814July 22 – War of 1812 – The Treaty of Greenville is signed between the U.S. government and Native American tribes.source
• 1814July 28 – The revived Ligurian Republic is dissolved.source
• 1814August 9 – Creek War – The Treaty of Fort Jackson is signed, ending the Creek War.source
• 1814August 13 – The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 is signed in London, returning most possessions of the Dutch Empire acquired by the United Kingdom since 1803 to the Netherlands, although Britain retains the Cape of Good Hope and the South American settlements of Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice (later consolidated as British Guiana). In addition, the British cede the island of Banca off the island of Sumatra, in exchange for the settlement of Cochin, India.source
• 1814November 1 – The Congress of Vienna formally opens in Austria to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, with the European powers agreeing upon the redrawing of national borders following the victory over France; it will last until June 9, 1815.source
• 1814December 24 – War of 1812: The Treaty of Ghent is signed, formally ending the war.source
• 1815January 3 – Austria, Britain, and Bourbon-restored France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia.source
• 1815February 17 – The Spanish reconquest of Spanish America begins.source
• 1815February 18 – The War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom (including Canada) officially ends, following ratification of the Treaty of Ghent (1814) in Washington, D.C.source
• 1815March 2–18 – Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Kandy, the last king in Ceylon, is deposed under the terms of the Kandyan Convention, which results in Ceylon becoming a British colony.source
• 1815March 16 – William I becomes King of the Netherlands.source
• 1815June 9 – The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna is signed: A new European political situation is set. The German Confederation and Congress Poland are created, and the neutrality of Switzerland is guaranteed. Also, Luxembourg declares independence from the French Empire.source
• 1815June 22 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon abdicates again; Napoleon II (1811–1832), age 4, nominally rules for two weeks (22 June to 7 July).source
• 1815August 2 – Napoleonic Wars: Representatives of the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia and Prussia sign a convention at Paris, declaring that Napoleon Bonaparte is "their prisoner" and that "His safe keeping is entrusted to the British Government."source
• 1815September 26 – Austria, Prussia and Russia sign a Holy Alliance, to uphold the European status quo.source
• 1815November 5 – The Ionian Islands become a British protectorate, the United States of the Ionian Islands.source
• 1815November 27 – The Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland is signed, creating Congress Poland, a constitutional monarchy in personal union with the Russian Empire, under terms agreed at the Congress of Vienna.source
• 1815The first full-blooded European native born in New Zealand, Thomas King, is born in the Bay of Islands.source
• 1815The second wave of Amish immigration to North America begins.source
• 1816March 1 – The Gorkha War between the United Kingdom and Nepal is ended after more than a year by the ratification of the Treaty of Sugauli, with Nepal ceding about one-third of its territory to British Indian control.source
• 1816March 16 – U.S. Secretary of State James Monroe is nominated by a caucus of Democratic-Republican Party members of Congress, to be its party's representative in the U.S. presidential election; Monroe receives 65 votes, and Secretary of War William H. Crawford receives 54 votes.source
• 1816March 22 – The United States signs a treaty with the Cherokee Nation, acknowledging that it will return land in Alabama and Georgia that had been illegally ceded to the U.S. in 1814 by the Creek Nation. General and future U.S. president Andrew Jackson, refuses to honor the treaty, and uses the controversy as a justification for removing Indians from the southeastern United States.source
• 1816March 29–April 10 – The Second Bank of the United States obtains its charter.source
• 1816May 8 – Divorce is abolished in France by the Chambre introuvable, after having been permitted following the French Revolution.source
• 1816June 4 (N.S.) (May 23 O.S.) – The Governorate of Estonia of the Russian Empire emancipates its peasants from serfdom.source
• 1816July 9 – The United Provinces of South America (today Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia and southern Brazil) declares independence from Spain.source
• 1816August 12–24 – The Treaty of St. Louis, between the United States and the Council of Three Fires tribes, is signed in St. Louis.source
• 1816August 14 – The United Kingdom formally annexes the Tristan da Cunha archipelago in the southern Atlantic Ocean, ruling it from the Cape Colony.source
• 1816September 6 – King Louis XVIII dissolves the Chambre introuvable, the legislature that had been elected after the Second Bourbon Restoration re-established the old monarchy.source
• 1816November 1–December 3 – 1816 United States presidential election: James Monroe defeats Rufus King.source
• 1816December 11 – Indiana is admitted as the 19th U.S. state.source
• 1816December 12 – The thrones of Sicily and Naples are merged into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, under King Ferdinand I.source
• 1816Saint Pierre and Miquelon resettled.source
• 1817March 3 – The U.S. Congress passes a law to split the Mississippi Territory, after Mississippi drafts a constitution, creating the Alabama Territory, effective in August.source
• 1817March 3 – On his last day in office, U.S. President James Madison vetoes John C. Calhoun's Bonus Bill as unconstitutional after it has passed both houses of the U.S. Congress. Stephen Minicucci, Internal Improvements and the Union, 1790–1860, Studies in American Political Development (2004), 18: p.160-185, (2004), Cambridge University Presssource
• 1817April 29 – The Rush–Bagot Treaty is signed between the United States and the British Empire, limiting the number of warships on the Great Lakes between the U.S. and Canada in the aftermath of settling the War of 1812.source
• 1817June 22 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain, by royal decree, makes the production and sale of tobacco a legal endeavor in Cuba, thus sparking the birth of the Cuban cigar industry.source
• 1817August 15 – By act of the U.S. Congress (March 3), the Alabama Territory is created by splitting the Mississippi Territory in half, on the day the Mississippi constitution is drafted, four months before Mississippi becomes a U.S. state.source
• 1817October 30 – The independent government of Venezuela is established by Simón Bolívar.source
• 1817December 10 – Mississippi is admitted as the 20th U.S. state, formerly the Mississippi Territory.source
• 1818January 6 – The Treaty of Mandeswar brings an end to the Third Anglo-Maratha War, ending the dominance of Marathas, and enhancing the power of the British East India Company, which controls territory occupied by 180 million Indians.source
• 1818February 12 – Chilean Declaration of Independence from Spain is proclaimed in Chile.source
• 1818April 4 – The United States Congress adopts the flag of the United States as having thirteen red and white stripes, and one star for each state (twenty), with additional stars to be added whenever a new state is added to the Union.source
• 1818June 10 – The British Parliament is dissolved by the Prime Minister Lord Liverpool, and new elections are scheduled for August 4 for the House of Commons.source
• 1818August 1 – A separate Topographical Bureau of the United States Department of War is established.source
• 1818August 4 – 1818 United Kingdom general election for the House of Commons. The Tory Party, led by Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, retains its control of the government but loses some seats.source
• 1818September 23 – Border markers are formally installed for the European territory of Moresnet.source
• 1818December 3 – Illinois is admitted as the 21st U.S. state.source
• 1819February 6 – The Treaty of Singapore, is signed between Hussein Shah of Johor and Sir Stamford Raffles of Britain, to create a trading settlement in Singapore.[https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=92bb56f0-e821-40d1-bd8c-cf8fa7e7f172]source
• 1819February 15 – The United States House of Representatives agrees to the Tallmadge Amendment, barring slaves from the new state of Missouri (the opening vote in a controversy that leads to the Missouri Compromise).source
• 1819February 22 – Adams–Onís Treaty: Agreement is reached for Spain to cede Florida (already under USA's domination) to the United States in exchange for renunciation of American claims on Texas arising from the Louisiana Purchase, American payment of $5 million to settle citizens' claims regarding Florida, and definition of international borders. Following ratification, the treaty takes effect in 1821.source
• 1819April 7 (N.S.) (March 26 O.S.) – The Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire emancipates its peasants from serfdom.source
• 1819October 13 – A treaty is entered between the Raja of Cutch Deshalji II, and East India Company, placing the Cutch State under Company rule.source
• 1819December 14 – Alabama is admitted as the 22nd U.S. state.source
• 1819December 17 – The Republic of Gran Colombia is formally established, with Simón Bolívar as its first president.source
• 1820January 1 – A constitutionalist military insurrection at Cádiz leads to the summoning of the Spanish Parliament to meet on March 7, becoming the nominal beginning of the "Trienio Liberal" in Spain.source
• 1820January 8 – The General Maritime Treaty of 1820 is signed between the sheikhs of Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al-Quwain and Ras Al Khaimah (later constituents of the Trucial States) in the Arabian Peninsula and the United Kingdom.source
• 1820January 29 – King George IV becomes the new British monarch upon the death his father George III after 59+ years on the throne. The elder George's death ends the 9-year period known as the British Regency.source
• 1820February 6 – Capture of Valdivia: Lord Cochrane occupies Valdivia in the name of the Republic of Chile.source
• 1820March 3 and 6 – The Missouri Compromise becomes law, allowing admission of Missouri and Maine, as slave and free states respectively, as U.S. states.source
• 1820March 9 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain accepts the new constitution, beginning the Trienio Liberal.source
• 1820March 15 – Maine is admitted as the 23rd U.S. state.source
• 1820June 12 – Delegates in St. Louis in the Missouri Territory approve a proposed state constitution, proclaiming that they "do mutually agree to form and establish a free and independent republic, by the name of 'The State of Missouri'."source
• 1820June 12 – Élie Decazes, leader of the opposition in France's Chamber of Deputies, introduces the "Law of the Double Vote", a proposal to add to the existing legislators by creating 172 seats that would be "selected by special electoral colleges" made up of the wealthiest 25% of voters in each of France's departments.source
• 1820October 9 – Guayaquil declares independence from Spain.source
• 1820October 25–November 20 – The Congress of Troppau is convened between the rulers of Russia, Austria and Prussia.source
• 1820December 3 – James Monroe is re-elected, virtually unopposed, in the 1820 United States presidential election. One elector, William Plumer of New Hampshire, casts his vote for John Quincy Adams in order to protest the administration of Monroe and Daniel Tompkins while also establishing Adams as a contender for the election in 1824.source
• 1821May 12 – Congress of Laibach finally ends having overseen the successful Austrian intervention in Italy. A planned Congress of Verona in 1822 is agreed as the next meeting.source
• 1821July 4 – Return of John VI from Brazil to Portugal who approves on that day the Bases da Constituição.source
• 1821July 28 – Argentine general José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from the Spanish Empire.source
• 1821August 10 – Missouri is admitted as the 24th U.S. state.source
• 1821August 24 – The Treaty of Córdoba is signed in Córdoba, Veracruz, Mexico, ratifying the Plan of Iguala of February 24 for Mexico's independence from Spain and, although not recognised by the latter, effectively concludes the Mexican War of Independence.source
• 1821August 30 – At the Congress of Cúcuta, the Republic of Gran Colombia (a federation covering much of present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) is established, with Simón Bolívar as the founding President, and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president.source
• 1821September 4 (O.S.)/September 16 (N.S.) – Ukase of 1821: Russia proclaims territorial sovereignty over Northwestern North America, modern-day Alaska.source
• 1821September 15 – Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica gain independence from Spain by the Act of Independence of Central America. On October 29, the newly independent First Mexican Empire proposes that Guatemala should be annexed with it.source
• 1821September 27 – The Army of the Three Guarantees enters Mexico City, and the following day the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain is proclaimed, following the Mexican War of Independence.source
• 1821November 28 – Panama declares independence from Spain, joining Gran Colombia.source
• 1822January 1 – The Greek Constitution of 1822 is adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus.source
• 1822January 7 – The first freed slaves from the United States arrive on the west coast of Africa, founding Monrovia on April 25.source
• 1822January 9 – The Portuguese prince Pedro I of Brazil decides to stay in Brazil against the orders of the Portugal's King João VI, beginning the Brazilian independence process.source
• 1822January 14 – Greek War of Independence: Acrocorinth is captured by Theodoros Kolokotronis and Demetrios Ypsilantis.source
• 1822February 24 – The first Swaminarayan temple, Kalupur Swaminarayan Mandir at Ahmedabad in the British Raj, is inaugurated.source
• 1822March 19 – Boston, Massachusetts, is incorporated as a city following a vote.source
• 1822April 30 – George Canning, President of the Board of Control in the House of Commons, moves to repeal a law that prohibited Roman Catholic peers from sitting or voting in the House of Lords. The motion passes, 235–223, on its second reading, but the House of Lords declines to pass it.source
• 1822July 8 – The Chippewa people cede a huge tract of land in Ontario to British control.source
• 1822July 13 – Greek War of Independence: Greek soldiers defeat Ottoman forces at Thermopylae.source
• 1822July 27 – Guayaquil Conference: Simón Bolívar and General José de San Martín meet in Guayaquil, which Bolívar later annexes.source
• 1822September 7 – Brazil declares its independence from Portugal.source
• 1822September 16 – George Canning is appointed British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.source
• 1822September 16 – The Constituent Congress of Peru begins its first session.source
• 1822September 22 – Portugal approves its first Constitution.source
• 1822October 12 – Pedro, Crown Prince of Portugal, is declared the constitutional Emperor of Brazil, as Pedro the First.source
• 1822October 20 – The Congress of Verona opens in the Austrian-ruled province of Lombardy-Venetia. The event is the largest diplomatic gathering since the Congress of Vienna seven years earlier. The Congress lasts until December 14, and Russia, Austria and Prussia approve French intervention in Spain.source
• 1822October 31 – Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of the First Mexican Empire dissolves the country's Congress of the Union, and replaces it with a military junta.source
• 1822December 1 – Pedro I is crowned as the first Emperor of Brazil.source
• 1822December 14 – The Congress of Verona ends having endorsed French Intervention in Spainsource
• 1823February 28 – José de la Riva Agüero is sworn as the first president of Peru following a coup against the government of José de la Mar. He only rules 115 days.source
• 1823March 19 – Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of Mexico abdicates, thus ending the short-lived First Mexican Empire.source
• 1823May 5 – Emperor Pedro I of Brazil inaugurates Brazil's first Assembleia Geral, with 50 Senators and 102 Deputies.source
• 1823May 7 – Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov is appointed as Governor-General of Novorossiya (New Russia), the portion of Russian Empire bordering the Black Sea (in modern days it constitutes southern regions of Ukraine).source
• 1823June 23 – Peruvian president José de la Riva Agüero is impeached by Congress. He rebels and establishes a short-lived rival government in Trujillo.source
• 1823July 1 – The Congress of Central America declares absolute independence from Spain, Mexico and any other foreign nation, including North America, and a republican system of government is established.source
• 1823July 16 – José Bernardo de Tagle elected as the second president of Peru by the Peruvian Congress.source
• 1823August 4 – Felipe Enrique Neri, Baron de Bastrop, the Mexican government administrator in charge of Anglo-American immigration into Mexico's state of Coahuila y Tejas, allows Stephen F. Austin to put together an 11-man police force, that will later be expanded to become the Texas Ranger Division.source
• 1823November 12 – The first Constitution of Peru is proclaimed, albeit it is almost immediately annulled by Simón Bolívar.source
• 1823December 2 – James Monroe first introduces the Monroe Doctrine in the State of the Union address, declaring that any European attempts to recolonize the Americas would be considered a hostile act towards the United States.source
• 1824March 7 – In the Florida Territory, the announcement is made from St. Augustine that the capital will be moved to Tallahassee.source
• 1824March 17 – The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 is signed to resolve territorial disputes between the British Empire and the Netherlands over control of the Malay Peninsula and the Dutch East Indies (now Malaysia and Indonesia)source
• 1824July 2 – The Confederation of the Equator begins in Pernambuco, Brazil: Wealthy landowners against the government of Emperor Pedro I initiate a secessionist movement for the independence of Pernambuco.source
• 1824September 16 – Charles X succeeds his brother Louis XVIII as King of France.source
• 1824October 4 – The First Constitution of Mexico is ratified, declaring the country to be a federal republic called the United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos).source
• 1824The name Australia, recommended by Matthew Flinders in 1804, is adopted by the British Admiralty as the official name of the country once known as New Holland.source
• 1824The Dutch sign the Masang Agreement, temporarily ending hostilities in the Padri War.source
• 1825February 9 – After no presidential candidate receives a majority of United States Electoral College votes following the 1824 United States presidential election, the United States House of Representatives elects John Quincy Adams President of the United States in a contingent election.source
• 1825February 12 – Second Treaty of Indian Springs: The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government and migrate west.source
• 1825April 17 – Charles X of France recognizes Haiti, 21 years after it expelled the French following the successful Haitian Revolution, and demands the payment of 150 million gold francs, 30 million of which Haiti must finance through France itself, as down payment.source
• 1825May – History of Brisbane: The Australian city of Brisbane is founded.source
• 1825June 2 – The United States Senate ratifies the treaties with the Great Osage and the Little Osage tribes.source
• 1825June 3 – The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaty with the Kansas tribe.source
• 1825June 9 – The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaty with the Poncas tribe.source
• 1825July 6 – A new Combinations of Workmen Act in the United Kingdom makes trade unions legal according to narrowly defined principles.source
• 1825July 6 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Cheyenne tribe.source
• 1825July 16 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Hunkpapa tribe.source
• 1825July 18 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Ricara tribes.source
• 1825July 30 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Mandan, Belantae, Eloa and Minnetaree tribes.source
• 1825August 4 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Ricara tribes.source
• 1825August 6 – Bolivia gains its independence from Spain as a republic, at the instigation of Simón Bolívar.source
• 1825August 11 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Crow tribe.source
• 1825August 25 – Uruguay is declared independent of the Empire of Brazil by the Thirty-Three Orientals, a militant revolutionary group led by Juan Antonio Lavalleja.source
• 1825September 26 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Missouri and Ottoe tribes.source
• 1825September 30 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Pawnee tribe.source
• 1825November 7 – The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaty with the Shawnee tribe.source
• 1825November 15 – King Joao VI of Portugal promulgates a law recognizing his eldest son, Dom Pedro, as the Emperor of Brazil.source
• 1826February 8 – Unitarian Bernardino Rivadavia becomes the first President of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, now Argentina.source
• 1826February 24 – The Treaty of Yandabo ends the First Anglo-Burmese War. Britain gains Assam, Manipur, Rakhine and Tanintharyi.source
• 1826May 28 – The Emperor Pedro I of Brazil abdicates as King of Portugal.source
• 1826June 20 – The Burney Treaty is signed in Bangkok between the United Kingdom and the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam, securing British power in southeast Asia.source
• 1826June 22 – The Pan-American Congress of Panama is opened in Panama City by Simon Bolivar as an attempt to unify the republics of the Americas that have recently declared independence from Spain, or to at least make a federation to agree on a common defense policy and create a common military. The Congress lasts for 23 days without an agreement.source
• 1826July 15 – The Congress of Panama adjourns after 24 days without an agreement on creating a federation of Latin American nations.source
• 1826December 16 – Benjamin W. Edwards rides into Mexican-controlled Nacogdoches, Texas, and declares himself ruler of the Republic of Fredonia.source
• 1826December 25 – Major Edmund Lockyer arrives at King George Sound to take possession of the western part of Australia, establishing a settlement near Albany.source
• 1826The British East India Company colony of the Straits Settlements is established.source
• 1827January 30 – The first public theatre in Norway, the Christiania Offentlige Theater, is inaugurated in Christiania (modern-day Oslo).source
• 1827April 10 – George Canning succeeds Lord Liverpool as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
• 1827May 21 – The Maryland Democratic Party is founded by supporters of Andrew Jackson in Baltimore, and hosts its first meeting at the Baltimore Atheneum.source
• 1827July 6 – Greek War of Independence: The Treaty of London between France, Britain and Russia, demands that the Turks agree to an armistice in Greece.source
• 1827November 24 – Voting is completed in elections for France's 430 member Chamber of Deputies. The Ultraroyalistes, supporters of King Charles X, lose their 233-seat majority and finish with 180 seats, the same number as the opposition Doctrinaires.source
• 1827December 20 – Mexico passes its first "expulsion law", providing for citizens of Spain to be expelled within the next six months, and to remain barred from re-entry until the Kingdom of Spain recognizes Mexico's 1810 declaration of independence. Ultimately, because of all the exemptions within the expulsion act, only 1,779 of the 6,610 Spaniards are required to leave.source
• 1828January 4 – Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac, succeeds the Comte de Villèle as Prime Minister of France.source
• 1828January 8 – The Democratic Party of the United States is organized.source
• 1828January 22 – Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, succeeds Lord Goderich as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
• 1828February 21 – The Cherokee Phœnix, the earliest newspaper published by Native Americans in the United States and in one of their indigenous languages, Cherokee, is first issued in New Echota.source
• 1828March 3 – Dom Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil and former King of Portugal, signs a document "to complete my abdication of the Portuguese crown" (made in 1826), to renounce all claims in favor of his daughter Queen Maria II, and to declare "indubitable proof" that he wishes Portugal to be "perpetually separated from the Brazilian nation....in such a manner as may render even the idea of reunion impracticable."source
• 1828April 11 – The city of Bahía Blanca in modern-day Argentina is founded.source
• 1828April 26 – The Treaty of Commerce and Navigation is signed between Brazil and Denmark, establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries.source
• 1828August 27 – In South America, the Empire of Brazil and United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (modern-day Argentina) recognize the independence of Uruguay, causing the end of the Cisplatine War. Simón Bolívar declares himself dictator of Gran Colombia.source
• 1828October 4 – Uruguay gains independence from Brazil.source
• 1828November 11 – Greek War of Independence: the London Protocol entails the creation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty encompassing the Morea and the Cyclades.source
• 1828December 3 – 1828 United States presidential election: Andrew Jackson is elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent John Quincy Adams in a landslide.source
• 1829March 22 – Greece receives autonomy from the Ottoman Empire in the London Protocol, signed by Russia, France and Britain, effectively ending the Greek War of Independence. Greece continues to seek full independence through diplomatic negotiations with the three Great Powers.source
• 1829April 1 – Vicente Guerrero becomes president of Mexico.source
• 1829April 13 – The Catholic Relief Act is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, granting a substantial measure of Catholic emancipation in Britain and Ireland.source
• 1829June 3 – The Swan River Colony (later to become the cities of Perth and Fremantle) is founded in Western Australia. This secures the western third of the Australian landmass for the British.source
• 1829August 8 – The Prince de Polignac succeeds the Vicomte de Martignac as Prime Minister of France.source
• 1829September 14 – The Ottoman Empire signs the Treaty of Adrianople with Russia, ending the Russo-Turkish War.source
• 1829October 1 – South African College is inaugurated in Cape Town.source
• 1830January 12–27 – Webster–Hayne debate: In the United States Congress, Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina debates against Daniel Webster of Massachusetts about the question of states' rights vs. federal authority.source
• 1830February 3 – The London Protocol establishes the full independence and sovereignty of Greece from the Ottoman Empire, as the result of the Greek War of Independence.source
• 1830May 13 – Ecuador separates from Gran Colombia.source
• 1830May 28 – The Indian Removal Act is signed into law by U.S. President Andrew Jackson, beginning the "Trail of Tears" with the forced relocation of more than 60,000 Indigenous Americans from the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations from the southeastern United States to what is now the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The relocation is accomplished by the end of 1838. In addition to the five tribes, thousands of Indian-owned black slaves are moved as well, and the move has the effect of beginning mass destruction of bison in North America.source
• 1830June 26 – William IV succeeds his brother George IV, as King of the United Kingdom.source
• 1830July 18 – Uruguay adopts its first constitution.source
• 1830July 20 – Greece grants citizenship to Romaniote Jews.source
• 1830July 29 – "The Three Glorious Days" of the July Revolution in France end with establishment of a provisional government in Paris.source
• 1830August 2 – King Charles X abdicates the throne in favour of his grandson Henri, Count of Chambord, who never takes the throne.source
• 1830August 9 – Louis Philippe, the "Citizen King", becomes King of the French.source
• 1830August 13 – The Duc de Broglie is appointed Prime Minister of France by Louis Philippe.source
• 1830September 26 – Belgian Revolution: The army of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands fails to retake Brussels; a National Congress is summoned to draw up a Constitution and a Provisional Government of Belgium is established under Charles Latour Rogier.source
• 1830October 4 – Belgian Revolution: The Provisional Government in Brussels declares the creation of the independent state of Belgium.source
• 1830October – The Regeneration in Switzerland begins: more liberal constitutions are adopted in most cantons.source
• 1830November 2 – Jacques Laffitte succeeds the Duc de Broglie as Prime Minister of France.source
• 1830November 8 – Ferdinand II becomes King of the Two Sicilies.source
• 1830November 22 – On what becomes called "the Ustertag", men of the Canton of Zürich in Switzerland gather to demand a new constitution.source
• 1830November 22 – The Whig Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey succeeds Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
• 1830December 20 – The independence of Belgium is recognized by the Great Powers.source
• 1831February 7 – The Belgian Constitution of 1831 is approved by the National Congress.source
• 1831March 10 – The French Foreign Legion is founded.source
• 1831April 7 – Pedro I abdicates as Emperor of Brazil in favor of his 5-year-old son Pedro II, who will reign for almost 59 years.source
• 1831July 13 – Russian imperial officials in Wallachia adopt Regulamentul Organic, introducing a period of unprecedented reforms that provide for Westernization of this region of Romania.source
• 1831July 21 – Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is inaugurated as the first King of the Belgians, in Brussels.source
• 1831September 22 – The House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes the Great Reform Bill to expand the franchise, but this is later defeated in the House of Lords.source
• 1831November 17 – Ecuador and Venezuela are separated from Gran Colombia.source
• 1831December 31 – Gramercy Park is deeded to New York City.source
• 1832February 6 – The Swan River Colony is renamed Western Australia.source
• 1832February 9 – The Florida Legislative Council grants a city charter for Jacksonville, Florida.source
• 1832February 12 – Ecuador annexes the Galápagos Islands.source
• 1832May 7 – The Treaty of London creates an independent Kingdom of Greece. Otto of Wittelsbach, Prince of Bavaria, is chosen King; thus begins the history of modern Greece.source
• 1832May 11 – Greece is recognized as a sovereign nation; the Treaty of Constantinople ends the Greek War of Independence in July.source
• 1832June 7 – The Reform Act receives royal assent after passage by the British Parliament, reforming the electoral system and setting uniform law for voting rights in England and Wales, though not in Scotland or Ireland.source
• 1832October 20 – Principal Chief Levi Colbert (Itawamba Mingo) and other leaders of the Chickasaw Nation of American Indians sign the Treaty of Pontotoc Creek with the United States, ceding their remaining 9,400 square miles of land to the U.S., in return for a promise that they will receive all proceeds of sales of the land by the federal government to private owners, along with expenses for relocation and food and supplies for one year. The area ceded includes the entire northern one-sixth of the state of Mississippi.source
• 1832December 3 – 1832 United States presidential election: Andrew Jackson is re-elected president.source
• 1832December 28 – John C. Calhoun becomes the first Vice President of the United States to resign.source
• 1832George Catlin starts to live among the Sioux in the Dakota Territory.source
• 1833January 3 – The United Kingdom reasserts British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean.source
• 1833April 1 – General Antonio López de Santa Anna is elected President of Mexico by the legislatures of 16 of the 18 Mexican states. During his frequent absences from office to fight on the battlefield, Santa Anna turns the duties of government over to his vice president, Valentín Gómez Farías.source
• 1833May 6 – The Ottoman Empire promulgates a firman ratifying the Peace Agreement of Kütahya, bringing an end to the Egyptian-Ottoman War.source
• 1833May 25 – The Chilean Constitution of 1833 is promulgated.source
• 1833July 8 – The Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi creates an alliance between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire.source
• 1833August 26 – The Canton of Basel is partitioned by the Swiss Tagsatzung to create the two half-cantons of Basel-City and Basel-Country.source
• 1833August 28 – The British Slavery Abolition Act 1833, beginning the process of giving slaves in much of the British Empire their freedom, receives royal assent, with an effective date of August 1, 1834. A £20 million fund is established to compensate slaveowners.source
• 1833August 29 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom votes to pass the Factory Acts, limiting child labour.source
• 1833Greece recaptures the Acropolis of Athens.source
• 1834February 12 – Freed American slaves from Maryland form a settlement in Cape Palmas, it is named the Republic of Maryland.source
• 1834April 14 – The Whig Party is officially named by United States Senator Henry Clay.source
• 1834April 22 – Spain, France, Portugal and the United Kingdom sign the Quadruple Alliance.source
• 1834July 16 – William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, succeeds Earl Grey as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
• 1834July 24 – The Liberal Wars end in Portugal.source
• 1834August 1 – Slavery is abolished in the British Empire, by the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.source
• 1834August 12 – In the Empire of Brazil, the Additional Act provides for establishment of the Provincial Legislative Assembly, extinction of the State Council, replacement of the Regency Trina, and introduction of a direct and secret ballot.source
• 1834August 15 – The South Australia Act allows for the creation of a colony there.source
• 1834September 18 – Athens becomes Greece's capital city, replacing the provisional capital of Nafplio.source
• 1834November 14 – William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne becomes the last Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to be dismissed by the British monarch. King William IV temporarily appoints Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, to form a caretaker government.source
• 1834December 10 – Sir Robert Peel succeeds The Duke of Wellington as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
• 1835February 1 – Slavery is finally abolished in British-administered Mauritius, with compensation to slaveowners.source
• 1835March 2 – Ferdinand becomes Emperor of Austria.source
• 1835April 18 – Lord Melbourne succeeds Sir Robert Peel as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
• 1835May 5 – Braulio Carrillo is sworn in as Head of State of Costa Rica.source
• 1835May 23 – The Mexican State of Aguascalientes is formed, by decree of President Antonio López de Santa Anna.source
• 1835October 28 – The United Tribes of New Zealand is founded at Waitangi, with the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand.source
• 1835December 7 – Future U.S. President James K. Polk becomes Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.source
• 1835December 20 – The Texas Declaration of Independence is signed by American residents rebelling against Mexico at Goliad, Texas.source
• 1835December 29 – The Treaty of New Echota is signed between the United States Government and representatives of the Cherokee Nation.source
• 1835English becomes the official language of India.source
• 1835Juan Manuel de Rosas becomes Caudillo of Argentina.source
• 1835The French word for their language changes to français, from françois.source
• 1836January 1 — Hill Street Academy is named Colombo Academy and acquired by the Government, establishing the first public school in Sri Lanka.source
• 1836January 5 – Former U.S. Representative Davy Crockett of Tennessee arrives in Texas to join the Texan fight for independence from Mexico.source
• 1836March 1 – Texas Revolution – Convention of 1836: Delegates from many Texas communities gather in Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas, to deliberate independence from Mexico.source
• 1836March 2 – Texas Revolution – Convention of 1836: The Texas Declaration of Independence is signed by 60 delegates, and the Republic of Texas is declared.source
• 1836March 11 – Sultan Mahmud II abolishes the posts of Reis ül-Küttab and Kahya Bey, and establishes the Ottoman ministries of Foreign Affairs and of the Interior in their place.source
• 1836March 17 – Texas Revolution – Convention of 1836: Delegates adopt the Constitution of the Republic of Texas, modeled after the United States Constitution. It allows slavery, requires free blacks to petition Congress to live in the country, but prohibits the slave trade.source
• 1836March 27 – The United States Survey of the Coast is returned to the U.S. Treasury Department, and renamed the U.S. Coast Survey.source
• 1836April 20 – The Wisconsin Territory is created; the first capital is Belmont.source
• 1836May 14 – Texas Revolution: The Treaties of Velasco are signed, between Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna and the Republic of Texas. In exchange for his freedom and the guarantee of free passage back to Mexico, General Santa Anna gives his recognition to the independence of Texas. The Mexican government refuses to ratify the treaties.source
• 1836June 15 – Arkansas is admitted into as the 25th state of the United States of America.source
• 1836September 5 – Sam Houston is elected as the first president of the Republic of Texas.source
• 1836September 11 – The Riograndense Republic is proclaimed in South America.source
• 1836October 22 – Sam Houston is inaugurated as first elected President of the Republic of Texas.source
• 1836December 7 – 1836 United States presidential election: Martin Van Buren defeats William Henry Harrison, and three other Whig candidates, marking the most recent time a Democrat is elected to succeed a two-term Democratic U.S. president.source
• 1836December 26 – The Crown colony of South Australia is officially proclaimed (subsequently celebrated in the state of South Australia as Proclamation Day).source
• 1836December 28 – The Colony of South Australia is founded by Captain John Hindmarsh.source
• 1836December 28 – Spain recognizes the independence of Mexico.source
• 1836The Sylhet Government Pilot High School is established in Sylhet as Government Provisional Schoolsource
• 1837January 26 – Michigan becomes the 26th state admitted to the United States.source
• 1837June 5 – The city of Houston is incorporated by the Republic of Texas.source
• 1837December 23 – The Slave Compensation Act is signed into law by the government of the United Kingdom. This pays a substantial amount of money, constituting 40% of the Treasury’s tax receipts at the time, to former enslavers but nothing to those formerly enslaved.source
• 1838April 30 – Nicaragua declares independence from the Federal Republic of Central America.source
• 1838May 26 – Trail of Tears: The Cherokee Nation is forcibly relocated in the United States.source
• 1838May 28 – Braulio Carrillo is sworn in as Head of State of Costa Rica, thus beginning his second term in office.source
• 1838July 4 – In the United States, the Iowa Territory is formally established, following the signing of a bill by President Martin Van Buren on June 12. In addition to Iowa, which will become a state on December 28, 1846, the Territory also includes most of what will become the states of Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota. Robert Lucas, former Governor of Ohio, takes office as the first Territorial Governor.source
• 1838August 1 – Most former slaves in the British Empire are released from apprenticeships, giving them full emancipation under terms of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.source
• 1838November 5 – Dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America: Honduras and Costa Rica follow the example of Nicaragua and secede from the federation.source
• 1838The People's Charter is drawn up in the United Kingdom, demanding universal suffrage.source
• 1838The Pitcairn Islands become a Crown colony of the United Kingdom, and women there are the first in the world to be granted and maintain women's suffrage.source
• 1838An insurrection breaks out in Tizimín, beginning the campaign for the independence of Yucatán from Mexico.source
• 1839April 19 – The Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom, with its independence and neutrality guaranteed by the great powers of Europe. Half of the Limburg province of Belgium is added to the Netherlands, giving rise to a Belgian Limburg and Dutch Limburg (the latter being joined (from September 5) to the German Confederation).source
• 1839May 7–11 – The Bedchamber Crisis in the United Kingdom: Following the announcement by Prime Minister Lord Melbourne that he intends to resign, Robert Peel asks (for political reasons) that Queen Victoria dismiss some of her personal attendants, Ladies of the Bedchamber, as a condition for his forming a government. Victoria refuses to accept the condition and Melbourne is persuaded to stay on as Prime Minister.source
• 1839December 6 – The Whig Party (United States), at its first ever national convention, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, nominates former U.S. Army General William Henry Harrison to be its candidate for President of the United States in the 1840 election. Although Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky has received 103 of the 128 necessary votes on the first ballot, he obtains only 90 on the final vote, while Harrison gets 148. Former U.S. Senator John Tyler is unanimously nominated for vice president.source
• 1839December 26 – Heinola in the Grand Duchy of Finland is granted town rights by Czar Nicholas I.source
• 1839The United Kingdom, backed by the Russian Empire and the Austrian Empire, compels July Monarchy France to abandon Muhammad Ali of Egypt, and forces him to return Syria and Arabia to the Ottoman Empire.source
• 1839Emperor Minh Mạng renames Việt Nam to Đại Nam.source
• 1839Khorshid Pasha vows to attack Bahrain to exert Egyptian rule over Bahrain, but his attack is prevented after Shaikh Abdulla bin Ahmed of Bahrain pays tribute.source
• 1840February 6 – The Treaty of Waitangi, granting British sovereignty in New Zealand, is signed.source
• 1840March 1 – Adolphe Thiers becomes prime minister of France.source
• 1840May 21 – New Zealand is declared a British colony.source
• 1840July 15 – The Austrian Empire, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Russian Empire sign the Convention of London with the Sublime Porte, ruler of the Ottoman Empire.source
• 1840July 23 – The Province of Canada is created by the Act of Union, but not proclaimed until 10 February 1841.source
• 1840July 23 – Pedro II is declared "of age" prematurely, and begins to reassert central control in Brazil.source
• 1840August 1 – Remaining former slaves in the British Empire are released from apprenticeships under terms of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.source
• 1840October 7 – William II becomes King of the Netherlands.source
• 1841January 20 – Charles Elliot of the United Kingdom and Qishan of the Qing dynasty agree to the Convention of Chuenpi.source
• 1841January 30 – El Salvador proclaims itself an independent republic, bringing an end to the Federal Republic of Central America.source
• 1841February 10 – The Act of Union (British North America Act, 1840) is proclaimed in Canada.source
• 1841February 11 – Upper Canada and Lower Canada are merged to create the United Province of Canada.source
• 1841May 3 – New Zealand becomes a separate British colony, having previously been administered as part of the Colony of New South Wales.source
• 1841August 11 – Frederick Douglass speaks in front of the Anti-Slavery Convention in Nantucket, Massachusetts.source
• 1841September 24 – Sarawak is broken away from Brunei, and James Brooke is appointed Rajah.source
• 1841December 20 – The first multilateral treaty for the suppression of the African slave trade, the Treaty for the Suppression of the African Slave Trade, signed in London by the representatives of Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and Russia.source
• 1842March – Commonwealth v. Hunt: The Massachusetts Supreme Court rules that labor strikes and the formation of labor unions are both legal in the United States.source
• 1842June 18 – Education in Sweden: A primary school system is established in Sweden.source
• 1842August 9 – The Webster–Ashburton Treaty is signed between the United States and United Kingdom, establishing the United States–Canada border east of the Rocky Mountains.source
• 1842August 29 – The Treaty of Nanking, an unequal treaty between the United Kingdom and Qing dynasty China, ends the First Opium War, and establishes Hong Kong as a British colony (later a British dependent territory until 1997).source
• 1842September 16–17 – The Treaty of Chushul ends the Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh War).source
• 1842The New Zealand seat of government moves from Russell to Auckland.source
• 1842The Polynesian islands of Tahiti and Tahuata are declared a protectorate of France.source
• 1843February 25 – Paulet Affair: Lord George Paulet occupies the Kingdom of Hawaii in the name of Great Britain.source
• 1843March 8 – The Danish government re-establishes the Althing in Iceland as an advisory body, by royal decree.source
• 1843May 4 – Natal is proclaimed a British colony.source
• 1843May 23 – Chile takes possession of the Strait of Magellan.source
• 1843June 6 – In Barbados, Samuel Jackman Prescod is the first non-white person elected to the House of Assembly.source
• 1843November 28 – Hawaii is recognized as an independent nation by the United Kingdom and France. The holiday is celebrated annually as La Ku'oko'a (Independence Day).source
• 1843December 13 – Basutoland becomes a British protectorate.source
• 1843In Asia, the House of Jamalullail is established in the state of Perlis Darul Sunnah (formally as Perlis Indera Kayangan) after separation from the state of Kedah.source
• 1844February 27 – The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti.source
• 1844March 8 – The Althing, the parliament of Iceland, is reopened after 45 years of closure.source
• 1844March 13 – The dictator Carlos Antonio López becomes first President of Paraguay.source
• 1844March 23 – The Edict of Toleration is passed in the Ottoman Empire.source
• 1844July 3 – The United States signs the Treaty of Wanghia with the Qing Empire. The treaty establishes five U.S. treaty ports in China with extraterritoriality and is the first unequal treaty that the United States imposes on the dynasty.source
• 1844August 28 – Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx meet in Paris, France.source
• 1844November 6 – The Dominican Republic drafts its first Constitution.source
• 1844December 4 – 1844 United States presidential election: James K. Polk defeats Henry Clay.source
• 1844December 13 – Hungarian becomes the official language of Hungary.source
• 1844Flags of the Ottoman Empire: a national flag is adopted for the Empire.source
• 1845January 23 – The United States Congress establishes a uniform date for federal elections, which will henceforth be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.source
• 1845February 28 – The United States Congress approves the annexation of Texas.source
• 1845March 1 – President John Tyler signs a bill authorizing the United States to annex the Republic of Texas, subject to approval by the voters in the Republic. The territory claimed includes all of the future U.S. state of Texas, as well as portions of New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado and Wyoming.source
• 1845March 3 – Florida is admitted as the 27th U.S. state. On the same day, both houses of the U.S. Congress vote by a two-thirds majority, to override a presidential veto for the first time in history in order to pass legislation.source
• 1845April 20 – Ramón Castilla becomes president of Peru.source
• 1845August 9 – The Aberdeen Act is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, empowering the British Royal Navy to search Brazilian ships, as part of the abolition of the slave trade from Africa.source
• 1845October 13 – A majority of voters in the Republic of Texas approve a proposed constitution that, if accepted by the United States Congress, will make Texas a U.S. state.source
• 1845December 2 – Manifest destiny: U.S. President James K. Polk announces to Congress that the Monroe Doctrine should be strictly enforced, and that the United States should aggressively expand into the West.source
• 1845December 27 – American newspaper editor John L. O'Sullivan claims (in connection with the annexation of the Oregon Country) in The United States Magazine and Democratic Review that the United States should be allowed "the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions". It is the second time he uses the term manifest destiny (first in connection with the Republic of Texas in July – August), and it will have a huge influence on American imperialism in the following century.source
• 1845December 29 – Texas is admitted as the 28th U.S. state.source
• 1845The Republic of Yucatán separates from Mexico for a second time.source
• 1846January 5 – The United States House of Representatives votes to stop sharing the Oregon Country with the United Kingdom.source
• 1846January 23 – Ahmad I ibn Mustafa, Bey of Tunis, declares the legal abolition of slavery in Tunisia.source
• 1846February 19 – Texas annexation: United States president James K. Polk's annexation of the Republic of Texas is finalized by Texas president Anson Jones in a formal ceremony of transfer of sovereignty. The newly formed Texas state government is officially installed in Austin.source
• 1846March 9 – The First Anglo-Sikh war ends with the signing of the Treaty of Lahore. Kashmir is ceded to the British East India Company, and the Koh-i-Noor diamond is surrendered to Queen Victoria.source
• 1846June 10 – Mexican–American War: The California Republic declares independence from Mexico.source
• 1846August 22 – The Second Federal Republic of Mexico is established.source
• 1846August 28 – The New Zealand Constitution Act 1846 is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom with the intention of granting self-government to the British colony. Governor George Grey suspends implementation of the majority of the Act, with the exception of the creation of New Ulster and New Munster Provinces, and it is superseded by the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852.source
• 1846September 7 – The portion of the District of Columbia in the United States that was ceded by Virginia in 1790 is re-ceded to Virginia.source
• 1846December 22 – The Guild system in Sweden is abolished by the Fabriks och Handtwerksordning and Handelsordningen, and trade and handicrafts permits are granted to every male and female applicant of legal majority.source
• 1846December 24 – Great Britain acquires Labuan from the Sultanate of Brunei.source
• 1846December 28 – Iowa is admitted as the 29th U.S. state.source
• 1847January 13 – The Treaty of Cahuenga ends fighting in the Mexican–American War in California.source
• 1847January 16 – John C. Frémont is appointed Governor of the new California Territory.source
• 1847March 1 – Faustin Soulouque is elected President of Haiti.source
• 1847March 4 – The 30th United States Congress is sworn into office.source
• 1847May 8 – Bahrain's ruler, Shaikh Mohamed bin Khalifa Al Khalifa, signs a treaty with the British to prevent and combat the slave trade in the Arabian Gulf.source
• 1847May 31 – Second Treaty of Erzurum: the Ottoman Empire cedes Abadan Island to the Persian Empire.source
• 1847July 26 – The nation of Liberia, founded as a haven for freed African-American slaves, becomes independent.source
• 1848January 3 – Joseph Jenkins Roberts is sworn in as the first president of the independent African Republic of Liberia.source
• 1848February 2 – Mexican–American War: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Mexico cedes virtually all of what becomes the Southwestern United States to the U.S. The unincorporated California Territory becomes a provisional official possession; it is never organized by the United States Congress as a territory, but directly passes the requirements for statehood in 1850.source
• 1848February 21 – Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto (Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei) in London.source
• 1848March 4 – Carlo Alberto di Savoia signs the Statuto Albertino that will later represent the first constitution of the Regno d'Italia.source
• 1848March 11 – Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin become the first Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada to be democratically elected under a system of responsible government.source
• 1848March 13 – Prince Klemens von Metternich gives up office as State Chancellor and Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire.source
• 1848March 22 – The Republic of San Marco comes into existence in Venice.source
• 1848April 27 – The second abolition of slavery in France and its colonies initiated by Victor Schœlcher.source
• 1848May 15 – 40,000 Romanians meet at Câmpia Libertății in Blaj, to protest Transylvania becoming a part of Hungary.source
• 1848May 18 – The 'Frankfurt Parliament' (Nationalversammlung), the first German National Assembly, opens in Frankfurt.source
• 1848May 19 – The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of February 2, ending the Mexican–American War, is ratified by the Mexican government.source
• 1848June 21 – Wallachian Revolution of 1848: The Proclamation of Islaz is made public, and a Romanian revolutionary government led by Ion Heliade Rădulescu and Christian Tell is created.source
• 1848July 3 – Governor-General Peter von Scholten emancipates all remaining slaves in the Danish West Indiessource
• 1848August 14 – American President James K. Polk annexes the Oregon Country, and renames it the Oregon Territory as part of the United States.source
• 1848August 17 – The Independent Republic of Yucatán officially unites with Mexico, in exchange for Mexican help in suppressing a revolt by the indigenous Maya population.source
• 1848August 28 – Louisy Mathieu becomes the first black member to join the French Parliament, as a representative of Guadeloupe.source
• 1848September 12 – One of the successes of the Revolutions of 1848, the Swiss Federal Constitution, patterned on the Constitution of the United States, enters into force, creating a federal republic, and one of the first modern democratic states in Europe.source
• 1848October 2 – The National Defence Committee (Országos Honvédelmi Bizottmány), led by Lajos Kossuth, becomes the executive power in Hungary, after the resignation of the Lajos Batthyány government.source
• 1848November 3 – A new Constitution of the Netherlands (drafted by Johan Rudolph Thorbecke), severely limiting the power of the monarchy and introducing representative democracy, is proclaimed.source
• 1848November 4 – France ratifies a new constitution. The French Second Republic is set up, ending the state of temporary government.source
• 1848November 7 – 1848 United States presidential election: Whig Zachary Taylor of Louisiana defeats Democrat Lewis Cass of Michigan, in the first U.S. presidential election held in every state on the same day.source
• 1848December 2 – Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria abdicates in favour of his nephew, Franz Joseph I, who will serve as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary and Bohemia, until his death in 1916.source
• 1848December 10 – Prince Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte is elected first president of the French Second Republic.source
• 1848December 20 – President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte takes his oath of office in front of the French National Assembly.source
• 1849January 13 – The Colony of Vancouver Island is established.source
• 1849February 8 – The short-lived Roman Republic is proclaimed.source
• 1849February 14 – In New York City, James K. Polk becomes the first President of the United States to have his photograph taken.source
• 1849March 3 – Minnesota becomes a United States territory.source
• 1849March 4 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Habsburg emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria promulgates at Olomouc the March Constitution of Austria, which abolishes the April Laws promulgated by the Hungarian Batthyány-govern, and degrades Hungary to a simple Austrian province.source
• 1849March 28 – The Frankfurt National Assembly adopts the Frankfurt Constitution, providing for a constitutional monarchy for Germany under a hereditary emperor and with a two-chamber parliament.source
• 1849March – The Frankfurt Parliament completes its drafting of a liberal constitution, and elects Frederick William IV emperor of the new German national state.source
• 1849April 2 – The German revolutions of 1848–49 end in failure, as King Frederick William IV of Prussia refuses to accept the offer of the Frankfurt National Assembly, to be crowned as German emperor.source
• 1849April 14 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian revolutionary parliament in Debrecen declares independence from the Habsburg Empire.source
• 1849May 2 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: A new independent Hungarian government, led by Bertalan Szemere, is formed. The head of state of Hungary becomes Lajos Kossuth, as governor president.source
• 1849June 5 – Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy.source
• 1849June 18 – The Stuttgart Rump Parliament, made up of the remaining 154 mostly democratic and republican deputies of the Frankfurt National Assembly who moved there in early June, is dissolved by Württemberg military. Most of the liberal and conservative deputies of the National Assembly had already laid down their mandates in May under pressure of the Austrian and Prussian governments.source
• 1849July 28 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian government, led by Bertalan Szemere promulgates the Nationality Law, which gives important rights to the nationalities of Hungary, like the right to use their mother tongue in school, church, army, court and administration. The Romanians are declared a nation, and not a minority, in Transylvania. The Jews receive equality thanks to the Emancipation Decree.source
• 1849November 13 – The Constitution of California is ratified in a general election.source
• 1849December 3 – The Abgeordnetenhaus, lower house of the parliament of the Kingdom of Bavaria, passes a bill granting German Jews the same legal rights as German Christians. The measure draws a strong reaction from Christians across Bavaria, who sign petitions urging the upper house to prevent the equal rights measure from becoming law.source
• 1849December 22 – After 17 days of deadlock and 63 votes, Democrat Howell Cobb of Georgia is elected Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, by a plurality of 102 votes to 99 for the former Speaker, the Whig Party's Robert C. Winthrop of Massachusetts. Neither the Democrats nor the Whigs have a majority of the 230 seats in the House, and after neither candidate can obtain the required 116 votes, the Representatives agree that the plurality will decide the leadership.source
• 1850January 29 – Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the United States Congress.source
• 1850March 7 – United States Senator Daniel Webster gives his "Seventh of March" speech, in which he endorses the Compromise of 1850, in order to prevent a possible civil war.source
• 1850April 4 – Los Angeles is incorporated as a city in California.source
• 1850April 15 – San Francisco is incorporated as a city in California.source
• 1850September 9 – The New Mexico Territory is organized by order of the United States Congress.source
• 1850September 9 – California is admitted as the 31st U.S. state.source
• 1850September 18 – The Fugitive Slave Law is passed by the United States Congress.source
• 1850October 28 – Delegate Edward Ralph May delivers a speech on behalf of African-American suffrage, to the Indiana Constitutional Convention.source
• 1850November 29 – The treaty known as the Punctation of Olmütz is signed in Olomouc. It means diplomatic capitulation of Prussia to the Austrian Empire, which takes over the leadership of the German Confederation.source
• 1851January 23 – The flip of a coin, subsequently named the Portland Penny, determines whether a new city in the Oregon Territory will be named after Boston, Massachusetts, or Portland, Maine, with Portland winning.source
• 1851March 1 – Victor Hugo uses the phrase United States of Europe, in a speech to the French National Assembly.source
• 1851July 1 – Port Phillip District separates from New South Wales to become the Colony of Victoria (Australia).source
• 1851August 1 – Virginia closes its Reform Constitutional Convention, deciding that all white men have the right to vote.source
• 1851December 2 – In what amounts to a coup d'etat, President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte of France dissolves the French National Assembly, and declares a new constitution to extend his term. A year later he declares himself as Emperor Napoleon III, ending the Second Republic.source
• 1852January 14 – President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte proclaims a new constitution for the French Second Republic.source
• 1852January 17 – The United Kingdom recognizes the independence of the Transvaal.source
• 1852June 30 – The New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to grant the British colony self-government with a representative constitution.source
• 1852July 1 – American statesman Henry Clay is the first to receive the honor of lying in state in the United States Capitol rotunda.source
• 1852September 11 – Revolution of 11 September 1852 in Argentina: Buenos Aires Province declares independence.source
• 1852October 7 – After learning that U.S. President Fillmore has sent Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open trade with Japan, Nicholas I of Russia sends Rear Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin to lead the Pallada on a similar mission (Putyatin arrives on August 21, 1853, one month after Perry).source
• 1852November 2 – 1852 United States presidential election: Democrat Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire defeats Whig Winfield Scott of Virginia.source
• 1852November 4 – Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour becomes the Piedmontese prime minister.source
• 1852November 11 – The new Palace of Westminster opens in London as the home of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.source
• 1852November 21–22 – The New French Empire is confirmed by plebiscite: 7,824,000 for, 253,000 against.source
• 1852December 2 – Napoleon III becomes Emperor of the French.source
• 1852The Devil's Island penal colony opens in the colony of French Guiana.source
• 1853January 20 – The United Kingdom proclaims its annexation of Lower Burma, ending the Second Anglo-Burmese War.source
• 1853March 29 – Manchester is granted city status in the United Kingdom.source
• 1853July 14 – Japan allows Commodore Perry to come ashore and begin negotiations.source
• 1853August 12 – New Zealand acquires self-government.source
• 1853November 3 – Troops of William Walker capture La Paz in Baja California Territory and declare the (short-lived) Republic of Sonora.source
• 1853November 15 – Maria II of Portugal is succeeded by her son Pedro V as King of Portugal.source
• 1854February 17 – The British recognize the independence of the Orange Free State in Southern Africa; its official independence is declared six days later in the Orange River Convention.source
• 1854March 24 – Slavery is abolished in Venezuela.source
• 1854March 31 – United States Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry signs the Convention of Kanagawa with the Japanese government (the Tokugawa shogunate), opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade.source
• 1854July 13 – Mohamed Sa'id Pasha succeeds his nephew Abbas as the Wāli of Egypt and Sudan, then a province of the Ottoman Empire.source
• 1854October 9–11 – United States diplomats in Europe meet and draft the Ostend Manifesto, setting out a rationale for the U.S. to acquire Cuba from Spain.source
• 1854December 10 – Sa'id Pasha officially abolishes slavery in Egypt.source
• 1854The Republican Party is formed by anti-slavery opponents of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in Ripon, Wisconsin.source
• 1855January 5 – Ramón Castilla begins his third term as President of Peru.source
• 1855January 26 – The Point No Point Treaty is signed in the Washington Territory.source
• 1855January 29 – Lord Aberdeen resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, over the management of the Crimean War.source
• 1855February 5 – Lord Palmerston becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
• 1855March 3 – The United States Congress appropriates $30,000 to create the U.S. Camel Corps.source
• 1855March 30 – Elections are held for the first Kansas Territory legislature. Missourian 'Border Ruffians' cross the border in large numbers to elect a pro-slavery body.source
• 1855May 1 – Van Diemen's Land is separated administratively from the Australian province of New South Wales and granted self-government.source
• 1855May 22 – In Australia, the province of Victoria (named for then reigning British monarch, Queen Victoria) to the southeast is separated administratively from the earlier larger province of New South Wales to the north.source
• 1855July 1 – The Quinault Treaty, in which the Quinault and Quileute tribes cede their land to the United States, is signed.source
• 1855July 2 – The Kansas territorial legislature convenes in Pawnee, and begins passing proslavery laws.source
• 1855July 16 – The Australian Colonies are granted self-governing status by the United Kingdom.source
• 1855October 24 – Van Diemen's Land is officially renamed Tasmania.source
• 1855December 11 – Ignacio Comonfort (1812–1863) becomes President of Mexico.source
• 1856February 2 – Dallas, Texas, is incorporated as a city.source
• 1856March 30 – The Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the Crimean War.source
• 1856March – Nepalese–Tibetan War: The signing of the Treaty of Thapathali concludes the war.source
• 1856April 16 – The Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law abolishes privateering, and regulates the relationship between neutral and belligerent shipping on the high seas.source
• 1856May 1 – The province of Isabela is created in the Philippines, in honor of Queen Isabella II of Spain.source
• 1856July 9 – Natal becomes a British Crown colony.source
• 1856October 13 – American mercenary William Walker effectively takes control of Nicaragua.source
• 1856November 4 – 1856 United States presidential election: Democrat James Buchanan defeats former President Millard Fillmore, representing a coalition of Know Nothings and Whigs, and John C. Frémont of the fledgling Republican Party, to become the 15th President of the United States.source
• 1856November 27 – The Coup of 1856 leads to Luxembourg's unilateral adoption of a new, reactionary constitution, as King-Grand Duke William III signs the new constitution without the Chamber of Deputies' consent.source
• 1856December 1 – Under the County and Borough Police Act, in any county or area of England and Wales where a police force has not already been established, the Justices of the Peace must from this date take steps to create one according to nationally defined standards.source
• 1857February 5 – The Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States is promulgated.source
• 1857March 14 – Youssef Bey Karam is assigned, by the people of Ehden and Bsharri, to be the region's ruler.source
• 1857August 28 – The Matrimonial Causes Act makes divorce without parliamentary approval legal in the United Kingdom.source
• 1857November 1 – The Indus Valley Region (i.e., Pakistan Region) is incorporated as part of British India, for the next 90 years until 1947.source
• 1857November 30 – President of Mexico Ignacio Comonfort is succeeded by Félix María Zuloaga.source
• 1857December 7 – U.S. Consul in Japan Townsend Harris meets the Shogun in Edo in a diplomatic reception, the first ever meeting between the Shogun and a foreign diplomat.source
• 1857December 31 – Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa as the capital of Canada.source
• 1858April 19 – The United States signs a treaty with the Yankton Sioux Tribe.source
• 1858May 11 – Minnesota is admitted as the 32nd U.S. state.source
• 1858May 28 - The Treaty of Aigun is signed by Yishan and Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky on behalf of the Qing Dynasty and the Russian Empire.source
• 1858June 13–17 – The Treaty of Tientsin is signed, ending the first part of the Second Opium War.source
• 1858June 16 – Abraham Lincoln accepts the Republican Party nomination for a seat in the United States Senate, delivering his House Divided speech in Springfield, Illinois.source
• 1858July 29 – The United States and Japan sign the Treaty of Amity and Commerce, negotiated by Townsend Harris.source
• 1858August 2 – The Government of India Act, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, transfers the territories of the British East India Company and their administration to the direct rule of the British Crown, through a Secretary of State for India.source
• 1858August 8 – Ottoman Penal Code decriminalized homosexual sex between consenting adults in the Ottoman Empiresource
• 1858December 24 — Manuel Robles Pezuela (1817–1862) becomes Conservative president of Mexico.source
• 1858Queen Victoria announces her choice of Ottawa as capital of the Province of Canada.source
• 1858Feudalism and serfdom in Bulgaria are abolished in the Ottoman Empire (practically in 1880).source
• 1858William M. Tweed begins his 13-year term as "Boss" of Tammany Hall.source
• 1858Benito Juárez becomes the Liberal President of Mexico and its first indigenous president. At the same time, the conservatives installed Félix María Zuloaga as a rival president.source
• 1858The Russian Empire changes its flag.source
• 1859January 21 – José Mariano Salas (1797–1867) becomes Conservative interim President of Mexico.source
• 1859January 24 (O. S.) – Under the rule of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, the provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia are united under the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire. It would be a principal step in forming the modern state of Romania.source
• 1859January 28 – The city of Olympia is incorporated in the Washington Territory of the United States of America.source
• 1859February 2 – Miguel Miramón (1832–1867) becomes Conservative interim President of Mexico.source
• 1859February 14 – Oregon is admitted as the 33rd U.S. state.source
• 1859May 5 – Border Treaty between Brazil and Venezuela: The two countries agree their borders should be traced at the water divide, between the Amazon and the Orinoco basins.source
• 1859May 18 – The 1859 United Kingdom general election concludes. It is the first election fought by the new Liberal Party, in which they win a 28 seat majority, with Liberal leader Viscount Palmerston becoming prime minister.source
• 1859June 6 – The British Crown colony of Queensland in Australia is created, by devolving part of the territory of New South Wales (Queensland Day). Brisbane is declared the capital.source
• 1859August 16 – The Tuscan National Assembly formally deposes the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, ending an ascendancy of 109 years.source
• 1859September 17 – In San Francisco, Joshua Norton proclaims himself to be His Imperial Majesty Emperor Norton I, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico.source
• 1859November 10 – The Treaty of Zürich, reaffirming the terms of the Treaty of Villafranca, brings the Austro-Sardinian War to an official close.source
• 1859Count Camillo Benso di Cavour resigns, as president of Piedmont-Sardinia.source
• 1859The Rancho Rincon de Los Esteros Land Grant is confirmed to Rafael Alvisa (part of modern-day Santa Clara County, California).source
• 1860January 20 – Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour is recalled as Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia.source
• 1860February 27 – Abraham Lincoln makes his Cooper Union speech in New York, which is largely responsible for his election to the presidency.source
• 1860March 22 – The Grand Duchy of Tuscany is annexed to the newly formed Kingdom of Italy.source
• 1860April 2 – The first Italian Parliament meets at Turin.source
• 1860June 12 – (May 31 O.S.) – The State Bank of the Russian Empire is established.source
• 1860August 13 – José Ignacio Pavón (1791-1866) becomes unconstitutional interim President of Mexico, replacing Miguel Miramón. Two days later Miramón becomes president again.source
• 1860November 6 – 1860 United States presidential election: Abraham Lincoln elected as the 16th President of the United States, the first Republican to hold that office, defeating John C. Breckinridge, Stephen A. Douglas, and John Bell.source
• 1860December 20 – American Civil War: South Carolina, led by Governor Francis Pickens, becomes the first state to secede from the United States.source
• 1860In Buenos Aires, leader Bartolomé Mitre subverts the Argentine Confederation and begins to establish a new centralist government, with the help of Uruguayan Colorado party leader Venancio Flores.source
• 1860China agrees, in an unequal treaty (the Convention of Peking) imposed on it, to allow missionaries to proselytize throughout the country.source
• 1861January 9 – Mississippi becomes the second state to secede from the Union.source
• 1861January 10 – Florida secedes from the Union.source
• 1861January 11 – Alabama secedes from the Union.source
• 1861February 1 – Texas secedes from the Union.source
• 1861February 4 – In Montgomery, Alabama, the Provisional Confederate States Congress is formed by representatives from the first seven break-away states.source
• 1861March 4 – Abraham Lincoln is sworn in as the 16th president of the United States.source
• 1861March 11 – American Civil War: The Constitution of the Confederate States of America is adopted.source
• 1861March 17 – Unification of Italy: The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed by the new Parliament, with Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia becoming its king.source
• 1861March 21 – Alexander Stephens, Vice President of the Confederacy, gives the infamous Cornerstone Speech in Savannah, Georgia, in which he declares that slavery is the natural condition of blacks, and the foundation of the Confederacy.source
• 1861March 28 – Confederate Arizona: A convention in modern-day Tucson ratifies the ordinance of secession of the southern part of New Mexico Territory.source
• 1861April 17 – Virginia secedes from the Union.source
• 1861May 6 – Arkansas secedes from the Union.source
• 1861May 7 – Tennessee secedes from the Union.source
• 1861May 13 – American Civil War: Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom issues a "proclamation of neutrality", which recognizes the breakaway states as having belligerent rights.source
• 1861May 23 – American Civil War: The state of Virginia's ordinance of secession from the United States is ratified in a referendum.source
• 1861May 31 – The Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship is signed between Bahrain and the United Kingdom.source
• 1861Kentucky proclaims its neutrality, which lasts until September 3, when Confederate forces enter the state.source
• 1861North Carolina secedes from the Union.source
• 1861July 12 – The Confederate States sign a Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws in Indian Territory.source
• 1861August 6 – Lagos Treaty of Cession between the British Empire and Dosunmu, Oba of Lagos, by which the latter, under threat of military bombardment, cedes Lagos Island to Britain, whilst retaining his title and powers, subject to English law, and allowing the British Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron to have a base there to prevent the slave trade.source
• 1861October 28 – The Missouri legislature takes up a bill for Missouri's secession from the Union.source
• 1861November 8 – Trent Affair – The stops the United Kingdom mail ship Trent, and arrests two Confederate envoys, James Mason and John Slidell, sparking a diplomatic crisis between the U.K. and U.S.source
• 1861November 11 – The Tongzhi Emperor succeeds to the throne of China at the age of 5. His mother, Empress Dowager Cixi, becomes co-regent and will be the power behind the imperial throne for almost 50 years.source
• 1861December 10 – American Civil War: A rebel government representing Kentucky is accepted into the Confederate States of America, although Kentucky officially remains part of the United States.source
• 1862February 22 – Jefferson Davis is officially inaugurated in Richmond, Virginia, to a six-year term as president of the Confederate States.source
• 1862May 15 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs a bill into law creating the U.S. Bureau of Agriculture (later renamed U.S. Department of Agriculture).source
• 1862May 20 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs the Homestead Act into law.source
• 1862June 5 – Treaty of Saigon: Emperor Tự Đức of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam cedes Saigon, Côn Sơn Island and three southern provinces of what is to become known as French Cochinchina (Biên Hòa, Gia Định and Định Tường) to become part of the French colonial empire. Guerilla leader Trương Định refuses to recognize the treaty.source
• 1862July 2 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs the Morrill Land-Grant Act into law, creating a system of land-grant colleges, to teach agricultural and mechanical sciences across the United States.source
• 1862September 10 – Francisco Solano López is appointed second President of Paraguay.source
• 1862September 22 – American Civil War: The preliminary announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation is made by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln: From January 1, 1863, slaves in the Confederate States will be considered free.source
• 1862September 22 – Otto von Bismarck becomes Minister President of Prussia, following refusal by the country's Landtag to accept the military budget.source
• 1862September 26 – Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein signs into law the 1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein.source
• 1862September 29 – New Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck delivers his Blood and Iron (Blut und Eisen) speech to the Prussian Landtag.source
• 1862October 23 – Otto is deposed as King of Greece.source
• 1862October 24 – Ramón Castilla loses the Presidency of Peru for a second time.source
• 1862December 1 – In his State of the Union address, President Abraham Lincoln reaffirms the necessity of ending slavery, as he ordered ten weeks earlier in his Emancipation Proclamation.source
• 1862U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs an act that admits West Virginia to the Union, thus dividing Virginia into two.source
• 1863January 1 – Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation during the third year of the American Civil War, making the abolition of slavery in the Confederate States of America an official war goal. The signing proclaims the freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's four million slaves and immediately frees 50,000 of them, with the rest freed as the Union Army advances. This event marks the start of America's Reconstruction Era.source
• 1863February 24 – Arizona is organized as a United States territory.source
• 1863March 3 – Idaho Territory is organized by the U.S. Congress.source
• 1863March 30 – Prince Wilhelm George of Denmark is elected at the age of 17 by the Hellenic Parliament as George, King of the Hellenes; he will reign in Greece for 50 years. He arrives in Athens on October 30 to take the throne.source
• 1863April 14 – The Treaty of Huế is signed between Vietnam and the French Empire.source
• 1863May 8 – The Granadine Confederation becomes the United States of Colombia, under President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera.source
• 1863June 20 – West Virginia is admitted as the 35th U.S. state.source
• 1863July 1 – Slavery is abolished in the Dutch colonies of Suriname (independent from 1975) and Curaçao and Dependencies.source
• 1863July 30 – American Indian Wars: Representatives of the United States and tribal leaders including Chief Pocatello (of the Shoshone) sign the Box Elder Treaty.source
• 1863August 1 – At the suggestion of Senator J. V. Snellman and the order of Emperor Alexander II, full rights are promised to the Finnish language by a language regulation in the Grand Duchy of Finland.source
• 1863August 16 – After Spain's annexation of the Dominican Republic, rebels raise the Dominican flag in Santiago to begin the Dominican Restoration War.source
• 1863October 26–29 – The Resolutions of the Geneva International Conference are signed by sixteen countries meeting in Geneva agreeing to form the International Red Cross.source
• 1863Douglas becomes the capital of the Isle of Man, after its parliament (Tynwald) moves its chambers from Castletown.source
• 1864January 16 – Denmark rejects an Austrian-Prussian ultimatum to repeal the Danish Constitution, which says that Schleswig-Holstein is part of Denmark.source
• 1864February 25 – The first Northern prisoners arrive at the Confederate prison at Andersonville, Georgia (the 500 prisoners had left Richmond, Virginia, seven days before).source
• 1864March 1 – Alejandro Mon y Menéndez takes office as Prime Minister of Spain.source
• 1864May 2 – Under terms of the Treaty of London, the United Kingdom voluntarily cedes control of the United States of the Ionian Islands to the Kingdom of Greece.source
• 1864May 26 – Montana Territory is organized out of parts of Washington Territory and Dakota Territory.source
• 1864August 22 – The First Geneva Convention, for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, is signed in Geneva by 12 European states, under the auspices of the International Committee for Relief to the Wounded (predecessor of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement).source
• 1864September 1 – Charlottetown Conference: Delegates from the Canadian colonies meet, to discuss Canadian Confederation.source
• 1864October 10 – The Quebec Conference begins, to discuss plans for the creation of a Dominion of Canada.source
• 1864October 31 – Nevada is admitted as the 36th U.S. state.source
• 1864November 7 – The capital of Idaho Territory is moved from Lewiston to Boise; North Idaho declares the move illegal, and proposes secession.source
• 1864November 8 – 1864 United States presidential election: Abraham Lincoln is reelected, in an overwhelming victory over George B. McClellan.source
• 1864November 20 – The judicial reform of Alexander II is launched in the Russian Empire.source
• 1865January 31 – The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (conditional prohibition of slavery and involuntary servitude) passes narrowly, in the House of Representatives.source
• 1865February 6 – The municipal administration of Finland is established.source
• 1865February 22 – Tennessee adopts a new constitution that abolishes slavery.source
• 1865March 3 – The U.S. Congress authorizes formation of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands.source
• 1865May 1 – The Treaty of the Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay against Paraguay is formally signed, following the outbreak of the Paraguayan War.source
• 1865Jefferson Davis meets with his Confederate Cabinet (14 officials) for the last time, in Washington, Georgia, and the Confederate Government is officially dissolved.source
• 1865July 26 – The New Zealand Parliament first meets in Wellington on a permanent basis, making it de facto the national capital.source
• 1865August 16 – The Dominican Republic regains independence from Spain.source
• 1865October 25 – Florida drafts its constitution in Tallahassee.source
• 1865November 11 – Duar War between Britain and Bhutan ends with the Treaty of Sinchula, in which Bhutan cedes control of its southern passes to Britain in return for an annual subsidy.source
• 1865December 11 – The United States Congress creates the United States House Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Banking and Commerce, reducing the tasks of the House Committee on Ways and Means.source
• 1865December 17 – Leopold II becomes King of the Belgians, following the death (on December 10) of his father, King Leopold I.source
• 1865December 18 – Secretary of State William H. Seward declares the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ratified by three-quarters of the states, including those in secession. As of December 6, slavery is legally outlawed in the last two slave states of Kentucky and Delaware, and the remaining 45,000 slaves are freed.source
• 1866March 13 – The United States Congress overwhelmingly passes the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the first federal legislation to protect the rights of African-Americans; U.S. President Andrew Johnson vetoes the bill on March 27, and Congress overrides the veto on April 9.source
• 1866April 8 – The kingdoms of Italy and Prussia form an alliance against the Austrian Empire.source
• 1866May 16 – The United States Congress approves the minting of a nickel 5-cent coin (nickel), eliminating its predecessor, the half dime.source
• 1866June 8 – The Parliament of Canada meets for the first time in Ottawa.source
• 1866June 22 – In Sweden, the Riksdag of the Estates votes to replace itself by an elected two-chamber Riksdag.source
• 1866July 10 – Reconstruction Treaty with Choctaw & Chickasaw, completing the abolition of slavery in the United States; see also Choctaw freedmen.source
• 1866July 13 (July 1 Old Style) – The first Constitution of Romania is issued.source
• 1866July 24 – Reconstruction: Tennessee becomes the first U.S. state to be readmitted to the Union following the American Civil War.source
• 1866July 25 – The United States Congress passes legislation authorizing the four-star rank of General of the Army (later reestablished as a five-star rank); Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant becomes the first to have this rank.source
• 1866August 23 – The Treaty of Prague formally ends the Austro-Prussian War. The German Federation is abolished (with the Duchy of Limburg and Luxemburg controlled by the Netherlands), the Habsburgs vow not to interfere in any reorganisation of Germany under Prussian leadership and cede Veneto.source
• 1866September 20 – The Kingdom of Prussia formally annexes the Kingdom of Hanover and King George V of Hanover goes into exile.source
• 1866October 12 – The Treaty of Vienna ends the war between Austria and Italy; it formalizes the annexation of Venetia by Italy.source
• 1866October 22 – The office of State President of the South African Republic is created by constitutional amendment approved at a session of the Volksraad.source
• 1867January 8 – African-American men are granted the right to vote in the District of Columbia.source
• 1867January 11 – Benito Juárez becomes Mexican president again.source
• 1867February 28 – The United States Congress forbids taxpayer funding of diplomatic envoys to the Holy See (Vatican), begun in 1848, and breaks off relations. Funding resumes, along with relations, in 1984.source
• 1867March 1 – Nebraska is admitted as the 37th U.S. state.source
• 1867March 29 – The British North America Act receives royal assent, forming the Dominion of Canada, in an event known as the Confederation. This unites the Province of Canada (Quebec and Ontario), New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia on July 1. Ottawa will become the capital.source
• 1867March 30 – Alaska Purchase: Alaska is purchased for US$7.2 million from Alexander II of Russia, about 2 cents/acre ($4.19/km 2 ), by United States Secretary of State William H. Seward. Newspapers call this Seward's Folly.source
• 1867April 1 – The Strait Settlement of Singapore, formerly ruled from Calcutta, becomes a Crown colony, under the jurisdiction of the Colonial Office in London.source
• 1867May 11 – Treaty of London: The great powers of Europe reaffirm the neutrality of Luxembourg, ending the Luxembourg Crisis. The Duchy of Limburg is formally re-incorporated into the Kingdom of the Netherlands.source
• 1867May 24 – Robert William Keate becomes Lieutenant-governor of the Colony of Natal.source
• 1867May 29 – The Austro-Hungarian Compromise (called Ausgleich in German or kiegyezés in Hungarian (The Compromise)) is born through Act 12, which establishes the Austro-Hungarian Empire; on June 8 Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria is crowned King of Hungary.source
• 1867May 29 – Canadian Confederation: Queen Victoria signs the British North America Act, creating the Dominion of Canada, effective July 1.source
• 1867July 1 – Canadian Confederation: The British North America Act of 29 March comes into force, creating the Dominion of Canada, the first independent dominion in the British Empire.source
• 1867July 1 – The Constitution of the North German Confederation comes into effect, creating a confederation of states, under the leadership of Prussia and Otto von Bismarck.source
• 1867July 15 – France declares Cambodia's independence from Siam; Cambodia becomes a protectorate of France and Britain.source
• 1867August 7–September 20 – The first Canadian election sees John A. Macdonald's Conservatives elected to government and Macdonald becomes the Dominion's first prime minister.source
• 1867August 15 – Benjamin Disraeli's Second Reform Act enfranchises many men in cities for the first time, and adds 938,000 to an electorate of 1,057,000 in England and Wales.source
• 1867September 30 – The United States takes control of Midway Island.source
• 1867October 18 – Alaska is transferred from Russia to the United States, becoming the Department of Alaska.source
• 1867October 21 – 'Manifest destiny': Medicine Lodge Treaty – Near Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas, a landmark treaty is signed by southern Great Plains Indian leaders, requiring Native American Plains tribes to relocate to a reservation in western Oklahoma.source
• 1867The three western provinces of Lower Cochinchina (Vĩnh Long, An Giang, and Hà Tiên) are annexed into the colony of French Cochinchina.source
• 1867The modern rose is born, with the introduction of Rosa 'La France' by Jean-Baptiste André Guillot.source
• 1868January 7 – The Arkansas constitutional convention meets in Little Rock.source
• 1868February 13 – The British War Office sanctions the formation of what becomes the Army Post Office Corps.source
• 1868February 24 – Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: Three days after his action to dismiss United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, the United States House of Representatives votes 126–47 in favor of a resolution to impeach Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, the first of three Presidents to be impeached by the full House. Johnson is later acquitted by the United States Senate.source
• 1868Foreign ministers meeting in Hyōgo are persuaded to recognise the restored Emperor Meiji of Japan, with promises that harbours will be open in accordance with international treaties.source
• 1868March 12 – Basutoland is proclaimed a British Protectorate, becoming independent in 1966 as Lesotho.source
• 1868April 7 – The Charter Oath, drawn up by his councilors, is promulgated at the enthronement of the Emperor Meiji of Japan, promising deliberative assemblies and an end to feudalism.source
• 1868April 29 – General William Tecumseh Sherman brokers the Treaty of Fort Laramie, between the federal government of the United States and the Plains Indians.source
• 1868May 29 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Capital Punishment Amendment Act, thus ending public hanging.source
• 1868May 31 – Thomas Spence declares himself president of the Republic of Manitobah in Canada; he soon alienates the locals.source
• 1868June 1 – The Treaty of Bosque Redondo is signed, allowing the Navajo to return to their lands in Arizona and New Mexico.source
• 1868July 9 – The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified.source
• 1868July 18 – The Navajo people begin their long march home.source
• 1868July 25 – Wyoming becomes a United States territory.source
• 1868July 27 – The United States Expatriation Act ("An Act concerning the Rights of American Citizens in foreign States") is adopted.source
• 1868July 28 – The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is adopted, including the Citizenship Clause and the Equal Protection Clause, legally, if not actually, guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and equal protection, and all persons in the United States due process of law.source
• 1868September 23 – Grito de Lares: Rebels (some 400–600 led by Ramón Emeterio Betances) in the town of Lares declare Puerto Rico independent; the local militia easily defeats them a week later.source
• 1868September 24 – Croatian–Hungarian Settlement (, , ) is concluded, governing Croatia's political status in the Hungarian-ruled part of Austria-Hungary until 1918.source
• 1868September – Glorious Revolution: Queen Isabella II of Spain is effectively deposed and sent into exile; she formally abdicates on June 25, 1870.source
• 1868October 1 – Chulalongkorn starts to rule in Siam.source
• 1868October 20 – Pedro Figueredo creates the Cuban national anthem, El Himno de Bayamo.source
• 1868November 3 – 1868 United States presidential election: Republican Ulysses S. Grant defeats Democrat Horatio Seymour.source
• 1868Brisbane Grammar School is founded, providing the opportunity for secondary education for the first time in the colony of Brisbane in Australia.source
• 1869January 27 – The Republic of Ezo is proclaimed on the northern Japanese island of Ezo (which will be renamed Hokkaidō on September 20) by remaining adherents to the Tokugawa shogunate.source
• 1869March – In Japan, the daimyōs of the Tosa, Hizen, Satsuma and Chōshū Domains are persuaded to return their domains to the Emperor Meiji, leading to creation of a fully centralized government in the country.source
• 1869April 17 – The State of Morelos is created in Mexico.source
• 1869May – In elections in France, the opposition, consisting of republicans, monarchists and liberals, polls almost 45% of the vote.source
• 1869August 9 – August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht found the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP).source
• 1869November 13 – The Newfoundland Colony rejects confederation with Canada in election. The Anti-Confederates winning 21–9.source
• 1869December 10 – Women's suffrage: The Wyoming territorial legislature gives women the right to vote, the first such law in the world.source
• 1869The capital of the Isle of Man moves from Castletown to Douglas.source
• 1870January 6 – The Musikverein, Vienna, is inaugurated in Austria-Hungary.source
• 1870January 15 – A political cartoon for the first time symbolizes the United States Democratic Party with a donkey (A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion by Thomas Nast for Harper's Weekly).source
• 1870January 26 – Reconstruction Era (United States): Virginia rejoins the Union. This year it adopts a new Constitution, drawn up by John Curtiss Underwood, expanding suffrage to all male citizens over 21, including freedmen.source
• 1870February 3 – The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, guaranteeing African American men the right to vote, is passed.source
• 1870February 12 – Women's suffrage: Women gain the right to vote in Utah Territory.source
• 1870February 23 – Military control of Mississippi ends and it is readmitted to the Union.source
• 1870February 25 – Hiram Rhodes Revels, a Republican from Mississippi, is sworn into the United States Senate, becoming the first African American to sit in the U.S. Congress.source
• 1870February 28 – The Bulgarian Exarchate is established, by decree of Sultan Abdülaziz of the Ottoman Empire.source
• 1870March 19 – The Ohio Legislature passes the Cannon Act, thereby establishing the Ohio Agriculture and Mechanical College, later Ohio State University.source
• 1870March 30 – Reconstruction: Texas is readmitted to the Union.source
• 1870March 30 – The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, giving African American men the right to vote, is ratified.source
• 1870March 31 – Thomas Mundy Peterson is the first African American to vote in an election.source
• 1870April 27 – Antonio Guzmán Blanco begins his first term as President of Venezuela.source
• 1870June 22 – The office of the Solicitor General of the United States is set up, to supervise and conduct government litigation in the United States Supreme Court.source
• 1870June 22 – The U.S. Congress creates the United States Department of Justice.source
• 1870July 15 – Reconstruction Era: Georgia becomes the last former Confederate state of America to be readmitted to the Union.source
• 1870July 15 – The British government admits the former Hudson's Bay Company territory of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to the Dominion of Canada.source
• 1870July 30 – The 'Diggers' Republic' is proclaimed at Klipdrift in South Africa by diamond miners, with Stafford Parker as president.source
• 1870October 6 – Rome becomes the capital of unified Italy.source
• 1870November 16 – The Spanish Cortes Generales proclaims Amadeo de Saboya as King Amadeo I of Spain.source
• 1870December 12 – Joseph H. Rainey of South Carolina becomes the second black U.S. congressman (following Hiram Rhodes Revels in February).source
• 1871January 1 - The Constitution of the German Confederation comes into effect. It abolishes all restrictions on Jewish marriage, choice of occupation, place of residence, and property ownership, but exclusion from government employment and discrimination in social relations remain in effect.source
• 1871January 18 – Proclamation of the German Empire: The member states of the North German Confederation and the south German states unite into a single nation state, known as the German Empire. The King of Prussia is declared the first German Emperor as Wilhelm I of Germany, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles.source
• 1871February 8 – 1871 French legislative election elects the first legislature of the French Third Republic; monarchists (Legitimists and Orleanists) favourable to peace with the German Empire gain a large majority. The National Assembly meets in Bordeaux.source
• 1871March 22 – In North Carolina, William Holden becomes the first governor of a U.S. state to be removed from office by impeachment.source
• 1871March 26 – The Paris Commune is formally established in France.source
• 1871April 20 – U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Civil Rights Act of 1871.source
• 1871May 10 – The Treaty of Frankfurt is signed, confirming the frontiers between Germany and France. The provinces of Alsace and Lorraine are transferred from France to Germany.source
• 1871July 20 – British Columbia joins the confederation of Canada.source
• 1871August 31 – Adolphe Thiers becomes President of the French Republic.source
• 1871October 27 – British forces march into the Klipdrift Republic and annex the territory as Griqualand West Colony.source
• 1871October 27 – Henri, Count of Chambord, refuses to be crowned "King Henry V of France" until France abandons its tricolor, and returns to the old Bourbon flag.source
• 1871November 17 – The National Rifle Association of America is granted a charter by the state of New York.source
• 1871An 83.50 carat g diamond is discovered, resulting in a diamond rush, and the town of New Rush springs up; Colonial Commissioners arrive there on November 17.source
• 1872May 10 – Victoria Woodhull becomes the first woman nominated for President of the United States, although she is a year too young to qualify and does not appear on the ballot.source
• 1872May 15 – The New Zealand Wars end after 17 years, with the conclusion of Te Kooti's War; Maori spiritual leader Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuk crosses the Waikato River, and enters the territory of the Māori King Tāwhiao, where he is granted asylum.source
• 1872May 22 – Reconstruction: U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Amnesty Act of 1872 into law, restoring full civil rights to all but about 500 Confederate sympathizers.source
• 1872July 1 – Thomas François Burgers becomes State President of the South African Republic.source
• 1872November 5 – 1872 United States presidential election: Ulysses S. Grant defeats Horace Greeley.source
• 1872November 30 – The first international Association football match to be recognised (retrospectively) by FIFA as "official" takes place at Hamilton Crescent, Scotland; the result is Scotland 0-0 England. Earlier international football matches have already taken place in 1870, in 1871 and again in 1872 at the Oval, London.source
• 1872December 1 – Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada becomes constitutional President of Mexico.source
• 1872December 9 – In Louisiana, P. B. S. Pinchback becomes the first African-American to govern a U.S. state.source
• 1872In the aftermath of the Paraguayan War, the new government of Paraguay makes peace with Brazil, granting reparations and territorial concessions.source
• 1873February 11 – The Spanish Cortes deposes King Amadeus I, and proclaims the First Spanish Republic.source
• 1873February 12 – Emilio Castelar, the former foreign minister, becomes prime minister of the new Spanish Republic.source
• 1873March 22 – Emancipation Day for Puerto Rico: Most slaves are freed.source
• 1873May 23 – The Canadian Parliament establishes the North-West Mounted Police (which is renamed the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in 1920).source
• 1873July 1 – Prince Edward Island joins the Canadian Confederation.source
• 1873July 17 – Richard Southey becomes the first Lieutenant-Governor of Griqualand West.source
• 1873July 22 – Sir Benjamin Pine becomes Lieutenant-governor of the Colony of Natal.source
• 1873July – The end of the war between the United Kingdom and Ghana's King Kofi KariKari, who is involved in the trading of slaves, leads to the establishment of the Gold Coast Colony.source
• 1873August 12 – A peace treaty is signed between Imperial Russia and the Khanate of Khiva, making the khanate a Russian protectorate.source
• 1873November 7 – Alexander Mackenzie becomes the second Prime Minister of Canada.source
• 1873November 17 – Budapest, Hungary's capital, is formed from Pest, Buda and Óbuda.source
• 1873The League of the Three Emperors is created. It links the conservative monarchs of Austria-Hungary, the German Empire and the Russian Empire in an alliance against radical movements.source
• 1874January 1 – New York City annexes The Bronx.source
• 1874January 2 – Ignacio María González becomes head of state of the Dominican Republic for the first time.source
• 1874January 20 – The Pangkor Treaty (also known as the Pangkor Engagement), by which the British extend their control over first the Sultanate of Perak, and later the other independent Malay States, is signed.source
• 1874March 15 – France and Viet Nam sign the Second Treaty of Saigon, further recognizing the full sovereignty of France over Cochinchina.source
• 1874March 18 – Hawaii signs a treaty with the United States, granting exclusive trading rights.source
• 1874June 14 – Michel Domingue becomes head of state of Haiti.source
• 1874July 31 – Patrick Francis Healy, S.J., the first Black man to receive a PhD, is inaugurated as president of Georgetown University, the oldest Catholic University in America, and becomes the first Black person to head a predominantly White university.source
• 1874October 9 – The Treaty of Bern establishes the General Postal Union, to coordinate the exchange of international mail.source
• 1874November 4 – Democrats gain control of the United States House of Representatives for the first time since 1860.source
• 1874November 25 – The United States Greenback Party is established as a political party, made primarily of farmers financially hurt by the Panic of 1873.source
• 1874December 1 – Iceland is granted a constitution and limited home rule from Denmark.source
• 1874December 29 – General Martínez and Brigadier General Luís Daban stage a pronunciamento at Sagunto, and proclaim Isabel's son Alfonso as King of Spain. Subsequently, the Madrid garrison follows suit, and the First Spanish Republic comes to an end.source
• 1874The House of Keys, lower house of the Tynwald, the legislature of the Isle of Man, moves from Castletown to Douglas.source
• 1875January 12 – Guangxu becomes the 11th Qing dynasty Emperor of China at the age of 3. He succeeds his cousin, the Tongzhi Emperor, who had no sons of his own.source
• 1875January 14 – The newly proclaimed King Alfonso XII of Spain (Queen Isabella II's son) arrives in Spain to restore the monarchy during the Third Carlist War.source
• 1875February 27 – Newton Booth, 11th Governor of California, resigns, having been elected Senator. Lieutenant Governor of California Romualdo Pacheco becomes acting Governor. He is later replaced by elected governor William Irwin.source
• 1875March 1 – The United States Congress passes the Civil Rights Act, which prohibits racial discrimination in public accommodations and jury duty.source
• 1875May 7 – The Treaty of Saint Petersburg is signed between Japan and Russia.source
• 1875May 20 – The Metre Convention is signed in Paris, France.source
• 1875July 1 – The General Postal Union is established.source
• 1876February 26 – The Japanese force the Korean government to sign the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 (having brought a fleet to Incheon, the port of modern-day Seoul), opening three ports to Japanese trade and forcing Korea's Joseon dynasty to cease considering itself a tributary of China. On China's urging, Korea also signs treaties with the European powers, in an effort to counterbalance Japan.source
• 1876March 20 – Through constitutional reform taking legal effect, Louis De Geer becomes the first Prime Minister of Sweden.source
• 1876April 12 – The Indian Act comes into force in Canada.source
• 1876May 1 – The Royal Titles Act 1876 in the UK Parliament confers the title 'Empress of India' upon Queen Victoria from 1877.source
• 1876May 16 – British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli rejects the Berlin Memorandum.source
• 1876May 30 – Abdülaziz is deposed by his nephew Murad V as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire on the grounds of mismanaging the economy; 6 days later, Abdülaziz is found dead at the Çırağan Palace in Istanbul and 93 days later Murad is deposed by Abdul Hamid II on the grounds of mental illness. For this reason, in Turkey 1876 is known as the 'Year of the Three Sultans'.source
• 1876June 19 – Jászkunság, the last remnant of Kunság within Austria-Hungary, is disestablished.source
• 1876July 8 – Reichstadt Agreement: Russia and Austria-Hungary agree on partitioning the Balkan Peninsula.source
• 1876August 1 – Colorado is admitted as the 38th U.S. state.source
• 1876August 31 – Murad V, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, is deposed and succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid II.source
• 1876October 26 – José María Iglesias begins his disputed presidency of Mexico.source
• 1876November 1 – The British Colony of New Zealand dissolves its 9 provinces and replaces them with 63 counties.source
• 1876November 7 – 1876 United States presidential election: After long and heated disputes, Rutherford B. Hayes is eventually declared the winner over Samuel J. Tilden.source
• 1876November 10 – The Centennial Exposition ends in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.source
• 1876November 29 – Porfirio Díaz becomes President of Mexico.source
• 1876December 13 – New Constitution of the Ottoman Empire signed, ending Tanzimat in the Ottoman Empire.source
• 1877January 1 – Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India by the Royal Titles Act 1876, introduced by Benjamin Disraeli, the prime minister of the United Kingdom .source
• 1877March 2 – Compromise of 1877: The 1876 United States presidential election is resolved with the selection of Rutherford B. Hayes as the winner, even though Samuel J. Tilden won the popular vote on November 7, 1876.source
• 1877May 16 – 16 May 1877 crisis in France: Parliament passes a no-confidence motion against the government appointed by President MacMahon.source
• 1877May 21 (May 9 O.S.) – By a speech in the Parliament of Romania by Mihail Kogălniceanu, the country declares itself independent from the Ottoman Empire (recognized in 1878 after the end of the Romanian independence war).source
• 1877September 22 – Treaty 7 is concluded between several mainly Blackfoot First Nations tribes and the Canadian Confederation, at the Blackfoot Crossing of the Bow River, settling the Blackfoot on Indian reserves in what will become southern Alberta.source
• 1878March 3 (February 19 O.S.) – Treaty of San Stefano signed between the Russian and Ottoman Empires following Russian victory in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) provides for establishment of an autonomous Principality of Bulgaria (although not as large as originally envisaged). Russia however regards the treaty as a preliminary one only, refusing on March 25 a British proposal to lay it before a European congress, and matters are finally settled in July's Treaty of Berlin.source
• 1878June 4 – Cyprus Convention: The Ottoman Empire cedes Cyprus to the United Kingdom, but retains the nominal title.source
• 1878June 13–July 13 – The Congress of Berlin convenes to discuss the Ottoman Empire.source
• 1878June 25 – The Kanak people of New Caledonia revolt against the French colonial government.source
• 1878July 13 – The Treaty of Berlin makes Serbia, Montenegro and Romania completely independent, confirms the autonomy of Bulgaria, makes Cyprus a British possession, and allows Austria-Hungary to garrison the Bosnia Vilayet.source
• 1878September 17 – 1878 Canadian federal election: Sir John A. Macdonald and his Conservative Party are returned to power, defeating the incumbent Liberal Party, led by Alexander Mackenzie.source
• 1878October 17 – John A. Macdonald returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada.source
• 1878U.S. arbitration rejects Argentine claims to Paraguay's part of the Chaco region.source
• 1879March 11 – The Ryukyu Domain is incorporated into the Okinawa Prefecture of Japan and the last ruler, Shō Tai, exiled to Tokyo.source
• 1879May 7 – The current constitution of the State of California in the United States is ratified.source
• 1879May 26 – Mohammad Yaqub Khan, Emir of Afghanistan, and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Gandamak, putting the Afghan state into the British sphere of influence.source
• 1879October 2 – Qing dynasty China signs the Treaty of Livadia with the Russian Empire.source
• 1879October 7 – The Dual Alliance is formed by Germany and Austria-Hungary.source
• 1879Colonel Ahmed ‘Urabi forms the Egyptian Nationalist Party.source
• 1880April 18 – 1880 United Kingdom general election: William Ewart Gladstone defeats Benjamin Disraeli, to become Prime Minister for the second time.source
• 1880April 19 – The Prime Minister of Sweden, Louis De Geer, resigns over the defeat of a defense reform bill in the country's Riksdag; he is succeeded by Count Arvid Posse (1880–1883).source
• 1880July 22 – Abdur Rahman Khan becomes Emir of Afghanistan.source
• 1880November 2 – 1880 United States presidential election: James Garfield defeats Winfield S. Hancock.source
• 1880December 1 – Manuel González Flores becomes the 31st President of Mexico.source
• 1880December 30 – The Transvaal becomes a republic, and Paul Kruger becomes its first president.source
• 1880Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza signs a treaty of protection with the chief of the large Teke tribe, and begins to establish a French protectorate on the north bank of the Congo River.source
• 1881February 24 (February 12 Old Style) – Qing dynasty China signs the Treaty of Saint Petersburg with the Russian Empire providing for the return to China of the eastern part of the Ili Basin.source
• 1881March 26 (March 14 Old Style) – The Principality of Romania is proclaimed the Kingdom of Romania.source
• 1881May 12 – In North Africa, Tunisia becomes a French protectorate by the Treaty of Bardo.source
• 1881May 13 – The Pacific island of Rotuma cedes to Great Britain, becoming a dependency of the Colony of Fiji.source
• 1881June 18 – The League of the Three Emperors is resurrected.source
• 1881July 1 – General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell–Childers reforms of the British Army's organization, comes into effect.source
• 1881July 23 – The Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina is signed in Buenos Aires.source
• 1881August 3 – The Pretoria Convention peace treaty is signed, officially ending the war between the Boers and Britain.source
• 1881On the Isle of Man (an internally self-governing dependent territory of the United Kingdom), the House of Keys Election Act extends the franchise for the national legislature to spinsters and widows owning real estate of a certain value.source
• 1882March 6 (February 22 Old Style) – The Principality of Serbia becomes the Kingdom of Serbia following a proclamation.source
• 1882May 2 – The Kilmainham Treaty, an agreement between the British government and Irish nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell to abate tenant rent arrears, is announced; Parnell is released from Kilmainham Gaol in Dublin.source
• 1882May 20 – The Triple Alliance is formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.source
• 1882June 28 – The Anglo-French Convention of 1882 is signed, marking territorial boundaries between Guinea and Sierra Leone.source
• 1882July 26 – Boers establish the republic of Stellaland in southern Africa.source
• 1882August 18 – The Married Women's Property Act 1882 receives royal assent in Britain; it enables women to buy, own and sell property, and to keep their own earnings.source
• 1882Carolyn Merrick is elected president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in the United States.source
• 1882A peace treaty is signed between Paraguay and Uruguay.source
• 1882Zulu king Cetshwayo kaMpande returns to South Africa from England.source
• 1883January 16 – The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, establishing the United States civil service, is passed.source
• 1883June 13 – Count Arvid Posse leaves office as Prime Minister of Sweden. He is succeeded by Carl Johan Thyselius, the first non-aristocrat (Swedish; "ofrälse") to serve as Swedish head of government, and Prime Minister.source
• 1883October 20 – Peru and Chile sign the Treaty of Ancón, by which the Tarapacá province is ceded to Chile, ending Peru's involvement in the War of the Pacific.source
• 1883December 21 – The Royal Canadian Dragoons and The Royal Canadian Regiment, the first Permanent Force cavalry and infantry regiments of the Canadian Army, are formed.source
• 1883The Mexican government passes a law allowing real estate companies (controlled by General Porfirio Díaz's political associates) to survey public and "vacant" lands, and to retain one third of the land they survey.source
• 1883The British Parliament considers a major bill to allow Indian judges to try Europeans in India. The British community rises in protest, and defeats the measure.source
• 1884April 4 – The Treaty of Valparaiso, an armistice between Chile and Bolivia, ends the War of the Pacific; Bolivia is obliged to cede Antofagasta to Chile, leaving Bolivia as a landlocked country.source
• 1884July 14 – German administration is established in Cameroon.source
• 1884November 4 – 1884 United States presidential election: Democratic governor of New York Grover Cleveland defeats Republican James G. Blaine in a very close contest, to win the first of his non-consecutive terms.source
• 1884December 1 – Porfirio Díaz returns as President of Mexico, an office he will hold until 1911.source
• 1885February 5 – King Leopold II of Belgium establishes the Congo Free State, as a personal possession.source
• 1885March 26 – Prussian deportations: The Prussian government, motivated by Otto von Bismarck, expels all ethnic Poles and Jews without German citizenship from Prussia.source
• 1885March 31 – The United Kingdom establishes the Bechuanaland Protectorate.source
• 1885April 30 – A bill is signed in the New York State legislature, forming the Niagara Falls State Park.source
• 1885May 19 – After a three-month legislative battle in the Illinois General Assembly, John A. Logan is re-elected to the United States Senate.source
• 1885June 17 – The Statue of Liberty arrives in New York Harbor.source
• 1885June 23 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
• 1885September 6 – Eastern Rumelia declares its union with Bulgaria, completing the unification of Bulgaria.source
• 1885September 18 – The union of Eastern Rumelia with Bulgaria is proclaimed at Plovdiv.source
• 1885September 30 – A British force abolishes the Boer republic of Stellaland, and adds it to British Bechuanaland.source
• 1885December 28 – 72 Indian lawyers, academics and journalists gather in Bombay to form the Congress Party.source
• 1886January 16 – A resolution is passed in the German Parliament to condemn the Prussian deportations, the politically motivated mass expulsion of ethnic Poles and Jews from Prussia, initiated by Otto von Bismarck.source
• 1886March 3 – The Treaty of Bucharest ends the Serbo-Bulgarian War in the Balkans.source
• 1886April 4 – William Ewart Gladstone introduces the First Irish Home Rule Bill in the Parliament of the United Kingdom; it is defeated on June 8.source
• 1886May 15 – Portugal and France agree to regulate the borders of their colonies in Guinea.source
• 1886July 25 – Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
• 1886October 7 – Spain abolishes slavery in Cuba.source
• 1886Addis Ababa is founded in the Ethiopian Empire.source
• 1887January 20 – The United States Senate allows the United States Navy to lease Pearl Harbor as a naval base.source
• 1887June 18 – The Reinsurance Treaty is closed between Germany and Russia.source
• 1887June 21 – Zululand becomes a British colony.source
• 1887July 6 – King Kalākaua of Hawai'i is forced by anti-monarchists to sign the 'Bayonet Constitution', stripping the Hawaiian monarchy of much of its authority, as well as disenfranchising most native Hawaiians, all Asians and the poor.source
• 1887October 1 – The British Empire takes over Balochistan.source
• 1887October 17 – French Indochina was established, comprising (Lower) Cochinchina, (Upper) Annam, Tonkin, and Cambodia.source
• 1887Taiwan becomes a Chinese provincesource
• 1888April 11 – The Concertgebouw orchestra in Amsterdam is inaugurated.source
• 1888May 13 – In Brazil, the Lei Áurea abolishes the last remnants of slavery.source
• 1888June 3 – The Kingdom of Sedang is formed, in modern-day Vietnam.source
• 1888June 14 – The White Rajahs territories become the British protectorate of Sarawak.source
• 1888August 9 – The Oaths Act permits the oath of allegiance taken to the Sovereign by Members of Parliament (MPs) to be affirmed, rather than sworn to God, thus confirming the ability of atheists to sit in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.source
• 1888August 13 – The Local Government Act, effective from 1889, establishes county councils and county borough councils in England and Wales, redraws some county boundaries, and gives women the vote in local elections. It also declares that "bicycles, tricycles, velocipedes, and other similar machines" be carriages within the meaning of the Highway Acts (which remains the case), and requires that they give audible warning when overtaking "any cart or carriage, or any horse, mule, or other beast of burden, or any foot passenger", a rule abolished in 1930.source
• 1888September 8 – In a letter accepting renomination as President of the United States, Grover Cleveland declares the Chinese "impossible of assimilation with our people and dangerous to our peace and welfare".source
• 1888October 30 – The Rudd Concession, a written concession for exclusive mining rights in Matabeleland, Mashonaland and adjoining territories, is granted by King Lobengula of Matabeleland to Charles Rudd, James Rochfort Maguire and Francis Thompson, who are acting on behalf of South African-based politician and businessman Cecil Rhodes, providing a basis for white settlement of Rhodesia.source
• 1888November 6 – 1888 United States presidential election: Democratic Party incumbent Grover Cleveland wins the popular vote, but loses the Electoral College vote to Republican challenger Benjamin Harrison, therefore losing the election.source
• 1889February 11 – The Meiji Constitution of Japan is adopted; the 1st Diet of Japan convenes in 1890.source
• 1889February 22 – President Grover Cleveland signs the Enabling Act of 1889, admitting North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington as U.S. states.source
• 1889March 2 – The United States Congress proclaims the entire Bering Sea to be under US control.source
• 1889March 31 – The Eiffel Tower is inaugurated in Paris (opens May 6). At 300 m ft, its height exceeds the previous tallest structure in the world by 130 m ft. Contemporary critics regard it as aesthetically displeasing.source
• 1889April 22 – At high noon in Oklahoma Territory, thousands rush to claim land in the Land Rush of 1889. Within hours the cities of Oklahoma City and Guthrie are formed, with populations of at least 10,000.source
• 1889May 2 – Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia, signs a treaty of amity with Italy, giving Italy control over what will become Eritrea.source
• 1889May 31 – The Naval Defence Act dictates that the fleet strength of the British Royal Navy must be equal to that of at least any two other countries.source
• 1889June 26 – Bangui is founded in the French Congo.source
• 1889June 29–30 – First Inter-Parliamentary Conference held.source
• 1889October 2 – In Washington, D.C., the first International Conference of American States begins.source
• 1889October 12 – Gustaf Åkerhielm, previously Swedish Foreign Minister, replaces Gillis Bildt as Prime Minister of Sweden.source
• 1889October 24 – Sir Henry Parkes, Premier of New South Wales, delivers the Tenterfield Oration, calling for the Federation of Australia.source
• 1889November 2 – North Dakota and South Dakota are admitted as the 39th and 40th U.S. states, respectively.source
• 1889November 8 – Montana is admitted as the 41st U.S. state.source
• 1889November 11 – Washington is admitted as the 42nd U.S. state.source
• 1889November 17 – The Brazilian Imperial Family is forced into exile in France.source
• 1889November 18 – Elisha P. Ferry is inaugurated as first governor of Washington.source
• 1889November 19 – The modern-day flag of Brazil is adopted by the Provisional Government of the Republic.source
• 1889November 20 – Argentina is the first country to recognize the abolition of the monarchy in Brazil.source
• 1889November – The first free elections are held in Costa Rica.source
• 1890January 1 – The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony in the Horn of Africa.source
• 1890January 2 – Alice Sanger becomes the first female staffer in the White House.source
• 1890March 20 – Kaiser Wilhelm II forces Otto von Bismarck to resign as Chancellor of Germany.source
• 1890May 2 – President Benjamin Harrison signs the Oklahoma Organic Act, under which Oklahoma Territory is organized, a prerequisite for later statehood.source
• 1890July 1 – 1890 Japanese general election: In the first general election for the House of Representatives of Japan, about 5% of the adult male population elect a lower house of the Diet of Japan, in accordance with the new Meiji Constitution of 1889.source
• 1890July 1 – Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty: Britain cedes the Heligoland islands (in the German Bight) to Germany, in return for protectorates over Wituland and the Sultanate of Zanzibar (the islands of Pemba and Unguja) in east Africa.source
• 1890July 2 – The Sherman Antitrust Act and Sherman Silver Purchase Act become United States law.source
• 1890July 3 – Idaho is admitted as the 43rd U.S. state.source
• 1890July 10 – Wyoming is admitted as the 44th U.S. state.source
• 1890August 20 – Treaty of London: Portugal and the United Kingdom define the borders of the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola.source
• 1890August – Kaiser Wilhelm II and Tsar Alexander III meet at Narva.source
• 1890November 29 – The Meiji Constitution goes into effect in Japan, and its first Diet convenes.source
• 1891January 1 – Germany takes formal possession of its new African territories.source
• 1891January 7 – The Inter-American Monetary Commission meets in Washington, D.C.source
• 1891January 10 – In France, the Irish Nationalist leaders hold a conference at Boulogne. The French government promptly takes loan.source
• 1891January 20 – Jim Hogg becomes the first native Texan to be governor of that state.source
• 1891January 29 – Liliuokalani is proclaimed Queen of Hawaii.source
• 1891February 24 – The constitution of the First Brazilian Republic is promulgated.source
• 1891March 5 – 1st Prime Minister of Canada Sir John A. Macdonald wins a 4th consecutive parliamentary victory over the Liberal Party.source
• 1891June 15 – Minas Gerais was granted in 1891.source
• 1891July 7 – The Home Alliance was established in Woodland, California where, initially, it was the only publication in the state that fought the legalized liquor traffic.source
• 1891August 27 – France and Russia conclude a defensive alliance.source
• 1891September 18 – The Chilean Civil War of 1891 ends with the suicide of deposed President José Manuel Balmaceda and victory for the Congressional party, beginning the country's Parliamentary Era.source
• 1891December 17 – Drexel University is inaugurated as the Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry in Philadelphia.source
• 1891Brahmin teacher and nationalist Bal Gangadhar Tilak begins agitation for Indian Home Rule.source
• 1892January 1 – Ellis Island begins processing immigrants to the United States.source
• 1892March 1 – Theodoros Deligiannis ends his term as Prime Minister of Greece and Konstantinos Konstantopoulos takes office.source
• 1892March 6–8 – Exclusive Agreement: Rulers of six Trucial States (Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Ras al-Khaimah and Umm al-Quwain) and Bahrain sign an agreement, by which they become de facto British protectorates.source
• 1892July 4–26 – British general election: The Conservative and Liberal Unionist coalition government loses its majority in the House of Commons, eventually leading to Prime Minister Lord Salisbury's resignation on August 12.source
• 1892August 18 – William Ewart Gladstone assumes the U.K. premiership, as head of the Liberal government, with Irish Nationalist Party support.source
• 1892September 8 – The Pledge of Allegiance is first recited in the United States.source
• 1892November 8 – 1892 United States presidential election: Grover Cleveland is elected over Benjamin Harrison and James B. Weaver, to win the second of his non-consecutive terms.source
• 1892December 5 – John Thompson becomes Canada's fourth prime minister.source
• 1892Diplomat Henry Galway secures a treaty by which Ovonramwen, Oba of Benin, ostensibly accepts British protection for his kingdom.source
• 1893January 13 – The Independent Labour Party of the United Kingdom has its first meeting.source
• 1893March 10 – Ivory Coast becomes a French colony.source
• 1893June 15 – 1893 German federal election: Small anti-Semitic parties secure 2.9% of the vote.source
• 1893July 13 – Frederick Jackson Turner gives a lecture titled "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" before the American Historical Association in Chicago.source
• 1893September 1 – William Ewart Gladstone's Government of Ireland Bill 1893, intended to give Ireland self-government, is rejected by the U.K. Parliament.source
• 1893September 7 – Under pressure of a general strike, the Belgian Federal Parliament enacts general multiple suffrage.source
• 1893September 19 – New Zealand becomes the first country in the world to grant women's suffrage.source
• 1893October 13 – The Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1893 is signed, as the Kingdom of Siam cedes all of its territories east of the Mekong River to France, creating the territory of Laos.source
• 1893November 7 – Colorado women are granted the right to vote.source
• 1893December 5 – Plural voting is abolished in New South Wales.source
• 1893By 1893 – 8,000 Chinese have arrived in Cuba.source
• 1894January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire.source
• 1894March 2 – William Gladstone resigns as British Prime Minister.source
• 1894March 5 – The Local Government Act (coming into effect December 1894–January 1895) reforms local government in Britain, creating a system of urban and rural districts with elected councils, with elected civil parish councils in rural areas, and gives women, irrespective of marital status, the right to vote and stand in local (but not national) elections.source
• 1894June 22 – Dahomey becomes a French colony.source
• 1894July 4 – The short-lived Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed by Sanford B. Dole.source
• 1894July 16 – The United Kingdom and Japan sign the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, as the U.K. becomes the first of the Western nations to agree to give up its extraterritorial rights in Japan.source
• 1894October 1 – Petrópolis becomes the capital of the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro, until 1902.source
• 1894December 18 – Women in South Australia become the first in Australia to gain the right to vote and the first in the world with the right to be elected to Parliament, taking effect from 1895, after decades of activism.source
• 1894December 21 – Mackenzie Bowell becomes Canada's fifth prime minister.source
• 1895January 24 – An effort to restore the Hawaiian monarchy ends as the former Queen Liliʻuokalani abdicates and pledges allegiance to the Republic of Hawaii.source
• 1895February 20 – Venezuelan crisis of 1895: U.S. President Grover Cleveland signs into law a bill resulting from the proposition of House Resolution 252, by William Lindsay Scruggs and Congressman Leonidas Livingston, to the third session of the 53rd Congress of the United States of America. The bill recommends that Venezuela and Great Britain settle their dispute by arbitration.source
• 1895April 17 – The Treaty of Shimonoseki is signed between China and Japan. This marks the end of the First Sino-Japanese War, and the defeated Qing Empire is forced to renounce its claims on Korea, and to concede the southern portion of Fengtian province, Taiwan and the Penghu to Japan. The huge indemnity exacted from China is used to establish the Yawata Iron and Steel Works in Japan.source
• 1895April 22 – Gongche Shangshu movement: 603 candidates sign a 10,000-word petition against the Treaty of Shimonoseki.source
• 1895May 2 – Gongche Shangshu movement: Thousands of Beijing scholars and citizens protest against the Treaty of Shimonoseki.source
• 1895May 24 – Anti-Japanese officials, led by Tang Jingsong in Taiwan, declare independence from the Qing dynasty, forming the short-lived Republic of Formosa.source
• 1895May 27 – In re Debs: The Supreme Court of the United States decides that the federal government has the right to regulate interstate commerce, legalizing the military suppression of the Pullman Strike.source
• 1895June 11 – Britain annexes Tongaland, between Zululand and Mozambique.source
• 1895June 20 – The Treaty of Amapala establishes the union of Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador (which ends in 1898).source
• 1895June 28 – The United States Court of Private Land Claims rules that James Reavis's claim to the Barony of Arizona is "wholly fictitious and fraudulent".source
• 1896January 4 – Utah is admitted as the 45th U.S. state.source
• 1896May 13 – The Franchise Bill is passed by the Colony of Natal's Legislative Assembly, disfranchising natives of other countries.source
• 1896May 18 – Plessy v. Ferguson: The U.S. Supreme Court introduces the separate but equal doctrine, and upholds racial segregation.source
• 1896June 23 – Liberal leader Wilfrid Laurier defeats Charles Tupper during Canadian federal elections for the 8th Canadian Parliament, to become the first Francophone Prime Minister of Canada.source
• 1896July 11 – Wilfrid Laurier becomes Canada's seventh prime minister, and the first French-speaker to hold that office.source
• 1896August 27 – Britain establishes a Protectorate over the Ashanti people concluding the Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War.source
• 1896September 30 – Italy and France sign a treaty whereby Italy virtually recognizes Tunisia as a French dependency.source
• 1896November 3 – 1896 United States presidential election: Republican William McKinley defeats William Jennings Bryan. The event is viewed by some as a political realignment for the United States Republican Party.source
• 1896France establishes an administrative post in Abengourou, Ivory Coast.source
• 1897February 16 – The French conquer the island of Raiatea and capture the rebel chief Teraupo'o, ending the Leeward Islands War and bringing all of the Society Islands under their control.source
• 1897February 27 – The French military governor of Madagascar, Joseph Gallieni, exiles Queen Ranavalona III to Réunion, abolishing the monarchy the next day.source
• 1897April 23 – Representatives of the Chickasaw Nation, Choctaw Nation and U.S. Dawes Commission sign the Atoka Agreement, which becomes an important precursor for creating the State of Oklahoma.source
• 1897May 19 – Oscar Wilde is released from prison in England, and goes into voluntary exile on the continent.source
• 1897July 17 – The Klondike Gold Rush begins when the first successful prospectors arrive in Seattlesource
• 1897September 20 – Greece and Turkey sign a peace treaty to end the Greco-Turkish War.source
• 1897October 12 – The city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil is created. The construction of the second Brazilian planned city is completed successfully; an immigration of 1,000,000 people is estimated.source
• 1897October 12 – The Korean Empire is proclaimed, marking the end of the Joseon dynasty after just over 500 years.source
• 1897November 25 – Spain grants Puerto Rico autonomy.source
• 1897December 14 – Pact of Biak-na-Bato: The Philippine Revolution is settled, with Spanish promises to reform.source
• 1897December 30 – Natal annexes Zululand.source
• 1898January 1 – New York City annexes land from surrounding counties, creating the City of Greater New York as the world's second largest. The city is geographically divided into five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx and Staten Island.source
• 1898March 16 – In Melbourne the representatives of five colonies adopt a constitution which will become the basis of the Commonwealth of Australia.source
• 1898May 27 – The territory of Guangzhouwan is leased by China to France, according to the Treaty of 12 April 1892, as the Territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan, forming part of French Indochina.source
• 1898June 12 – Philippine Declaration of Independence: After 333 years of Spanish dominance, General Emilio Aguinaldo declares the Philippines' independence from Spain.source
• 1898June 13 – Yukon Territory is formed in Canada, with Dawson chosen as its capital.source
• 1898June 21 – Spanish–American War: The United States captures Guam, making it the first overseas territory of the U.S.source
• 1898June 28 – Effective date of the Curtis Act of 1898 which will lead to the dissolution of tribal and communal lands in Indian Territory and ultimately the creation of the State of Oklahoma in 1907.source
• 1898July 7 – The United States annexes the Hawaiian Islands.source
• 1898August 24 – Chickasaw and Choctaw tribes sign the Atoka Agreement, a requirement of the Curtis Act of 1898.source
• 1898August 25 – 700 Greeks and 15 Englishmen are slaughtered by the Turks in Heraklion, Greece, leading to the establishment of the autonomous Cretan State.source
• 1898October 16 – The island of Puerto Rico is turned over by Spain to the United States. Ángel Rivero Méndez, the 149th and last Spanish governor of Puerto Rico, yields the office and turns over the keys to all military installations in the capital, San Juan to U.S. Army Captain Henry A. Reed, and General John R. Brooke becomes the new American military governor.source
• 1898October 28 – U.S. President William McKinley rejects a peace proposal that would result in Spain ceding the island of Luzon to the U.S., in return for Spanish control of the other Philippine Islands. McKinley's message to his five-man negotiating team in Paris is that "Cessation of Luzon alone, leaving the rest of the islands subject to Spanish rule, or to be the subject of future contention, cannot be justified on political, commercial, or humanitarian grounds. The cessation must be the whole archipelago or none."source
• 1898October 31 – Count Ōkuma Shigenobu, Japan's Prime Minister, announces his resignation along with that of his cabinet of ministers.source
• 1898November 1 – Charles Dupuy forms a new government as Prime Minister of France following the resignation of Henri Brisson.source
• 1898November 5 – Negros Revolution: Filipinos on the island of Negros revolt against Spanish rule and establish the short-lived Republic of Negros.source
• 1898November 7 – The final meeting of the Cuban Assembly of the República de Cuba en Armas, which had been founded in 1895 during the Cuban War of Independence, is called to order by General Calixto García in the city of Santa Cruz del Sur. Domingo Méndez Capote is elected as president of the assembly.source
• 1898November 8 – Count Yamagata Aritomo forms a new government as Prime Minister of Japan.source
• 1898November 10 – The new United Central American States, a merger of El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, places its capital in the Nicaraguan city of Chinandega.source
• 1898November 10 – Bartolomé Masó, the President of the República de Cuba en Armas that had been founded during the Cuban War of Independence, resigns.source
• 1898November 12 – The Earl of Minto takes office as the new Governor General of Canada.source
• 1898November 26 – General Ramón Blanco resigns as the spanish Governor-General of Cuba and is replaced by General Adolfo Jiménez Castellanos.source
• 1898November 30 – The United Central American States, a merger of Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador, is formally dissolved after the government was unable to suppress a revolution in San Salvador.source
• 1898December 2 – The French Chamber of Deputies declines to endorse the policies of Prime Minister Charles Dupuy, with the vote failing 228 to 243.source
• 1898December 10 – The Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the Spanish–American War.source
• 1899January 9 – After a successful revolt against the Ottoman Empire by the inhabitants of the island of Crete, the area, which joins Greece, gets its first constitution.source
• 1899January 12 – The French government passes a vote of confidence in the Chamber of Deputies, 423 to 124.source
• 1899January 17 – The United States takes possession of Wake Island in the Pacific Ocean.source
• 1899January 23 – Mubarak Al-Sabah, the emir of Kuwait, signs the Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899, a secret treaty with the British Empire to accept protectorate status for the Middle Eastern sheikdom in return for British protection of Kuwaiti territory.source
• 1899January 23 – Emilio Aguinaldo is sworn in as President of the First Philippine Republic, a declaration of independence against the U.S. military government of the Philippines.source
• 1899February 2 – The participants in the Australian Premiers' Conference agree that Australia's capital (Canberra) should be located between Sydney and Melbourne.source
• 1899February 6 – By a vote of 57 to 27, a peace treaty between the United States and Spain is ratified by the United States Senate to end the Spanish–American War.source
• 1899February 18 – The National Assembly of France elects a new President to serve the remainder of the late President Faure's term. Senate president Émile Loubet wins the vote against prime minister Jules Méline.source
• 1899February 26 – Kálmán Széll replaces Dezső Bánffy as Prime Minister of Hungary.source
• 1899March 1 – Juan Lindolfo Cuestas resumes office as President of Uruguay after stepping down for 24 days to allow Senate President José Batlle y Ordóñez to serve as acting president.source
• 1899April 11 – U.S. President William McKinley declares the Spanish–American War to be at an end as the Treaty of Paris between the U.S. and Spain goes into effect. Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam are ceded to the U.S. and Cuba becomes an American protectorate.source
• 1899April 19 – France adds the Kingdom of Laos, a protectorate since 1893, to the existing colony of French Indochina.source
• 1899May 18 – The First Hague Peace Conference, initiated by Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, is opened in The Hague by Willem de Beaufort, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands.source
• 1899May 31 – The Bloemfontein Conference commences between Paul Kruger and Sir Alfred Milner in the Orange Free State, but ends in failure after six days.source
• 1899June 10 – Under the terms of the Samoa Tripartite Convention, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States form a colonial government to administer a protectorate over the islands of Samoa. The government lasts less than nine months, and Germany annexes the western part of Samoa on March 1, 1900, leaving the U.S. to control what becomes American Samoa.source
• 1899June 15 – Sweden's Department of Foreign Affairs hosts a conference for delegates from Germany, Denmark, Norway, the UK, the Netherlands, Russia and Sweden to make agreements on fishing in the Arctic Ocean, the Baltic Sea and the North Sea.source
• 1899June 18 – The Federación Libre de Trabajadores is created in Puerto Rico as a resistance movement against the United States.source
• 1899June 21 – "Treaty 8", the most comprehensive of the eleven Numbered Treaties, is signed between the British Crown on behalf of Canada, with various Cree groups of the First Nations, ceding 320000 sqmi of land in the northern parts of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia, as well as a portion of the Northwest Territories, to the Canadian government.source
• 1899June 24 – Spain cedes its last Pacific Ocean colonies, the Caroline Islands (later part of the Federated States of Micronesia, the Ladrone islands of Ladrone (later part of the Mariana Islands), and Palau, to Germany.source
• 1899July 17 – The Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation takes effect, ending extraterritoriality and the unequal status of Japan in foreign commerce.source
• 1899August 4 – Japan rescinds its policy of extraterritoriality privileges to western nations that had operated consular courts to try cases against western nationals under western law.source
• 1899August 17 – Emperor Gojong of Korea issues the 9-article International Declaration declaring that, as "the great emperor of Korea", he has "infinite military authority" as well as absolute power to enact laws.source
• 1899August 30 – After taking over the second-largest city in the Dominican Republic, Santiago de los Caballeros, revolutionists proclaim Horacio Vásquez as the nation's President in rebel-controlled territory. At the same time in the capital at Santo Domingo, president Wenceslao Figuereo steps down after only five weeks in office.source
• 1899October 1 – Possession of the Mariana Islands is formally transferred from Spain to Germany, which purchased the archipelago (with the exception of Guam) from Spain for 837,500 German gold marks and become part of German New Guinea.source