Geopolitics & Diplomacy in the 19th century

1,927 sourced entries, 1800 CE to 1899 CE, oldest first. Also see Geopolitics & Diplomacy across every century or everything else in the 19th century.

1800February 7 – A public plebiscite in France confirms Napoleon as First Consul, by a substantial majority.source
1800April 2 – The Treaty of Constantinople establishes the Septinsular Republic, the first autonomous Greek state since the Fall of the Byzantine Empire.source
1800April 2 - Treaty of Constantinople (1800)Russia source
1800April 3 – The first voting, albeit indirect, begins in the 1800 United States presidential election as voters in the state of New York make their selections for the New York state legislature, which in turn will vote on October 31 for the state's 12 presidential electors. A majority of state legislature members are from the Democratic-Republican Party, rather than the Federalist Party. At the time, only 4 of the 16 U.S. states (Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina and Virginia) have a popular vote for the presidential electors and the President. The other 12, including New York, have a popular vote for the state legislature, but not for the president. At the time, neither of the major parties have picked their nominees for president and vice president. The result will not be certified until February, 1801.source
1800June 3 – U.S. President John Adams moves to Washington. Because the President's Mansion is still under construction, President Adams takes up residence at Tunnicliffe's City Hotel near the unfinished U.S. Capitol Building.source
1800June 6: The Althingi is formally dissolved, with the National High Court being established the following year.Iceland source
1800July 2 – The Union with Ireland Act 1800 is passed by the Parliament of Great Britain; the Irish Parliament passes similar legislation in the following month, uniting the two kingdoms and abolishing the Parliament of Ireland.source
1800August 1 – King George III gives royal assent to the second Act of Union to unite the Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland (both ruled by him) into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, effective on January 1, 1801.source
1800August 4 – The 2nd United States Census is conducted. It finds 5,308,483 people living in the U.S. of which 893,602 are slaves.United States source
1800August – Upper Canada expands westward and further into the interior, as the first settlers arrive at the upper Grand River.Canada source
1800September 30 – The Convention of 1800, or Treaty of Mortefontaine, is signed between France and the United States of America, ending the Quasi-War.source
1800October 1 – Third Treaty of San Ildefonso: Spain returns Louisiana (New Spain) to France, in return for the Tuscany area of Italy.source
1800November 1 – U.S. President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House).source
1800November 17 – The United States Congress holds its first Washington, D.C., session.source
180019 November – The first copper coins are circulated in New South Wales. To prevent their removal from the colony they were issued at double their face value, that is a coin valued at one penny in England was deemed to represent twopence in New South Wales.Australia source
1800December 3 – The 1800 United States presidential election: The Electoral College casts votes for president and Vice President that result in a tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, requiring a contingent election which will select Jefferson as president.source
180016 December – Denmark enters a pact of neutrality with Sweden and Russia, and on 18 December also with Prussia.Denmark source
1800In 1800, Argentina was performing well economically, slightly wealthier than the United States and Cuba.Argentina source
1800The Government Gazette started printing in the Cape Colony.South Africa source
1801January 1 – The legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland is completed under the Act of Union 1800, bringing about the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the abolition of the Parliament of Ireland.source
18011 January – legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland completed under the Act of Union 1800, bringing about the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.Scotland source
1801January 3 – Toussaint Louverture triumphantly enters Santo Domingo, the capital of the former Spanish colony of Santo Domingo, which has become a colony of Napoleonic France.source
1801January 31 – John Marshall is appointed Chief Justice of the United States.source
1801February 4 – William Pitt the Younger resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
1801February 9 – The Treaty of Lunéville ends the War of the Second Coalition between France and Austria. Under the terms of the treaty, all German territories left of the Rhine are officially annexed by France while Austria also has to recognize the Batavian, Helvetian, Cisalpine and Ligurian Republics.source
18019 February – The Treaty of Lunéville ends the War of the Second Coalition between France and Austria. Under the terms of the treaty, Aachen is officially annexed by France.Germany source
1801February 17 – An electoral tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr is resolved, when Jefferson is elected President of the United States and Burr Vice President by the United States House of Representatives.source
1801February 27 – Washington, D.C. is placed under the jurisdiction of the United States Congress.source
1801February – Contingent election of 1801: An electoral tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr is resolved, when Jefferson is elected President of the United States and Burr Vice President by the United States House of Representatives.United States source
1801March 14 – Henry Addington becomes First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer, effectively Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
180117 March – Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth becomes Prime Minister.United Kingdom source
1801June 7 – War of the Oranges ends: Portugal and Spain sign the Treaty of Badajoz; Portugal loses the city of Olivenza.source
1801July 7 – Toussaint Louverture promulgates a reforming constitution for Santo Domingo, declaring himself emperor for life of the entire island of Hispaniola, and nominally abolishing slavery.source
1801September 9 – Alexander I of Russia confirms the privileges of the Baltic provinces.source
1801September 30 – The Treaty of London is signed for preliminary peace between the French First Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.source
1801October 8 - Treaty of Paris ends Russian participation in the War of the Second CoalitionRussia source
1801The schooner Cumberland (28 tons) is launched in Sydney. The vessel is purchased by the government and becomes the first armed vessel belonging to the colony.Australia source
1801Denmark joins the Second League of Armed Neutrality.Denmark source
1801Maharaja Ranjit Singh created an imperial powerIndia source
1802March 25–27 – The Treaty of Amiens between the French Republic and the United Kingdom ends the War of the Second Coalition. The treaty also ends the French Revolutionary Wars.source
180225 March - Treaty of Amiens, temporarily ended hostilities between France and the United Kingdom during the French Revolutionary Wars.France source
1802April 26 – A general amnesty signed by Napoleon allows all but about 1,000 of the most notorious émigrés of the French Revolution to return to France as part of a conciliatory gesture to make peace with the various factions of the Ancien Régime that ultimately consolidates his own rule.source
1802April 30 – The Enabling Act of 1802 authorizes the creation of Ohio from the Northwest Territory and sets a precedent for the creation of future states from the western territories.United States source
1802April – The British occupation of the Danish West Indies ends.Denmark source
1802May 20 – By the Law of 20 May 1802, Napoleon reinstates slavery in the French colonies, revoking its abolition in the French Revolution.source
1802July 5 – Parliamentary elections begin in the United Kingdom, with voting continuing until August 28; the Tories, led by Henry Addington, win control of the House of Commons.source
18025 July – 28 August – General election brings victory for the Tories led by Henry Addington.United Kingdom source
180210 July - The British occupation of the Swedish colony of Saint Barthélemy discontinues.Sweden source
1802August 2 – In a plebiscite, Napoleon Bonaparte is confirmed as the First Consul of France.source
1802September 11 – The Italian region of Piedmont becomes a part of the French First Republic.source
18028 October - A Unitarian Association is formed in South Wales, with Josiah Rees and Iolo Morganwg among its leaders.Wales source
1802November 16 – The newly elected British Parliament is inaugurated by King George III, who tells the members, "In my intercourse with foreign powers, I have been actuated by a sincere disposition of the maintenance of peace," but adds that "My conduct will be invariably regulated by a due consideration of the actual situation of Europe, and by a watchful solicitude for the permanent welfare of my people."source
1802The planned village of Lybster is established by the local landowner, General Patrick Sinclair.Scotland source
1802A fragile Peace of Amiens is concluded between England and FranceSouth Africa source
1803January 30 – Monroe and Livingston sail for Paris to discuss, and possibly buy, New Orleans; they end up completing the Louisiana Purchase.source
1803February 19 – An Act of Mediation, issued by Napoleon Bonaparte, establishes the Swiss Confederation to replace the Helvetic Republic. Under the terms of the act, Graubünden, St. Gallen, Thurgau, the Ticino and Vaud become Swiss cantons.source
1803February 19 – Ohio is admitted as the 17th U.S. state.source
1803February 25 – A major redistribution of territorial sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire is enacted, via an act known as the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss.source
180325 February – A major redistribution of territorial sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire is enacted via an act known as the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss.Germany source
1803February – The 3rd Cape Frontier War ends with an inconclusive peace that is arranged between the British administrators of the Cape Colony and the Xhosa before handing the Cape back to the DutchSouth Africa source
1803March 1 – Ohio is admitted as the 17th U.S. state, retroactive from August 7, 1953 (see History of Ohio).United States source
1803March 9 – Aargau becomes a Swiss canton.source
1803April 15 – Reykjavík is made a special jurisdiction with its own magistrate by royal decree. The first person to hold that position was the Dane Rasmus Frydensberg. His representative was Finnur Magnússon. In addition, two police officers were appointed, both of whom were Danish.Iceland source
180325 May – Speaker of the House of Commons Charles Abbot allows journalists to report the proceedings of the House of Commons.United Kingdom source
1803June 7 – Indiana Territory governor (and future U.S. president) William Henry Harrison signs treaties at Fort Wayne, with representatives of the Delaware, Shawnee, Potawatomi, Miami, Kickapoo, Eel River, Wea, Piankeshaw and Kaskaskia Indian tribes. The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaties on November 25.source
1803July 4 – The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people.source
1803July 5 – The convention of Artlenburg leads to the French occupation of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king).source
180319 September – Alexander leaves Port Jackson to return Teina to New Zealand. Teina has stayed with Governor King while in Sydney and has been given gifts to take back with him, including pigs.New Zealand source
1803October 14 – Orissa, an area of India along the Bay of Bengal that comprises the modern-day Indian state of Odisha, is occupied by the British under the British East India Company, after the Second Anglo-Maratha War. The Maratha Empire formally cedes the area in the Treaty of Deogaon, signed on December 17.source
1803October 20 – The Senate ratifies the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, doubling the size of the United States.source
1803November 30 – At the Cabildo in New Orleans, Spanish representatives Governor Manuel de Salcedo and the Marqués de Casa Calvo officially transfer Louisiana (New Spain) to French representative Prefect Pierre Clément de Laussat. Barely three weeks later, France transfers the same land to the United States.source
1803December 9 – The proposed Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, requiring that electoral ballots distinctly list the choice for president and the choice for vice president, is approved by Congress for submission to the states for ratification; passed in the wake of the problems in the 1800 presidential election, the amendment is ratified by 13 of the 17 states and is proclaimed in effect on September 25, 1804.source
180317 December - Treaty of Deogaon signed between the East India Company and the Rajah of Berar, Raghuji Bhonsle II. Bhonsle ceded territories, including Cuttack and Balasore, to the British.India source
1803December 20 – The Louisiana Purchase is completed as the French prefect, de Laussat, formally transfers ownership of land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains to the United States, by way of commissioners William C. C. Claiborne and James Wilkinson. Claiborne is appointed as the area's first American governor.source
1803Import of slaves to the Danish West Indies is abolished.Denmark source
1804January 1 – Haiti gains independence from France, becoming the first independent Black state in the New World.source
1804February 15 – New Jersey becomes the last of the northern United States to abolish slavery.source
1804February 20 – Hobart is established in its permanent location in Van Diemen's Land (modern-day Tasmania) as a British penal colony.source
1804March 21 – The Napoleonic Code is adopted as French civil law.source
180421 March – The Napoleonic Code entered into force, forbidding privileges based on birth, allowing freedom of religion, and specifying that government jobs should go to the most qualifiedFrance source
180425 April – The settlement of Uitenhage is establishedSouth Africa source
1804April 26 – Henry Addington resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
180426 April – Henry Addington resigns as Prime Minister.United Kingdom source
18048 May – Lieutenant-Governor Collins establishes the settlement at Sullivan's Cove on the River Derwent.Australia source
1804May 10 – William Pitt the Younger begins his second term as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
180410 May – William Pitt the Younger begins his second premiership as Prime Minister.United Kingdom source
1804May 18 – Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed Emperor of the French by the French Senate.source
1804June 15 – The Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified by New Hampshire, and arguably becomes effective (subsequently vetoed by the Governor of New Hampshire).source
180415 June – The name "Hobart Town", after the Colonial Secretary Lord Hobart, is adopted as the name for the new colony at Sullivan's Cove.Australia source
1804July 27 – The Twelfth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which reforms the way that candidates for President and Vice President are chosen, is ratified by Tennessee, removing doubt surrounding adoption.source
1804November 3 – The Treaty of St. Louis is signed by Quashquame and William Henry Harrison; controversy surrounding the treaty eventually causes the Sauk people to ally with the British during the War of 1812, and is the main cause of the Black Hawk War of 1832.source
1804November 20 – Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, starts to rule.source
1804November 30 – The Democratic-Republican-controlled United States Senate begin an impeachment trial against Federalist-partisan Supreme Court of the United States Justice Samuel Chase (he was charged with political bias but was acquitted by the United States Senate of all charges on March 1, 1805).United States source
1804December 3 – Thomas Jefferson defeats Charles C. Pinckney in the United States presidential election.source
1804December 3 – Thomas Jefferson defeats Charles C. Pinckney in the U.S. presidential election.United States source
1804The Nguyễn dynasty emperor Gia Long changes his country's official name from Đại Việt to Việt Nam.source
1805January 11 – The Michigan Territory is created.source
1805January 29 – 4th Parliament of Lower Canada session starts, ends April 27, 1808Canada source
1805March 4 – Thomas Jefferson is sworn in for a second term as President of the United States, and George Clinton is sworn in as Vice President of the United States.United States source
1805March 5 – The New Brunswick Legislature passes a bill to advance literacy in the province, which eventually leads to the creation of public education in Canada.source
1805May 26 – Napoleon is crowned King of Italy.source
1805May – After complaints about some of the treatment of Pacific Islanders and New Zealanders (Māori) crewing on whaling ships, Governor King issues a 'Government and General Order', published on the front page of the Sydney Gazette which gives them some of the civil rights of British subjects.New Zealand source
18058 June – John Macarthur returns to New South Wales as a civilian settler after the British Government accepts his resignation from the New South Wales Corps and approves his return.Australia source
1805August 25 – Treaty of Bogenhausen is concluded between France and Bavaria forming a military alliancesource
1805September 21 – King Ferdinand of Naples signs a treaty in Paris agreeing to keep Naples neutral during the war between France and the allied powers.source
1805November 3: Treaty of Potsdam (1805), Prussia to join alliance if negotiations with France failedRussia source
1805December 26 – The Peace of Pressburg between France and Austria is signed in the Primate's Palace, Pressburg (modern-day Bratislava).source
180526 December - Peace of Pressburg signed between France and Austria, as a consequence of the Austrian defeats by France.France source
1805Grand Duchy of Würzburg is established.Germany source
1805The planned village of New Scone is established.Scotland source
1806January 1 – The Kingdom of Bavaria is established by Napoleon.source
180610 January – Governor Jan Willem Janssens capitulates and Sir David Baird is appointed Governor of the CapeSouth Africa source
1806January 18 – The Dutch Cape Colony capitulates to British forces, the origin of its status as a colony within the British Empire.source
1806March 30 – The Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples is proclaimed.source
1806April 18 – The U.S. Congress passes the Non-importation Act in an attempt to coerce Great Britain to suspend its impressment of American sailors and to respect American sovereignty and neutrality on the high seas.United States source
1806June 5 – Louis Bonaparte is appointed as King of Holland by his brother, Emperor Napoleon, replacing the Batavian Republic.source
1806July 12 – Sixteen German Imperial States leave the Holy Roman Empire and form the Confederation of the Rhine, leading to the collapse of the Empire. Liechtenstein is given full sovereignty.source
180612 July – Sixteen German Imperial States leave the Holy Roman Empire and form the Confederation of the Rhine; Liechtenstein is given full sovereignty, leading to the collapse of the Empire after 844 years.Germany source
18065 August – Captain William Bligh arrives in Sydney to take over the governorship.Australia source
1806August 6 – Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor, abdicates, thus ending the Holy Roman Empire after 844 years.source
18066 August – The new Governor of New South Wales, William Bligh, arrives.New Zealand source
180627 October – The Barony of Gaunø was established by Otto Reedtz-Thott (1785-1862) from the manors of Gavnø, Lindersvold and Strandegård.Denmark source
1806Minor trouble arises after 1806 when a governor attempts to anglicize Lower Canada, but he is able to quell dissent if not to achieve his goal.Canada source
1806Frederich Christopher Trampe, Count of Trampe takes over the role of Governor of Iceland, replacing Ólafur Stefánsson.Iceland source
1807January 7 – The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland issues an Order in Council prohibiting British ships from trading with France or its allies.source
180717 January - Henry George Grey is appointed as acting Governor of the Cape.South Africa source
1807February 17 – Henry Christopher is elected first President of the State of Haiti, ruling the northern part of the country.source
1807February 23 – The Slave Trade Act is passed in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom by an overwhelming majority.source
1807March 2 – The United States Congress passes the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves "into any port or place within the jurisdiction of the United States ... from any foreign kingdom, place, or country" (to take effect January 1, 1808).source
1807March 2 – The U.S. Congress passes an act to "prohibit the importation of slaves into any port or place within the jurisdiction of the United States....from any foreign kingdom, place, or country" (to take effect January 1, 1808).United States source
1807May 4 – Treaty of Finckenstein was signed between Iran and France.Iran source
1807May 29 – Selim III, Ottoman Emperor since 1789, is deposed in favour of his nephew Mustafa IV.source
1807June 9 – The Duke of Portland is chosen as Prime Minister after the United Kingdom general election.source
1807July 7–9 – The Treaties of Tilsit are signed between France, Prussia and Russia. Napoleon and Russian Emperor Alexander I ally together against the British. The Prussians are forced to cede more than half their territory, which is formed into the Duchy of Warsaw in their former Polish lands, and the Kingdom of Westphalia in western Germany. The Free City of Danzig is also formed (established July 21 by Napoleon).source
1807July 7 and 9: Treaties of Tilsit end warRussia source
1807November 29 – Portuguese Queen Maria I and the Court embark at Lisbon, bound for Brazil. Rio de Janeiro becomes the Portuguese capital.source
1807December 17 – Napoleonic Wars: France issues the Milan Decree which confirms the Continental System (i.e. no European country is to trade with the United Kingdom).source
1807December 22 – The United States Congress passes the Embargo Act, a trade embargo on all foreign nations.source
1807Election of Ezekiel Hart in Trois-Rivières during a by-election on April 11.Canada source
18077–9 July – The Treaties of Tilsit are signed between France, Prussia and Russia. Napoleon and Russian Emperor Alexander I ally together against the British. The Prussians are forced to cede more than half their territory, which is formed into the Duchy of Warsaw in their former Polish lands, and the Kingdom of Westphalia in western Germany. The Free City of Danzig is also formed (established 9 September by Napoleon).Germany source
1807Captain Abraham Bristow returns to the Auckland Islands on the Sarah and formally claims them in the name of King George III. He also releases pigs on the islands.New Zealand source
1807Porsgrunn is granted limited city status. Full city status is granted in 1842.Norway source
1808January 1 – The importation of slaves into the United States is formally banned, as the 1807 Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves takes effect. However Americans still continue the slave trade by transporting Africans to Cuba and Brazil.source
1808January 1 – Sierra Leone becomes a British Crown Colony.source
18081 January – Sierra Leone becomes a British Crown Colony.United Kingdom source
1808January 22 – Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil: John (Dom João), Prince Regent, and the Braganza royal family of Portugal arrive in their colony of Brazil in exile from the French occupation of their home kingdom.source
1808February 21 – Russia issues an ultimatum to Sweden, to join Napoleon's Continental System against the United Kingdom.source
1808March 7 – Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil: The Portuguese royal court arrives in Rio de Janeiro, making it the centre of the Portuguese Empire.source
1808March 19 – Charles IV of Spain abdicates in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII.source
1808May 6 – Ferdinand VII is forced to abdicate as King of Spain by Napoleon. This effectively ends the Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) as the United Kingdom allies with Spain and Portugal against the French in the Peninsular War.source
1808July 8 – Joseph Bonaparte approves the Bayonne Statute, a royal charter intended as the basis for his rule as King of Spain, during the Peninsular War.source
180830 August – Peninsular War: Convention of Sintra signed, by which the defeated French are allowed to evacuate their troops from Portugal without further conflict.France source
1808September 27 – The Congress of Erfurt, between the emperors Napoleon I of France and Alexander I of Russia, begins.source
180827 September – Congress of Erfurt, between Emperor Napoleon and Tsar Alexander I of Russia begins.France source
180827 September – The Congress of Erfurt, between the emperors Napoleon I of France and Alexander I of Russia, begins.Germany source
1808November 8 – 1808 United States presidential election: James Madison defeats Charles C. Pinckney, winning 122 electoral votes to Pinckney's 47. Ten of the 17 states choose their electors by popular vote; the rest choose through state legislatures. George Clinton, who is separately elected as vice president, gets six electoral votes for president.source
1808November – James Madison defeats Charles C. Pinckney in the U.S. presidential election.United States source
1808December 1 – Tsar Alexander I of Russia proclaims Finland a part of Russia.source
1808The settlement of Clanwilliam is establishedSouth Africa source
1808George Ponsonby becomes de facto first (whig) Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons.United Kingdom source
1808Benjamin Hall is given the Abercarn estate by his father-in-law, Richard Crawshay.Wales source
1809January 5 – The Treaty of the Dardanelles, between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Ottoman Empire, is concluded.source
1809January 14 – The Apodaca–Canning treaty is signed in London between Britain and Spainsource
1809February 3 – The Illinois Territory is created from the western part of the Indiana Territory.source
1809February 20 – United States v. Peters: The Supreme Court of the United States rules that the power of the federal government is greater than any individual state.source
1809March 4 – James Madison is sworn in as the fourth president of the United States, and George Clinton is sworn in for a second term as the fourth vice president.United States source
1809March 29 – At the Diet of Porvoo, Finland's four Estates pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia, commencing the secession of the future Grand Duchy of Finland from Sweden. The Emperor, in return, promises to retain and uphold former laws and privileges, as well as the dominant Lutheran religion. His pledge is later interpreted by the Finns as a confirmation of constitutional laws, which had, effectively, established Finland as a separate state in real union with Russia.source
1809March 29 – King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden abdicates after the Coup of 1809 and is later exiled.source
1809May 5 – The Swiss canton of Aargau declares Jews citizens.source
1809May 10 – Gustav IV Adolf is officially deposed from the Swedish throne, by the Riksdag of the Estates.source
180924 May – Lachlan Macquarie receives his commission as next governor of New South Wales, including instructions to reinstate Bligh temporarily on his arrival.Australia source
1809May - The Committee on the Constitution (Parliament of Sweden) is established.Sweden source
1809June 6 – Sweden promulgates a new Instrument of Government, which restores political power to the Riksdag of the Estates, after authoritarian rule since 1772. On the same day, Duke Charles (uncle of the deposed king Gustav IV Adolf) is elected King, under the name Charles XIII. In November he is affected by a heart attack and will be largely incapacitated for the remainder of his reign (until 1818).source
1809June 7 – Shoja Shah of the Durrani Empire signs a treaty with the British; only weeks later, he is succeeded by Mahmud Shah.source
18097 June – Shoja Shah of Afghanistan signs a treaty with the British. Only weeks later, he is succeeded by Mahmud Shah.United Kingdom source
1809June 26 – Danish adventurer Jørgen Jørgensen deposes Count Frederich Trampe as governor of Iceland in the Revolution of 1809 and declares himself "Protector of Iceland".source
180926 June: Jørgen Jørgensen's Revolution: Danish adventurer Jørgen Jørgensen arrived in Iceland, declared the country independent from Denmark–Norway and pronounced himself its ruler. However, with the arrival of HMS Talbot two months later, Danish rule in Iceland was restored and Jørgensen was arrested.Iceland source
1809July 16 – The city of La Paz (in modern-day Bolivia) declares its independence from the Spanish Crown and forms the Junta Tuitiva, the first independent government in Spanish America, led by Pedro Domingo Murillo.source
1809August 10 – Ecuador declares independence from Spain.source
1809September 17 – Finnish War: The Peace of Hamina is signed between Russia and Sweden. The future Grand Duchy of Finland is ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn.source
1809September 17 - Treaty of Fredrikshamn - Sweden cedes Finland to RussiaRussia source
1809October 8 – Prince Klemens von Metternich becomes foreign minister of the Austrian Empire.source
1809October 14 – The Treaty of Schönbrunn cedes the Illyrian Provinces to France, and ensures peace between The First French Empire, and The Austrian Empire.source
1809British recruits to the British East India Company (and subsequently to the Indian Civil Service) are required to learn at least one Indian language fluently.source
1809Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach formed from a merger and raised to a grand duchyGermany source
1809Dingiswayo (formerly Gogongwana) takes chieftainship from his brother, proclaims himself Chief of the AmaMthethwa, and rules autocratically.South Africa source
1810January 1 – Major-General Lachlan Macquarie officially becomes Governor of New South Wales.source
18101 January – Lachlan Macquarie is sworn in as Governor of New South Wales.New Zealand source
1810February 17 – Napoleon I decrees that Rome would become the second capital of the French Empire.source
18104 April – The County of Roepstorff is established by Christian Alexander Roepstorff from the manors of Einsidelsborg and Kørup.Denmark source
1810April 19 – Venezuela achieves home rule: Vicente Emparán, Governor of the Captaincy General of Venezuela, is removed by the people of Caracas, and Supreme Junta is installed. Venezuela is the first South American state to proclaim independence from Spain.source
1810April – Kaumualii receives an assurance of the continued independence of the Kingdom of Hawaii.source
1810June 7 – Argentina's new junta publishes the country's first newspaper, the Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres, edited by Mariano Moreno.source
1810July 9 – Russia acquires Sukhumi through a treaty with the Abkhazian dukes, and declares a protectorate over the whole of Abkhazia.source
1810July 20 – First Republic of New Granada: Patria Boba: A junta of seven patriots, led by José Acevedo y Gómez, assemble in Bogotá in the Viceroyalty of New Granada (modern-day Colombia), to declare its independence from the Spanish Empire, the first South American nation to break away from Spain as the third oldest independent republic state after Haiti.source
1810August 6 – The city of Santa Cruz de Mompox, in modern-day Colombia, declares independence from the Spanish Empire.source
1810September 16 - The Mexican War of Independence begins with the "Grito de Dolores", as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and fellow rebels take up arms against the Spanish colonial authorities.Spain source
1810September 18 – Chile forms its First National Junta, which is the country's first step towards its independence.source
181018 September - The Government Junta of Chile (1810) is established.Chile source
1810September 23 – The Republic of West Florida declares independence from Spain.source
1810September 26 – A new Act of Succession is adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates, and Jean Baptiste Bernadotte becomes heir to the Swedish throne.source
1810October 27 – The United States annexes the Republic of West Florida.source
1810November 2 – A peace treaty in Haiti confirms its division between the northern State of Haiti, ruled autocratically by the gen de couleur Henri Christophe, and the southern Republic, ruled by mulatto Alexandre Pétion.source
1810Loyalist colonel Edward Jessup lays out a townsite in Upper Canada's Augusta Township, which would grow into Prescott, Ontario.Canada source
1810Frederik Christopher Trampe is replaced as Governor of Iceland by Ísleifur Einarsson, Johan Carl Thuerecht von Castenschiold, Rasmus Frydensberg and Stefán Þórarinsson.Iceland source
1810Guillermo Castro – soldier, rancher, and magistrate, was born near Coyote, Alta CaliforniaMexico source
1810State Council (Russian Empire)Russia source
18115 February - The Prince of Wales becomes Prince Regent.Wales source
1811March 28 – Henri Christophe is proclaimed King Henri I, turning the northern State of Haiti into the Kingdom of Haiti.source
1811May 14 – Paraguay declares independence from the Spanish Empire (recognised May 15).source
18114 July - The National Congress of Chile is established.Chile source
1811July 5 – Venezuela declares its Independence from the Spanish Empire.source
18116 September – Sir John Cradock is appointed Governor of the Cape, tasked with implementing a more aggressive policy on the colony's eastern frontier.South Africa source
181117 September - Completion of The Cob embankment across Traeth Mawr by William Madocks is celebrated. His nearby model town of Tremadog is also completed by this year.Wales source
18118 October – Governor Cradock appoints Lieutenant-Colonel John Graham as special commissioner for military and civil affairs in the eastern frontier districts.South Africa source
1811October 17 – The silver deposits of Agua Amarga in Chile are discovered becoming, in the following years, instrumental for the Patriots to finance the Chilean War of Independence.source
1811October 26 – The Argentine Government declares freedom of expression for the press.source
1811November 17 – José Miguel Carrera, Chilean founding father, is sworn in as President of the executive Junta of the government of Chile.source
1811December 21 – The first Constitution of the Republic of Venezuela, after it declares its independence from Spain, goes into effect.source
1811Tensions between France and Russia increase, as Napoleon orders the seizing of the Duchy of Oldenburg. This will eventually lead to the Treaty of Paris(24 February 1812) and the following French invasion of Russia.Russia source
1811Highland Clearances – the Marquess and Marchioness of Stafford begin mass expulsion of crofting tenants from their Highland estates to make way for sheep farming.Scotland source
1812January 1 – The Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (the Austrian civil code) enters into force in the Austrian Empire.source
1812February 24 – Prussia and France sign the Treaty of Paris, a military alliance.source
1812February 27 – Argentine War of Independence: Manuel Belgrano raises the Flag of Argentina (which he designed) in the city of Rosario, for the first time.source
1812February 27 – English poet Lord Byron gives his first address as a member of the British House of Lords, in defense of Luddite violence against industrialism, in his home county of Nottinghamshire.source
1812March 14 – France and Austria sign the Treaty of Paris.source
1812March 19 – The Cortes of Cádiz creates the first modern Spanish constitution.source
1812March 19 - ratification of the Spanish Constitution of 1812Spain source
1812March 26 – In the United States, the Boston Gazette prints a political cartoon coining the term Gerrymander, after former Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry's approval (on February 11) of legislation creating oddly shaped electoral districts, designed to help incumbents win re-election.source
1812March 26 – The Boston Gazette prints a political cartoon coining the term "Gerrymander" after former Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry's approval (on February 11) of legislation creating oddly shaped electoral districts designed to help incumbents win re-election.United States source
1812April 30 – Louisiana is admitted as the 18th U.S. state.source
1812May 16 – Russian field marshal Mikhail Kutuzov signs the Treaty of Bucharest, ending the Russo-Turkish War (1806–12) and annexing Bessarabia to Imperial Russia.source
1812May 28 - The Treaty of Bucharest is signed, establishing peace between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, following the Ottoman's defeat in multiple battles in eighth Russo-Turkish War. This also established the basis for future Russia–Turkey relations.Russia source
1812June 4 – Following Louisiana's admittance as a U.S. state, the territory previously known by that name is renamed the Missouri Territory.source
181210 July – Publication of report of the first detailed inquiry into the convict system in Australia by a Select committee on Transportation. The committee supported Governor Macquarie's liberal policies in general. However, the committee thought that fewer ticket of leave should be issued and opposed the governor having the power to grant pardons. The committee concluded that the colony should be made as prosperous as possible so as to provide work for the convicts and to encourage them to become settlers after being given their freedom.Australia source
1812August to October – The Red River Colony is begun in Canada's northwest on lands granted to Thomas Douglas by the Hudson's Bay Company.Canada source
181219 September – The Ann leaves Port Jackson and five months later returns Ruatara home.New Zealand source
1812October 12 – The capital of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania is permanently moved from Lancaster to Harrisburg.source
1812November 5 – 1812 United States presidential election: James Madison defeats DeWitt Clinton.source
1812November 10 – 1812 United Kingdom general election: The Tory Party is victorious, under Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool.source
181210 November - The Senate of Chile first meets.Chile source
1812December 30 – The Convention of Tauroggen is signed.source
1812The Ranikot Fort is reconstructed in Sindh.source
1812The settlement of Cradock is establishedSouth Africa source
1813January 31 – The Assembly of the Year XIII is inaugurated in Buenos Aires.source
1813February 9 – Prussia abolishes the canton system.source
1813March 4 – James Madison is sworn in as President of the United States for his second term, and Elbridge Gerry is sworn in as Vice President of the United States.United States source
1813June 6 – 1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains: Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth succeed in crossing the Blue Mountains (New South Wales) and return home.source
181320 July – The Perseverance returns to Sydney.New Zealand source
1813July 21 – U.K. Parliament passes the Doctrine of the Trinity Act 1813, repealing legal penalties for non-trinitarian sects such as Unitarians, and codifying religious tolerance in Great Britain (the Toleration Act of 1688 did not apply to Jews, non-trinitarians, or Roman Catholics).source
1813July 23 – Sir Thomas Maitland is appointed as the first Governor of Malta, transforming the island from a British protectorate to a de facto colony.source
1813September – Robert Southey becomes Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom.source
1813October 14 – After a ceremony in Caracas, Venezuela, the municipality gives Simón Bolívar the title of El Libertador.source
1813October 24–November 5 – Persia and Russia sign the Treaty of Gulistan at the end of the Russo-Persian War, by which Persia loses modern-day Georgia, Dagestan and most of Azerbaijan to Russia.source
1813October 24 - Treaty of Gulistan ends the warRussia source
1813October – Treaty of Gulistan signed between Persia and Russia.Iran source
18132 November - Lord Charles Henry Somerset is appointed Governor of the Cape.South Africa source
1813November 21 – An independent government is restored in the Netherlands.source
181323 November – Hesse-Darmstadt and Nassau join the coalitionGermany source
1813Following the death of his father Wossen Seged, Sahle Selassie arrives at the capital Qundi before his other brothers, and is made Meridazmach of Shewa.source
1813The Supreme Council for the Northern Jurisdiction of the United States of America is founded.source
1813The kingdoms of Denmark and Norway were separated by the Treaty of Kiel in 1814 following the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark kept Iceland, as well as Faroe and Greenland, as dependencies.Iceland source
1813The Chowringhee Theatre is inaugurated in Kolkata.India source
1814January 14 – Treaty of Kiel: Frederick VI of Denmark cedes the Kingdom of Norway into personal union with Sweden, in exchange for west Pomerania. This marks the end of the real union of Denmark-Norway.source
1814January 31 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas becomes Supreme Director of Argentina.source
18144 February – The Court of Civil Jurisdiction is abolished by the Second Charter of Justice; it was replaced by the Supreme Court of Civil Judicature of New South Wales. The court had jurisdiction to deal with civil disputes where the amount in dispute in the colony was more than £50 sterling.Australia source
1814February 11 – Norway's independence is proclaimed, marking the ultimate end of the Kalmar Union.source
1814February – George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, represents Britain at the Congress of Chatillon.source
1814March 9 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Treaty of Chaumont signed by four Allied powers, deepening their alliance against France.source
1814April 11 – Napoleonic Wars – Treaty of Fontainebleau: The War of the Sixth Coalition ends, and Napoleon is forced to abdicate unconditionally as Emperor of the French.source
1814April 12 – The Royal Norwegian Navy is re-established.source
1814May 3 – Treaty of Lircay signed between Royalists and Patriots during the Chilean War of Independence.source
1814May 4 – Ferdinand VII abolishes the Spanish Constitution of 1812, returning Spain to absolute monarchy.source
1814May 17 – The occupation of Monaco changes from French to Austrian hands.source
1814May 17 – The Constitution of Norway is signed and the Danish Crown Prince Christian Frederik is elected King of Norway, by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly.source
1814May 30 – Napoleonic Wars: The First Treaty of Paris is signed, returning France's borders to their 1792 extent. Napoleon is exiled to Elba on the same day.source
1814June 4 – Charter of 1814: Louis XVIII of France issues the Charter of 1814, a written constitution that retains royal supremacy and will remain in force from 1814 to 1815 and again from 1815 to 1830.source
1814June 17 – In London, Alexander, Frederick William and George exchange their ratifications of the Peace Treaty ending the war with France.source
1814June 21 – The secret Eight Articles of London are signed between the Great Powers, uniting the Low Countries under William I of the Netherlands.source
1814July 22 – War of 1812 – The Treaty of Greenville is signed between the U.S. government and Native American tribes.source
1814July 28 – The revived Ligurian Republic is dissolved.source
1814August 9 – Creek War – The Treaty of Fort Jackson is signed, ending the Creek War.source
1814August 13 – The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 is signed in London, returning most possessions of the Dutch Empire acquired by the United Kingdom since 1803 to the Netherlands, although Britain retains the Cape of Good Hope and the South American settlements of Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice (later consolidated as British Guiana). In addition, the British cede the island of Banca off the island of Sumatra, in exchange for the settlement of Cochin, India.source
1814November 1 – The Congress of Vienna formally opens in Austria to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, with the European powers agreeing upon the redrawing of national borders following the victory over France; it will last until June 9, 1815.source
1814November 1: The first group of patriot prisoners are sent to the Juan Fernández Islands.Chile source
18141 November – The Congress of Vienna formally opens in Austria to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, with the European powers agreeing upon the redrawing of national borders following the victory over France; it will last until 9 June 1815.Germany source
1814December 15 – The Hartford Convention is convened by members of the American Federalist Party.United States source
181420 December – At Matauri Bay, Marsden persuades Ngāti Uru and Ngāpuhi to make peace.New Zealand source
1814December 24 – War of 1812: The Treaty of Ghent is signed, formally ending the war.source
1814Frederick VI ceded Norway to King Charles XIII of Sweden, and the Danish-Norwegian union came to an end, formally ending Norwegian possession of Iceland.Iceland source
1814Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)Russia source
1814In the complex peace treaty, the Cape Colony is permanently taken from the Dutch by the United Kingdom.South Africa source
1815January 3 – Austria, Britain, and Bourbon-restored France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia.source
1815February 15 – War of 1812 – The United States Senate ratifies the Treaty of Ghent.United States source
1815February 17 – The Spanish reconquest of Spanish America begins.source
1815February 18 – The War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom (including Canada) officially ends, following ratification of the Treaty of Ghent (1814) in Washington, D.C.source
181521 February – Thomas Holloway King is the first European born in New Zealand. (see also 1816, 1817 & 1818)New Zealand source
1815March 2–18 – Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Kandy, the last king in Ceylon, is deposed under the terms of the Kandyan Convention, which results in Ceylon becoming a British colony.source
18152 March – The Kandyan Convention, an agreement between the Kandyan chiefs and the British, is signed, deposing King Sri Vikrama Rajasinha and ceding the kingdom's territory to the British.Sri Lanka source
1815March 16 – William I becomes King of the Netherlands.source
1815March 25 – Governor George Prevost informs Parliament that then-prince regent George IV has ordered him to England to answer charges of the naval commander.Canada source
1815June 9 – The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna is signed: A new European political situation is set. The German Confederation and Congress Poland are created, and the neutrality of Switzerland is guaranteed. Also, Luxembourg declares independence from the French Empire.source
18159 June – The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna is signed: A new European political situation is set. The German Confederation and Congress Poland are created, and the neutrality of Switzerland is guaranteed. Also, Luxembourg declares independence from the French Empire.Germany source
1815June 22 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon abdicates again; Napoleon II (1811–1832), age 4, nominally rules for two weeks (22 June to 7 July).source
1815August 2 – Napoleonic Wars: Representatives of the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia and Prussia sign a convention at Paris, declaring that Napoleon Bonaparte is "their prisoner" and that "His safe keeping is entrusted to the British Government."source
1815September 26 – Austria, Prussia and Russia sign a Holy Alliance, to uphold the European status quo.source
1815November 5 – The Ionian Islands become a British protectorate, the United States of the Ionian Islands.source
1815November 27 – The Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland is signed, creating Congress Poland, a constitutional monarchy in personal union with the Russian Empire, under terms agreed at the Congress of Vienna.source
181513 December – The County of Hardenberg Reventlow is established by Christian Henrik August Hardenberg-Reventlow from the manors of af Hardenberg (Krenkerup), Christiansdal, Nielstrup, Rosenlund, Nørregård and Sæbyholm.Denmark source
1815The first full-blooded European native born in New Zealand, Thomas King, is born in the Bay of Islands.source
1815The second wave of Amish immigration to North America begins.source
1815The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves is established under Queen Mary I. Brazil is elevated from the status of Portuguese colony to a constituent country of the united kingdom.Brazil source
1815The Supreme Court of Norway was established on the basis of the Constitution of Norway's §88, prescribing an independent judiciary.Norway source
1816March 1 – The Gorkha War between the United Kingdom and Nepal is ended after more than a year by the ratification of the Treaty of Sugauli, with Nepal ceding about one-third of its territory to British Indian control.source
1816March 16 – U.S. Secretary of State James Monroe is nominated by a caucus of Democratic-Republican Party members of Congress, to be its party's representative in the U.S. presidential election; Monroe receives 65 votes, and Secretary of War William H. Crawford receives 54 votes.source
1816March 22 – The United States signs a treaty with the Cherokee Nation, acknowledging that it will return land in Alabama and Georgia that had been illegally ceded to the U.S. in 1814 by the Creek Nation. General and future U.S. president Andrew Jackson, refuses to honor the treaty, and uses the controversy as a justification for removing Indians from the southeastern United States.source
1816March 29–April 10 – The Second Bank of the United States obtains its charter.source
1816May 8 – Divorce is abolished in France by the Chambre introuvable, after having been permitted following the French Revolution.source
181621 May – Highland Society of London (established 1778) incorporated by Act of Parliament.Scotland source
1816June 4 (N.S.) (May 23 O.S.) – The Governorate of Estonia of the Russian Empire emancipates its peasants from serfdom.source
1816July 9 – The United Provinces of South America (today Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia and southern Brazil) declares independence from Spain.source
1816August 12–24 – The Treaty of St. Louis, between the United States and the Council of Three Fires tribes, is signed in St. Louis.source
1816August 14 – The United Kingdom formally annexes the Tristan da Cunha archipelago in the southern Atlantic Ocean, ruling it from the Cape Colony.source
1816September 6 – King Louis XVIII dissolves the Chambre introuvable, the legislature that had been elected after the Second Bourbon Restoration re-established the old monarchy.source
18166 September – King Louis XVIII dissolves the Chambre introuvable, the legislature that had been elected after the Second Restoration re-established the old monarchy.France source
1816November 1–December 3 – 1816 United States presidential election: James Monroe defeats Rufus King.source
18162 December – John Oxley allots the first land grants in the Illawarra district.Australia source
1816December 11 – Indiana is admitted as the 19th U.S. state.source
1816December 11 – Indiana is admitted as the 19th U.S. state (see History of Indiana).United States source
1816December 12 – The thrones of Sicily and Naples are merged into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, under King Ferdinand I.source
1816Saint Pierre and Miquelon resettled.source
1816The French Artistic Mission arrived in Rio de Janeiro under the invitation of King John VI of Portugal. Led by artists like Jean-Baptiste Debret and Nicolas-Antoine Taunay, the mission aimed to establish European artistic and cultural standards in Brazil. This initiative later contributed to the founding of the Academia Imperial de Belas Artes, shaping Brazilian art and architecture and leaving a lasting cultural legacy.Brazil source
1816Province of Brandenburg establishedGermany source
1816Bodø was granted township status.Norway source
1816Sweden joins the Holy Alliance.Sweden source
181728 January - The Prince Regent addresses the House of Lords at the State Opening of Parliament. On leaving the Palace of Westminster, the Prince's carriage is attacked and a window broken.United Kingdom source
181716 February - Bernardo O'Higgins is granted dictatorial powers.Chile source
1817March 3 – The U.S. Congress passes a law to split the Mississippi Territory, after Mississippi drafts a constitution, creating the Alabama Territory, effective in August.source
1817March 3 – On his last day in office, U.S. President James Madison vetoes John C. Calhoun's Bonus Bill as unconstitutional after it has passed both houses of the U.S. Congress. Stephen Minicucci, Internal Improvements and the Union, 1790–1860, Studies in American Political Development (2004), 18: p.160-185, (2004), Cambridge University Presssource
1817March 4 – James Monroe is sworn in as the fifth president of the United States, and Daniel D. Tompkins is sworn in as the sixth vice president.United States source
1817April 29 – The Rush–Bagot Treaty is signed between the United States and the British Empire, limiting the number of warships on the Great Lakes between the U.S. and Canada in the aftermath of settling the War of 1812.source
181711 June - Concordat of 11 June 1817.France source
181716 June – Poor Law Employment Act empowers the Lord Lieutenant to appoint commissioners of public works to supervise construction of public works to relieve unemployment financed by mortgages of rates.Ireland source
1817June 22 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain, by royal decree, makes the production and sale of tobacco a legal endeavor in Cuba, thus sparking the birth of the Cuban cigar industry.source
1817August 15 – By act of the U.S. Congress (March 3), the Alabama Territory is created by splitting the Mississippi Territory in half, on the day the Mississippi constitution is drafted, four months before Mississippi becomes a U.S. state.source
181718 October - The Flag of Chile is adopted.Chile source
1817October 30 – The independent government of Venezuela is established by Simón Bolívar.source
1817December 10 – Mississippi is admitted as the 20th U.S. state, formerly the Mississippi Territory.source
1817December 10 – Mississippi is admitted as the 20th U.S. state, formerly the Mississippi Territory. (see History of Mississippi). Then Alabama Territory is effective.United States source
1817The Rush-Bagot Agreement limits the number of battleships on the Great Lakes to a total of eight.Canada source
1818January 6 – The Treaty of Mandeswar brings an end to the Third Anglo-Maratha War, ending the dominance of Marathas, and enhancing the power of the British East India Company, which controls territory occupied by 180 million Indians.source
18186 January – Treaty of Mandasor is signed between the British and the Marathas.India source
18186 January – Treaty of Mundosir annexes Indore and the Rajput states to the British East India Company.United Kingdom source
1818February 12 – Chilean Declaration of Independence from Spain is proclaimed in Chile.source
181812 February - The Chilean Declaration of Independence is approved by Bernardo O' Higgins.Chile source
1818April 4 – The United States Congress adopts the flag of the United States as having thirteen red and white stripes, and one star for each state (twenty), with additional stars to be added whenever a new state is added to the Union.source
181826 May – The County of Lerchenborg is established by Christian Cornelius Lerche from the manors of Lerchenborg and Aunsøgård as well as the farms Mineslund, Asnæsgård, Lerchenfeld, Birkendegård, Vesterbygard, Astrup and Davrup.Denmark source
1818June 10 – The British Parliament is dissolved by the Prime Minister Lord Liverpool, and new elections are scheduled for August 4 for the House of Commons.source
1818August 1 – A separate Topographical Bureau of the United States Department of War is established.source
1818August 4 – 1818 United Kingdom general election for the House of Commons. The Tory Party, led by Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, retains its control of the government but loses some seats.source
1818September 23 – Border markers are formally installed for the European territory of Moresnet.source
1818November – Te Morenga returns to the Bay of Islands.New Zealand source
1818December 3 – Illinois is admitted as the 21st U.S. state.source
1818December 3 – Illinois is admitted as the 21st U.S. state (see History of Illinois).United States source
1818Johan August Sandels is appointed Governor-general of Norway.Norway source
1818Berkeley Thomas Paget, MP for Anglesey, retires from Parliament.Wales source
181930 January – An informal agreement was written between the Temenggong and the British and the Union Jack is raised with a little ceremony.Singapore source
1819February 6 – The Treaty of Singapore, is signed between Hussein Shah of Johor and Sir Stamford Raffles of Britain, to create a trading settlement in Singapore.source
1819February 15 – The United States House of Representatives agrees to the Tallmadge Amendment, barring slaves from the new state of Missouri (the opening vote in a controversy that leads to the Missouri Compromise).source
1819February 22 – Adams–Onís Treaty: Agreement is reached for Spain to cede Florida (already under USA's domination) to the United States in exchange for renunciation of American claims on Texas arising from the Louisiana Purchase, American payment of $5 million to settle citizens' claims regarding Florida, and definition of international borders. Following ratification, the treaty takes effect in 1821.source
1819April 7 (N.S.) (March 26 O.S.) – The Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire emancipates its peasants from serfdom.source
181922 June – Act of Parliament to abolish private appeals following acquittals in criminal cases and to abolish trial by combat, in the aftermath of Ashford v Thornton (1818).England source
181924 July – Governor Macquarie appoints Butler a justice of the peace for New Zealand.New Zealand source
181920 September – Carlsbad Decrees are issued throughout the German ConfederationGermany source
1819October 13 – A treaty is entered between the Raja of Cutch Deshalji II, and East India Company, placing the Cutch State under Company rule.source
1819December 14 – Alabama is admitted as the 22nd U.S. state.source
1819December 17 – The Republic of Gran Colombia is formally established, with Simón Bolívar as its first president.source
1819Cape Breton Island is annexed to Nova Scotia.Canada source
1819Ehrenreich Christopher Ludvig Moltke takes over the role of Governor of Iceland, replacing Johan Carl Thuerecht von Castenschiold.Iceland source
1819The 5th Cape Frontier War endsSouth Africa source
1820January 1 – A constitutionalist military insurrection at Cádiz leads to the summoning of the Spanish Parliament to meet on March 7, becoming the nominal beginning of the "Trienio Liberal" in Spain.source
1820January 8 – The General Maritime Treaty of 1820 is signed between the sheikhs of Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al-Quwain and Ras Al Khaimah (later constituents of the Trucial States) in the Arabian Peninsula and the United Kingdom.source
1820January 29 – King George IV becomes the new British monarch upon the death his father George III after 59+ years on the throne. The elder George's death ends the 9-year period known as the British Regency.source
1820February 6 – Capture of Valdivia: Lord Cochrane occupies Valdivia in the name of the Republic of Chile.source
1820March 3 and 6 – The Missouri Compromise becomes law, allowing admission of Missouri and Maine, as slave and free states respectively, as U.S. states.source
1820March 9 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain accepts the new constitution, beginning the Trienio Liberal.source
1820March 15 – Maine is admitted as the 23rd U.S. state.source
1820March 15 – Maine is admitted as the 23rd U.S. state (see History of Maine).United States source
1820April 1 — Benjamin Chew Wilcocks becomes Consul of the United States at the Port of CantonChina source
18208 June – Constitution of the German ConfederationGermany source
1820June 10 – Sir Thomas Munro is appointed as the British colonial Governor of the Madras Presidency, which encompasses most of southern India.India source
1820June 12 – Delegates in St. Louis in the Missouri Territory approve a proposed state constitution, proclaiming that they "do mutually agree to form and establish a free and independent republic, by the name of 'The State of Missouri'."source
1820June 12 – Élie Decazes, leader of the opposition in France's Chamber of Deputies, introduces the "Law of the Double Vote", a proposal to add to the existing legislators by creating 172 seats that would be "selected by special electoral colleges" made up of the wealthiest 25% of voters in each of France's departments.source
182028 September – Establishment of a unified provisional juntaPortugal source
1820October 9 – Guayaquil declares independence from Spain.source
1820October 25–November 20 – The Congress of Troppau is convened between the rulers of Russia, Austria and Prussia.source
18201 December – Campbelltown, New South Wales is established.Australia source
1820December 3 – James Monroe is re-elected, virtually unopposed, in the 1820 United States presidential election. One elector, William Plumer of New Hampshire, casts his vote for John Quincy Adams in order to protest the administration of Monroe and Daniel Tompkins while also establishing Adams as a contender for the election in 1824.source
1820After the Liberal Revolution of 1820, the Portuguese court returns from Brazil to Portugal.Brazil source
1820The settlement of Worcester is established.South Africa source
1821January - General Extraordinary and Constituent Courts of the Portuguese NationPortugal source
18213 February – Sir Thomas Brisbane is commissioned as Governor to succeed Macquarie. He replaces Macquarie on 1 December of the same year.Australia source
1821May 12 – Congress of Laibach finally ends having overseen the successful Austrian intervention in Italy. A planned Congress of Verona in 1822 is agreed as the next meeting.source
1821July 4 – Return of John VI from Brazil to Portugal who approves on that day the Bases da Constituição.source
182120 July – Grass is sown for the first time in New Zealand, on land cleared from fern at Kerikeri.New Zealand source
182127 July – Sir Thomas Phillipps is created a baronet.Wales source
1821July 28 – Argentine general José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from the Spanish Empire.source
1821August 10 – Missouri is admitted as the 24th U.S. state.source
1821August 10 – Missouri is admitted as the 24th U.S. state (see History of Missouri).United States source
1821August 24 – The Treaty of Córdoba is signed in Córdoba, Veracruz, Mexico, ratifying the Plan of Iguala of February 24 for Mexico's independence from Spain and, although not recognised by the latter, effectively concludes the Mexican War of Independence.source
1821August 30 – At the Congress of Cúcuta, the Republic of Gran Colombia (a federation covering much of present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) is established, with Simón Bolívar as the founding President, and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president.source
1821September 4 (O.S.)/September 16 (N.S.) – Ukase of 1821: Russia proclaims territorial sovereignty over Northwestern North America, modern-day Alaska.source
1821September 15 – Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica gain independence from Spain by the Act of Independence of Central America. On October 29, the newly independent First Mexican Empire proposes that Guatemala should be annexed with it.source
1821September 27 – The Army of the Three Guarantees enters Mexico City, and the following day the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain is proclaimed, following the Mexican War of Independence.source
1821September 28 – The Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire is ratified.Mexico source
1821November 28 – Panama declares independence from Spain, joining Gran Colombia.source
1821No foreigners allowed in Russian-American waters, except at regular ports of call.Canada source
1821The town of Lillesand is founded.Norway source
1822January 1 – The Greek Constitution of 1822 is adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus.source
1822January 7 – The first freed slaves from the United States arrive on the west coast of Africa, founding Monrovia on April 25.source
1822January 9 – The Portuguese prince Pedro I of Brazil decides to stay in Brazil against the orders of the Portugal's King João VI, beginning the Brazilian independence process.source
18229 January: D. Pedro I refuses to heed the order of the Cortes of Lisbon to return to Portugal, initiating the process of Brazilian independence. The date became known as Dia do Fico.Brazil source
1822January 14 – Greek War of Independence: Acrocorinth is captured by Theodoros Kolokotronis and Demetrios Ypsilantis.source
1822February 24 – The first Swaminarayan temple, Kalupur Swaminarayan Mandir at Ahmedabad in the British Raj, is inaugurated.source
1822March 19 – Boston, Massachusetts, is incorporated as a city following a vote.source
1822April 30 – George Canning, President of the Board of Control in the House of Commons, moves to repeal a law that prohibited Roman Catholic peers from sitting or voting in the House of Lords. The motion passes, 235–223, on its second reading, but the House of Lords declines to pass it.source
182218 June – The Wellington Monument is inaugurated close to the Duke's London residence Apsley House on the seventh anniversary of his victory at Waterloo.United Kingdom source
1822July 1–3 – U.S. House of Representatives elections begin in Louisiana and continue until the last elections are held in North Carolina on August 14, 1823.United States source
1822July 8 – The Chippewa people cede a huge tract of land in Ontario to British control.source
1822July 13 – Greek War of Independence: Greek soldiers defeat Ottoman forces at Thermopylae.source
1822July 27 – Guayaquil Conference: Simón Bolívar and General José de San Martín meet in Guayaquil, which Bolívar later annexes.source
18228 August – Bernardo O'Higgins institutes a new constitution, which is seen by opponents to be an attempt to keep himself in power, leading to O'Higgins being deposed and replaced by Ramón Freire in 1823.Chile source
1822September 7 – Brazil declares its independence from Portugal.source
18227 September - Independence of BrazilPortugal source
1822September 16 – George Canning is appointed British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.source
1822September 16 – The Constituent Congress of Peru begins its first session.source
1822September 22 – Portugal approves its first Constitution.source
1822October 12 – Pedro, Crown Prince of Portugal, is declared the constitutional Emperor of Brazil, as Pedro the First.source
1822October 20 – The Congress of Verona opens in the Austrian-ruled province of Lombardy-Venetia. The event is the largest diplomatic gathering since the Congress of Vienna seven years earlier. The Congress lasts until December 14, and Russia, Austria and Prussia approve French intervention in Spain.source
1822October 31 – Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of the First Mexican Empire dissolves the country's Congress of the Union, and replaces it with a military junta.source
1822December 1 – Pedro I is crowned as the first Emperor of Brazil.source
1822December 14 – The Congress of Verona ends having endorsed French Intervention in Spainsource
1822John Bigge's first report on all aspects of the colonial government, then under the governorship of Lachlan Macquarie, including finances, the church and the judiciary, and the convict system, was published.Australia source
1822Louis-Joseph Papineau and John Neilson, both members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, travel from Montreal to England to oppose an Act of Union identifying the French Canadians as a minority without language rights. The act is not passed in the British Parliament.Canada source
1822Ngāti Toa under senior chief Te Pēhi Kupe capture Kapiti Island.New Zealand source
1823February 28 – José de la Riva Agüero is sworn as the first president of Peru following a coup against the government of José de la Mar. He only rules 115 days.source
1823February 28 – Johnson v. McIntosh decided in the Marshall Court, a landmark Supreme Court decision relating to enduring aboriginal title and tribal sovereignty in the United States.United States source
1823March 19 – Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of Mexico abdicates, thus ending the short-lived First Mexican Empire.source
1823May 5 – Emperor Pedro I of Brazil inaugurates Brazil's first Assembleia Geral, with 50 Senators and 102 Deputies.source
1823May 7 – Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov is appointed as Governor-General of Novorossiya (New Russia), the portion of Russian Empire bordering the Black Sea (in modern days it constitutes southern regions of Ukraine).source
1823May 10 – Louis-Joseph Papineau and John Neilson are in London to present a petition of 60,000 signatures against favouring Union of the coloniesCanada source
1823June 23 – Peruvian president José de la Riva Agüero is impeached by Congress. He rebels and establishes a short-lived rival government in Trujillo.source
1823July 1 – The Congress of Central America declares absolute independence from Spain, Mexico and any other foreign nation, including North America, and a republican system of government is established.source
1823July 16 – José Bernardo de Tagle elected as the second president of Peru by the Peruvian Congress.source
182319 July – The Governors Court is abolished by the Third Charter of Justice; it was replaced by the New South Wales Legislative Council.Australia source
1823August 4 – Felipe Enrique Neri, Baron de Bastrop, the Mexican government administrator in charge of Anglo-American immigration into Mexico's state of Coahuila y Tejas, allows Stephen F. Austin to put together an 11-man police force, that will later be expanded to become the Texas Ranger Division.source
182314 September – Samuel Marsden and Samuel Leigh resume their departure from New Zealand. Thomas Kendall changes his mind and stays.New Zealand source
1823September 23 - Cadiz falls to the French, ending the liberal revolution and restoring Ferdinand VII to the throneSpain source
1823November 12 – The first Constitution of Peru is proclaimed, albeit it is almost immediately annulled by Simón Bolívar.source
1823November 12: Pedro I of Brazil closes the Constituent Assembly.Brazil source
1823December 2 – James Monroe first introduces the Monroe Doctrine in the State of the Union address, declaring that any European attempts to recolonize the Americas would be considered a hostile act towards the United States.source
1823date unknown - Slavery is abolished in Chile.Chile source
1823On 11 September, Sirohi State taken under British protection in return for acknowledgment of supremacy and government in accordance with the advice of the political resident.India source
1824March 7 – In the Florida Territory, the announcement is made from St. Augustine that the capital will be moved to Tallahassee.source
1824March 17 – The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 is signed to resolve territorial disputes between the British Empire and the Netherlands over control of the Malay Peninsula and the Dutch East Indies (now Malaysia and Indonesia)source
182417 March – Anglo-Dutch Treaty signed in London.United Kingdom source
1824March 25: The Brazilian Constitution of 1824 was adopted, establishing a hereditary Catholic monarchy headed by the emperor Dom Pedro I.Brazil source
1824July 2 – The Confederation of the Equator begins in Pernambuco, Brazil: Wealthy landowners against the government of Emperor Pedro I initiate a secessionist movement for the independence of Pernambuco.source
18242 August - The Treaty of Friendship and Alliance in Singapore was signed. The sultans of Johor cedes Singapore and its islands 10 geographical miles away from it to the British East India CompanySingapore source
182412 September – Lieutenant Henry Miller is formally appointed to establish a penal colony at Moreton Bay resulting in the founding of Brisbane on the Brisbane River (Miller had arrived in Moreton Bay a couple of months prior to the formal appointment)Australia source
1824September 16 – Charles X succeeds his brother Louis XVIII as King of France.source
182416 September - Charles X succeeds Louis XVIII as King of France.France source
1824October 4 – The First Constitution of Mexico is ratified, declaring the country to be a federal republic called the United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos).source
1824December 1 – U.S. presidential election: Since no candidate received a majority of the total electoral college votes in the election, the United States House of Representatives is given the task to decide the winner (as stipulated by the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution).United States source
1824December 3 – 1824 United States presidential election: None of the four candidates for U.S. president— Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay or William H. Crawford— gain a majority of the electoral votes, although Jackson has a plurality of 40.5% of the popular vote. John C. Calhoun wins a majority of the electoral votes for Vice President. The election for President is carried out by the U.S. House of Representatives on February 9, 1825, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, with each of the 24 states having a vote, of which Adams receives 13 votes for the minimum majority necessary .source
1824The name Australia, recommended by Matthew Flinders in 1804, is adopted by the British Admiralty as the official name of the country once known as New Holland.source
1824The Dutch sign the Masang Agreement, temporarily ending hostilities in the Padri War.source
1824William Lyon Mackenzie establishes the Colonial Advocate.Canada source
1824Russia and the United States signed a treaty defining their spheres of influence in the Pacific Northwest of North America.Russia source
18257 January - Parliament of TapihueChile source
1825February 9 – After no presidential candidate receives a majority of United States Electoral College votes following the 1824 United States presidential election, the United States House of Representatives elects John Quincy Adams President of the United States in a contingent election.source
1825February 9 – After no presidential candidate receives a majority of U.S. Electoral College votes, the United States House of Representatives elects John Quincy Adams as President of the United States in a contingent election.United States source
1825February 12 – Second Treaty of Indian Springs: The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government and migrate west.source
1825April 17 – Charles X of France recognizes Haiti, 21 years after it expelled the French following the successful Haitian Revolution, and demands the payment of 150 million gold francs, 30 million of which Haiti must finance through France itself, as down payment.source
1825May – History of Brisbane: The Australian city of Brisbane is founded.source
1825June 2 – The United States Senate ratifies the treaties with the Great Osage and the Little Osage tribes.source
1825June 3 – The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaty with the Kansas tribe.source
1825June 9 – The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaty with the Poncas tribe.source
182514 June – Van Diemen's Land is separated administratively from New South Wales.Australia source
1825July 6 – A new Combinations of Workmen Act in the United Kingdom makes trade unions legal according to narrowly defined principles.source
1825July 6 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Cheyenne tribe.source
1825July 6 – The Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck gains possession of Glücksburg and changes his title to Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. Den 6te Julii har det behaget Hs. Majestæt allernaadigst at tillade Hs. høifyrstelige Durchlauchtighed, Hertug Friederich Wilhelm Paul Leopold til Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderburg Beck, for sig og hans samtlige ægte Descendentere, tillige at føre det Hertugelige Navn og Titel som Hertug af Glücksburg.source
18256 July – The Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck gains possession of Glücksburg and changes his title to Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. The line of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg later becomes the royal house of Greece, Denmark and Norway.Germany source
1825July 16 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Hunkpapa tribe.source
1825July 30 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Mandan, Belantae, Eloa and Minnetaree tribes.source
1825August 4 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Ricara tribes.source
1825August 6 – Bolivia gains its independence from Spain as a republic, at the instigation of Simón Bolívar.source
18256 August – War of Independence: The Bolivian Declaration of Independence, in which Bolivia officially declares independence from the Spanish Empire, is approved by the General Assembly of Deputies of the Province of Upper Peru.Bolivia source
1825August 11 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Crow tribe.source
1825August 25 – Uruguay is declared independent of the Empire of Brazil by the Thirty-Three Orientals, a militant revolutionary group led by Juan Antonio Lavalleja.source
1825August 29 – The Treaty of Rio de Janeiro between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Empire of Brazil, recognizes Brazil as an independent nation; formally ending Brazil’s war of independence.Brazil source
1825September 26 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Missouri and Ottoe tribes.source
1825September 30 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Pawnee tribe.source
1825November 7 – The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaty with the Shawnee tribe.source
1825November 15 – King Joao VI of Portugal promulgates a law recognizing his eldest son, Dom Pedro, as the Emperor of Brazil.source
1825Colonial frontier extended to the Orange River.South Africa source
1825Sir Thomas Foley becomes an admiral.Wales source
1826January 24 – Treaty of Washington between the United States government and the Creek National Council, in which they cede much of their land in the State of Georgia.United States source
1826February 8 – Unitarian Bernardino Rivadavia becomes the first President of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, now Argentina.source
1826February 24 – The Treaty of Yandabo ends the First Anglo-Burmese War. Britain gains Assam, Manipur, Rakhine and Tanintharyi.source
1826May 2: D. Pedro I abdicates the Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter Dona Maria II.Brazil source
182625 May – The General Constituent Congress convenes in Chuquisaca.Bolivia source
1826May 28 – The Emperor Pedro I of Brazil abdicates as King of Portugal.source
1826May - The agreement from 1825 between Norway and Russia, making Paatsjoki (Pasvikelva) and Jakobselva border between the two countries, is ratifiedNorway source
1826June 20 – The Burney Treaty is signed in Bangkok between the United Kingdom and the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam, securing British power in southeast Asia.source
1826June 22 – The Pan-American Congress of Panama is opened in Panama City by Simon Bolivar as an attempt to unify the republics of the Americas that have recently declared independence from Spain, or to at least make a federation to agree on a common defense policy and create a common military. The Congress lasts for 23 days without an agreement.source
18269 July - Ramon Freire resigns, handing over power to Manuel Blanco Encalada.Chile source
1826July 15 – The Congress of Panama adjourns after 24 days without an agreement on creating a federation of Latin American nations.source
1826December 16 – Benjamin W. Edwards rides into Mexican-controlled Nacogdoches, Texas, and declares himself ruler of the Republic of Fredonia.source
1826December 25 – Major Edmund Lockyer arrives at King George Sound to take possession of the western part of Australia, establishing a settlement near Albany.source
182625 December - Major Edmund Lockyer arrives at King George Sound to take possession of the western part of the continent, establishing a settlement near Albany.Australia source
1826The British East India Company colony of the Straits Settlements is established.source
1826Establishment of the Second Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery and the Third Section by imperial decree.Russia source
1826Cape Colony passes legislation to reform the justice system, instituting the Cape Charter of Justice and introducing trial by jury.South Africa source
1827January 30 – The first public theatre in Norway, the Christiania Offentlige Theater, is inaugurated in Christiania (modern-day Oslo).source
182730 January – The Rosanna leaves the Hokianga Harbour for Sydney signalling the end of the attempt by the 1825 New Zealand Company to settle New Zealand.New Zealand source
182713 February - The Chilean presidential election, 1827 is held, electing Ramon Frieire as Eyzaguirre's successor.Chile source
1827March 11 – The new state constitution for the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas is ratified, including a phasing-out of slavery in its Article 13, which declares that "From and after the promulgation of the constitution in the capital of each district, no one shall be born a slave in the state, and after six months the introduction of slaves under any pretext shall not be permitted." The prohibition of importing slaves from the United States is lifted when Texas declares independence in 1836, and the Republic of Texas Constitution will provide specifically that Africans and "the descendants of Africans" will not be considered "citizens of the republic".source
1827April 10 – George Canning succeeds Lord Liverpool as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
182710 April – George Canning succeeds Lord Liverpool as British prime minister following the latter's resignation due to ill health after almost fifteen years in office.United Kingdom source
182725 April – Sir Stapleton Cotton is created Viscount Combermere.Wales source
1827May 21 – The Maryland Democratic Party is founded by supporters of Andrew Jackson in Baltimore, and hosts its first meeting at the Baltimore Atheneum.source
18279 June - Norra begravningsplatsen is inaugurated.Sweden source
1827July 6 – Greek War of Independence: The Treaty of London between France, Britain and Russia, demands that the Turks agree to an armistice in Greece.source
1827August 31 – F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich, becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom following the death of George Canning.source
1827November 24 – Voting is completed in elections for France's 430 member Chamber of Deputies. The Ultraroyalistes, supporters of King Charles X, lose their 233-seat majority and finish with 180 seats, the same number as the opposition Doctrinaires.source
1827December 20 – Mexico passes its first "expulsion law", providing for citizens of Spain to be expelled within the next six months, and to remain barred from re-entry until the Kingdom of Spain recognizes Mexico's 1810 declaration of independence. Ultimately, because of all the exemptions within the expulsion act, only 1,779 of the 6,610 Spaniards are required to leave.source
1827Elections overwhelmingly in favour of the Parti Patriote much to the annoyance of the British.Canada source
1827In exile, José María de Torrijos y Uriarte and Manuel Flores Calderón form the Liberal Board in London, with Torrijos as military chief.Spain source
1828January 4 – Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac, succeeds the Comte de Villèle as Prime Minister of France.source
1828January 8 – The Democratic Party of the United States is organized.source
1828January 22 – Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, succeeds Lord Goderich as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
1828February 10 – Treaty of Turkmenchay was signed between Persia and Russia.Iran source
1828February 21 – The Cherokee Phœnix, the earliest newspaper published by Native Americans in the United States and in one of their indigenous languages, Cherokee, is first issued in New Echota.source
1828February 22 – Treaty of Turkmenchay: By this Russian-Persian peace treaty signed on February 10 at Torkamanchay, Persia (Iran), the latter country is forced irrevocably to cede the territories of the Erivan Khanate (most of modern-day central Armenia and the northern Iğdır Province of Turkey), the Nakhichevan Khanate (most of the modern-day Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan), the remainder of the Talysh Khanate (southeastern Azerbaijan), and the Ordubad and Mughan regions (also part of modern-day Azerbaijan) to Imperial Russia. By this and the Treaty of Gulistan (1813) Persia has now lost all its territories north of the Aras River, comprising modern-day Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan and Armenia to Russia. Armenians from Persian Azerbaijan are to be resettled in the Caucasus.source
1828March 3 – Dom Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil and former King of Portugal, signs a document "to complete my abdication of the Portuguese crown" (made in 1826), to renounce all claims in favor of his daughter Queen Maria II, and to declare "indubitable proof" that he wishes Portugal to be "perpetually separated from the Brazilian nation....in such a manner as may render even the idea of reunion impracticable."source
1828April 11 – The city of Bahía Blanca in modern-day Argentina is founded.source
1828April 26 – The Treaty of Commerce and Navigation is signed between Brazil and Denmark, establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries.source
182819 June - The Llanelly Dock is established by Act of Parliament.Wales source
18286 July – Peruvian–Bolivian War: The Treaty of Piquiza is signed between Sucre and Gamarra. Gran Colombian troops are required to withdraw while Peruvian troops will remain for some time.Bolivia source
18289 August: The Chilean Constitution is promulgated.Chile source
1828August 27 – In South America, the Empire of Brazil and United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (modern-day Argentina) recognize the independence of Uruguay, causing the end of the Cisplatine War. Simón Bolívar declares himself dictator of Gran Colombia.source
1828October 4 – Uruguay gains independence from Brazil.source
1828November 11 – Greek War of Independence: the London Protocol entails the creation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty encompassing the Morea and the Cyclades.source
1828December 3 – 1828 United States presidential election: Andrew Jackson is elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent John Quincy Adams in a landslide.source
1828December 3 – U.S. presidential election: Challenger Andrew Jackson beats incumbent John Quincy Adams and is elected President of the United States.United States source
1828William Lyon Mackenzie elected to the Assembly with the first Reform majority.Canada source
1828John Guard establishes a subsidiary whaling station at Kakapo Bay in Port Underwood. (see 1827)New Zealand source
1828Cape Colony's Ordinance 50 ensures legal equality, limits employer power, exempts Coloureds from carrying passes, and revises apprenticeship laws.South Africa source
1829March 18: The Treaty of Amity and Commerce is signed between Brazil and the United States.Brazil source
1829March 22 – Greece receives autonomy from the Ottoman Empire in the London Protocol, signed by Russia, France and Britain, effectively ending the Greek War of Independence. Greece continues to seek full independence through diplomatic negotiations with the three Great Powers.source
1829April 1 – Vicente Guerrero becomes president of Mexico.source
1829April 13 – The Catholic Relief Act is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, granting a substantial measure of Catholic emancipation in Britain and Ireland.source
18292 May – After anchoring nearby, Captain Charles Fremantle of HMS Challenger, proclaimed possession of the whole of the west coast of Australia for the Crown.Australia source
182924 May – Andrés de Santa Cruz takes office as the 6th president of Bolivia. Velasco becomes the 2nd vice president.Bolivia source
182915–16 May - The Chilean presidential election, 1829 reelects Pinto as president.Chile source
1829June 3 – The Swan River Colony (later to become the cities of Perth and Fremantle) is founded in Western Australia. This secures the western third of the Australian landmass for the British.source
1829July 5 – Ignacio Mariscal, distinguished lawyer, diplomat and Liberal member.Mexico source
1829August 8 – The Prince de Polignac succeeds the Vicomte de Martignac as Prime Minister of France.source
1829September 14 – The Ottoman Empire signs the Treaty of Adrianople with Russia, ending the Russo-Turkish War.source
1829October 1 – South African College is inaugurated in Cape Town.source
1829Lorentz Angel Krieger became the founding Governor of Iceland, taking over from Peter Fjeldsted Hoppe.Iceland source
1829Treaty of Adrianpole (also called Treaty of Edirne)Russia source
1829Fertile land in the Kat River basin granted to 250 Khoikhoi and coloured families, marking the start of the Kat River Settlement as a buffer zone between AmaXhosa and the colonial government.South Africa source
1830January 12–27 – Webster–Hayne debate: In the United States Congress, Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina debates against Daniel Webster of Massachusetts about the question of states' rights vs. federal authority.source
1830January 12–27 – Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina debates the question of states' rights vs. federal authority with Daniel Webster of Massachusetts in the United States Congress.United States source
1830February 3 – The London Protocol establishes the full independence and sovereignty of Greece from the Ottoman Empire, as the result of the Greek War of Independence.source
1830April 1 - resignation of President Ruiz-TagleChile source
1830April 6 – The Law of April 6, 1830 was passed encouraging Mexican settlement and forbidding American settlement within Coahuila y TejasMexico source
18309 April - The first issue of the Dutch newspaper De Zuid-Afrikaan in the Cape ColonySouth Africa source
1830May 13 – Ecuador separates from Gran Colombia.source
1830May 28 – The Indian Removal Act is signed into law by U.S. President Andrew Jackson, beginning the "Trail of Tears" with the forced relocation of more than 60,000 Indigenous Americans from the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations from the southeastern United States to what is now the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The relocation is accomplished by the end of 1838. In addition to the five tribes, thousands of Indian-owned black slaves are moved as well, and the move has the effect of beginning mass destruction of bison in North America.source
1830June 26 – William IV succeeds his brother George IV, as King of the United Kingdom.source
1830July 18 – Uruguay adopts its first constitution.source
1830July 20 – Greece grants citizenship to Romaniote Jews.source
1830July 29 – "The Three Glorious Days" of the July Revolution in France end with establishment of a provisional government in Paris.source
1830August 2 – King Charles X abdicates the throne in favour of his grandson Henri, Count of Chambord, who never takes the throne.source
1830August 9 – Louis Philippe, the "Citizen King", becomes King of the French.source
1830August 13 – The Duc de Broglie is appointed Prime Minister of France by Louis Philippe.source
183025 August – Belgian Revolution beginsBelgium source
183020 September - The Port Arthur penal settlement was established.Australia source
1830September 26 – Belgian Revolution: The army of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands fails to retake Brussels; a National Congress is summoned to draw up a Constitution and a Provisional Government of Belgium is established under Charles Latour Rogier.source
1830October 4 – Belgian Revolution: The Provisional Government in Brussels declares the creation of the independent state of Belgium.source
1830October – The Regeneration in Switzerland begins: more liberal constitutions are adopted in most cantons.source
1830November 2 – Jacques Laffitte succeeds the Duc de Broglie as Prime Minister of France.source
1830November 8 – Ferdinand II becomes King of the Two Sicilies.source
1830November 22 – On what becomes called "the Ustertag", men of the Canton of Zürich in Switzerland gather to demand a new constitution.source
1830November 22 – The Whig Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey succeeds Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
1830December 20 – The independence of Belgium is recognized by the Great Powers.source
1830William Lyon Mackenzie re-elected to the Assembly with a Reform minority.Canada source
1830Colonial Offices Act (British statute)India source
1831February 7 – The Belgian Constitution of 1831 is approved by the National Congress.source
1831March 10 – The French Foreign Legion is founded.source
183110 March - The French Foreign Legion is founded.France source
1831April 7 – Pedro I abdicates as Emperor of Brazil in favor of his 5-year-old son Pedro II, who will reign for almost 59 years.source
1831April 27 – Charles Albert becomes king of Sardinia after the death of King Charles Felix.source
1831May 2: Emperor Pedro I abdicates from his post, leaving the throne for his 5-year-old son Pedro II. Since Pedro II was a minor, the country entered a regency period until he reached the age of 15 in 1840.Brazil source
183126 June – At the Conference of London the five great powers (Austria, Britain, France, Prussia, Russia) finalise the Treaty of the Eighteen Articles, an unsuccessful peace proposal for Belgium and the NetherlandsBelgium source
1831July 13 – Russian imperial officials in Wallachia adopt Regulamentul Organic, introducing a period of unprecedented reforms that provide for Westernization of this region of Romania.source
1831July 21 – Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is inaugurated as the first King of the Belgians, in Brussels.source
183129 August – Belgian general election, 1831, first elections for the Belgian ParliamentBelgium source
1831September 22 – The House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes the Great Reform Bill to expand the franchise, but this is later defeated in the House of Lords.source
183122 September – The House of Commons passes the Great Reform Bill to expand the franchise, but this is later defeated in the Lords.United Kingdom source
1831November 17 – Ecuador and Venezuela are separated from Gran Colombia.source
1831December 31 – Gramercy Park is deeded to New York City.source
1831The Ripon Land Regulation Act provides land grants.Australia source
1831Many African-Canadians were protesting at the time about voting rights, although these weren't granted to them until 7 years later.Canada source
1831William Rees (Gwilym Hiraethog) becomes a minister.Wales source
1832January 1 – William Lyon Mackenzie readmitted into the Legislative Assembly after being expelledCanada source
1832January 2: Joaquim Pinto Madeira starts a movement in Ceará, known as the Crato Insurrection, in order to restore Emperor Pedro I back to power.Brazil source
1832February 6 – The Swan River Colony is renamed Western Australia.source
18327 February - The West Australian Legislative Council and Executive Council meet for the first timeAustralia source
1832February 9 – The Florida Legislative Council grants a city charter for Jacksonville, Florida.source
1832February 12 – Ecuador annexes the Galápagos Islands.source
1832May 7 – The Treaty of London creates an independent Kingdom of Greece. Otto of Wittelsbach, Prince of Bavaria, is chosen King; thus begins the history of modern Greece.source
1832May 11 – Greece is recognized as a sovereign nation; the Treaty of Constantinople ends the Greek War of Independence in July.source
1832June 7 – The Reform Act receives royal assent after passage by the British Parliament, reforming the electoral system and setting uniform law for voting rights in England and Wales, though not in Scotland or Ireland.source
1832October 20 – Principal Chief Levi Colbert (Itawamba Mingo) and other leaders of the Chickasaw Nation of American Indians sign the Treaty of Pontotoc Creek with the United States, ceding their remaining 9,400 square miles of land to the U.S., in return for a promise that they will receive all proceeds of sales of the land by the federal government to private owners, along with expenses for relocation and food and supplies for one year. The area ceded includes the entire northern one-sixth of the state of Mississippi.source
183220 October – Albert Joseph Goblet d'Alviella replaces Félix de Muelenaere as Prime MinisterBelgium source
1832November 2–December 5 – Andrew Jackson defeats Henry Clay in the U.S. presidential election.United States source
1832December 3 – 1832 United States presidential election: Andrew Jackson is re-elected president.source
18328 December–8 January 1833 — In the 1832 United Kingdom general election, the first following the Reform Act 1832, John Josiah Guest becomes the first MP for the new constituency of Merthyr Boroughs.Wales source
1832December 28 – John C. Calhoun becomes the first Vice President of the United States to resign.source
1832George Catlin starts to live among the Sioux in the Dakota Territory.source
1832British merchant and ship owner Captain James Clendon buys land and sets up a trading station at Okiato in the Bay of Islands. The location would be renamed Russell and become the first capital of New Zealand in 1840.New Zealand source
1832Commissioners of Woods and Forests become the Commissioners of Woods, Forests, Land Revenues, Works and Buildings and begin to manage the hereditary land revenues of the Crown in Scotland formerly controlled by the Barons of the Exchequer, under terms of this year's Crown Lands (Scotland) Act.Scotland source
1833January 3 – The United Kingdom reasserts British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean.source
183323 January – Bathurst is gazetted as a townAustralia source
1833March 4 – Andrew Jackson is sworn in for his second term as President of the United States, and Martin Van Buren is sworn in as Vice President of the United States.United States source
1833April 1 – General Antonio López de Santa Anna is elected President of Mexico by the legislatures of 16 of the 18 Mexican states. During his frequent absences from office to fight on the battlefield, Santa Anna turns the duties of government over to his vice president, Valentín Gómez Farías.source
1833May 6 – The Ottoman Empire promulgates a firman ratifying the Peace Agreement of Kütahya, bringing an end to the Egyptian-Ottoman War.source
1833May 25 – The Chilean Constitution of 1833 is promulgated.source
183325 May - The Chilean Constitution of 1833 is promulgated.Chile source
1833July 8 – The Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi creates an alliance between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire.source
1833August 20 – Future United States President Benjamin Harrison is born in Ohio. From this date until the death of Former U.S. President James Madison on June 28 1836, a total of 18 Presidents of the United States (2 former, 1 current, and 15 future) are living; which is more than any other time period in U.S. history.source
1833August 26 – The Canton of Basel is partitioned by the Swiss Tagsatzung to create the two half-cantons of Basel-City and Basel-Country.source
1833August 28 – The British Slavery Abolition Act 1833, beginning the process of giving slaves in much of the British Empire their freedom, receives royal assent, with an effective date of August 1, 1834. A £20 million fund is established to compensate slaveowners.source
1833August 29 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom votes to pass the Factory Acts, limiting child labour.source
1833September – William Lyon Mackenzie returns from the United Kingdom.Canada source
183318 November – Treaty of Zonhoven between Belgium and the Netherlands, regulating navigation on the Meuse RiverBelgium source
1833Greece recaptures the Acropolis of Athens.source
1833Jón Sigurðsson, leader of the 19th century Icelandic independence movement relocates to Denmark to study grammar and history at the University of Copenhagen.Iceland source
1833The building of the house for James Busby is begun. After the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi there in 1840 it will be known as the Treaty House.New Zealand source
1833British Parliament passes the Abolition Act, ending slavery but introducing "apprenticeship" to prevent economic collapse.South Africa source
18341 January – The Western Australian Police Force is formed.Australia source
183425 January – The Agreement Regarding Compensation for the Kubo (Kabaw) Valley is signed.India source
1834February 12 – Freed American slaves from Maryland form a settlement in Cape Palmas, it is named the Republic of Maryland.source
1834April 14 – The Whig Party is officially named by United States Senator Henry Clay.source
1834April 22 – Spain, France, Portugal and the United Kingdom sign the Quadruple Alliance.source
183426 June - The Coat of arms of Chile is adopted.Chile source
1834July 16 – William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, succeeds Earl Grey as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
1834July 24 – The Liberal Wars end in Portugal.source
1834August 1 – Slavery is abolished in the British Empire, by the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.source
1834August 12 – In the Empire of Brazil, the Additional Act provides for establishment of the Provincial Legislative Assembly, extinction of the State Council, replacement of the Regency Trina, and introduction of a direct and secret ballot.source
1834August 15 – The South Australia Act allows for the creation of a colony there.source
1834September 18 – Athens becomes Greece's capital city, replacing the provisional capital of Nafplio.source
183424 September – Pedro de Sousa Holstein, 1st Duke of Palmela becomes the first official prime minister of PortugalPortugal source
1834November 14 – William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne becomes the last Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to be dismissed by the British monarch. King William IV temporarily appoints Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, to form a caretaker government.source
1834December 10 – Sir Robert Peel succeeds The Duke of Wellington as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
183429 December – Extradition treaty with the Kingdom of France comes into force.Belgium source
1834The house for James Busby is completed. After the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi there in 1840 it will be known as the Treaty House.New Zealand source
1834Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1834)Russia source
1834New Governor Sir Benjamin D'Urban establishes Executive and Legislative Councils. No elections, but debates are allowed, and laws require Council approval.South Africa source
1835February 1 – Slavery is finally abolished in British-administered Mauritius, with compensation to slaveowners.source
1835March 2 – Ferdinand becomes Emperor of Austria.source
1835April 7: Diogo Feijó wins the election as Regent of Brazil by just a difference of approximately 600 votes.Brazil source
1835April 18 – Lord Melbourne succeeds Sir Robert Peel as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
183528 April - Lord Eliot ConventionSpain source
1835May 5 – Braulio Carrillo is sworn in as Head of State of Costa Rica.source
1835May 23 – The Mexican State of Aguascalientes is formed, by decree of President Antonio López de Santa Anna.source
1835May 23 – President Santa Anna separates by decree the State of Aguascalientes from the State of Zacatecas.Mexico source
18356 June – Batman's Treaty is created between John Batman and Wurundjeri elders to secure the land around Port Phillip Bay for the establishment of Melbourne. The treaty was later declared void by the Governor of New South Wales, Richard Bourke.Australia source
183523 July – Mariano Enrique Calvo is appointed as the 3rd vice president of Bolivia, succeeding José Miguel de Velasco.Bolivia source
183510 October – Second provisional postal convention between Belgium and the Office of the Prince of Tour and Taxis signed in Brussels.Belgium source
1835October 28 – The United Tribes of New Zealand is founded at Waitangi, with the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand.source
1835October - First printing in English in New Zealand made by William Colenso, a notice warning against French influence in New Zealand.New Zealand source
1835December 7 – Future U.S. President James K. Polk becomes Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.source
1835December 20 – The Texas Declaration of Independence is signed by American residents rebelling against Mexico at Goliad, Texas.source
1835December 29 – The Treaty of New Echota is signed between the United States Government and representatives of the Cherokee Nation.source
1835English becomes the official language of India.source
1835Juan Manuel de Rosas becomes Caudillo of Argentina.source
1835The French word for their language changes to français, from françois.source
1835The Voortrekkers start leaving the Cape Colony in what is called the Great Trek into the interior to escape British dominationSouth Africa source
1836January 1 — Hill Street Academy is named Colombo Academy and acquired by the Government, establishing the first public school in Sri Lanka.source
1836January 5 – Former U.S. Representative Davy Crockett of Tennessee arrives in Texas to join the Texan fight for independence from Mexico.source
1836March 1 – Texas Revolution – Convention of 1836: Delegates from many Texas communities gather in Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas, to deliberate independence from Mexico.source
1836March 2 – Texas Revolution – Convention of 1836: The Texas Declaration of Independence is signed by 60 delegates, and the Republic of Texas is declared.source
1836March 2 – At the Convention of 1836, the Republic of Texas declares independence from Mexico.Mexico source
1836March 11 – Sultan Mahmud II abolishes the posts of Reis ül-Küttab and Kahya Bey, and establishes the Ottoman ministries of Foreign Affairs and of the Interior in their place.source
1836March 17 – Texas Revolution – Convention of 1836: Delegates adopt the Constitution of the Republic of Texas, modeled after the United States Constitution. It allows slavery, requires free blacks to petition Congress to live in the country, but prohibits the slave trade.source
1836March 27 – The United States Survey of the Coast is returned to the U.S. Treasury Department, and renamed the U.S. Coast Survey.source
1836April 20 – The Wisconsin Territory is created; the first capital is Belmont.source
183630 April – Law on provinces of Belgium passes: provincial governors appointed by the crown; crown cannot disband provincial councils.Belgium source
1836May 14 – Texas Revolution: The Treaties of Velasco are signed, between Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna and the Republic of Texas. In exchange for his freedom and the guarantee of free passage back to Mexico, General Santa Anna gives his recognition to the independence of Texas. The Mexican government refuses to ratify the treaties.source
1836June 15 – Arkansas is admitted into as the 25th state of the United States of America.source
1836June 15 – Arkansas is admitted as the 25th U.S. state (see History of Arkansas).United States source
1836September 5 – Sam Houston is elected as the first president of the Republic of Texas.source
1836September 11 – The Riograndense Republic is proclaimed in South America.source
1836October 22 – Sam Houston is inaugurated as first elected President of the Republic of Texas.source
1836December 7 – 1836 United States presidential election: Martin Van Buren defeats William Henry Harrison, and three other Whig candidates, marking the most recent time a Democrat is elected to succeed a two-term Democratic U.S. president.source
1836December 26 – The Crown colony of South Australia is officially proclaimed (subsequently celebrated in the state of South Australia as Proclamation Day).source
1836December 28 – The Colony of South Australia is founded by Captain John Hindmarsh.source
1836December 28 – Spain recognizes the independence of Mexico.source
183628 December – South Australia and Adelaide are founded.Australia source
1836The Sylhet Government Pilot High School is established in Sylhet as Government Provisional Schoolsource
1836Mr. Papineau's following is 40 to 27, of the House. Mr. Papineau declares "Our task is not light, indeed, for we are called on to defend the rights of all British Colonial dependencies, as well as that we inhabit. The same evil genius, whose workings drove provincials of the neighboring States, unwittingly into the paths of a righteous and glorious resistance, presides over our affairs also. ...These Commissioners' instructions imply refusal, of those who prepared them, to listen heedfully to any representation of the many grievances either Canada has to complain of."Canada source
1836Akureyri loses its municipal status in, regaining it only in 1862.Iceland source
1836Lt. Gov. Andries Stockenström restores the province of Queen Adelaide to the AmaXhosa under British orders. His treaty system recognizing AmaXhosa chiefs' authority causes tension with Gov. Sir Benjamin D'Urban.South Africa source
1836The liberal opposition in Sweden continued to grow in influence under King Charles XIV John, who pursued a strictly conservative policy exploiting the powers invested in him by the constitution.Sweden source
1837January 26 – Michigan becomes the 26th state admitted to the United States.source
1837February 8 – Richard Johnson becomes the only vice president of the United States chosen by the United States Senate.United States source
1837June 5 – The city of Houston is incorporated by the Republic of Texas.source
183713 June – Parliamentary electionsBelgium source
1837June 18 - Spanish Constitution of 1812 was repealed, and is replaced by the Spanish Constitution of 1837Spain source
183717 November - The Treaty of Paucarpata is signed, temporarily ending the War of the Confederation.Chile source
1837December 16 – William Lyon MacKenzie occupies Navy Island and proclaims the short-lived Republic of Canada.Canada source
1837December 23 – The Slave Compensation Act is signed into law by the government of the United Kingdom. This pays a substantial amount of money, constituting 40% of the Treasury’s tax receipts at the time, to former enslavers but nothing to those formerly enslaved.source
1837The New Zealand Association is formed.New Zealand source
1837Major reforms to the Russian imperial bureaucracy include provisions for the creation of newspapers in Russian's 42 European provinces.Russia source
1837Piet Retief and his followers leave the Cape Colony.South Africa source
183831 January - Lord Glenelg, Secretary of State for War and the Colonies sent Governor Gipps the report of the Select committee of the House of Commons on Aborigines (British Settlements). The report recommended that Protectors of Aborigines should be engaged. They would be required to learn the Aboriginal language and their duties would be to watch over the rights of Aborigines, guard against encroachment on their property and to protect them from acts of cruelty, oppression and injustice. The Port Phillip Aboriginal Protectorate was established with George Augustus Robinson as chief protector and four full-time protectors.Australia source
18384 February - The AmaZulu King, Dingane signs a deed of cession to cede land to the voortrekkers led by Piet RetiefSouth Africa source
183828 February: The Provincial Assembly is installed in Pará.Brazil source
1838April 30 – Nicaragua declares independence from the Federal Republic of Central America.source
1838May 26 – Trail of Tears: The Cherokee Nation is forcibly relocated in the United States.source
1838May 28 – Braulio Carrillo is sworn in as Head of State of Costa Rica, thus beginning his second term in office.source
1838June 12 – Iowa Territory is created. At the time of its founding, Iowa Territory encompassed parts of modern-day Minnesota, South Dakota, North Dakota, as well as all of Iowa. The river city of Burlington functions as the territorial capital until 1841.United States source
1838July 4 – In the United States, the Iowa Territory is formally established, following the signing of a bill by President Martin Van Buren on June 12. In addition to Iowa, which will become a state on December 28, 1846, the Territory also includes most of what will become the states of Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota. Robert Lucas, former Governor of Ohio, takes office as the first Territorial Governor.source
1838July 30 - North Peru President Obregoso declares secession of his republic from the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.Peru source
1838August 1 – Most former slaves in the British Empire are released from apprenticeships, giving them full emancipation under terms of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.source
18382 August – Jean Langlois completes the purchase of Banks Peninsula from local Māori and makes a downpayment of goods to the value of 150 francs. Captain Cecille of the Héroine raises the French flag and proclaims French sovereignty over Banks Peninsula.New Zealand source
1838November 5 – Dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America: Honduras and Costa Rica follow the example of Nicaragua and secede from the federation.source
183823 December – Declarations on postal reciprocity between Belgium and the Office of the Prince of Tour and Taxis signed in Frankfurt am Main.Belgium source
1838The People's Charter is drawn up in the United Kingdom, demanding universal suffrage.source
1838The Pitcairn Islands become a Crown colony of the United Kingdom, and women there are the first in the world to be granted and maintain women's suffrage.source
1838An insurrection breaks out in Tizimín, beginning the campaign for the independence of Yucatán from Mexico.source
1838Jhalawar State is founded in the Hadoti regionIndia source
183913 April – Albury is proclaimed a villageAustralia source
1839April 19 – The Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom, with its independence and neutrality guaranteed by the great powers of Europe. Half of the Limburg province of Belgium is added to the Netherlands, giving rise to a Belgian Limburg and Dutch Limburg (the latter being joined (from September 5) to the German Confederation).source
183919 April – Treaty of London guarantees Belgian independence and neutrality; Luxembourg and Limburg partitioned.Belgium source
1839April 19- Britain, Prussia, France and the Netherlands agree to the Treaty of London that guaranteed the neutrality of Belgium.Germany source
1839May 7–11 – The Bedchamber Crisis in the United Kingdom: Following the announcement by Prime Minister Lord Melbourne that he intends to resign, Robert Peel asks (for political reasons) that Queen Victoria dismiss some of her personal attendants, Ladies of the Bedchamber, as a condition for his forming a government. Victoria refuses to accept the condition and Melbourne is persuaded to stay on as Prime Minister.source
183930 July – Ratification of William Hobson as Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand.New Zealand source
1839August 25 - dissolution of the Peru-Bolivian ConfederationBolivia source
1839October – Robert Cornelius takes the first photographic self portrait in the United States.United States source
1839December 6 – The Whig Party (United States), at its first ever national convention, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, nominates former U.S. Army General William Henry Harrison to be its candidate for President of the United States in the 1840 election. Although Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky has received 103 of the 128 necessary votes on the first ballot, he obtains only 90 on the final vote, while Harrison gets 148. Former U.S. Senator John Tyler is unanimously nominated for vice president.source
1839December 26 – Heinola in the Grand Duchy of Finland is granted town rights by Czar Nicholas I.source
1839The United Kingdom, backed by the Russian Empire and the Austrian Empire, compels July Monarchy France to abandon Muhammad Ali of Egypt, and forces him to return Syria and Arabia to the Ottoman Empire.source
1839Emperor Minh Mạng renames Việt Nam to Đại Nam.source
1839Khorshid Pasha vows to attack Bahrain to exert Egyptian rule over Bahrain, but his attack is prevented after Shaikh Abdulla bin Ahmed of Bahrain pays tribute.source
1839Khanate of Kalat is reduced to a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire, self-governing under KhansIndia source
1839The Cape Colony relinquishes Port Natal, and it is incorporated into the Natalia Republic.South Africa source
18405 February — Māori chiefs assemble at Waitangi to discuss the terms of the Treaty of Waitangi.New Zealand source
1840February 6 – The Treaty of Waitangi, granting British sovereignty in New Zealand, is signed.source
1840March 1 – Adolphe Thiers becomes prime minister of France.source
1840May 21 – New Zealand is declared a British colony.source
184030 May – Parliament considers petitions for Dutch to be made an official language, organised by Ferdinand Augustijn Snellaert and Jean-Baptist David.Belgium source
1840July 15 – The Austrian Empire, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire sign the Convention of London with the Sublime Porte, ruler of the Ottoman Empire.Germany source
1840July 23 – The Province of Canada is created by the Act of Union, but not proclaimed until 10 February 1841.source
1840July 23 – Pedro II is declared "of age" prematurely, and begins to reassert central control in Brazil.source
1840July 23 — Act of Union. The Queen sanctions the union of Upper and Lower Canada. The United Canada Act allows larger government to borrow more money.Canada source
1840August 1 – Remaining former slaves in the British Empire are released from apprenticeships under terms of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.source
1840October 7 – William II becomes King of the Netherlands.source
184016 October - Potchefstroom, Winburg and Natalia unifies as a single Boer republicSouth Africa source
1840November 7 – U.S. presidential election, 1840: William Henry Harrison defeats Martin Van Buren.United States source
1840Undated – Sydney City Council and Adelaide City Council are incorporated. A ratepayer required £1,000 worth of property to stand for election.Australia source
1840Jaitpur State, founded in 1731, is disestablishedIndia source
1841January 20 – Charles Elliot of the United Kingdom and Qishan of the Qing dynasty agree to the Convention of Chuenpi.source
184120 January — publication of the terms of the Convention of Chuenpi, signed between British Plenipotentiary Charles Elliot and Chinese Imperial Commissioner Qishan during the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and the Qing dynasty of ChinaChina source
1841January 30 – El Salvador proclaims itself an independent republic, bringing an end to the Federal Republic of Central America.source
1841February 10 – The Act of Union (British North America Act, 1840) is proclaimed in Canada.source
1841February 11 – Upper Canada and Lower Canada are merged to create the United Province of Canada.source
1841May 3 – New Zealand becomes a separate British colony, having previously been administered as part of the Colony of New South Wales.source
18418 June – Parliamentary elections.Belgium source
18419 June – de Aguiar takes over as prime minister after ValdezPortugal source
18411 July – The convict assignment system was abolished in New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land and was replaced by the probation gang system.Australia source
18411 July: The Colony of New Zealand comes into existence, a separate Crown colony from New South Wales.New Zealand source
1841August 11 – Frederick Douglass speaks in front of the Anti-Slavery Convention in Nantucket, Massachusetts.source
1841September 24 – Sarawak is broken away from Brunei, and James Brooke is appointed Rajah.source
184127 September – José Ballivián is sworn-in to the presidency after five days of uncertainty.Bolivia source
1841November 7 – Slaves bound for sale in New Orleans take control of the Creole, eventually sailing to freedom in British Nassau.United States source
1841December 20 – The first multilateral treaty for the suppression of the African slave trade, the Treaty for the Suppression of the African Slave Trade, signed in London by the representatives of Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and Russia.source
1841Cape Masters and Servants Ordinance is passed, replacing Ordinance 50. It removes racial distinction among servants. White, coloured, and ex-slaves face equal legal penalties if they commit contract breaches.South Africa source
1842March – Commonwealth v. Hunt: The Massachusetts Supreme Court rules that labor strikes and the formation of labor unions are both legal in the United States.source
1842May : Wellington becomes a Borough.New Zealand source
1842June 18 – Education in Sweden: A primary school system is established in Sweden.source
1842August 9 – The Webster–Ashburton Treaty is signed between the United States and United Kingdom, establishing the United States–Canada border east of the Rocky Mountains.source
1842August 9 – The Webster–Ashburton Treaty ends the Aroostook War, settling once and for all the Maine–New Brunswick border dispute.Canada source
1842August 9 – The Webster–Ashburton Treaty is signed, establishing the United States–Canada border east of the Rocky Mountains.United States source
184221 August – Hobart Town is proclaimed a city.Australia source
1842August 29 – The Treaty of Nanking, an unequal treaty between the United Kingdom and Qing dynasty China, ends the First Opium War, and establishes Hong Kong as a British colony (later a British dependent territory until 1997).source
184229 August — The First Opium war officially ends with the signing of the Treaty of Nanking.China source
1842September 16–17 – The Treaty of Chushul ends the Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh War).source
184223 September – Education Act stipulates that each local authority must maintain at least one primary school.Belgium source
1842The New Zealand seat of government moves from Russell to Auckland.source
1842The Polynesian islands of Tahiti and Tahuata are declared a protectorate of France.source
1842Porsgrunn was granted full city status. Limited city status was granted in 1807.Norway source
1842Cape Governor George Napier issues a proclamation against Boer incursions into Basotho and Griqua territories after appeals from Adam Kok III and Dr. John Philip.South Africa source
1843February 25 – Paulet Affair: Lord George Paulet occupies the Kingdom of Hawaii in the name of Great Britain.source
1843March 8 – The Danish government re-establishes the Althing in Iceland as an advisory body, by royal decree.source
18438 March: A royal decree providing for the establishment of a new Althing was issued, with the country's first elections being held the following year.Iceland source
1843May 4 – Natal is proclaimed a British colony.source
1843May 23 – Chile takes possession of the Strait of Magellan.source
1843June 6 – In Barbados, Samuel Jackman Prescod is the first non-white person elected to the House of Assembly.source
184312 June – Parliamentary electionsBelgium source
184321 September - Chile takes possession of the Strait of Magellan.Chile source
1843October 8 — Treaty of the Bogue signed between China and the United Kingdom, concluded in October 1843 to supplement the previous Treaty of NankingChina source
18434 November: The Bay of Islands Advocate begins publishing. It runs for three months.New Zealand source
1843November 28 – Hawaii is recognized as an independent nation by the United Kingdom and France. The holiday is celebrated annually as La Ku'oko'a (Independence Day).source
1843November 28 – Ka La Ku'oko'a (Hawaiian Independence Day): The Kingdom of Hawai`i is officially recognized by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and July Monarchy France as an independent nation.United States source
1843December 13 – Basutoland becomes a British protectorate.source
1843In Asia, the House of Jamalullail is established in the state of Perlis Darul Sunnah (formally as Perlis Indera Kayangan) after separation from the state of Kedah.source
1843Undated – The War of Southern Queensland begins between a coalition of Aboriginal tribes in South East Queensland, the "United Tribes", and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland it would be fought until 1855.Australia source
1843Boer farmers and raiding Griqua groups threaten Moshoeshoe’s kingdom. Napier supports Moshoeshoe, signing a treaty defining Basotho land between the Orange and Caledon Rivers, with Moshoeshoe receiving £75 to maintain order.South Africa source
1844February 27 – The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti.source
1844March 8 – The Althing, the parliament of Iceland, is reopened after 45 years of closure.source
1844March 13 – The dictator Carlos Antonio López becomes first President of Paraguay.source
1844March 23 – The Edict of Toleration is passed in the Ottoman Empire.source
1844May 10 – Government moves from Kingston to Montreal.Canada source
1844July 3 – The United States signs the Treaty of Wanghia with the Qing Empire. The treaty establishes five U.S. treaty ports in China with extraterritoriality and is the first unequal treaty that the United States imposes on the dynasty.source
18443 July — Treaty of Wanghia signed by the Great Qing Empire and the United States at the Kun Iam Temple in Macau, Portuguese MacauChina source
1844August 28 – Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx meet in Paris, France.source
184429 September – Norfolk Island was transferred from the Colony of New South Wales to the Colony of Van Diemen's LandAustralia source
184419 October – Postal convention between Britain and Belgium signed in London.Belgium source
1844November 6 – The Dominican Republic drafts its first Constitution.source
1844December 4 – 1844 United States presidential election: James K. Polk defeats Henry Clay.source
1844December 4 – 1844 United States presidential election: James K. Polk of Tennessee defeats Henry Clay of Kentucky.United States source
1844December 13 – Hungarian becomes the official language of Hungary.source
1844Flags of the Ottoman Empire: a national flag is adopted for the Empire.source
1844date unknown - Spain recognizes the independence of Chile.Chile source
1844The Althing, Iceland's supreme national parliament is restored by royal decree and moved to Reykjavík, after being made defunct in 1800.Iceland source
1844The settlement of Victoria West is establishedSouth Africa source
1845January 23 – The United States Congress establishes a uniform date for federal elections, which will henceforth be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.source
1845February 28 – The United States Congress approves the annexation of Texas.source
1845March 1 – President John Tyler signs a bill authorizing the United States to annex the Republic of Texas, subject to approval by the voters in the Republic. The territory claimed includes all of the future U.S. state of Texas, as well as portions of New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado and Wyoming.source
1845March 3 – Florida is admitted as the 27th U.S. state. On the same day, both houses of the U.S. Congress vote by a two-thirds majority, to override a presidential veto for the first time in history in order to pass legislation.source
1845March 3 – Florida is admitted as the 27th U.S. state (see History of Florida).United States source
1845April 20 – Ramón Castilla becomes president of Peru.source
18451 July: The first Consultative assembly finally met on 1 July 1845 in Reykjavík.Iceland source
184516 July - The Dissenter Act was enacted.Norway source
1845August 9 – The Aberdeen Act is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, empowering the British Royal Navy to search Brazilian ships, as part of the abolition of the slave trade from Africa.source
1845October 13 – A majority of voters in the Republic of Texas approve a proposed constitution that, if accepted by the United States Congress, will make Texas a U.S. state.source
184510 November – Commercial treaty with the United States signed by Thomas Green Clemson and Adolphe Deschamps in Brussels.Belgium source
1845December 2 – Manifest destiny: U.S. President James K. Polk announces to Congress that the Monroe Doctrine should be strictly enforced, and that the United States should aggressively expand into the West.source
1845December 27 – American newspaper editor John L. O'Sullivan claims (in connection with the annexation of the Oregon Country) in The United States Magazine and Democratic Review that the United States should be allowed "the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions". It is the second time he uses the term manifest destiny (first in connection with the Republic of Texas in July – August), and it will have a huge influence on American imperialism in the following century.source
1845December 29 – Texas is admitted as the 28th U.S. state.source
1845The Republic of Yucatán separates from Mexico for a second time.source
1845South Australian Gazette and Colonial Register is first published, 5 July 1845.Australia source
1845Lord Cathcart, the new governor, arrives.Canada source
1845British Concession (Shanghai) created by the 1845 Land RegulationsChina source
1845Natal becomes an autonomous district of Cape ColonySouth Africa source
1846January 5 – The United States House of Representatives votes to stop sharing the Oregon Country with the United Kingdom.source
1846January 23 – Ahmad I ibn Mustafa, Bey of Tunis, declares the legal abolition of slavery in Tunisia.source
1846February 19 – Texas annexation: United States president James K. Polk's annexation of the Republic of Texas is finalized by Texas president Anson Jones in a formal ceremony of transfer of sovereignty. The newly formed Texas state government is officially installed in Austin.source
1846March 9 – The First Anglo-Sikh war ends with the signing of the Treaty of Lahore. Kashmir is ceded to the British East India Company, and the Koh-i-Noor diamond is surrendered to Queen Victoria.source
18469 March - the Treaty of Lahore was a peace treaty marking the end of the First Anglo-Sikh War. As a result, Maharaja Ranjit Singh ceded Kashmir to the British East India Company.India source
1846June 10 – Mexican–American War: The California Republic declares independence from Mexico.source
184614 June – Founding congress of the Liberal Party.Belgium source
1846June 15 – Britain and United States settle the long-disputed boundary across the Columbia District or Oregon Country from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, by drawing the boundary across the mountains along the 49th Parallel to the Strait of Georgia, and leaving the Colony of Vancouver Island, established in 1843, intact.Canada source
1846August 22 – The Second Federal Republic of Mexico is established.source
1846August 22 – President Salas decrees the 1824 Constitution of Mexico in effect again.Mexico source
1846August 28 – The New Zealand Constitution Act 1846 is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom with the intention of granting self-government to the British colony. Governor George Grey suspends implementation of the majority of the Act, with the exception of the creation of New Ulster and New Munster Provinces, and it is superseded by the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852.source
184628 August: The New Zealand Constitution Act 1846 is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom with the intention of granting self-government to the colony. Governor George Grey suspends implementation of the majority of the Act, with the exception of the creation of New Ulster and New Munster Provinces, and it is superseded by the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852.New Zealand source
1846September 7 – The portion of the District of Columbia in the United States that was ceded by Virginia in 1790 is re-ceded to Virginia.source
184618 September – Chilean presidential election, 1846Chile source
1846December 22 – The Guild system in Sweden is abolished by the Fabriks och Handtwerksordning and Handelsordningen, and trade and handicrafts permits are granted to every male and female applicant of legal majority.source
1846December 22 - The guild system in Sweden is abolished by the Fabriks och Handtwerksordning and Handelsordningen.Sweden source
1846December 24 – Great Britain acquires Labuan from the Sultanate of Brunei.source
1846December 28 – Iowa is admitted as the 29th U.S. state.source
1847January 13 – The Treaty of Cahuenga ends fighting in the Mexican–American War in California.source
1847January 13 – The Treaty of Cahuenga ends the fighting in the Mexican–American War in California.Mexico source
1847January 16 – John C. Frémont is appointed Governor of the new California Territory.source
1847March 1 – Faustin Soulouque is elected President of Haiti.source
1847March 4 – The 30th United States Congress is sworn into office.source
1847March — Treaty of Canton, the first treaty made between Sweden-Norway and the Chinese EmpireChina source
1847May 8 – Bahrain's ruler, Shaikh Mohamed bin Khalifa Al Khalifa, signs a treaty with the British to prevent and combat the slave trade in the Arabian Gulf.source
1847May 31 – Second Treaty of Erzurum: the Ottoman Empire cedes Abadan Island to the Persian Empire.source
18478 June – Partial legislative elections.Belgium source
184729 June – Convention of GramidoPortugal source
1847July 26 – The nation of Liberia, founded as a haven for freed African-American slaves, becomes independent.source
1847July 28 – The Liberian constitution is approved by the constitutional convention.Liberia source
1847Diplomatic relations are established with Italy.Colombia source
1847Treaty of Bhyrowal (1847): The British and Maharaja Gulab Singh of Jammu signed a treaty, establishing the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.India source
1847Harry Smith claims land between the Orange and Vaal rivers for Britain but restricts white settlement, except in Griqualand.South Africa source
1848January 3 – Joseph Jenkins Roberts is sworn in as the first president of the independent African Republic of Liberia.source
1848February 2 – Mexican–American War: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Mexico cedes virtually all of what becomes the Southwestern United States to the U.S. The unincorporated California Territory becomes a provisional official possession; it is never organized by the United States Congress as a territory, but directly passes the requirements for statehood in 1850.source
1848February 2 – Mexican–American War: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed, ending the war and ceding to the United States virtually all of what is today the southwest of that country.Mexico source
18488 February - The Treaty of Lima is signed.Chile source
1848February 21 – Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto (Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei) in London.source
1848February 24 – Louis Philippe I, King of the French, abdicates in favour of his grandson, Prince Philippe, Count of Paris (who is proclaimed as Louis Philippe II but not accepted by the people), and flees to England after days of revolution in Paris. The French Second Republic is later proclaimed by Alphonse de Lamartine, in the name of the provisional government elected by the Chamber, under the pressure of the mob.source
1848March 4 – Carlo Alberto di Savoia signs the Statuto Albertino that will later represent the first constitution of the Regno d'Italia.source
1848March 11 – Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin become the first Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada to be democratically elected under a system of responsible government.source
1848March 13 – Prince Klemens von Metternich gives up office as State Chancellor and Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire.source
1848March 22 – The Republic of San Marco comes into existence in Venice.source
184822 March: Adam Wilhelm Moltke is appointed the first Prime Minister of Denmark.Iceland source
1848April 11 – The first Hungarian national government is formed, under the leadership of Lajos Batthyány. The April Laws, the first democratic revolutionary laws in Hungary, are promulgated, putting an end to the feudal privileges of the nobility and serfdom; proclaiming the freedom of religion, freedom of the press and foundation of the Hungarian National Bank; and organising the first democratic election in Hungary based in popular representation, a national guard and reunion of Transylvania with Hungary. The Habsburg emperor, and Hungarian king Ferdinand I of Austria, ratify these laws, which form the basis of modern Hungary.source
1848April 27 – The second abolition of slavery in France and its colonies initiated by Victor Schœlcher.source
1848May 15 – 40,000 Romanians meet at Câmpia Libertății in Blaj, to protest Transylvania becoming a part of Hungary.source
1848May 18 – The 'Frankfurt Parliament' (Nationalversammlung), the first German National Assembly, opens in Frankfurt.source
184818 May - 379 deputies assembled in the Kaisersaal in Frankfurt am Main walked solemnly to the Paulskirche to hold the first session of the German national assembly, under its chairman (by seniority) Friedrich Lang. Heinrich von Gagern became first elected president of Frankfurt Parliament.Germany source
1848May 19 – The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of February 2, ending the Mexican–American War, is ratified by the Mexican government.source
1848June 21 – Wallachian Revolution of 1848: The Proclamation of Islaz is made public, and a Romanian revolutionary government led by Ion Heliade Rădulescu and Christian Tell is created.source
184816 July - The Liberal Party of Colombia is founded.Colombia source
1848August 14 – American President James K. Polk annexes the Oregon Country, and renames it the Oregon Territory as part of the United States.source
1848August 17 – The Independent Republic of Yucatán officially unites with Mexico, in exchange for Mexican help in suppressing a revolt by the indigenous Maya population.source
1848September 5 – Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar ascends to throne.Iran source
1848September 12 – One of the successes of the Revolutions of 1848, the Swiss Federal Constitution, patterned on the Constitution of the United States, enters into force, creating a federal republic, and one of the first modern democratic states in Europe.source
1848October 2 – The National Defence Committee (Országos Honvédelmi Bizottmány), led by Lajos Kossuth, becomes the executive power in Hungary, after the resignation of the Lajos Batthyány government.source
1848November 3 – A new Constitution of the Netherlands (drafted by Johan Rudolph Thorbecke), severely limiting the power of the monarchy and introducing representative democracy, is proclaimed.source
1848November 4 – France ratifies a new constitution. The French Second Republic is set up, ending the state of temporary government.source
18486 November – Nationalrat and Ständerat meet in Bern for the first timeSwitzerland source
1848November 7 – 1848 United States presidential election: Whig Zachary Taylor of Louisiana defeats Democrat Lewis Cass of Michigan, in the first U.S. presidential election held in every state on the same day.source
1848December 2 – Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria abdicates in favour of his nephew, Franz Joseph I, who will serve as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary and Bohemia, until his death in 1916.source
1848December 10 – Prince Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte is elected first president of the French Second Republic.source
1848December 20 – President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte takes his oath of office in front of the French National Assembly.source
1848Cape Governor Sir Harry Smith annexes Transorangia, land north of the Orange River, creating the Orange River Sovereignty.South Africa source
1849January 13 – The Colony of Vancouver Island is established.source
1849February 8 – The short-lived Roman Republic is proclaimed.source
1849February 14 – In New York City, James K. Polk becomes the first President of the United States to have his photograph taken.source
1849February 14 – James Knox Polk becomes the first sitting president of the United States to have his photograph taken, in New York City.United States source
1849March 3 – Minnesota becomes a United States territory.source
1849March 4 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Habsburg emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria promulgates at Olomouc the March Constitution of Austria, which abolishes the April Laws promulgated by the Hungarian Batthyány-govern, and degrades Hungary to a simple Austrian province.source
1849March 28 – The Frankfurt National Assembly adopts the Frankfurt Constitution, providing for a constitutional monarchy for Germany under a hereditary emperor and with a two-chamber parliament.source
1849March – The Frankfurt Parliament completes its drafting of a liberal constitution, and elects Frederick William IV emperor of the new German national state.source
18491 April - José Hilario López is elected President of the Republic of New Granada.Colombia source
1849April 2 – The German revolutions of 1848–49 end in failure, as King Frederick William IV of Prussia refuses to accept the offer of the Frankfurt National Assembly, to be crowned as German emperor.source
18496 April — Shanghai French Concession createdChina source
1849April 14 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian revolutionary parliament in Debrecen declares independence from the Habsburg Empire.source
1849May 1 - General elections and a constitutional referendum were held.Liberia source
1849May 1 - Convention of Balta Liman agreement between Russia and the Ottoman Empire decides the political situation of the Danubian PrincipalitiesRussia source
1849May 2 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: A new independent Hungarian government, led by Bertalan Szemere, is formed. The head of state of Hungary becomes Lajos Kossuth, as governor president.source
1849June 1 8-German revolutions of 1848–49: The chamber of the Frankfurt Parliament, since reduced to a rump parliament and moved to Stuttgart, was occupied by the Württemberg army. Repression began, which would force the liberal Forty-Eighters into exile.Germany source
1849June 5 – Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy.source
1849June 18 – The Stuttgart Rump Parliament, made up of the remaining 154 mostly democratic and republican deputies of the Frankfurt National Assembly who moved there in early June, is dissolved by Württemberg military. Most of the liberal and conservative deputies of the National Assembly had already laid down their mandates in May under pressure of the Austrian and Prussian governments.source
184918 June – António Bernardo da Costa Cabral, 1st Marquis of Tomar took over as prime minister after João Carlos Saldanha de Oliveira Daun, 1st Duke of SaldanhaPortugal source
1849July 28 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian government, led by Bertalan Szemere promulgates the Nationality Law, which gives important rights to the nationalities of Hungary, like the right to use their mother tongue in school, church, army, court and administration. The Romanians are declared a nation, and not a minority, in Transylvania. The Jews receive equality thanks to the Emancipation Decree.source
1849November 13 – The Constitution of California is ratified in a general election.source
1849December 3 – The Abgeordnetenhaus, lower house of the parliament of the Kingdom of Bavaria, passes a bill granting German Jews the same legal rights as German Christians. The measure draws a strong reaction from Christians across Bavaria, who sign petitions urging the upper house to prevent the equal rights measure from becoming law.source
1849December 22 – After 17 days of deadlock and 63 votes, Democrat Howell Cobb of Georgia is elected Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, by a plurality of 102 votes to 99 for the former Speaker, the Whig Party's Robert C. Winthrop of Massachusetts. Neither the Democrats nor the Whigs have a majority of the 230 seats in the House, and after neither candidate can obtain the required 116 votes, the Representatives agree that the plurality will decide the leadership.source
1849Cape colonial governor Sir Harry Smith imposes authoritarian rule over the western AmaXhosa after the War of the Axe.South Africa source
1850January 29 – Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the United States Congress.source
1850March 7 – United States Senator Daniel Webster gives his "Seventh of March" speech, in which he endorses the Compromise of 1850, in order to prevent a possible civil war.source
1850April 4 – Los Angeles is incorporated as a city in California.source
1850April 15 – San Francisco is incorporated as a city in California.source
185023 April — A mass meeting is held in Cape Town to petition Queen Victoria to grant the Cape Colony a governmentSouth Africa source
1850July 9 – Vice President Millard Fillmore becomes the 13th president of the United States upon the death of President Zachary Taylor.source
18505 August – Port Phillip (later called Victoria) established as a separate colony from New South Wales.Australia source
1850September 7 – After tense negotiations, the first of the Robinson Treaties, the Robinson-Superior Treaty, is signed. This treaty between William Benjamin Robinson and an assembly of Ojibwe chiefs from the shore of Lake Superior creates a system of Indian reserves and ultimately opens up the area to European settlement.Canada source
1850September 9 – The New Mexico Territory is organized by order of the United States Congress.source
1850September 9 – California is admitted as the 31st U.S. state.source
1850September 9 – California is admitted to the Union as the 31st state (see History of California and An Act for the Admission of the State of California).United States source
1850September 18 – The Fugitive Slave Law is passed by the United States Congress.source
185025 September – King Leopold lays the first stone of the Congress Column in BrusselsBelgium source
1850October 1 – Der Bund is establishedSwitzerland source
1850October 28 – Delegate Edward Ralph May delivers a speech on behalf of African-American suffrage, to the Indiana Constitutional Convention.source
1850November 29 – The treaty known as the Punctation of Olmütz is signed in Olomouc. It means diplomatic capitulation of Prussia to the Austrian Empire, which takes over the leadership of the German Confederation.source
185029 November – The Punctation of Olmütz was agreed between the Austrian Empire and Prussia. It granted the Austrians leadership of the revived German Confederation.Germany source
1850Iceland became the first country to grant equal rights to men and women.Iceland source
185113 January — Charles Augustus FitzRoy was commissioned as "Governor-General of all Her Majesty's Australian possessions". This position was a forerunner of the Governor-General of Australia.Australia source
1851January 23 – The flip of a coin, subsequently named the Portland Penny, determines whether a new city in the Oregon Territory will be named after Boston, Massachusetts, or Portland, Maine, with Portland winning.source
1851March 1 – Victor Hugo uses the phrase United States of Europe, in a speech to the French National Assembly.source
1851May 1 – governors Justo José de Urquiza of Entre Rios and Benjamin Virasoro of Corrientes rise up against RosasArgentina source
18518 May – Convention with The Netherlands abolishing tolls on the Meuse signed in Brussels.Belgium source
1851July 1 – Port Phillip District separates from New South Wales to become the Colony of Victoria (Australia).source
185125 July – The Treaty of Kuldja (Ghulja) is signed with Qing China, opening Kuldja (Ghulja) and Chuguchak (Tacheng) to Russian trade and permitting Russian consuls there. The seventeen-article treaty was signed for Russia by Yegor Kovalevsky and for China by Yishan and Buyantai.Russia source
1851August 1 – Virginia closes its Reform Constitutional Convention, deciding that all white men have the right to vote.source
18511 November: First national census held in New Zealand, counting European dwellings and population only.New Zealand source
18512 November – legislative election.Portugal source
1851December 2 – In what amounts to a coup d'etat, President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte of France dissolves the French National Assembly, and declares a new constitution to extend his term. A year later he declares himself as Emperor Napoleon III, ending the Second Republic.source
1851Chilean presidential election, 1851Chile source
1851Swiss Federal Council first considers official representation in the PhilippinesSwitzerland source
1852January 14 – President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte proclaims a new constitution for the French Second Republic.source
1852January 17 – The United Kingdom recognizes the independence of the Transvaal.source
185210 February – the Supreme Court of Victoria sits for the first time in Melbourne.Australia source
185212 February – State visit of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert to Belgium.Belgium source
185216 March – Voortrekker leaders, Andries Pretorius and Hendrik Potgieter reconcileSouth Africa source
18528 May – Prussia signs the 1852 London Protocol, a treaty ending the First Schleswig War by nominally returning Schleswig and Holstein to Denmark, while effectively guaranteeing their independenceGermany source
1852June 30 – The New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to grant the British colony self-government with a representative constitution.source
1852July 1 – American statesman Henry Clay is the first to receive the honor of lying in state in the United States Capitol rotunda.source
1852July 5 – Frederick Douglass delivers his famous speech on "The Hypocrisy of American Slavery" in Rochester, New York.United States source
1852September 11 – Revolution of 11 September 1852 in Argentina: Buenos Aires Province declares independence.source
1852September 11 – coup d'etat in Argentina; Buenos Aires Province declares independence.Argentina source
1852October 7 – After learning that U.S. President Fillmore has sent Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open trade with Japan, Nicholas I of Russia sends Rear Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin to lead the Pallada on a similar mission (Putyatin arrives on August 21, 1853, one month after Perry).source
1852November 2 – 1852 United States presidential election: Democrat Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire defeats Whig Winfield Scott of Virginia.source
1852November 4 – Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour becomes the Piedmontese prime minister.source
1852November 11 – The new Palace of Westminster opens in London as the home of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.source
1852November 21–22 – The New French Empire is confirmed by plebiscite: 7,824,000 for, 253,000 against.source
1852December 2 – Napoleon III becomes Emperor of the French.source
185212 December – legislative election.Portugal source
1852The Devil's Island penal colony opens in the colony of French Guiana.source
1852A treaty is reached between the government of Baden and the Swiss Confederation on how to build Basel Badischer BahnhofSwitzerland source
185317 January — With the passing of New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 the previous year the Provinces of New Zealand are created. The former New Ulster Province and New Munster Province, which had been in place since 1846, are abolished. New Ulster is split into Auckland, New Plymouth and Wellington; New Munster is split into Nelson, Canterbury and Otago. Each of the new provinces has its own legislature, known as a Provincial Council, that elects its own Speaker and Superintendent.New Zealand source
1853January 20 – The United Kingdom proclaims its annexation of Lower Burma, ending the Second Anglo-Burmese War.source
1853March 29 – Manchester is granted city status in the United Kingdom.source
18539 April – Prince Leopold sworn in as a member of the Belgian Senate.Belgium source
1853July 14 – Japan allows Commodore Perry to come ashore and begin negotiations.source
185320 July – The Jade Treaty is signed between Prussia and Oldenburg. Prussia is ceded territory which allows it to construct a major naval base at WilhelmshavenGermany source
1853August 12 – New Zealand acquires self-government.source
185315 August - the term Bunyip aristocracy was coined by Daniel Deniehy in a speech attacking the proposal by William Wentworth to create a system of hereditary peerage in AustraliaAustralia source
1853November 3 – Troops of William Walker capture La Paz in Baja California Territory and declare the (short-lived) Republic of Sonora.source
1853November 15 – Maria II of Portugal is succeeded by her son Pedro V as King of Portugal.source
1853December 30 – Gadsden Purchase: U.S. Ambassador James Gadsden signs a treaty to buy approximately 29,600 sq mi (77,000 km 2 ) of land south of the Gila River and west of the Rio Grande from Mexico to facilitate railroad building in the Southwest.United States source
1853Edvard Hagerup, solicitor and politician (born 1781)Norway source
1853The settlement of Queenstown is establishedSouth Africa source
1853Diplomatic relations are established by the United StatesSwitzerland source
1854February 17 – The British recognize the independence of the Orange Free State in Southern Africa; its official independence is declared six days later in the Orange River Convention.source
1854March 20 – The Republican Party is formed by anti-slavery opponents of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in Ripon, Wisconsin.source
1854March 24 – Slavery is abolished in Venezuela.source
1854March 31 – United States Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry signs the Convention of Kanagawa with the Japanese government (the Tokugawa shogunate), opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade.source
1854March 31 – Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy signs the Treaty/Convention of Kanagawa with the Japanese government (the Tokugawa Shogunate), opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade (see History of Japan).United States source
1854May 30 – The Kansas–Nebraska Act becomes law (replacing the Missouri Compromise of 1820), creating the Kansas Territory and the Nebraska Territory, west of the State of Missouri and the State of Iowa. The Kansas–Nebraska Act also establishes that these two new Territories will decide either to allow or disallow slavery, depending on balloting by their residents (these areas would have been strictly "free territory" under the Missouri Compromise, which allowed slavery in the State of Missouri but disallowed it in any other new state north of latitude 36° 30', which forms most of the southern boundary of Missouri. This prohibition of slavery extended all the way from the western boundary of Missouri to the Pacific Ocean).source
1854June 6 – The Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty is signed.Canada source
185413 June – Partial legislative elections of 1854Belgium source
1854July 13 – Mohamed Sa'id Pasha succeeds his nephew Abbas as the Wāli of Egypt and Sudan, then a province of the Ottoman Empire.source
185426 August – A new conscription law was sanctioned, under which all Norwegian men regardless of condition and position had an obligation to serve in the armed forces.Norway source
1854October 9–11 – United States diplomats in Europe meet and draft the Ostend Manifesto, setting out a rationale for the U.S. to acquire Cuba from Spain.source
1854December 10 – Sa'id Pasha officially abolishes slavery in Egypt.source
185414 December – Signing of a decree requiring the registration of all slaves in Overseas Provinces as libertos ("freed slave", but not with equal rights to a free born individual).Portugal source
1854Karl Wilhelm sets the words of Max Schneckenburger's poem "Die Wacht am Rhein" to music, creating a patriotic anthem.Germany source
1854Nagpur became the administrative division of Chota Nagpur DivisionIndia source
1854Sir George Grey, Portuguese-born British, is appointed Governor of the CapeSouth Africa source
1855January 5 – Ramón Castilla begins his third term as President of Peru.source
1855January 26 – The Point No Point Treaty is signed in the Washington Territory.source
1855January 29 – Lord Aberdeen resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, over the management of the Crimean War.source
1855February 5 – Lord Palmerston becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
18557 February - The Simoda Agreement was signed between Russian Empire and Japan, which consolidated Russian control over the Kuril Islands.Russia source
1855March 3 – The United States Congress appropriates $30,000 to create the U.S. Camel Corps.source
1855March 30 – Elections are held for the first Kansas Territory legislature. Missourian 'Border Ruffians' cross the border in large numbers to elect a pro-slavery body.source
185530 March – Pierre de Decker succeeds Henri de Brouckère as Prime Minister.Belgium source
1855May 1 – Van Diemen's Land is separated administratively from the Australian province of New South Wales and granted self-government.source
1855May 22 – In Australia, the province of Victoria (named for then reigning British monarch, Queen Victoria) to the southeast is separated administratively from the earlier larger province of New South Wales to the north.source
1855July 1 – The Quinault Treaty, in which the Quinault and Quileute tribes cede their land to the United States, is signed.source
1855July 2 – The Kansas territorial legislature convenes in Pawnee, and begins passing proslavery laws.source
1855July 16 – The Australian Colonies are granted self-governing status by the United Kingdom.source
1855July: New Zealand's first postage stamps are issued.New Zealand source
185527 August - Jacobus Boshoff becomes the 2nd president of the Orange Free StateSouth Africa source
18558 September – Queen Victoria signs an Order in Council to change the name of Van Diemen's Land to Tasmania.Australia source
1855October 24 – Van Diemen's Land is officially renamed Tasmania.source
1855December 11 – Ignacio Comonfort (1812–1863) becomes President of Mexico.source
185514 December - The Chilean Civil Code is passed into law by the Chilean Congress.Chile source
1855The British annexed Thanjavur Maratha kingdomIndia source
1855Switzerland opens a consulate in Sydney, AustraliaSwitzerland source
1856January 28 - The port of Shimoda is opened per Japan's first treaty of amity with Russia. (Traditional Japanese Date: Twenty-first Day of the Twelfth Month, 1855)Japan source
1856February 2 – Dallas, Texas, is incorporated as a city.source
185611 February– Nawab Wajid Ali Shah deposed. He was last King of Oudh State, reigned 13 February 1847 – 11 February 1856. Annexation of the Kingdom of OudhIndia source
1856March 30 – The Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the Crimean War.source
1856March – Nepalese–Tibetan War: The signing of the Treaty of Thapathali concludes the war.source
1856April 16 – The Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law abolishes privateering, and regulates the relationship between neutral and belligerent shipping on the high seas.source
1856May 1 – The province of Isabela is created in the Philippines, in honor of Queen Isabella II of Spain.source
18568 June – Pitcairn Islanders arrived on Norfolk Island; the last convict had left and the island was no longer a penal colony. Queen Victoria granted the island to the Pitcairners as a home. Bounty Day is celebrated each year in Norfolk Island to commemorate the event.Australia source
1856July 9 – Natal becomes a British Crown colony.source
185615 July - Natal is made a separate British colony, after being part of Cape colony since 1843. Theophilus Shepstone becomes Secretary for Native Affairs.South Africa source
185631 July – By Royal Charter, Christchurch is proclaimed New Zealand's first city.New Zealand source
185618 September - Chilean presidential election, 1856Chile source
1856October 13 – American mercenary William Walker effectively takes control of Nicaragua.source
1856November 4 – 1856 United States presidential election: Democrat James Buchanan defeats former President Millard Fillmore, representing a coalition of Know Nothings and Whigs, and John C. Frémont of the fledgling Republican Party, to become the 15th President of the United States.source
1856November 27 – The Coup of 1856 leads to Luxembourg's unilateral adoption of a new, reactionary constitution, as King-Grand Duke William III signs the new constitution without the Chamber of Deputies' consent.source
1856December 1 – Under the County and Borough Police Act, in any county or area of England and Wales where a police force has not already been established, the Justices of the Peace must from this date take steps to create one according to nationally defined standards.source
1856Legislative elections were held on 9 November 1856.Portugal source
1856Switzerland opens a diplomatic consulate in Melbourne, AustraliaSwitzerland source
1857February 5 – The Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States is promulgated.source
1857February 5 – ratification of the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857Mexico source
1857March 4 – James Buchanan is sworn in as the 15th president of the United States, and John C. Breckinridge is sworn in as the 14th vice president.United States source
1857March 14 – Youssef Bey Karam is assigned, by the people of Ehden and Bsharri, to be the region's ruler.source
1857August 28 – The Matrimonial Causes Act makes divorce without parliamentary approval legal in the United Kingdom.source
185730 October – Pierre de Decker's ministry resigns.Belgium source
1857November 1 – The Indus Valley Region (i.e., Pakistan Region) is incorporated as part of British India, for the next 90 years until 1947.source
1857November 30 – President of Mexico Ignacio Comonfort is succeeded by Félix María Zuloaga.source
1857December 7 – U.S. Consul in Japan Townsend Harris meets the Shogun in Edo in a diplomatic reception, the first ever meeting between the Shogun and a foreign diplomat.source
185729 December - The National Party (Chile, 1857–1933) is established.Chile source
1857December 31 – Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa as the capital of Canada.source
1857December 31 - Queen Victoria names Ottawa as capital of the Province of Canada.Canada source
1857Establishment of banks including the Commercial and Agricultural Bank of Rio de Janeiro; the Bank of the Province of Rio Grande do Sul; the New Bank of Pernambuco, the Savings Bank of Pernambuco,;and the Bank of MaranhaoBrazil source
1857The first Legislative Council is selected in the Natal Colony.South Africa source
1857A conference between France, the United Kingdom, Prussia, and Russia ends the Neuchâtel Crisis as Prussia yields its claim to the principalitySwitzerland source
1858April 19 – The United States signs a treaty with the Yankton Sioux Tribe.source
1858May 11 – Minnesota is admitted as the 32nd U.S. state.source
1858May 11 – Minnesota is admitted as the 32nd U.S. state (see History of Minnesota).United States source
1858May 28 - The Treaty of Aigun is signed by Yishan and Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky on behalf of the Qing Dynasty and the Russian Empire.source
1858May 28 - Treaty of Aigun between the Russian Empire and ChinaRussia source
1858June 13–17 – The Treaty of Tientsin is signed, ending the first part of the Second Opium War.source
1858June 16 – Abraham Lincoln accepts the Republican Party nomination for a seat in the United States Senate, delivering his House Divided speech in Springfield, Illinois.source
185817 July – New commercial treaty agreed with the United States.Belgium source
1858July 29 – The United States and Japan sign the Treaty of Amity and Commerce, negotiated by Townsend Harris.source
1858August 2 – The Government of India Act, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, transfers the territories of the British East India Company and their administration to the direct rule of the British Crown, through a Secretary of State for India.source
1858August 8 – Ottoman Penal Code decriminalized homosexual sex between consenting adults in the Ottoman Empiresource
185819 August – the Electoral Districts Act 1858 is enacted, increasing the number of members of parliament from 37 to 41, with the supplementary elections held in late 1859.New Zealand source
185810 September – Fitzroy, Victoria becomes a municipality in its own right, after separating from the City of Melbourne.Australia source
18581 November – the end of the British East India Company's rule in India is proclaimedIndia source
1858December 24 — Manuel Robles Pezuela (1817–1862) becomes Conservative president of Mexico.source
1858Queen Victoria announces her choice of Ottawa as capital of the Province of Canada.source
1858Feudalism and serfdom in Bulgaria are abolished in the Ottoman Empire (practically in 1880).source
1858William M. Tweed begins his 13-year term as "Boss" of Tammany Hall.source
1858Benito Juárez becomes the Liberal President of Mexico and its first indigenous president. At the same time, the conservatives installed Félix María Zuloaga as a rival president.source
1858The Russian Empire changes its flag.source
1858About 600 African-Americans from California move to Victoria, British Columbia by invitation of Governor James Douglas as part of the gold rush migration. One of them, Mifflin Gibbs, later plays a key role in persuading British Columbia to become part of Canada. Douglas declares Emancipation Day, August 1, the anniversary of the end of slavery in the British Empire, as the colonies' first official holiday August 1, to the chagrin of the white American element in the colony, though Victoria's West Indian police force, recruited by Douglas, was necessarily disbanded because of the hostility from the numerous Americans in the emerging city. Also among the African-Americans who came with the gold rush was Isaac "Ikey" Dixon, whose brawl in his Yale barbershop and subsequent safe-custody arrest triggered off the events known as McGowan's War, and who soon after became a noted and popular columnist for the Barkerville newspaper The Cariboo Sentinel.Canada source
1858Treaty of Aigun, unequal treaty between the Russian Empire, and the empire of the Qing Dynasty that reversing the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) by transferring the land between the Stanovoy Mountains and the Amur River from China (Qing Empire) to the Russian Empire establishing much of the modern border between the Russian Far East and Manchuria (the original homeland of the Manchu people and the Qing Dynasty), which is now known as Northeast China.China source
1859January 21 – José Mariano Salas (1797–1867) becomes Conservative interim President of Mexico.source
1859January 24 (O. S.) – Under the rule of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, the provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia are united under the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire. It would be a principal step in forming the modern state of Romania.source
1859January 28 – The city of Olympia is incorporated in the Washington Territory of the United States of America.source
1859February 2 – Miguel Miramón (1832–1867) becomes Conservative interim President of Mexico.source
1859February 14 – Oregon is admitted as the 33rd U.S. state.source
1859February 14 – Oregon is admitted as the 33rd U.S. state (see History of Oregon).United States source
1859March–23 June – Parliamentary elections are held, resulting in 47 seats won by farmers, sheriffs, church singers, and teachers; 33 by civil servants; and 37 by individuals from other professions.Norway source
1859May 5 – Border Treaty between Brazil and Venezuela: The two countries agree their borders should be traced at the water divide, between the Amazon and the Orinoco basins.source
1859May 18 – The 1859 United Kingdom general election concludes. It is the first election fought by the new Liberal Party, in which they win a 28 seat majority, with Liberal leader Viscount Palmerston becoming prime minister.source
1859June 6 – The British Crown colony of Queensland in Australia is created, by devolving part of the territory of New South Wales (Queensland Day). Brisbane is declared the capital.source
18596 June – The colony of Queensland is established by decree of Queen Victoria.Australia source
1859August 16 – The Tuscan National Assembly formally deposes the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, ending an ascendancy of 109 years.source
185931 August – Belgian Chamber of Representatives votes to fortify Antwerp as a National Redoubt.Belgium source
1859September 6 – Esaias Reynier Snijman becomes the acting State President of the Orange Free State.South Africa source
1859September 17 – In San Francisco, Joshua Norton proclaims himself to be His Imperial Majesty Emperor Norton I, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico.source
18593 October – The Auckland Independent begins publishing. It barely survives into the following year.New Zealand source
1859November 10 – The Treaty of Zürich, reaffirming the terms of the Treaty of Villafranca, brings the Austro-Sardinian War to an official close.source
1859Count Camillo Benso di Cavour resigns, as president of Piedmont-Sardinia.source
1859The Rancho Rincon de Los Esteros Land Grant is confirmed to Rafael Alvisa (part of modern-day Santa Clara County, California).source
1859William Hall, becomes the first Nova Scotian and the first Black person to win the Victoria Cross.Canada source
1859Hong Rengan arrives in Tianjing, reunited with Hong XiuquanChina source
1860January 20 – Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour is recalled as Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia.source
1860February 27 – Abraham Lincoln makes his Cooper Union speech in New York, which is largely responsible for his election to the presidency.source
1860March 22 – The Grand Duchy of Tuscany is annexed to the newly formed Kingdom of Italy.source
1860April 2 – The first Italian Parliament meets at Turin.source
18601 May – Joaquim António de Aguiar takes over as Prime Minister, succeeding António José Severim de Noronha, 1st Duke of TerceiraPortugal source
1860May 1 – The seat of the South African Republic (ZAR) government is officially transferred from Potchefstroom to Pretoria.South Africa source
1860June 12 – (May 31 O.S.) – The State Bank of the Russian Empire is established.source
1860July 28 — Zeng Guofan sets up headquarters in Qimen.China source
1860August 13 – José Ignacio Pavón (1791-1866) becomes unconstitutional interim President of Mexico, replacing Miguel Miramón. Two days later Miramón becomes president again.source
1860September 1 – In Ottawa, the cornerstone of the Centre Block building is laid by Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, signalling the beginning of the building of the Parliament of Canada buildings.Canada source
1860November 6 – 1860 United States presidential election: Abraham Lincoln elected as the 16th President of the United States, the first Republican to hold that office, defeating John C. Breckinridge, Stephen A. Douglas, and John Bell.source
1860November 6 – 1860 United States presidential election: Abraham Lincoln beats John C. Breckinridge, Stephen A. Douglas, and John Bell and is elected as the 16th president of the United States, the first Republican to hold that office.United States source
1860December 20 – American Civil War: South Carolina, led by Governor Francis Pickens, becomes the first state to secede from the United States.source
1860In Buenos Aires, leader Bartolomé Mitre subverts the Argentine Confederation and begins to establish a new centralist government, with the help of Uruguayan Colorado party leader Venancio Flores.source
1860China agrees, in an unequal treaty (the Convention of Peking) imposed on it, to allow missionaries to proselytize throughout the country.source
1860The town of Sandnes is founded.Norway source
1860A.E. Schwabitz and A.E. Rudberg produces a proposal for the regulation of Gamla stan.Sweden source
1860Thomas Phillips — The Welsh Revival: Its Origin and DevelopmentWales source
1861January 9 – Mississippi becomes the second state to secede from the Union.source
1861January 10 – Florida secedes from the Union.source
1861February 1 – Texas secedes from the Union.source
1861February 4 – In Montgomery, Alabama, the Provisional Confederate States Congress is formed by representatives from the first seven break-away states.source
1861March 4 – Abraham Lincoln is sworn in as the 16th president of the United States.source
1861March 11 – American Civil War: The Constitution of the Confederate States of America is adopted.source
1861March 17 – Unification of Italy: The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed by the new Parliament, with Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia becoming its king.source
1861March 21 – Alexander Stephens, Vice President of the Confederacy, gives the infamous Cornerstone Speech in Savannah, Georgia, in which he declares that slavery is the natural condition of blacks, and the foundation of the Confederacy.source
1861March 28 – Confederate Arizona: A convention in modern-day Tucson ratifies the ordinance of secession of the southern part of New Mexico Territory.source
1861April 17 – Virginia secedes from the Union.source
186122 April - Legislative election.Portugal source
1861May 6 – Arkansas secedes from the Union.source
1861May 7 – Tennessee secedes from the Union.source
1861May 7 – Liberian constitutional referendum, 1861Liberia source
1861May 13 – American Civil War: Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom issues a "proclamation of neutrality", which recognizes the breakaway states as having belligerent rights.source
1861May 20 – Kentucky proclaims its neutrality, which lasts until September 3, when Confederate forces enter the state.source
1861May 20 – North Carolina secedes from the Union.source
1861May 23 – American Civil War: The state of Virginia's ordinance of secession from the United States is ratified in a referendum.source
1861May 31 – The Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship is signed between Bahrain and the United Kingdom.source
18616 June – German Progress Party (Deutsche Fortschrittspartei) is founded as Germany's first modern political party by liberal members of the Prussian House of Representatives in opposition to Bismarck.Germany source
1861July 12 – The Confederate States sign a Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws in Indian Territory.source
186116 July - Chilean presidential election, 1861Chile source
1861August 6 – Lagos Treaty of Cession between the British Empire and Dosunmu, Oba of Lagos, by which the latter, under threat of military bombardment, cedes Lagos Island to Britain, whilst retaining his title and powers, subject to English law, and allowing the British Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron to have a base there to prevent the slave trade.source
1861August 15 – Sir Robert Wynyard becomes acting Governor of the Cape of Good Hope and High Commissioner for Southern Africa.South Africa source
1861October 28 – The Missouri legislature takes up a bill for Missouri's secession from the Union.source
1861October 31 – The Missouri secession bill is signed by Governor Jackson.source
1861October – Robertson land acts passed by Parliament of New South Wales.Australia source
1861November 8 – Trent Affair – The USS San Jacinto stops the United Kingdom mail ship Trent, and arrests two Confederate envoys, James Mason and John Slidell, sparking a diplomatic crisis between the U.K. and U.S.source
1861November 11 – The Tongzhi Emperor succeeds to the throne of China at the age of 5. His mother, Empress Dowager Cixi, becomes co-regent and will be the power behind the imperial throne for almost 50 years.source
1861December 10 – American Civil War: A rebel government representing Kentucky is accepted into the Confederate States of America, although Kentucky officially remains part of the United States.source
1861establishes the Zongli Yamen after the Convention of PekingChina source
1861Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar was named as crown prince. He was also appointed as governor of Azerbaijan and sent to Tabriz.Iran source
1862January 15 – Sir Philip Wodehouse becomes Governor of the Cape of Good Hope and High Commissioner for Southern Africa.South Africa source
1862February 22 – Jefferson Davis is officially inaugurated in Richmond, Virginia, to a six-year term as president of the Confederate States.source
186221 March – James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin appointed Governor-General of India.United Kingdom source
1862May 15 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs a bill into law creating the U.S. Bureau of Agriculture (later renamed U.S. Department of Agriculture).source
1862May 20 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs the Homestead Act into law.source
1862May 20 – Macdonald-Cartier government falls. Free interprovincial trade granted by the Crown.Canada source
1862June 5 – Treaty of Saigon: Emperor Tự Đức of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam cedes Saigon, Côn Sơn Island and three southern provinces of what is to become known as French Cochinchina (Biên Hòa, Gia Định and Định Tường) to become part of the French colonial empire. Guerilla leader Trương Định refuses to recognize the treaty.source
1862July 2 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs the Morrill Land-Grant Act into law, creating a system of land-grant colleges, to teach agricultural and mechanical sciences across the United States.source
18627 July – Parliament meets in Wellington for the first time. (see also 1863; 1865)New Zealand source
186223 July – Anglo-Belgian Treaty of Commerce and Navigation signed.Belgium source
186225 July – The Isted Lion is inaugurated in Glensburg.Denmark source
1862September 10 – Francisco Solano López is appointed second President of Paraguay.source
1862September 22 – American Civil War: The preliminary announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation is made by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln: From January 1, 1863, slaves in the Confederate States will be considered free.source
1862September 22 – Otto von Bismarck becomes Minister President of Prussia, following refusal by the country's Landtag to accept the military budget.source
1862September 22 – American Civil War: Preliminary announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Abraham Lincoln: From January 1, 1863, slaves in the Confederate States will be considered free.United States source
1862September 26 – Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein signs into law the 1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein.source
1862September 29 – New Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck delivers his Blood and Iron (Blut und Eisen) speech to the Prussian Landtag.source
1862October 23 – Otto is deposed as King of Greece.source
1862October 24 – Ramón Castilla loses the Presidency of Peru for a second time.source
1862December 1 – In his State of the Union address, President Abraham Lincoln reaffirms the necessity of ending slavery, as he ordered ten weeks earlier in his Emancipation Proclamation.source
1862U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs an act that admits West Virginia to the Union, thus dividing Virginia into two.source
1862Rudberg publishes a minor revision of his proposal of the Stockholm city plan. A new administrative reform comes into effect.Sweden source
1863January 1 – Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation during the third year of the American Civil War, making the abolition of slavery in the Confederate States of America an official war goal. The signing proclaims the freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's four million slaves and immediately frees 50,000 of them, with the rest freed as the Union Army advances. This event marks the start of America's Reconstruction Era.source
1863January 1 – President Lincoln issues the second executive order of the Emancipation Proclamation, specifying ten Confederate states in which slaves were to be freed.United States source
1863February 24 – Arizona is organized as a United States territory.source
1863March 3 – Idaho Territory is organized by the U.S. Congress.source
1863March 18 – Joseph Allison becomes acting State President of the Orange Free State until 17 June during the absence of M.W. Pretorius.South Africa source
1863March 30 – Prince Wilhelm George of Denmark is elected at the age of 17 by the Hellenic Parliament as George, King of the Hellenes; he will reign in Greece for 50 years. He arrives in Athens on October 30 to take the throne.source
1863April 14 – The Treaty of Huế is signed between Vietnam and the French Empire.source
186328 April – Brewarrina, New South Wales proclaimed a township.Australia source
1863May 8 – The Granadine Confederation becomes the United States of Colombia, under President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera.source
1863June 20 – West Virginia is admitted as the 35th U.S. state.source
1863July 1 – Slavery is abolished in the Dutch colonies of Suriname (independent from 1975) and Curaçao and Dependencies.source
1863July 30 – American Indian Wars: Representatives of the United States and tribal leaders including Chief Pocatello (of the Shoshone) sign the Box Elder Treaty.source
1863August 1 – At the suggestion of Senator J. V. Snellman and the order of Emperor Alexander II, full rights are promised to the Finnish language by a language regulation in the Grand Duchy of Finland.source
1863August 16 – After Spain's annexation of the Dominican Republic, rebels raise the Dominican flag in Santiago to begin the Dominican Restoration War.source
186319 September – Convention modifying the 1852 postal convention between Belgium and the Office of the Prince of Tour and Taxis signed in Brussels.Belgium source
1863October 26–29 – The Resolutions of the Geneva International Conference are signed by sixteen countries meeting in Geneva agreeing to form the International Red Cross.source
1863October 26–29 – The Grand Duchy of Baden, Kingdom of Bavaria, Kingdom of Hanover, Grand Duchy of Hesse, Kingdom of Prussia and Kingdom of Saxony are among the signatories to the Resolutions of the Geneva International Conference leading to formation of the International Red Cross and the German Red Cross.Germany source
1863November: Shortly after his government loses a vote of no-confidence, former premier Alfred Domett moves a resolution in Parliament that the Capital of New Zealand be moved closer to Cook Strait. This leads to the movement of the Capital to Wellington in 1865.New Zealand source
1863December 7 — New Brunswick and Nova Scotia: the Chesapeake Affair.Canada source
1863December 29 - Second Japanese Embassy to Europe (1863)Japan source
1863Douglas becomes the capital of the Isle of Man, after its parliament (Tynwald) moves its chambers from Castletown.source
1864January 5 – The Transvaal Civil War ends with Paul Kruger's victory over Jan Viljoen's commando at the Crocodile River.South Africa source
1864January 16 – Denmark rejects an Austrian-Prussian ultimatum to repeal the Danish Constitution, which says that Schleswig-Holstein is part of Denmark.source
1864February 25 – The first Northern prisoners arrive at the Confederate prison at Andersonville, Georgia (the 500 prisoners had left Richmond, Virginia, seven days before).source
1864March 1 – Alejandro Mon y Menéndez takes office as Prime Minister of Spain.source
1864Charles Baudelaire moves to Brussels.Belgium source
1864May 2 – Under terms of the Treaty of London, the United Kingdom voluntarily cedes control of the United States of the Ionian Islands to the Kingdom of Greece.source
1864May 26 – Montana Territory is organized out of parts of Washington Territory and Dakota Territory.source
1864June 30 – Macdonald-Cartier "Great Coalition" government formed.Canada source
18648 July – The Cabinet of Monrad is succeeded by the Cabinet of Bluhme.Denmark source
1864August 22 – The First Geneva Convention, for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, is signed in Geneva by 12 European states, under the auspices of the International Committee for Relief to the Wounded (predecessor of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement).source
1864September 1 – Charlottetown Conference: Delegates from the Canadian colonies meet, to discuss Canadian Confederation.source
186429 September – Signing of the Treaty of Lisbon, on boundaries between Spain and PortugalPortugal source
1864October 10 – The Quebec Conference begins, to discuss plans for the creation of a Dominion of Canada.source
186425 October – establishment of General Las Heras PartidoArgentina source
186430 October – Treaty of Vienna, End of Second Schleswig WarGermany source
1864October 31 – Nevada is admitted as the 36th U.S. state.source
1864November 7 – The capital of Idaho Territory is moved from Lewiston to Boise; North Idaho declares the move illegal, and proposes secession.source
1864November 8 – 1864 United States presidential election: Abraham Lincoln is reelected, in an overwhelming victory over George B. McClellan.source
1864November 20 – The judicial reform of Alexander II is launched in the Russian Empire.source
1865January 31 – The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (conditional prohibition of slavery and involuntary servitude) passes narrowly, in the House of Representatives.source
1865February 6 – The municipal administration of Finland is established.source
1865February 22 – Tennessee adopts a new constitution that abolishes slavery.source
1865March 3 – The U.S. Congress authorizes formation of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands.source
1865May 1 – The Treaty of the Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay against Paraguay is formally signed, following the outbreak of the Paraguayan War.source
1865May 1 – Treaty of the Triple AllianceArgentina source
1865May 5 – Jefferson Davis meets with his Confederate Cabinet (14 officials) for the last time, in Washington, Georgia, and the Confederate Government is officially dissolved.source
18651 July – Stamp duty is introduced in New South Wales with the Stamp Duties Act of 1865.Australia source
18658 July - Legislative election.Portugal source
1865July 26 – The New Zealand Parliament first meets in Wellington on a permanent basis, making it de facto the national capital.source
1865July 26 – Sir John Thomas becomes acting Lieutenant-governor of the Colony of Natal.South Africa source
1865August 16 – The Dominican Republic regains independence from Spain.source
1865October 25 – Florida drafts its constitution in Tallahassee.source
1865November 11 – Duar War between Britain and Bhutan ends with the Treaty of Sinchula, in which Bhutan cedes control of its southern passes to Britain in return for an annual subsidy.source
1865December 17 – Leopold II becomes King of the Belgians, following the death (on December 10) of his father, King Leopold I.source
1865December 18 – Secretary of State William H. Seward declares the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ratified by three-quarters of the states, including those in secession. As of December 6, slavery is legally outlawed in the last two slave states of Kentucky and Delaware, and the remaining 45,000 slaves are freed.source
186523 December — Convention between France, Belgium, Italy and Switzerland forming the Latin Monetary Union signed in Paris.Belgium source
1865Prince Gong steps down from regency but continues being head of the Grand CouncilChina source
1865Indian Forest Acts, 1865 and 1878 extended the British Colonial claims over forests in India.India source
1865The Capital of New Zealand is moved from Auckland to Wellington.New Zealand source
1866March 13 – The United States Congress overwhelmingly passes the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the first federal legislation to protect the rights of African-Americans; U.S. President Andrew Johnson vetoes the bill on March 27, and Congress overrides the veto on April 9.source
1866April 8 – The kingdoms of Italy and Prussia form an alliance against the Austrian Empire.source
1866May 16 – The United States Congress approves the minting of a nickel 5-cent coin (nickel), eliminating its predecessor, the half dime.source
1866May 16 – The U.S. Congress approves the minting of a nickel 5-cent coin (nickel), eliminating its predecessor, the half dime.United States source
1866June 8 – The Parliament of Canada meets for the first time in Ottawa.source
186612 June – Partial legislative elections of 1866Belgium source
1866June 22 – In Sweden, the Riksdag of the Estates votes to replace itself by an elected two-chamber Riksdag.source
1866July 10 – Reconstruction Treaty with Choctaw & Chickasaw, completing the abolition of slavery in the United States; see also Choctaw freedmen.source
1866July 13 (July 1 Old Style) – The first Constitution of Romania is issued.source
1866July 24 – Reconstruction: Tennessee becomes the first U.S. state to be readmitted to the Union following the American Civil War.source
1866July 25 – The United States Congress passes legislation authorizing the four-star rank of General of the Army (later reestablished as a five-star rank); Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant becomes the first to have this rank.source
1866August 6 – The colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia are united, bearing the Mainland's name as the Colony of British Columbia, with the Island capital, Victoria, as the seat of government of the united colony.Canada source
186615 August – John Manners-Sutton becomes Governor of VictoriaAustralia source
1866August 23 – The Treaty of Prague formally ends the Austro-Prussian War. The German Federation is abolished (with the Duchy of Limburg and Luxemburg controlled by the Netherlands), the Habsburgs vow not to interfere in any reorganisation of Germany under Prussian leadership and cede Veneto.source
1866September 20 – The Kingdom of Prussia formally annexes the Kingdom of Hanover and King George V of Hanover goes into exile.source
1866October 12 – The Treaty of Vienna ends the war between Austria and Italy; it formalizes the annexation of Venetia by Italy.source
1866October 22 – The office of State President of the South African Republic is created by constitutional amendment approved at a session of the Volksraad.source
1866Chilean presidential election, 1866Chile source
1866The Third Pre-Independence Law Commission passed the Draft Contract LawIndia source
1866New Zealand Cup winner: NaurmahalNew Zealand source
1866The town of Kopervik is founded.Norway source
1867January 7 - Maximilian I met with Marshal Bazaine at the Hacienda de la Teja, where Bazaine advised him to abdicate the throne.Mexico source
1867January 8 – African-American men are granted the right to vote in the District of Columbia.source
1867January 11 – Benito Juárez becomes Mexican president again.source
1867February 12 - February 1867 North German federal electionGermany source
1867February 28 – The United States Congress forbids taxpayer funding of diplomatic envoys to the Holy See (Vatican), begun in 1848, and breaks off relations. Funding resumes, along with relations, in 1984.source
1867March 1 – Nebraska is admitted as the 37th U.S. state.source
1867March 29 – The British North America Act receives royal assent, forming the Dominion of Canada, in an event known as the Confederation. This unites the Province of Canada (Quebec and Ontario), New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia on July 1. Ottawa will become the capital.source
1867March 30 – Alaska Purchase: Alaska is purchased for US$7.2 million from Alexander II of Russia, about 2 cents/acre ($4.19/km 2 ), by United States Secretary of State William H. Seward. Newspapers call this Seward's Folly.source
1867April 1 – The Strait Settlement of Singapore, formerly ruled from Calcutta, becomes a Crown colony, under the jurisdiction of the Colonial Office in London.source
1867May 11 – Treaty of London: The great powers of Europe reaffirm the neutrality of Luxembourg, ending the Luxembourg Crisis. The Duchy of Limburg is formally re-incorporated into the Kingdom of the Netherlands.source
186720 May: Alexandra is proclaimed a borough.New Zealand source
1867May 24 – Robert William Keate becomes Lieutenant-governor of the Colony of Natal.source
1867May 24 – Robert William Keate is appointed as Lieutenant-governor of the Colony of Natal.South Africa source
1867May 29 – The Austro-Hungarian Compromise (called Ausgleich in German or kiegyezés in Hungarian (The Compromise)) is born through Act 12, which establishes the Austro-Hungarian Empire; on June 8 Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria is crowned King of Hungary.source
1867May 29 – Canadian Confederation: Queen Victoria signs the British North America Act, creating the Dominion of Canada, effective July 1.source
1867July 1 – Canadian Confederation: The British North America Act of 29 March comes into force, creating the Dominion of Canada, the first independent dominion in the British Empire.source
1867July 1 – The Constitution of the North German Confederation comes into effect, creating a confederation of states, under the leadership of Prussia and Otto von Bismarck.source
1867July 15 – France declares Cambodia's independence from Siam; Cambodia becomes a protectorate of France and Britain.source
1867August 7–September 20 – The first Canadian election sees John A. Macdonald's Conservatives elected to government and Macdonald becomes the Dominion's first prime minister.source
1867August 15 – Benjamin Disraeli's Second Reform Act enfranchises many men in cities for the first time, and adds 938,000 to an electorate of 1,057,000 in England and Wales.source
1867September 30 – The United States takes control of Midway Island.source
1867October 18 – Alaska is transferred from Russia to the United States, becoming the Department of Alaska.source
1867October 21 – 'Manifest destiny': Medicine Lodge Treaty – Near Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas, a landmark treaty is signed by southern Great Plains Indian leaders, requiring Native American Plains tribes to relocate to a reservation in western Oklahoma.source
1867November 19 – Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigns the shogunate.Japan source
186725 November – establishment of the Olavarría PartidoArgentina source
1867The three western provinces of Lower Cochinchina (Vĩnh Long, An Giang, and Hà Tiên) are annexed into the colony of French Cochinchina.source
1867The modern rose is born, with the introduction of Rosa 'La France' by Jean-Baptiste André Guillot.source
1867treaty of limits between Brazil and Bolivia was signedBrazil source
1867Hakka-Punti Clan Wars end, Hakka were allocated their own independent sub-prefecture, Chixi (赤溪镇), which was carved out of south-eastern Taishan, while others were relocated to Guangxi Province, mass emigrationChina source
1868January 7 – The Arkansas constitutional convention meets in Little Rock.source
186823 January - the first Uruguayan Civil Code is passed, approved by Law No. 917 of 23 January 1868, and was scheduled to come into force in 19 April of the same year.Uruguay source
1868February 13 – The British War Office sanctions the formation of what becomes the Army Post Office Corps.source
1868February 24 – Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: Three days after his action to dismiss United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, the United States House of Representatives votes 126–47 in favor of a resolution to impeach Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, the first of three Presidents to be impeached by the full House. Johnson is later acquitted by the United States Senate.source
1868Foreign ministers meeting in Hyōgo are persuaded to recognise the restored Emperor Meiji of Japan, with promises that harbours will be open in accordance with international treaties.source
18688 March – 1868 Zollparlament electionGermany source
1868March 12 – Basutoland is proclaimed a British Protectorate, becoming independent in 1966 as Lesotho.source
1868March 12 – Basutoland is proclaimed a British Protectorate.South Africa source
186822 March and 12 April - Legislative election.Portugal source
1868April 7 – The Charter Oath, drawn up by his councilors, is promulgated at the enthronement of the Emperor Meiji of Japan, promising deliberative assemblies and an end to feudalism.source
1868April 29 – General William Tecumseh Sherman brokers the Treaty of Fort Laramie, between the federal government of the United States and the Plains Indians.source
1868May 29 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Capital Punishment Amendment Act, thus ending public hanging.source
1868May 31 – Thomas Spence declares himself president of the Republic of Manitobah in Canada; he soon alienates the locals.source
1868June 1 – The Treaty of Bosque Redondo is signed, allowing the Navajo to return to their lands in Arizona and New Mexico.source
1868June – Henry G. Worthington becomes United States Ambassador to Argentina.Argentina source
1868July 9 – The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified.source
1868July 18 – The Navajo people begin their long march home.source
1868July 25 – Wyoming becomes a United States territory.source
1868July 27 – The United States Expatriation Act ("An Act concerning the Rights of American Citizens in foreign States") is adopted.source
1868July 28 – The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is adopted, including the Citizenship Clause and the Equal Protection Clause, legally, if not actually, guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and equal protection, and all persons in the United States due process of law.source
1868September 23 – Grito de Lares: Rebels (some 400–600 led by Ramón Emeterio Betances) in the town of Lares declare Puerto Rico independent; the local militia easily defeats them a week later.source
1868September 24 – Croatian–Hungarian Settlement (Hrvatsko-ugarska nagodba, Horvát–magyar kiegyezés, Kroatisch-Ungarischer Ausgleich) is concluded, governing Croatia's political status in the Hungarian-ruled part of Austria-Hungary until 1918.source
1868September – Glorious Revolution: Queen Isabella II of Spain is effectively deposed and sent into exile; she formally abdicates on June 25, 1870.source
1868October 1 – Chulalongkorn starts to rule in Siam.source
1868October 20 – Pedro Figueredo creates the Cuban national anthem, El Himno de Bayamo.source
1868October 23 – The Japanese era name (nengō) is formally changed from Keiō to Meiji; and a general amnesty is granted. The adoption of the Meiji nengō was done retroactively to January 25, 1868 (Keiō 4/Meiji 1, 1st day of the 1st month).Japan source
18682 November: New Zealand Mean Time adopted throughout the colony; New Zealand may be the first country to have adopted a standard time throughout the country.New Zealand source
1868November 3 – 1868 United States presidential election: Republican Ulysses S. Grant defeats Democrat Horatio Seymour.source
1868Brisbane Grammar School is founded, providing the opportunity for secondary education for the first time in the colony of Brisbane in Australia.source
1868Burlingame Treaty, also known as the Burlingame-Seward Treaty of 1868, was a landmark treaty between the United States and Qing China, amending the Treaty of Tientsin, one of the unequal treaties, to establish formal friendly relations between the two nations, with the United States granting China the status of most favored nation in tradeChina source
1869January 27 – The Republic of Ezo is proclaimed on the northern Japanese island of Ezo (which will be renamed Hokkaidō on September 20) by remaining adherents to the Tokugawa shogunate.source
1869January 27 – Following defeat of the forces of the Tokugawa shogunate on Honshū in the Boshin War, former Tokugawa military led by Admiral Enomoto Takeaki flee to Ezo (Hokkaido), the large but sparsely populated northernmost island in Japan, and establish the Republic of Ezo. Ezo is notable for being the first government to attempt to institute democracy in Japan. Elections were based on universal suffrage among the samurai class. This was the first election ever held in Japan. Enomoto made a last effort to petition the Imperial Court to be allowed to develop Hokkaido and maintain the traditions of the samurai unmolested, but his request was deniedJapan source
186927 February – King Louis signs a decree of the government, chaired by the Marquis Sá da Bandeira, abolishing slavery in all Portuguese territories.Portugal source
1869March 4 – Ulysses S. Grant is sworn in as the 18th president of the United States, and Schuyler Colfax is sworn in as the 17th vice president.United States source
1869March – In Japan, the daimyōs of the Tosa, Hizen, Satsuma and Chōshū Domains are persuaded to return their domains to the Emperor Meiji, leading to creation of a fully centralized government in the country.source
1869April 17 – The State of Morelos is created in Mexico.source
1869May 4 – Liberian term of office referendum, 1869Liberia source
1869May – In elections in France, the opposition, consisting of republicans, monarchists and liberals, polls almost 45% of the vote.source
18695 June – the equestrian statue of Frederick VII in the central square in Køge is inaugurated.Denmark source
1869August 9 – August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht found the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP).source
1869November 13 – The Newfoundland Colony rejects confederation with Canada in election. The Anti-Confederates winning 21–9.source
1869December 10 – Women's suffrage: The Wyoming territorial legislature gives women the right to vote, the first such law in the world.source
1869The capital of the Isle of Man moves from Castletown to Douglas.source
18691869 Newfoundland general electionCanada source
1869Treaty with Hawaii (Hawaiian Kingdom Treaty)Russia source
1869Henry Austin Bruce becomes MP for Renfrewshire.Wales source
1870January 6 – The Musikverein, Vienna, is inaugurated in Austria-Hungary.source
1870January 15 – A political cartoon for the first time symbolizes the United States Democratic Party with a donkey (A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion by Thomas Nast for Harper's Weekly).source
1870January 26 – Reconstruction Era (United States): Virginia rejoins the Union. This year it adopts a new Constitution, drawn up by John Curtiss Underwood, expanding suffrage to all male citizens over 21, including freedmen.source
1870February 3 – The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, guaranteeing African American men the right to vote, is passed.source
1870February 12 – Women's suffrage: Women gain the right to vote in Utah Territory.source
1870February 23 – Military control of Mississippi ends and it is readmitted to the Union.source
1870February 25 – Hiram Rhodes Revels, a Republican from Mississippi, is sworn into the United States Senate, becoming the first African American to sit in the U.S. Congress.source
1870February 28 – The Bulgarian Exarchate is established, by decree of Sultan Abdülaziz of the Ottoman Empire.source
18701 March - End of the Paraguayan War. Following this, Argentina seeks to enforce one of the secret clauses of the Treaty of the Triple Alliance, which would have permitted it to annex a large portion of the Gran Chaco region. The Brazilian government, wishing to maintain Paraguay as a buffer with Argentina, it rejects the Argentine proposal.Argentina source
1870March 19 – The Ohio Legislature passes the Cannon Act, thereby establishing the Ohio Agriculture and Mechanical College, later Ohio State University.source
1870March 30 – Reconstruction: Texas is readmitted to the Union.source
1870March 30 – The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, giving African American men the right to vote, is ratified.source
1870March 31 – Thomas Mundy Peterson is the first African American to vote in an election.source
187020 April – A second state flag of New South Wales is adopted, similar to the current flag of Victoria: a crown above the Southern Cross.Australia source
1870April 27 – Antonio Guzmán Blanco begins his first term as President of Venezuela.source
1870May 12 – The Canadian Parliament's Manitoba Act receives royal assent. The act provides for the establishment of the province Manitoba when Rupert's Land is transferred to Canada.Canada source
187019 May – João Carlos Saldanha de Oliveira Daun, 1st Duke of Saldanha takes over as Prime MinisterPortugal source
1870June 22 – The office of the Solicitor General of the United States is set up, to supervise and conduct government litigation in the United States Supreme Court.source
1870June 22 – The U.S. Congress creates the United States Department of Justice.source
1870July 15 – Reconstruction Era: Georgia becomes the last former Confederate state of America to be readmitted to the Union.source
1870July 15 – The British government admits the former Hudson's Bay Company territory of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to the Dominion of Canada.source
1870July 15 – Reconstruction: Georgia becomes the last former Confederate state to be readmitted to the Union, and the C.S.A. is dissolved.United States source
1870July 30 – The 'Diggers' Republic' is proclaimed at Klipdrift in South Africa by diamond miners, with Stafford Parker as president.source
1870July 30 – The Klipdrift Republic is proclaimed by a group of diamond miners with Stafford Parker as their president.South Africa source
187011 August – France and Prussia give assurances to Britain that Belgian neutrality will be respected during the Franco-Prussian War.Belgium source
1870October 6 – Rome becomes the capital of unified Italy.source
1870November 16 – The Spanish Cortes Generales proclaims Amadeo de Saboya as King Amadeo I of Spain.source
187010 December – The Reichstag of the North German Confederation renames the Confederation the "North German Confederation of the German Empire".Germany source
1870December 12 – Joseph H. Rainey of South Carolina becomes the second black U.S. congressman (following Hiram Rhodes Revels in February).source
1871January 1 - The Constitution of the German Confederation comes into effect. It abolishes all restrictions on Jewish marriage, choice of occupation, place of residence, and property ownership, but exclusion from government employment and discrimination in social relations remain in effect.source
18711 January – The Civil Code of Argentina, written by Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield, comes into effect.Argentina source
1871January 18 – Proclamation of the German Empire: The member states of the North German Confederation and the south German states unite into a single nation state, known as the German Empire. The King of Prussia is declared the first German Emperor as Wilhelm I of Germany, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles.source
1871February 8 – 1871 French legislative election elects the first legislature of the French Third Republic; monarchists (Legitimists and Orleanists) favourable to peace with the German Empire gain a large majority. The National Assembly meets in Bordeaux.source
1871March 21 – The 1871 Ontario election: Edward Blake's Liberals win a majority, defeating J. S. Macdonald's Liberal-ConservativesCanada source
1871March 22 – In North Carolina, William Holden becomes the first governor of a U.S. state to be removed from office by impeachment.source
1871March 22 – In North Carolina, William Woods Holden becomes the first governor of a U.S. state to be removed from office by impeachment.United States source
1871March 26 – The Paris Commune is formally established in France.source
1871April 20 – U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Civil Rights Act of 1871.source
1871May 10 – The Treaty of Frankfurt is signed, confirming the frontiers between Germany and France. The provinces of Alsace and Lorraine are transferred from France to Germany.source
187110 May – Treaty of Frankfurt is signed with confirming the frontiers between Germany and France.Germany source
187119 June – Charles Gavan Duffy assumes office as Premier of Victoria.Australia source
1871July 20 – British Columbia joins the confederation of Canada.source
1871August 31 – Adolphe Thiers becomes President of the French Republic.source
1871September 28 - Law of Free Birth, or Rio Branco Law, passed by Brazilian Parliament, intending to provide freedom to all newborn children of slaves, and slaves of the state or crown.Brazil source
1871October 27 – British forces march into the Klipdrift Republic and annex the territory as Griqualand West Colony.source
1871October 27 – Henri, Count of Chambord, refuses to be crowned "King Henry V of France" until France abandons its tricolor, and returns to the old Bourbon flag.source
1871November 17 – The National Rifle Association of America is granted a charter by the state of New York.source
1871November 21 – Daniel Jacobus Erasmus becomes acting State President of the South African Republic.South Africa source
18717 December – Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt replaces Jules d'Anethan as Prime Minister.Belgium source
1871An 83.50 carats diamond is discovered, resulting in a diamond rush, and the town of New Rush springs up; Colonial Commissioners arrive there on November 17.source
1872January 9 - In the aftermath of the Paraguayan War, the new government of Paraguay makes peace with Brazil, granting reparations and territorial concessions.Brazil source
187219 February – The Municipal District of Dubbo is established, following the approval of the Colonial Secretary.Australia source
1872May 10 – Victoria Woodhull becomes the first woman nominated for President of the United States, although she is a year too young to qualify and does not appear on the ballot.source
1872May 15 – The New Zealand Wars end after 17 years, with the conclusion of Te Kooti's War; Maori spiritual leader Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuk crosses the Waikato River, and enters the territory of the Māori King Tāwhiao, where he is granted asylum.source
1872May 22 – Reconstruction: U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Amnesty Act of 1872 into law, restoring full civil rights to all but about 500 Confederate sympathizers.source
1872May 22 – Reconstruction: President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Amnesty Act of 1872 into law restoring full civil rights to all but about 500 Confederate sympathizers.United States source
1872July 1 – Thomas François Burgers becomes State President of the South African Republic.source
187223 October – Extradition treaty with the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg signed in The Hague.Belgium source
1872October 31 – Oliver Mowat becomes Premier of Ontario replaces the retiring Edward Blake.Canada source
1872November 5 – 1872 United States presidential election: Ulysses S. Grant defeats Horace Greeley.source
1872November 30 – The first international Association football match to be recognised (retrospectively) by FIFA as "official" takes place at Hamilton Crescent, Scotland; the result is Scotland 0-0 England. Earlier international football matches have already taken place in 1870, in 1871 and again in 1872 at the Oval, London.source
1872December 1 – Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada becomes constitutional President of Mexico.source
1872December 1 – Responsible government is granted to the Cape of Good Hope and the British Governor's powers are significantly curtailed.South Africa source
1872December 9 – In Louisiana, P. B. S. Pinchback becomes the first African-American to govern a U.S. state.source
1872The Ryukyu Domain is created when the emperor changes the title of Shō Tai, the Ryukyu Kingdom's monarch (Ryūkyū-koku-ō), to that of a domain head (Ryūkyū-han-ō). The former Ryukyu Kingdom thus becomes a han.Japan source
1872New Zealand Derby winner – CulumnyNew Zealand source
1873February 11 – The Spanish Cortes deposes King Amadeus I, and proclaims the First Spanish Republic.source
1873February 12 – Emilio Castelar, the former foreign minister, becomes prime minister of the new Spanish Republic.source
1873March 4 – President Ulysses S. Grant begins his second term. Henry Wilson sworn in as Vice President of the United States.United States source
1873March 22 – Emancipation Day for Puerto Rico: Most slaves are freed.source
187331 March – Supreme Court of Judicature Act reforms the judiciary, establishing the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal of England and Wales and abolishing the Court of Common Pleas as a separate institution and, with it, the office of attorney at law.United Kingdom source
1873May 1 – The use of Dutch is officially allowed in the Cape of Good Hope's parliament.South Africa source
1873May 23 – The Canadian Parliament establishes the North-West Mounted Police (which is renamed the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in 1920).source
1873July 1 – Prince Edward Island joins the Canadian Confederation.source
1873July 17 – Richard Southey becomes the first Lieutenant-Governor of Griqualand West.source
187321 July - The post of Prime Minister for Norway was instituted, and Frederik Stang was the first appointed.Norway source
1873July 22 – Sir Benjamin Pine becomes Lieutenant-governor of the Colony of Natal.source
1873July – The end of the war between the United Kingdom and Ghana's King Kofi KariKari, who is involved in the trading of slaves, leads to the establishment of the Gold Coast Colony.source
1873August 12 – A peace treaty is signed between Imperial Russia and the Khanate of Khiva, making the khanate a Russian protectorate.source
187317 August – Law allowing the use of Dutch in courts of law.Belgium source
1873September - The Argentine Chamber of Deputies approves the Secret Mutual Defense Treaty of 1873 and votes $6,000,000 towards the War of the Pacific.Argentina source
187322 October – Bismarck negotiates the League of the Three Emperors, ensuring an alliance between Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire.Germany source
1873October 29 – At Dresden, Albrecht I becomes new King Albrecht I of King of Saxony, an independent state within the German Empire, upon the death of his father King Johann, who had ruled since 1854.source
1873November 5 – Pacific Scandal: the House of Commons of Canada passes a vote of no confidence in Sir John A. Macdonald's government.Canada source
1873November 7 – Alexander Mackenzie becomes the second Prime Minister of Canada.source
1873November 17 – Budapest, Hungary's capital, is formed from Pest, Buda and Óbuda.source
1873The League of the Three Emperors is created. It links the conservative monarchs of Austria-Hungary, the German Empire and the Russian Empire in an alliance against radical movements.source
1874January 1 – New York City annexes The Bronx.source
1874January 2 – Ignacio María González becomes head of state of the Dominican Republic for the first time.source
18745 January − The post of Minister for Iceland is established with Christian Sophus Klein being the first minister.Iceland source
18748 January – Arthur Macalister becomes Premier of Queensland for the third time.Australia source
187410 January – German federal election, 1874Germany source
1874January 20 – The Pangkor Treaty (also known as the Pangkor Engagement), by which the British extend their control over first the Sultanate of Perak, and later the other independent Malay States, is signed.source
1874March 15 – France and Viet Nam sign the Second Treaty of Saigon, further recognizing the full sovereignty of France over Cochinchina.source
1874March 18 – Hawaii signs a treaty with the United States, granting exclusive trading rights.source
1874The Molteno Government of the Cape passes a parliamentary act to redraw the provincial boundaries of the Cape Colony, from two provinces (Eastern and Western Cape) to seven.South Africa source
1874June 14 – Michel Domingue becomes head of state of Haiti.source
187430 June: The Wellington Independent publishes its final issue, and is replaced by The New Zealand Times. The newspaper started in 1845.New Zealand source
187412 July – Legislative electionPortugal source
1874July 31 – Patrick Francis Healy, S.J., the first Black man to receive a PhD, is inaugurated as president of Georgetown University, the oldest Catholic University in America, and becomes the first Black person to head a predominantly White university.source
1874October 9 – The Treaty of Bern establishes the General Postal Union, to coordinate the exchange of international mail.source
1874November 4 – Democrats gain control of the United States House of Representatives for the first time since 1860.source
1874November 25 – The United States Greenback Party is established as a political party, made primarily of farmers financially hurt by the Panic of 1873.source
1874December 1 – Iceland is granted a constitution and limited home rule from Denmark.source
1874December 29 – General Martínez and Brigadier General Luís Daban stage a pronunciamento at Sagunto, and proclaim Isabel's son Alfonso as King of Spain. Subsequently, the Madrid garrison follows suit, and the First Spanish Republic comes to an end.source
1874The House of Keys, lower house of the Tynwald, the legislature of the Isle of Man, moves from Castletown to Douglas.source
1874end of the Tongzhi RestorationChina source
1874A revised version of the Swiss Federal Constitution is signed, superseding the version signed in 1848.Switzerland source
1875January 12 – Guangxu becomes the 11th Qing dynasty Emperor of China at the age of 3. He succeeds his cousin, the Tongzhi Emperor, who had no sons of his own.source
1875January 14 – The newly proclaimed King Alfonso XII of Spain (Queen Isabella II's son) arrives in Spain to restore the monarchy during the Third Carlist War.source
1875January 18 – 1875 Ontario election: Sir Oliver Mowat's Liberals win a second consecutive majority.Canada source
18759 February – John Robertson becomes Premier of New South Wales, replacing Henry Parkes.Australia source
187525 February – The Seamen's Association of 1856's new building in Christianshavn is inaugurated.Denmark source
1875February 27 – Newton Booth, 11th Governor of California, resigns, having been elected Senator. Lieutenant Governor of California Romualdo Pacheco becomes acting Governor. He is later replaced by elected governor William Irwin.source
1875March 1 – The United States Congress passes the Civil Rights Act, which prohibits racial discrimination in public accommodations and jury duty.source
1875March 3 – The Page Act of 1875 is enacted. Passed amid rising nativistic and anti-Chinese sentiment, the Act restricts the immigration of Chinese women to the U.S.United States source
1875May 7 – The Treaty of Saint Petersburg is signed between Japan and Russia.source
1875May 20 – The Metre Convention is signed in Paris, France.source
1875July 1 – The General Postal Union is established.source
1875September 29 - The Casa de Moneda de la República Argentina is inaugurated, under Law 733 of 1875 which ordered the creation of two mints, one in Buenos Aires and another in Salta.Argentina source
1875Creation of the Portuguese Socialist Party.Portugal source
1875Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)Russia source
1875The United States Immigration and Naturalization Service recognises Welsh as a distinct nationality - the first official body ever to do so.Wales source
1876February 26 – The Japanese force the Korean government to sign the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 (having brought a fleet to Incheon, the port of modern-day Seoul), opening three ports to Japanese trade and forcing Korea's Joseon dynasty to cease considering itself a tributary of China. On China's urging, Korea also signs treaties with the European powers, in an effort to counterbalance Japan.source
1876March 20 – Through constitutional reform taking legal effect, Louis De Geer becomes the first Prime Minister of Sweden.source
1876April 12 – The Indian Act comes into force in Canada.source
1876April 12 - The Indian Act is passed. Consolidating and expanding on existing Canadian laws, it defines the special status and land regulations of Aboriginal peoples in Canada who live on reserves; status Indians have no vote in Canadian elections and are exempt from taxesCanada source
1876May 1 – The Royal Titles Act 1876 in the UK Parliament confers the title 'Empress of India' upon Queen Victoria from 1877.source
1876May 16 – British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli rejects the Berlin Memorandum.source
1876May 30 – Abdülaziz is deposed by his nephew Murad V as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire on the grounds of mismanaging the economy; 6 days later, Abdülaziz is found dead at the Çırağan Palace in Istanbul and 93 days later Murad is deposed by Abdul Hamid II on the grounds of mental illness. For this reason, in Turkey 1876 is known as the 'Year of the Three Sultans'.source
18765 June – George Thorn becomes Premier of Queensland.Australia source
187613 June – Partial legislative electionBelgium source
1876June 19 – Jászkunság, the last remnant of Kunság within Austria-Hungary, is disestablished.source
1876July 8 – Reichstadt Agreement: Russia and Austria-Hungary agree on partitioning the Balkan Peninsula.source
1876August 1 – Colorado is admitted as the 38th U.S. state.source
1876August 31 – Murad V, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, is deposed and succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid II.source
187625 September – The Hans Christian Ørsted Monument in Ørstedsparken in Copenhagen is inaugurated.Denmark source
1876October 26 – José María Iglesias begins his disputed presidency of Mexico.source
1876President Johannes Brand of the Orange Free State rejects any discussion of Carnarvon's proposed confederation system for Southern Africa.South Africa source
1876November 1 – The British Colony of New Zealand dissolves its 9 provinces and replaces them with 63 counties.source
1876November 7 – 1876 United States presidential election: After long and heated disputes, Rutherford B. Hayes is eventually declared the winner over Samuel J. Tilden.source
1876November 7 – The 1876 presidential election ends indecisively with 184 Electoral College votes for Samuel J. Tilden, 165 for Rutherford B. Hayes, and 20 in dispute. The new president (Hayes) is not decided until 1877.United States source
1876November 10 – The Centennial Exposition ends in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.source
1876November 29 – Porfirio Díaz becomes President of Mexico.source
1876December 13 – New Constitution of the Ottoman Empire signed, ending Tanzimat in the Ottoman Empire.source
1876Queen Victoria is proclaimed "Empress of India" and transfers powers from East India Company to the British Crown.India source
1876Tsar Alexander II signed the Ems Ukaz, banning the use of the Ukrainian language in print.Russia source
1877January 1 – Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India by the Royal Titles Act 1876, introduced by Benjamin Disraeli, the prime minister of the United Kingdom .source
1877January 4 - Land tax reform is implemented.Japan source
187710 January – German federal election, 1877Germany source
1877March 2 – Compromise of 1877: The 1876 United States presidential election is resolved with the selection of Rutherford B. Hayes as the winner, even though Samuel J. Tilden won the popular vote on November 7, 1876.source
1877March 4 – Romualdo Pacheco of California takes office as the first Latino to serve in the United States Congress.United States source
1877April 12 – Theophilus Shepstone annexes the Transvaal Republic as a British colony, in preparation for confederation. Resistance to British rule begins.South Africa source
1877May 16 – 16 May 1877 crisis in France: Parliament passes a no-confidence motion against the government appointed by President MacMahon.source
1877May 21 (May 9 O.S.) – By a speech in the Parliament of Romania by Mihail Kogălniceanu, the country declares itself independent from the Ottoman Empire (recognized in 1878 after the end of the Romanian independence war).source
18779 July – Law on secret ballot introduces use of voting booths at Belgian polling stations.Belgium source
187720 July – Arthur Kennedy becomes Governor of QueenslandAustralia source
1877September 22 – Treaty 7 is concluded between several mainly Blackfoot First Nations tribes and the Canadian Confederation, at the Blackfoot Crossing of the Bow River, settling the Blackfoot on Indian reserves in what will become southern Alberta.source
1877Charles Alphonse Pantaléon Pelletier appointed Minister of Agriculture and called to the Senate of CanadaCanada source
1877The Treaty of Waitangi ruled a "simply nullity" in "Wi Parata v the Bishop of Wellington"New Zealand source
1878March 3 (February 19 O.S.) – Treaty of San Stefano signed between the Russian and Ottoman Empires following Russian victory in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) provides for establishment of an autonomous Principality of Bulgaria (although not as large as originally envisaged). Russia however regards the treaty as a preliminary one only, refusing on March 25 a British proposal to lay it before a European congress, and matters are finally settled in July's Treaty of Berlin.source
1878May 14 – Paul Kruger leads a second deputation to the United Kingdom to demand the freedom of the South African Republic.South Africa source
1878May to November – Belgium participates in the Paris Universal Exhibition.Belgium source
1878June 4 – Cyprus Convention: The Ottoman Empire cedes Cyprus to the United Kingdom, but retains the nominal title.source
1878June 13–July 13 – The Congress of Berlin convenes to discuss the Ottoman Empire.source
1878June 25 – The Kanak people of New Caledonia revolt against the French colonial government.source
1878July 13 – The Treaty of Berlin makes Serbia, Montenegro and Romania completely independent, confirms the autonomy of Bulgaria, makes Cyprus a British possession, and allows Austria-Hungary to garrison the Bosnia Vilayet.source
187830 July – German federal election, 1878Germany source
1878September 17 – 1878 Canadian federal election: Sir John A. Macdonald and his Conservative Party are returned to power, defeating the incumbent Liberal Party, led by Alexander Mackenzie.source
1878September 17 – In the Nova Scotia election, Simon Hugh Holmes's Conservatives win a majority, defeating Philip Carteret Hill's Liberals.Canada source
187813 October – Portuguese legislative election, 1878Portugal source
1878October 17 – John A. Macdonald returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada.source
187826 December - Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878 that opened up Goa to British Raj.India source
1878U.S. arbitration rejects Argentine claims to Paraguay's part of the Chaco region.source
1878Walcha, New South Wales proclaimed a town.Australia source
1878New Zealand Cup winner: MaritanaNew Zealand source
1879February 15 – Women's rights: President Rutherford B. Hayes signs a bill allowing female attorneys to argue cases before the Supreme Court of the United States.United States source
1879March 11 – The Ryukyu Domain is incorporated into the Okinawa Prefecture of Japan and the last ruler, Shō Tai, exiled to Tokyo.source
1879April 20 - Spanish general election, 1879Spain source
187926 April – Seventy square kilometres of land in Sydney's Sutherland Shire is proclaimed The National Park (later the Royal National Park).Australia source
1879May 7 – The current constitution of the State of California in the United States is ratified.source
1879May 26 – Mohammad Yaqub Khan, Emir of Afghanistan, and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Gandamak, putting the Afghan state into the British sphere of influence.source
1879June 5 – Ontario election: Sir Oliver Mowat's Liberals win a third consecutive majority.Canada source
1879October 2 – Qing dynasty China signs the Treaty of Livadia with the Russian Empire.source
1879October 7 – The Dual Alliance is formed by Germany and Austria-Hungary.source
18797 October – A defensive alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary is created by treaty.Germany source
187919 October - Legislative electionPortugal source
1879October – Roca gives up his military career to enter politics.Argentina source
1879Colonel Ahmed ‘Urabi forms the Egyptian Nationalist Party.source
1879Education (secular or denominational) was being debated. In two by-elections the winner was described as a Secularist: David Goldie in the 1879 City of Auckland West by-election and Acton Adams in the 1879 City of Nelson by-election. They opposed Curtis's bill before parliament.New Zealand source
188011 April – A presidential election results in the assumption of the presidency by General Julio Argentino Roca, who defeats the Governor of Buenos Aires Province, Carlos Tejedor. Thus the Generation of '80 begins its rule in Argentina. Under Roca's presidency, the so-called "laicist laws" (Leyes Laicas) are passed, which nationalizing functions that had previously been under the control of the Church.Argentina source
1880April 18 – 1880 United Kingdom general election: William Ewart Gladstone defeats Benjamin Disraeli, to become Prime Minister for the second time.source
1880April 19 – The Prime Minister of Sweden, Louis De Geer, resigns over the defeat of a defense reform bill in the country's Riksdag; he is succeeded by Count Arvid Posse (1880–1883).source
188029 April – At the United Kingdom general election, Wales elects 28 Liberal MPs. David Davies, Llandinam, is returned unopposed as member for Cardigan.Wales source
1880May 4 – Edward Blake becomes the new leader of the Liberal Party of Canada.Canada source
18808 June – Partial legislative elections of 1880Belgium source
1880July 22 – Abdur Rahman Khan becomes Emir of Afghanistan.source
1880August 1 – Rufus W. Cobb is reelected the 25th governor of Alabama defeating James Madison Pickens.United States source
1880November 2 – 1880 United States presidential election: James Garfield defeats Winfield S. Hancock.source
1880December 1 – Manuel González Flores becomes the 31st President of Mexico.source
1880December 30 – The Transvaal becomes a republic, and Paul Kruger becomes its first president.source
1880The Volksraad meet at Paardekraal, as Kruger, Joubert, and Pretorius form the new republic's government. Kruger-based in Heidelberg, armed forces take positions on the Natal border and around the British garrison in the Transvaal. Kruger seeks negotiations, knowing that the British forces are stronger.South Africa source
1880Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza signs a treaty of protection with the chief of the large Teke tribe, and begins to establish a French protectorate on the north bank of the Congo River.source
1880England defeat Australia by 5 wickets in a Cricket Test held at The Oval.Australia source
1880New Zealand Cup winner: Le LoupNew Zealand source
18819 January: Saraiva Law comes into effect after being passed on the Senate on 4 January.Brazil source
1881February 24 (February 12 Old Style) – Qing dynasty China signs the Treaty of Saint Petersburg with the Russian Empire providing for the return to China of the eastern part of the Ili Basin.source
1881February 24 - Zeng Jize and the Russian representative concluded the Treaty of Saint Petersburg.China source
188114 March – The Parliament of Romania declares the dissolution of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia and its replacement by the Kingdom of Romania.Romania source
1881March 26 (March 14 Old Style) – The Principality of Romania is proclaimed the Kingdom of Romania.source
188131 March – last Anti-Socialist Law is passed by the German Reichstag.Germany source
1881May 12 – In North Africa, Tunisia becomes a French protectorate by the Treaty of Bardo.source
1881May 13 – The Pacific island of Rotuma cedes to Great Britain, becoming a dependency of the Colony of Fiji.source
1881June 18 – The League of the Three Emperors is resurrected.source
1881July 1 – General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell–Childers reforms of the British Army's organization, comes into effect.source
1881July 23 – The Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina is signed in Buenos Aires.source
188123 July – A boundary treaty is signed by Argentina and the neighbouring country of Chile. The treaty is signed in Buenos Aires by Bernardo de Irigoyen, on the part of Argentina, and Francisco de Borja Echeverría, on the part of Chile, with the aim to establish a precise and exact borderline between the two countries based on the uti possidetis juris principle. Despite dividing largely unexplored lands, the treaty lays the groundwork for nearly all of Chile's and Argentina's current 5600 km of shared borders.Argentina source
188123 July - Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and ArgentinaChile source
1881August 3 – The Pretoria Convention peace treaty is signed, officially ending the war between the Boers and Britain.source
1881August 3 – The Pretoria Convention peace treaty is signed, officially ending the war between the Boers and the Britain.South Africa source
188121 August – Portuguese legislative election, 1881.Portugal source
1881On the Isle of Man (an internally self-governing dependent territory of the United Kingdom), the House of Keys Election Act extends the franchise for the national legislature to spinsters and widows owning real estate of a certain value.source
18821 January – Bilateral conventions for the exchange of money orders come into effect between the United States of America and the colonies of New South Wales and Victoria.Australia source
1882March 6 (February 22 Old Style) – The Principality of Serbia becomes the Kingdom of Serbia following a proclamation.source
1882May 2 – The Kilmainham Treaty, an agreement between the British government and Irish nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell to abate tenant rent arrears, is announced; Parnell is released from Kilmainham Gaol in Dublin.source
18826 May – North Sea Fisheries Convention signed, to come into effect in 1884.Belgium source
1882May 20 – The Triple Alliance is formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.source
1882May 25 – John Sparrow David Thompson becomes premier of Nova Scotia, replacing Simon H. Holmes.Canada source
1882June 28 – The Anglo-French Convention of 1882 is signed, marking territorial boundaries between Guinea and Sierra Leone.source
1882July 26 – Boers establish the republic of Stellaland in southern Africa.source
1882August 18 – The Married Women's Property Act 1882 receives royal assent in Britain; it enables women to buy, own and sell property, and to keep their own earnings.source
1882In the Cape Colony, the Dutch language is once again admitted as an official language alongside English.South Africa source
1882Carolyn Merrick is elected president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in the United States.source
1882A peace treaty is signed between Paraguay and Uruguay.source
1882Zulu king Cetshwayo kaMpande returns to South Africa from England.source
1882Single women and widows were granted the right to vote.Iceland source
1882New Zealand Derby winner: CheviotNew Zealand source
1882The 1882 Parliamentary election takes place.Norway source
1882Carolyn Merrick is elected president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.United States source
1883January 16 – The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, establishing the United States civil service, is passed.source
18839 February – Viceroy Lord Ripon's partial reversal of the Ilbert Bill (1883), a legislative measure that had proposed putting Indian judges in the Bengal Presidency on equal footing with British ones, that transformed the discontent into political action.India source
1883February 27 – Ontario election: Sir Oliver Mowat's Liberals win a fourth consecutive majorityCanada source
188320 March – Belgium a signatory to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.Belgium source
1883June 13 – Count Arvid Posse leaves office as Prime Minister of Sweden. He is succeeded by Carl Johan Thyselius, the first non-aristocrat (Swedish; "ofrälse") to serve as Swedish head of government, and Prime Minister.source
1883August 6 – The United States of Stellaland is established when the Republics of Stellaland and Goshen unite.South Africa source
188318 August – Ion Brătianu signs the secret Romanian-Austro-Hungarian Alliance Treaty, which aligns the country with the Triple Alliance.Romania source
1883September 30 - Mossoró, in the province of Rio Grande do Norte, is the first city in Brazil to abolish slavery.Brazil source
1883October 20 – Peru and Chile sign the Treaty of Ancón, by which the Tarapacá province is ceded to Chile, ending Peru's involvement in the War of the Pacific.source
188326 November – An Australasian Inter-Colonial Conference is held in Sydney. Federation and annexation of surrounding islands are discussed by the Australian colonies, New Zealand and Fiji.Australia source
1883December 21 – The Royal Canadian Dragoons and The Royal Canadian Regiment, the first Permanent Force cavalry and infantry regiments of the Canadian Army, are formed.source
1883The Mexican government passes a law allowing real estate companies (controlled by General Porfirio Díaz's political associates) to survey public and "vacant" lands, and to retain one third of the land they survey.source
1883The British Parliament considers a major bill to allow Indian judges to try Europeans in India. The British community rises in protest, and defeats the measure.source
1883New Zealand Cup winner: TasmanNew Zealand source
1884March 25: Ceará is the first Brazilian state to abolish slavery.Brazil source
1884April 4 – The Treaty of Valparaiso, an armistice between Chile and Bolivia, ends the War of the Pacific; Bolivia is obliged to cede Antofagasta to Chile, leaving Bolivia as a landlocked country.source
18844 April - Treaty of ValparaisoChile source
1884April 27 - Spanish general election, 1884Spain source
188429 June - Legislative electionPortugal source
1884July 14 – German administration is established in Cameroon.source
1884November 4 – 1884 United States presidential election: Democratic governor of New York Grover Cleveland defeats Republican James G. Blaine in a very close contest, to win the first of his non-consecutive terms.source
1884December 1 – Porfirio Díaz returns as President of Mexico, an office he will hold until 1911.source
1884December 18 – The Territory of Nayarit is formed once its territorial limits with Jalisco were established.Mexico source
1884Xinjiang province (Sinkang) establishedChina source
1884Prime Minister – Agostino Depretis (1881–1887)Italy source
1884Trăiască Regele ("Long live the King") becomes the new national and royal anthem.Romania source
1885February 5 – King Leopold II of Belgium establishes the Congo Free State, as a personal possession.source
1885March 26 – Prussian deportations: The Prussian government, motivated by Otto von Bismarck, expels all ethnic Poles and Jews without German citizenship from Prussia.source
1885March 31 – The United Kingdom establishes the Bechuanaland Protectorate.source
1885Full Date Unknown – Great Britain seizes Liberian territory west of the Mano River, and it becomes part of the Colony of Sierra Leone.Liberia source
1885April 30 – A bill is signed in the New York State legislature, forming the Niagara Falls State Park.source
1885May 19 – After a three-month legislative battle in the Illinois General Assembly, John A. Logan is re-elected to the United States Senate.source
1885June 9 — Treaty of Tientsin (1885), Sino-French War endsChina source
1885June 17 – The Statue of Liberty arrives in New York Harbor.source
1885June 23 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
188529 June — Reshuffle of the Depretis government.Italy source
1885September 6 – Eastern Rumelia declares its union with Bulgaria, completing the unification of Bulgaria.source
1885September 18 – The union of Eastern Rumelia with Bulgaria is proclaimed at Plovdiv.source
1885September 28: The Saraiva-Cotegipe Law, also known as the Sexagenarian Law, is enacted, which frees slaves 60 years of age and older in the country.Brazil source
1885September 30 – A British force abolishes the Boer republic of Stellaland, and adds it to British Bechuanaland.source
188522 October - The Independent Liberal Party (Chile) is established.Chile source
188519 December – The city of Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz, is established, and a naval base created, to increase Argentine control over southern Patagonia.Argentina source
1885December 28 – 72 Indian lawyers, academics and journalists gather in Bombay to form the Congress Party.source
1885Iceland begins issuing its own Danish Krone banknotes.Iceland source
1885Signing of the Treaty of Simulambuco.Portugal source
1886January 16 – A resolution is passed in the German Parliament to condemn the Prussian deportations, the politically motivated mass expulsion of ethnic Poles and Jews from Prussia, initiated by Otto von Bismarck.source
1886March 3 – The Treaty of Bucharest ends the Serbo-Bulgarian War in the Balkans.source
18863 March – The Treaty of Bucharest is signed in the Romanian capital, bringing to an end the Serbo-Bulgarian War.Romania source
18863 April – President Julio Argentino Roca, with the support of the agricultural elites – as well as of the London financial powerhouse, Barings Bank – fields his son-in-law, Córdoba Province Governor Miguel Juárez Celman, as the PAN candidate for president; he is elected almost unanimously.Argentina source
1886April 4 – William Ewart Gladstone introduces the First Irish Home Rule Bill in the Parliament of the United Kingdom; it is defeated on June 8.source
1886April 4 - Spanish general election, 1886Spain source
188612 May - Angola is incorporated as a colony.Portugal source
1886May 15 – Portugal and France agree to regulate the borders of their colonies in Guinea.source
188623 May — First round of the 1886 Italian general election with a second round of voting on 30 May. The "ministerial" Historical Left led by Prime Minister Depretis emerged as the largest in Parliament, winning 292 of the 508 seats.Italy source
1886July 23: The Republic of Cunani, located in present-day Amapá, is proclaimed.Brazil source
1886July 25 – Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
18861 September: Police Force Act comes into effect, splitting the New Zealand Police Force from the standing army (and militia).New Zealand source
1886October 7 – Spain abolishes slavery in Cuba.source
1886Addis Ababa is founded in the Ethiopian Empire.source
1886Queen Victoria grants the Cocos (Keeling) Islands to the Clunies Ross family.Australia source
1887January 20 – The United States Senate allows the United States Navy to lease Pearl Harbor as a naval base.source
188721 February – German federal election, 1887Germany source
1887June 18 – The Reinsurance Treaty is closed between Germany and Russia.source
1887June 21 – Zululand becomes a British colony.source
1887July 6 – King Kalākaua of Hawai'i is forced by anti-monarchists to sign the 'Bayonet Constitution', stripping the Hawaiian monarchy of much of its authority, as well as disenfranchising most native Hawaiians, all Asians and the poor.source
1887October 1 – The British Empire takes over Balochistan.source
18872 October – Prime Minister Crispi visits Germany and meets German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, for consultation upon the working of the Triple Alliance.Italy source
1887October 17 – French Indochina was established, comprising (Lower) Cochinchina, (Upper) Annam, Tonkin, and Cambodia.source
188720 November - The radical left wing Democrat Party is founded.Chile source
18871 December - Sino-Portuguese Treaty of PekingChina source
18871 December – Signing of the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking, when sovereignty over Macau was surrendered to Portugal, or as in the Chinese interpretation, only administrative rights were transferredPortugal source
1887Taiwan becomes a Chinese provincesource
1887Progressive Party founded, led by Paul JansonBelgium source
1887Rodrigues Alves, future President of Brazil, becomes president of the province of São Paulo.Brazil source
1887Men's doubles – P. Fenwicke and M. FenwickeNew Zealand source
188823 January – Elections are held for the Chamber of Deputies. They run until 25 January and again from 12 to 14 October.Romania source
1888March 12 — Qing government signed a treaty with the US banning Chinese laborers from entering the US in accordance with the Chinese Exclusion ActChina source
1888April 11 – The Concertgebouw orchestra in Amsterdam is inaugurated.source
1888May 7 – The bill to abolish slavery is presented in the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies.Brazil source
1888May 13 – In Brazil, the Lei Áurea abolishes the last remnants of slavery.source
1888June 3 – The Kingdom of Sedang is formed, in modern-day Vietnam.source
1888June 14 – The White Rajahs territories become the British protectorate of Sarawak.source
188825 July: By-election in the Ashley electorateNew Zealand source
1888August 9 – The Oaths Act permits the oath of allegiance taken to the Sovereign by Members of Parliament (MPs) to be affirmed, rather than sworn to God, thus confirming the ability of atheists to sit in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.source
1888August 13 – The Local Government Act, effective from 1889, establishes county councils and county borough councils in England and Wales, redraws some county boundaries, and gives women the vote in local elections. It also declares that "bicycles, tricycles, velocipedes, and other similar machines" be carriages within the meaning of the Highway Acts (which remains the case), and requires that they give audible warning when overtaking "any cart or carriage, or any horse, mule, or other beast of burden, or any foot passenger", a rule abolished in 1930.source
1888September 8 – In a letter accepting renomination as President of the United States, Grover Cleveland declares the Chinese "impossible of assimilation with our people and dangerous to our peace and welfare".source
18889 October – Launceston, Tasmania is proclaimed a city.Australia source
188821 October – The Social Democratic Party of Switzerland is established.Switzerland source
1888October 30 – The Rudd Concession, a written concession for exclusive mining rights in Matabeleland, Mashonaland and adjoining territories, is granted by King Lobengula of Matabeleland to Charles Rudd, James Rochfort Maguire and Francis Thompson, who are acting on behalf of South African-based politician and businessman Cecil Rhodes, providing a basis for white settlement of Rhodesia.source
1888October 30 – Cecil Rhodes and the British South Africa Company obtains Matabeleland from Lobengula in the Rudd Concession, named after Charles Rudd.South Africa source
1888November 6 – 1888 United States presidential election: Democratic Party incumbent Grover Cleveland wins the popular vote, but loses the Electoral College vote to Republican challenger Benjamin Harrison, therefore losing the election.source
188830 December – The Crispi government enacted the first Italian law introducing timid regulations on migrant protection to regulate expanding emigration from Italy. The Emigration Act of 1888 is also known as the Crispi Law on emigration. The law proclaimed the freedom to emigrate, as long as those intending to leave were in order with the military draft. It regulated the activities of emigration agents and regulated the contract of maritime transport. Married women could leave but only with their husband's consent. Transatlantic emigration had risen from about 20,000 a year before 1879 to 130,000 in 1887, and to nearly 205,000 in 1888.Italy source
1889February 11 – The Meiji Constitution of Japan is adopted; the 1st Diet of Japan convenes in 1890.source
1889February 22 – President Grover Cleveland signs the Enabling Act of 1889, admitting North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington as U.S. states.source
1889March 2 – The United States Congress proclaims the entire Bering Sea to be under US control.source
1889March 13 – The Potchefstroom treaty is signed by Paul Kruger and F.W. Reitz, the respective Presidents of the South African Republic (ZAR) and the Orange Free State. The treaty binds each state to assist the other whenever either is unjustly attacked.South Africa source
1889March 31 – The Eiffel Tower is inaugurated in Paris (opens May 6). At 300 m, its height exceeds the previous tallest structure in the world by 130 m. Contemporary critics regard it as aesthetically displeasing.source
1889April 22 – At high noon in Oklahoma Territory, thousands rush to claim land in the Land Rush of 1889. Within hours the cities of Oklahoma City and Guthrie are formed, with populations of at least 10,000.source
1889May 2 – Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia, signs a treaty of amity with Italy, giving Italy control over what will become Eritrea.source
18892 May – Signing of the Treaty of Wuchale between the Ethiopian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy after the Italian occupation of Eritrea in the small Ethiopian town of Wuchale. King Menelik II had just won the imperial crown with the aid of Italian money and weapons. The purpose of the treaty was to promote friendship and trade among the two countries. Article 17 of the treaty was translated and interpreted differently by Ethiopia and Italy. Italy claimed the article imposed a protectorate over Ethiopia.Italy source
1889May 19 – A law is passed to adopt the gold standard aligned with the Latin Monetary Union. The law comes into force on 17 March 1890.Romania source
1889May 31 – The Naval Defence Act dictates that the fleet strength of the British Royal Navy must be equal to that of at least any two other countries.source
188914 June – Treaty of Berlin over SamoaGermany source
1889June 26 – Bangui is founded in the French Congo.source
1889June 29–30 – First Inter-Parliamentary Conference held.source
1889August 12 – The Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act, 1889 of the British Parliament expands Ontario's boundaries west to the Lake of the Woods and north to the Albany River.Canada source
1889October 2 – In Washington, D.C., the first International Conference of American States begins.source
1889October 12 – Gustaf Åkerhielm, previously Swedish Foreign Minister, replaces Gillis Bildt as Prime Minister of Sweden.source
188920 October – Portuguese legislative election, 1889Portugal source
1889October 24 – Sir Henry Parkes, Premier of New South Wales, delivers the Tenterfield Oration, calling for the Federation of Australia.source
1889November 2 – North Dakota and South Dakota are admitted as the 39th and 40th U.S. states, respectively.source
1889November 8 – Montana is admitted as the 41st U.S. state.source
1889November 11 – Washington is admitted as the 42nd U.S. state.source
1889November 17 – The Brazilian Imperial Family is forced into exile in France.source
1889November 18 – Elisha P. Ferry is inaugurated as first governor of Washington.source
1889November 19 – The modern-day flag of Brazil is adopted by the Provisional Government of the Republic.source
1889November 20 – Argentina is the first country to recognize the abolition of the monarchy in Brazil.source
188920 November – Argentina becomes the first nation to recognize the new government of Deodoro da Fonseca.Brazil source
1889November – The first free elections are held in Costa Rica.source
1889Men's doubles – Richard Harman and Frederick WildingNew Zealand source
1890January 1 – The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony in the Horn of Africa.source
18901 January – The Kingdom of Italy establishes Italian Eritrea as its colony in the Horn of Africa.Italy source
1890January 2 – Alice Sanger becomes the first female staffer in the White House.source
189025 January – A territorial dispute between Argentina and Brazil over the eastern sector of Misiones ("Questão Palmas") is resolved by the signing of the Treaty of Montevideo by Quintino Bocaiuva, the minister of external affairs.Brazil source
1890March 20 – Kaiser Wilhelm II forces Otto von Bismarck to resign as Chancellor of Germany.source
189030 March - Legislative electionPortugal source
1890May 2 – President Benjamin Harrison signs the Oklahoma Organic Act, under which Oklahoma Territory is organized, a prerequisite for later statehood.source
189023 June – President Paul Kruger of the South African Republic institutes a Second Volksraad which is responsible for controlling local matters.South Africa source
1890July 1 – 1890 Japanese general election: In the first general election for the House of Representatives of Japan, about 5% of the adult male population elect a lower house of the Diet of Japan, in accordance with the new Meiji Constitution of 1889.source
1890July 1 – Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty: Britain cedes the Heligoland islands (in the German Bight) to Germany, in return for protectorates over Wituland and the Sultanate of Zanzibar (the islands of Pemba and Unguja) in east Africa.source
18901 July — Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty. Germany receives Heligoland and the Caprivi Strip from the United Kingdom and a free hand to control and acquire the coast of Dar es Salaam. In return, Germany renounces its protectorate over Wituland (part of modern-day Kenya) and pledges not to interfere in the actions of the UK vis-à-vis the Sultanate of Zanzibar. The U.K. cedes sovereignty of the Heligoland archipelago to Germany.Germany source
1890July 1 – 1890 Japanese general election; Empire of Japan’s first general election for members of the House of Representatives of the Diet of Japan. It was the first example of a popularly elected national assembly in AsiaJapan source
1890July 2 – The Sherman Antitrust Act and Sherman Silver Purchase Act become United States law.source
1890July 3 – Idaho is admitted as the 43rd U.S. state.source
1890July 10 – Wyoming is admitted as the 44th U.S. state.source
1890August 20 – Treaty of London: Portugal and the United Kingdom define the borders of the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola.source
1890August – Kaiser Wilhelm II and Tsar Alexander III meet at Narva.source
1890November 29 – The Meiji Constitution goes into effect in Japan, and its first Diet convenes.source
189029 December – Sir John Forrest becomes the Premier of Western Australia and the first Premier in Australia.Australia source
1890Men's doubles – M. Fenwicke and J. JarkineNew Zealand source
1891January 1 – Germany takes formal possession of its new African territories.source
1891January 7 – The Inter-American Monetary Commission meets in Washington, D.C.source
1891January 10 – In France, the Irish Nationalist leaders hold a conference at Boulogne. The French government promptly takes loan.source
1891January 12 – Mahatma Gandhi passes the Bar examination in England.South Africa source
1891January 20 – Jim Hogg becomes the first native Texan to be governor of that state.source
1891January 29 – Liliuokalani is proclaimed Queen of Hawaii.source
1891January 31 – The administration of Prime Minister Francesco Crispi resigns after a fierce disagreement with the Historical Right about the budget.Italy source
1891February 24 – The constitution of the First Brazilian Republic is promulgated.source
189124 February – A new constitution is adopted by a Constitutional Congress.Brazil source
1891March 5 – 1st Prime Minister of Canada Sir John A. Macdonald wins a 4th consecutive parliamentary victory over the Liberal Party.source
1891June 4 - United States Navy admiral George Brown convinces the Congressionalist Junta to give up the Itata.Chile source
1891June 15 – Minas Gerais was granted in 1891.source
1891July 7 – The Home Alliance was established in Woodland, California where, initially, it was the only publication in the state that fought the legalized liquor traffic.source
1891August 27 – France and Russia conclude a defensive alliance.source
189131 August – Brussels Conference Act of 1890 enters into force.Belgium source
1891September 18 – The Chilean Civil War of 1891 ends with the suicide of deposed President José Manuel Balmaceda and victory for the Congressional party, beginning the country's Parliamentary Era.source
18919 December – The National Liberal Party and "Sincere Liberal" parliamentarians pass a motion of no confidence in the government.Romania source
1891December 17 – Drexel University is inaugurated as the Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry in Philadelphia.source
1891Brahmin teacher and nationalist Bal Gangadhar Tilak begins agitation for Indian Home Rule.source
1891New Zealand Cup – British LionNew Zealand source
1891Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891Portugal source
1892January 1 – Ellis Island begins processing immigrants to the United States.source
189213 February – The Conservative Party publishes its manifesto.Romania source
1892March 1 – Theodoros Deligiannis ends his term as Prime Minister of Greece and Konstantinos Konstantopoulos takes office.source
1892March 6–8 – Exclusive Agreement: Rulers of six Trucial States (Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Ras al-Khaimah and Umm al-Quwain) and Bahrain sign an agreement, by which they become de facto British protectorates.source
189220 April – Victoria holds a general election.Australia source
1892May 15 – The new government headed by Giovanni Giolitti takes office after Antonio Di Rudinì lost the vote in the Italian Chamber of Deputies, because his financial policy is opposed on both the right and the left.Italy source
189214 June – Belgian general election, 1892Belgium source
1892July 4–26 – British general election: The Conservative and Liberal Unionist coalition government loses its majority in the House of Commons, eventually leading to Prime Minister Lord Salisbury's resignation on August 12.source
189212 July – Free State – Natal-Free State border to Harrismith, 23 mi 12 ch.South Africa source
1892July 17 – Rizal is exiled to Dapitan.Philippines source
1892August 18 – William Ewart Gladstone assumes the U.K. premiership, as head of the Liberal government, with Irish Nationalist Party support.source
1892September 8 – The Pledge of Allegiance is first recited in the United States.source
189223 October - Legislative electionPortugal source
1892November 8 – 1892 United States presidential election: Grover Cleveland is elected over Benjamin Harrison and James B. Weaver, to win the second of his non-consecutive terms.source
1892December 5 – John Thompson becomes Canada's fourth prime minister.source
1892Diplomat Henry Galway secures a treaty by which Ovonramwen, Oba of Benin, ostensibly accepts British protection for his kingdom.source
1892Colonial Probates Act (British statute)India source
1893January 13 – The Independent Labour Party of the United Kingdom has its first meeting.source
1893March 5 - Spanish general election, 1893Spain source
1893March 10 – Ivory Coast becomes a French colony.source
1893May 22 – The President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies, Giuseppe Zanardelli, urges King Umberto I not to accept the resignation of Giolitti. Giolitti agrees to reconstruct the government with Senator Gagliardo as Finance Minister.Italy source
1893June 15 – 1893 German federal election: Small anti-Semitic parties secure 2.9% of the vote.source
189315 June – In the federal election the Social Democratic Party of Germany come top with 1.7 million votes but still only finish fourth overall in terms of seats, behind the Centre Party, German Conservative Party and the National Liberal Party. Antisemitic parties see their vote share increase five times over.Germany source
1893July 13 – Frederick Jackson Turner gives a lecture titled "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" before the American Historical Association in Chicago.source
1893September 1 – William Ewart Gladstone's Government of Ireland Bill 1893, intended to give Ireland self-government, is rejected by the U.K. Parliament.source
1893September 7 – Under pressure of a general strike, the Belgian Federal Parliament enacts general multiple suffrage.source
1893September 16 – Calgary is incorporated as a city.Canada source
1893September 19 – New Zealand becomes the first country in the world to grant women's suffrage.source
1893October 13 – The Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1893 is signed, as the Kingdom of Siam cedes all of its territories east of the Mekong River to France, creating the territory of Laos.source
1893November 7 – Colorado women are granted the right to vote.source
1893November – beginning of the Federalist RevolutionBrazil source
1893December 5 – Plural voting is abolished in New South Wales.source
1893By 1893 – 8,000 Chinese have arrived in Cuba.source
1893Coolgardie and Esperance are both declared as townsAustralia source
1893Men's doubles – Richard Harman and Frederick WildingNew Zealand source
1893Two letters exchanged between Princess Alix of Hesse and Nicholas Alexandrovich of Russia. In late 1893 they had already been in love for several years, but Alix was unwilling to convert to Orthodoxy which led her to initially reject Nicholas.Russia source
1894January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire.source
1894February 28 – Prime Minister Crispi reveals the "evidence" for a widespread conspiracy in parliament: the so-called "International Treaty of Bisacquino", signed by the French Government, the Czar of Russia, Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida, the anarchists and the Vatican, with the goal to detach Sicily from the rest of the country and put it under a Franco-Russian protectorate. The Radical deputy Felice Cavallotti ridicules the conspiracy of Crispi.Italy source
1894March 1 - Brazilian presidential election, 1894Brazil source
1894March 2 – William Gladstone resigns as British Prime Minister.source
1894March 5 – The Local Government Act (coming into effect December 1894–January 1895) reforms local government in Britain, creating a system of urban and rural districts with elected councils, with elected civil parish councils in rural areas, and gives women, irrespective of marital status, the right to vote and stand in local (but not national) elections.source
189415 April – Portuguese legislative election, 1894Portugal source
189412 May – Publication of an Anglo-Belgian Agreement leasing Bahr el Ghazal to the Congo Free State and a stretch of Congolese territory to the British. The exchange of territory was later rescinded under French and German pressure in the diplomatic build-up to the 1898 Fashoda Incident.Belgium source
1894June 22 – Dahomey becomes a French colony.source
1894June 25 – Paul Kruger, President of the Transvaal Republic, meets British High Commissioner Sir Henry Loch in Pretoria to discuss the grievances of the Uitlanders.South Africa source
1894July 4 – The short-lived Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed by Sanford B. Dole.source
1894July 16 – The United Kingdom and Japan sign the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, as the U.K. becomes the first of the Western nations to agree to give up its extraterritorial rights in Japan.source
1894October 1 – Petrópolis becomes the capital of the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro, until 1902.source
1894December 18 – Women in South Australia become the first in Australia to gain the right to vote and the first in the world with the right to be elected to Parliament, taking effect from 1895, after decades of activism.source
189418 December - South Australia is the first colony to legislate women equal franchise with men, taking effect in 1895.Australia source
1894December 21 – Mackenzie Bowell becomes Canada's fifth prime minister.source
1894Serfdom (Vistarband) is abolished in Iceland.Iceland source
1894Men's doubles – J. Marshall and P. MarshallNew Zealand source
1895January 1 – First ever local elections were held as per the Maura Law passed in 1893.Philippines source
1895January 24 – An effort to restore the Hawaiian monarchy ends as the former Queen Liliʻuokalani abdicates and pledges allegiance to the Republic of Hawaii.source
1895February 20 – Venezuelan crisis of 1895: U.S. President Grover Cleveland signs into law a bill resulting from the proposition of House Resolution 252, by William Lindsay Scruggs and Congressman Leonidas Livingston, to the third session of the 53rd Congress of the United States of America. The bill recommends that Venezuela and Great Britain settle their dispute by arbitration.source
1895February 22 - Venezuela Crisis of 1895: United States President Grover Cleveland signs into law U.S. House Resolution 252, recommending Venezuela and the United Kingdom settle the dispute by arbitration.Venezuela source
1895April 17 – The Treaty of Shimonoseki is signed between China and Japan. This marks the end of the First Sino-Japanese War, and the defeated Qing Empire is forced to renounce its claims on Korea, and to concede the southern portion of Fengtian province, Taiwan and the Penghu to Japan. The huge indemnity exacted from China is used to establish the Yawata Iron and Steel Works in Japan.source
1895April 22 – Gongche Shangshu movement: 603 candidates sign a 10,000-word petition against the Treaty of Shimonoseki.source
1895May 2 – Gongche Shangshu movement: Thousands of Beijing scholars and citizens protest against the Treaty of Shimonoseki.source
1895May 5 – Prime Minister of Japan Ito Hirobumi announces withdrawal of Japanese troops from Liaodong PeninsulaChina source
1895May 24 – Anti-Japanese officials, led by Tang Jingsong in Taiwan, declare independence from the Qing dynasty, forming the short-lived Republic of Formosa.source
1895May 27 – In re Debs: The Supreme Court of the United States decides that the federal government has the right to regulate interstate commerce, legalizing the military suppression of the Pullman Strike.source
1895June 11 – Britain annexes Tongaland, between Zululand and Mozambique.source
1895June 20 – The Treaty of Amapala establishes the union of Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador (which ends in 1898).source
1895June 28 – The United States Court of Private Land Claims rules that James Reavis's claim to the Barony of Arizona is "wholly fictitious and fraudulent".source
1895July 24 – The Government decides to present the evidence of former Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti about the role of current Prime Minister Crispi in the Banca Romana scandal and other matters – known as the "Giolitti envelope" –, to the Chamber of Deputies and have a special commission examine them. In June 1895, the French newspaper Le Figaro had published the package of documents compromising Crispi with evidence that he had concealed financial transactions and debts contracted by Crispi, his family and friends with the Banca Romana from the parliamentary inquiry in 1893.Italy source
189510 August – A Romanian-Serbian-Slovakian political alliance is formed to combat forced Magyarization in Austria-Hungary.Romania source
189523 August – A peace treaty is signed in Pelotas, bringing an end to the Federalist Revolution.Brazil source
189517 November – Portuguese legislative election, 1895Portugal source
1895Men's doubles – Richard Harman and Frederick WildingNew Zealand source
1896January 4 – Utah is admitted as the 45th U.S. state.source
1896March 8 – Crispi is succeeded by Antonio di Rudinì as Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior in a cabinet formed by the veteran Conservative, General Ricotti, who retains the Ministry of War.Italy source
1896May 13 – The Franchise Bill is passed by the Colony of Natal's Legislative Assembly, disfranchising natives of other countries.source
1896May 18 – Plessy v. Ferguson: The U.S. Supreme Court introduces the separate but equal doctrine, and upholds racial segregation.source
1896June 23 – Liberal leader Wilfrid Laurier defeats Charles Tupper during Canadian federal elections for the 8th Canadian Parliament, to become the first Francophone Prime Minister of Canada.source
189625 June - Chilean presidential election, 1896Chile source
18965 July – Belgian general election, 1896Belgium source
1896July 11 – Wilfrid Laurier becomes Canada's seventh prime minister, and the first French-speaker to hold that office.source
1896August 17 – Gold is discovered in the Yukon, prompting the Klondike gold rush.Canada source
1896August 27 – Britain establishes a Protectorate over the Ashanti people concluding the Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War.source
1896September 30 – Italy and France sign a treaty whereby Italy virtually recognizes Tunisia as a French dependency.source
1896November 3 – 1896 United States presidential election: Republican William McKinley defeats William Jennings Bryan. The event is viewed by some as a political realignment for the United States Republican Party.source
18964 December: 1896 New Zealand general election.New Zealand source
1896France establishes an administrative post in Abengourou, Ivory Coast.source
1896New South Wales wins the Sheffield ShieldAustralia source
1896Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales becomes governor of São Paulo.Brazil source
1896By 1896, China showed interest in Aksai Chin, reportedly a result of Russian instigation.China source
18972 February – The Treaty of Washington between Venezuela and the United Kingdom is signed, towards the end of the Venezuelan crisis of 1895.Venezuela source
1897February 16 – The French conquer the island of Raiatea and capture the rebel chief Teraupo'o, ending the Leeward Islands War and bringing all of the Society Islands under their control.source
189725 February - Commune of Providencia is established.Chile source
1897February 27 – The French military governor of Madagascar, Joseph Gallieni, exiles Queen Ranavalona III to Réunion, abolishing the monarchy the next day.source
189728 March – Second round of the Italian general election, 1897. The "Ministerial" left-wing bloc, led by Giovanni Giolitti remained the largest in Parliament, winning 327 of the 508 seats. The Di Rudini government continues.Italy source
1897April 21 – Sir Alfred Milner becomes High Commissioner of South Africa and Governor of the Cape Colony.South Africa source
1897April 23 – Representatives of the Chickasaw Nation, Choctaw Nation and U.S. Dawes Commission sign the Atoka Agreement, which becomes an important precursor for creating the State of Oklahoma.source
189710 May – The Handelsgesetzbuch (HGB) is passed by the Reichtstag. The HGB will come into force together with the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB) on 1 January 1900.Germany source
1897May 19 – Oscar Wilde is released from prison in England, and goes into voluntary exile on the continent.source
1897July 17 – The Klondike Gold Rush begins when the first successful prospectors arrive in Seattlesource
1897September 20 – Greece and Turkey sign a peace treaty to end the Greco-Turkish War.source
1897October 12 – The city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil is created. The construction of the second Brazilian planned city is completed successfully; an immigration of 1,000,000 people is estimated.source
1897October 12 – The Korean Empire is proclaimed, marking the end of the Joseon dynasty after just over 500 years.source
189712 October – The city of Belo Horizonte is created and its construction is completely successfully.Brazil source
1897November 25 – Spain grants Puerto Rico autonomy.source
1897December 14 – Pact of Biak-na-Bato: The Philippine Revolution is settled, with Spanish promises to reform.source
1897December 14 – The Pact of Biak-na-Bato is signed between Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera and Emilio Aguinaldo, aiming to end the Philippine Revolution.Philippines source
1897December 30 – Natal annexes Zululand.source
1897Men's doubles – H. Parker and C. GoreNew Zealand source
1898January 1 – New York City annexes land from surrounding counties, creating the City of Greater New York as the world's second largest. The city is geographically divided into five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx and Staten Island.source
1898January 12 – Ito Hirobumi begins his third term as Prime Minister.Japan source
18981 March - In the presidential election, Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales of the Republican Party of São Paulo, is successful, with 90.9% of the vote, replacing incumbent president Prudente de Morais who, because of ill-health, had already delegated most of his presidential duties to Vice President Manuel Vitorino.Brazil source
1898March 16 – In Melbourne the representatives of five colonies adopt a constitution which will become the basis of the Commonwealth of Australia.source
1898March 27 Convention for the Lease of the Liaotung Peninsula or Pavlov Agreement for Russian DalianChina source
189828 March – The German Reichstag builds a battleship fleet from the Fleet Act, triggering an arms race at sea with the United Kingdom.Germany source
1898May 27 – The territory of Guangzhouwan is leased by China to France, according to the Treaty of 12 April 1892, as the Territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan, forming part of French Indochina.source
1898June 12 – Philippine Declaration of Independence: After 333 years of Spanish dominance, General Emilio Aguinaldo declares the Philippines' independence from Spain.source
1898June 12 – Philippine Declaration of Independence is held at the ancestral home of Emilio Aguinaldo, proclaiming the sovereignty of the Philippines.Philippines source
1898June 13 – Yukon Territory is formed in Canada, with Dawson chosen as its capital.source
189818 June – The recently reformed new administration of Antonio di Rudinì resigns.Italy source
1898June 21 – Spanish–American War: The United States captures Guam, making it the first overseas territory of the U.S.source
1898June 28 – Effective date of the Curtis Act of 1898 which will lead to the dissolution of tribal and communal lands in Indian Territory and ultimately the creation of the State of Oklahoma in 1907.source
1898August 24 – Chickasaw and Choctaw tribes sign the Atoka Agreement, a requirement of the Curtis Act of 1898.source
1898August 25 – 700 Greeks and 15 Englishmen are slaughtered by the Turks in Heraklion, Greece, leading to the establishment of the autonomous Cretan State.source
1898October 16 – The island of Puerto Rico is turned over by Spain to the United States. Ángel Rivero Méndez, the 149th and last Spanish governor of Puerto Rico, yields the office and turns over the keys to all military installations in the capital, San Juan to U.S. Army Captain Henry A. Reed, and General John R. Brooke becomes the new American military governor.source
1898October 28 – U.S. President William McKinley rejects a peace proposal that would result in Spain ceding the island of Luzon to the U.S., in return for Spanish control of the other Philippine Islands. McKinley's message to his five-man negotiating team in Paris is that "Cessation of Luzon alone, leaving the rest of the islands subject to Spanish rule, or to be the subject of future contention, cannot be justified on political, commercial, or humanitarian grounds. The cessation must be the whole archipelago or none."source
1898October 31 – Count Ōkuma Shigenobu, Japan's Prime Minister, announces his resignation along with that of his cabinet of ministers.source
1898November 1 – Charles Dupuy forms a new government as Prime Minister of France following the resignation of Henri Brisson.source
1898November 5 – Negros Revolution: Filipinos on the island of Negros revolt against Spanish rule and establish the short-lived Republic of Negros.source
1898November 7 – The final meeting of the Cuban Assembly of the República de Cuba en Armas, which had been founded in 1895 during the Cuban War of Independence, is called to order by General Calixto García in the city of Santa Cruz del Sur. Domingo Méndez Capote is elected as president of the assembly.source
1898November 8 – Count Yamagata Aritomo forms a new government as Prime Minister of Japan.source
1898November 8 – Elections are held in the U.S. for all 357 seats in the House of Representatives, as well as for the governors and state legislature of 25 of the 45 states. With 179 needed for a majority, the Republican Party maintains control with 187 seats, despite losing 19; the Democratic party gains 37 to reach 124 seats; the Populist party losses all but five of its 22 seats, and the other 4 seats are controlled by smaller parties. Among Governors elected are Theodore Roosevelt as Governor of the state of New York.source
1898November 10 – The new United Central American States, a merger of El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, places its capital in the Nicaraguan city of Chinandega.source
1898November 10 – Bartolomé Masó, the President of the República de Cuba en Armas that had been founded during the Cuban War of Independence, resigns.source
1898November 12 – The Earl of Minto takes office as the new Governor General of Canada.source
1898November 26 – General Ramón Blanco resigns as the spanish Governor-General of Cuba and is replaced by General Adolfo Jiménez Castellanos.source
1898November 30 – The United Central American States, a merger of Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador, is formally dissolved after the government was unable to suppress a revolution in San Salvador.source
1898December 2 – The French Chamber of Deputies declines to endorse the policies of Prime Minister Charles Dupuy, with the vote failing 228 to 243.source
1898December 10 – The Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the Spanish–American War.source
1898December 10 – Treaty of Paris (1898)Spain source
1898Francisco Bilbao Workers Party is founded.Chile source
1899January 9 – After a successful revolt against the Ottoman Empire by the inhabitants of the island of Crete, the area, which joins Greece, gets its first constitution.source
1899January 12 – The French government passes a vote of confidence in the Chamber of Deputies, 423 to 124.source
1899January 17 – The United States takes possession of Wake Island in the Pacific Ocean.source
1899January 23 – Mubarak Al-Sabah, the emir of Kuwait, signs the Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899, a secret treaty with the British Empire to accept protectorate status for the Middle Eastern sheikdom in return for British protection of Kuwaiti territory.source
1899January 23 – Emilio Aguinaldo is sworn in as President of the First Philippine Republic, a declaration of independence against the U.S. military government of the Philippines.source
1899January 23 – Malolos Constitution is proclaimed in Malolos, Bulacan, establishing the First Philippine Republic. Emilio Aguinaldo inaugurated as President of the Republic.Philippines source
1899February 2 – The participants in the Australian Premiers' Conference agree that Australia's capital (Canberra) should be located between Sydney and Melbourne.source
1899February 6 – By a vote of 57 to 27, a peace treaty between the United States and Spain is ratified by the United States Senate to end the Spanish–American War.source
189912 February – The majority of the Kingdom of Spain's remaining territories in the Pacific are sold to the German Empire through the German–Spanish Treaty.Spain source
1899February 18 – The National Assembly of France elects a new President to serve the remainder of the late President Faure's term. Senate president Émile Loubet wins the vote against prime minister Jules Méline.source
1899February 26 – Kálmán Széll replaces Dezső Bánffy as Prime Minister of Hungary.source
1899March 1 – Juan Lindolfo Cuestas resumes office as President of Uruguay after stepping down for 24 days to allow Senate President José Batlle y Ordóñez to serve as acting president.source
1899March 15 – The cabinet of Spain's Prime Minister Silvestri approves the ratification of the treaty to end the Spanish–American War. The Queen Regent of Spain signs the treaty two days later.source
189924 March - The Puna de Atacama dispute is resolved.Chile source
1899April 11 – U.S. President William McKinley declares the Spanish–American War to be at an end as the Treaty of Paris between the U.S. and Spain goes into effect. Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam are ceded to the U.S. and Cuba becomes an American protectorate.source
1899April 19 – France adds the Kingdom of Laos, a protectorate since 1893, to the existing colony of French Indochina.source
1899May 18 – The First Hague Peace Conference, initiated by Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, is opened in The Hague by Willem de Beaufort, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands.source
1899May 31 – The Bloemfontein Conference commences between Paul Kruger and Sir Alfred Milner in the Orange Free State, but ends in failure after six days.source
1899June 15 – Sweden's Department of Foreign Affairs hosts a conference for delegates from Germany, Denmark, Norway, the UK, the Netherlands, Russia and Sweden to make agreements on fishing in the Arctic Ocean, the Baltic Sea and the North Sea.source
1899June 18 – The Federación Libre de Trabajadores is created in Puerto Rico as a resistance movement against the United States.source
1899June 21 – "Treaty 8", the most comprehensive of the eleven Numbered Treaties, is signed between the British Crown on behalf of Canada, with various Cree groups of the First Nations, ceding 320,000 sq mi of land in the northern parts of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia, as well as a portion of the Northwest Territories, to the Canadian government.source
1899June 22 – Pelloux's patience with the obstruction to his public safety provisions snaps and he issues an unconstitutional royal decree. The decree was fiercely obstructed by the Socialist Party of Italy (PSI) and Extreme Left. More moderate politicians like Giuseppe Zanardelli and Giovanni Giolitti also join the opposition.Italy source
189914 July: Luis Gálvez Rodríguez de Arias proclaims the First Republic of Acre, breaching the terms of the Treaty of Ayacucho between Brazil and Bolivia.Brazil source
1899July 15 – Japan's first comprehensive copyright law takes effect and, on the same day, Japan agrees to join the Berne Convention.Japan source
1899July 17 – The Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation takes effect, ending extraterritoriality and the unequal status of Japan in foreign commerce.source
1899August 4 – Japan rescinds its policy of extraterritoriality privileges to western nations that had operated consular courts to try cases against western nationals under western law.source
1899August 17 – Emperor Gojong of Korea issues the 9-article International Declaration declaring that, as "the great emperor of Korea", he has "infinite military authority" as well as absolute power to enact laws.source
1899August 20 – The Kiram–Bates Treaty is signed in the Philippines, with U.S. forces recognizing the autonomy of local governments in the Sulu Archipelago (within the Mindanao island group) in return for the Sultan's assistance in suppressing attacks on U.S. forces.source
1899August 30 – After taking over the second-largest city in the Dominican Republic, Santiago de los Caballeros, revolutionists proclaim Horacio Vásquez as the nation's President in rebel-controlled territory. At the same time in the capital at Santo Domingo, president Wenceslao Figuereo steps down after only five weeks in office.source
1899October 1 – Possession of the Mariana Islands is formally transferred from Spain to Germany, which purchased the archipelago (with the exception of Guam) from Spain for 837,500 German gold marks and become part of German New Guinea.source
189926 November - Legislative electionPortugal source
189914 December – Walther Hauser is elected president by the Swiss Federal Assembly.Switzerland source