Geopolitics & Diplomacy in the 20th century

2,030 sourced entries, 1900 CE to 1999 CE, oldest first. Also see Geopolitics & Diplomacy across every century or everything else in the 20th century.

• 1900January 14 – The U.S. Senate accepts the British-German Treaty of 1899, in which the United Kingdom renounces its claims to the American Samoa portion of the Samoan Islands.source
• 1900February 5 – The United Kingdom and the United States sign a treaty for the building of a Central American shipping canal across Central America in Nicaragua.source
• 1900February 6 – The International Arbitration Court at The Hague is created, when the Netherlands' Senate ratifies an 1899 peace conference decree.source
• 1900May 18 – The United Kingdom proclaims a protectorate over Tonga.source
• 1900May 24 – Second Boer War: The British annex the Orange Free State, as the Orange River Colony.source
• 1900June 14 – The Reichstag approves the second of the German Naval Laws allowing expansion of the Imperial German Navy.source
• 1900July 9 – The Federation of Australia is enacted, marking the unification of its colonies into a single country.source
• 1900September 12 – Admiral Fredrik von Otter becomes Prime Minister of Sweden.source
• 1900October 9 – The Cook Islands become a territory of the United Kingdom.source
• 1900October 24 – 1900 United Kingdom general election: voting concludes with the Unionists led by the Marquess of Salisbury re-elected.source
• 1900October 25 – The United Kingdom annexes the Transvaal.source
• 1900November 6 – 1900 United States presidential election: Republican incumbent William McKinley is re-elected by defeating Democratic challenger William Jennings Bryan in a rematch.source
• 1900November 7 – 1900 Canadian federal election: Liberal incumbent Sir Wilfrid Laurier is reelected by defeating Conservative leader Sir Charles Tupper again after having done that in the 1896 Canadian federal election.source
• 1900December 19 – Hopetoun Blunder: The first Governor-General of Australia, John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun, appoints Sir William Lyne premier of the new state of New South Wales, but he is unable to persuade other colonial politicians to join his government, and is forced to resign.source
• 1901January 1 – Nigeria becomes a British protectorate.source
• 1901January 1 – The British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia federate as the Commonwealth of Australia; Edmund Barton becomes the first Prime Minister of Australia.source
• 1901February 12 – Viceroy of India Lord Curzon creates the new North-West Frontier Province in the north of the Punjab region, bordering Afghanistan.source
• 1901February 14 – Edward VII opens his first parliament of the United Kingdom.source
• 1901February 20 – The Hawaii Territory Legislature convenes for the first time.source
• 1901February 23 – The United Kingdom and Germany agree on the frontier between German East Africa and Nyasaland.source
• 1901March 1 – The United Kingdom, Germany and Japan protest the Sino-Russian agreement on Manchuria.source
• 1901March 2 – The United States Congress passes the Platt Amendment, limiting the autonomy of Cuba as a condition for the withdrawal of American troops.source
• 1901April 19 – The First Philippine Republic is formally dissolved, after president Emilio Aguinaldo calls all Filipino forces to lay down arms and cease hostilities.source
• 1901May 5 – The Caste War of Yucatán in Mexico officially ends, although Mayan skirmishers continue sporadic fighting for another decade.source
• 1901May 9 – The first Australian Parliament opens in Melbourne.source
• 1901June 12 – Cuba becomes a United States protectorate.source
• 1901July 4 – William Howard Taft becomes Governor-General of the Philippines.source
• 1901September 14 – Vice President Theodore Roosevelt becomes the 26th president of the United States, upon President William McKinley's death.source
• 1901December 3 – The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 is passed by the new Parliament of Australia as the basis of a White Australia policy.source
• 1901December 3 – U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt delivers a 20,000-word speech to the United States House of Representatives asking Congress to curb the power of trusts "within reasonable limits".source
• 1902January 30 – The Anglo-Japanese Alliance is signed.source
• 1902March 15 – The Pattani Sultanate is abolished by the Siamese authority after the last sultan of Pattani refused new administrative reforms by the Siamese.source
• 1902May 13 – Alfonso XIII of Spain begins his reign.source
• 1902May 20 – Cuba gains independence from the United States.source
• 1902May 31 – The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War, providing for the Transvaal Colony and Orange Free State to transition to self-governing British colonies.source
• 1902June 16 – The Commonwealth Franchise Act in Australia grants women's suffrage in federal elections for resident British subjects (with certain ethnic minorities excepted), making Australia the first independent country to grant women the vote at a national level, and the first country to allow them to stand for Parliament.source
• 1902July 5 – Erik Gustaf Boström returns as Prime Minister of Sweden.source
• 1902July 8 – The United States Bureau of Reclamation is established within the U.S. Geological Survey.source
• 1902July 11 – Lord Salisbury retires as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
• 1902November 1 – France attempts to neutralize Triple Alliance, signing agreement with Italy to remain neutral in Africa.source
• 1902The first Korean Empire passports are issued to assist Korean immigration to Hawaii.source
• 1903January 1 – Edward VII is proclaimed Emperor of India.source
• 1903February 13 – Venezuelan crisis: After agreeing to arbitration in Washington, the United Kingdom, Germany and Italy reach a settlement with Venezuela resulting in the Washington Protocols. The naval blockade that began in 1902 ends.source
• 1903February 23 – Cuba leases Guantánamo Bay to the United States "in perpetuity".source
• 1903March 13 – Having abolished the Sokoto Caliphate in West Africa, the new British administration accepts the concession of its last vizier.source
• 1903July 7 – Britain take over the Fulani Empire.source
• 1903August 3 – The Kruševo Republic is proclaimed in Ottoman Macedonia; it is crushed 10 days later.source
• 1903November 3 – Separation of Panama from Colombia: With the encouragement of the United States, Panama proclaims itself independent of Colombia.source
• 1903November 13 – The United States recognizes the independence of Panama.source
• 1904April 8 – The Entente Cordiale is signed between the UK and France.source
• 1904April 27 – The Australian Labor Party becomes the first such party to gain national government, under Chris Watson.source
• 1904August 14 – Ismael Montes becomes President of Bolivia.source
• 1904October 28 – Panama and Uruguay establish diplomatic relations.source
• 1904November 8 – 1904 United States presidential election: Republican incumbent Theodore Roosevelt defeats Democrat Alton B. Parker.source
• 1904December 6 – Theodore Roosevelt announces his "Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States will intervene in the Western Hemisphere should Latin American governments prove incapable or unstable.source
• 1905January 3 – Japan formally repossesses Port Arthur, and renames it Ryojun, holding it for the next 40 years. The area will revert in 1945 to China, and become the Lushunkou District.source
• 1905January 17 – In France, Prime Minister Émile Combes and his cabinet announce their resignations after being implicated in the Affair of the Cards (L'Affaire des Fiches), a system set up by the War Ministry to purge the French Army officers corps of Jesuits.source
• 1905January 21 – The Dominican Republic signs an agreement with the United States to allow the U.S. to administer the collection of customs taxes for Santo Domingo for 50 years, with the U.S. to assume responsibility for payment of the Republic's debts to foreign nations from Dominican income. The agreement is done as an exercise of the "Roosevelt Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine.source
• 1905January 27 – The Nelson Act is passed into law in the United States, providing for racial segregation of schools in the Alaska Territory.source
• 1905Elections are held in Hungary for the Országgyűlés, the Kingdom's parliament within Austria-Hungary. Voters overwhelmingly reject the Liberal Party, led by Prime Minister István Tisza, that has ruled Hungary since 1875. The Liberals lose 118 of their 277 seats, but Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria-Hungary ignores the results and keeps Tisza in power.source
• 1905February 21 – Sir Wilfrid Laurier introduces a resolution in the Canadian parliament proposing that two new provinces, Alberta and Saskatchewan, be created out of the Northwest Territories.source
• 1905March 3 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia announces the creation of an elected assembly, the Duma, to represent the people of the Russian Empire in an advisory capacity, although the real power to make laws will remain with the Tsar and the cabinet of ministers.source
• 1905March 20 – The title Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is officially recognised by King Edward VII by a royal warrant.source
• 1905April 1 – The British Imperial Penny Post is extended to include Australia.source
• 1905May 30 – Japan's Prime Minister Katsura Tarō asks U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt to moderate peace discussions to end the Russo-Japanese War.source
• 1905June 7 – The Norwegian Parliament, the Storting, declares dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden, giving Norway full independence.source
• 1905July 5 – Alfred Deakin takes office as the new Prime Minister of Australia.source
• 1905July 27 – The Taft–Katsura agreement is reached in Tokyo.source
• 1905August 11 – The Russian Council appointed by Tsar Nicholas II meets at Peterhof and approves a plan for a national Duma, the first representative assembly in the Empire.source
• 1905August 20 – Chinese revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen forms the first chapter of Tongmenghui, a union of all secret societies determined to bringing down the Manchu dynasty.source
• 1905September 1 – The Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan are established from the southwestern part of the Northwest Territories.source
• 1905September 5 – Russo-Japanese War: Treaty of Portsmouth – In New Hampshire, a treaty mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt is signed by Japan and Russia. Russia cedes the island of Sakhalin together with port and rail rights in Manchuria to Japan.source
• 1905October 16 – The Partition of Bengal is made by Lord Curzon to separate the region of Bengal into Muslim and Hindu territories until its reunification in 1911.source
• 1905October 26 Sweden–Norway agrees to the repeal of the union with Norway, forming the two modern-day countries.source
• 1905October 30 (October 17 Old Style) – October Manifesto: Tsar Nicholas II of Russia is forced to announce the granting of his country's first constitution (the Russian Constitution of 1906), conceding a national assembly (State Duma) with limited powers.source
• 1905November 4 – Russification of Finland: The application of the February Manifesto, removing the veto of the Diet of the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland over matters considered by the Emperor to concern Russian imperial interests, is interrupted by the new November Manifesto. The Senate of Finland is ordered to put forward a proposal for parliamentary reform, based on unicameralism and universal and equal suffrage.source
• 1905November 12 – Norway holds a plebiscite on the monarchy, resulting in popular approval of the Storting's decision to authorise the government to make the offer of the throne of the newly independent country.source
• 1905November 17 – The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 ("Eulsa Treaty") effectively makes Korea a protectorate of Japan.source
• 1905December 23 – The Tampere conference, where Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin meet for the first time, is held in Tampere, Finland.source
• 1906January 12 – Persian Constitutional Revolution: A nationalistic coalition of merchants, religious leaders and intellectuals in Persia forces the shah Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar to grant a constitution, and establish a national assembly, the Majlis.source
• 1906April 23 – In the Russian Empire, the Fundamental Laws are announced at the first state Duma.source
• 1906May 27 – The first inmates are moved to the Culion leper colony by the American Insular Government of the Philippine Islands.source
• 1906May 29 – Karl Staaff steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden over the issue of expanded voting rights. He is replaced by right-wing naval officer and public official Arvid Lindman.source
• 1906July 6 – The Second Geneva Convention meets.source
• 1906July 12 – Alfred Dreyfus is exonerated. He is reinstalled in the French Army on July 21, thus ending the Dreyfus affair.source
• 1906July 20 – In the Grand Duchy of Finland, a new electoral law is ratified, guaranteeing full women's suffrage, the first in modern Europe. Women can also stand in national elections.source
• 1906October 6 – The National Consultative Assembly (Majlis) of Iran convenes for the first time.source
• 1906December 6 – The Transvaal Colony is granted responsible self-government by Britain.source
• 1906December 13 – The United Kingdom, France and Italy sign an agreement to preserve, in Ethiopia, the integrity of the ancient empire of Abyssinia.source
• 1907March 15–16 – Elections to the new Parliament of Finland are the first in the world for a national assembly with woman candidates, as well as the first elections in Europe where universal suffrage is applied; 19 women are elected.source
• 1907June 15 – The Second Hague Peace Conference opens at The Hague.source
• 1907July 1 – The Orange River Colony gains autonomy, as the Orange Free State.source
• 1907July 24 – The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907 brings the government and military of the protectorate of Korea more firmly under Japanese control.source
• 1907August 31 – Count Alexander Izvolsky and Sir Arthur Nicolson sign the Anglo-Russian Entente in Saint Petersburg, bringing a pause in The Great Game in Central Asia, and establishing the Triple Entente.source
• 1907September 26 – New Zealand and Newfoundland become dominions of the British Empire.source
• 1907October – A committee of the Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language, made up of academics including Otto Jespersen, Wilhelm Ostwald and Roland Eötvös, meet in Paris to select a language for international use. The committee ultimately decides to reform Esperanto.source
• 1907November 16 – President Theodore Roosevelt proclaims that Oklahoma has become the 46th U.S. state.source
• 1907December 17 – Ugyen Wangchuck becomes the first Druk Gyalpo (king of Bhutan).source
• 1908April 8 – H. H. Asquith of the Liberal Party takes office as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, succeeding Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman.source
• 1908June 26 – Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, a future President of Finland, meets the 13th Dalai Lama in Shanxi, China, becoming only the third European to be granted an audience with him.source
• 1908July 23 – Young Turk Revolution: The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) issues a formal ultimatum to Sultan Abdul Hamid II, to restore the constitution of 1876 within the Ottoman Empire; it is restored the following day.source
• 1908August 24 – After an intense power struggle, Sultan Abdelaziz of Morocco is deposed and is succeeded by his brother Abd al-Hafid.source
• 1908October 5 – Bulgaria declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire; Ferdinand I of Bulgaria becomes Tsar.source
• 1908November 3 – 1908 United States presidential election: Republican candidate William Howard Taft defeats William Jennings Bryan, 321 electoral votes to 162.source
• 1908November 15 – King Leopold II of Belgium formally relinquishes his personal control of the Congo Free State (becoming Belgian Congo) to Belgium, following evidence collected by Roger Casement of maladministration.source
• 1908November 19 – Women's suffrage is passed in Victoria, Australia.source
• 1908December 2 – Emperor Puyi ascends the Chinese throne at age 2 in succession to his uncle. He will reign for 3 years, then again for 11 days, and finally for 11 years as a puppet emperor.source
• 1909January 7 – Colombia recognizes the independence of Panama.source
• 1909January 11 – The International Joint Commission on US-Canada boundary waters is established.source
• 1909February 2 – The Paris Film Congress opens. It is an attempt to create a cartel of leading European producers similar to the MPPC in the United States.source
• 1909March 10 – The Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 is signed in Bangkok.source
• 1909April 27 – Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II is overthrown and succeeded by his brother, Mehmed V.source
• 1909July 16 – A revolution forces Mohammad Ali Shah of the Qajar dynasty to abdicate in favor of his son Ahmad Shah Qajar. He proceeds to leave Persia for the Russian Empire, reportedly seeking the assistance of Nicholas II of Russia in regaining the throne.source
• 1910January 8 – Treaty of Punakha: The Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan becomes a protectorate of the British Empire.source
• 1910January 15 – Amidst the constitutional crisis caused by the House of Lords rejecting the People's Budget, the January 1910 United Kingdom general election is held resulting in a hung parliament with neither Liberals nor Conservatives gaining a majority.source
• 1910March 3 – Morocco signs accords with France in Paris, permitting the French to occupy Casablanca and Oujda in return for military training, as part of refinancing of loans.source
• 1910March 17 – Progressive Republicans in the United States House of Representatives rebel against Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon, removing him from the Rules Committee and stripping him of his power to appoint committee chairmen.source
• 1910May 31 – The Union of South Africa is created.source
• 1910August 22 – The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, by which the Empire of Japan formally annexes the Korean Empire, is signed (it becomes effectively void in 1945, which is formally recognised in 1965).source
• 1910August 28 – Montenegro is proclaimed an independent kingdom, under Nicholas I.source
• 1910August 29 – Emperor Sunjong of Korea abdicates and the country's monarchy is abolished.source
• 1910October 5 – 5 October 1910 revolution: The First Portuguese Republic is proclaimed in Lisbon; King Manuel II of Portugal flees to England.source
• 1911January 1 – A decade after federation, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory are added to the Commonwealth of Australia.source
• 1911May 21 – Mexican Revolution: In Ciudad Juárez, a peace treaty is signed between Madero's rebels and government troops.source
• 1911May 25 – Mexican Revolution: Porfirio Díaz signs his resignation and leaves for Veracruz; on May 31 he leaves for exile in France.source
• 1911November 4 – Morocco–Congo Treaty brings the Agadir Crisis to a close. This treaty leads Morocco to be split between France (as a protectorate) and Spain (as the colony of Spanish Sahara), with Germany forfeiting all claims to Morocco. In return, France gives Germany a portion of the French Congo (as Kamerun) and Germany cedes some of German Kamerun to France (as Chad).source
• 1911December 1 – Outer Mongolia, the predecessor of modern-day Mongolia, is declared independent from the Chinese Empire.source
• 1911December 29 – Sun Yat-sen is elected Provisional President of the Republic of China.source
• 1912January 1 – The Republic of China is established.source
• 1912January 6 – New Mexico becomes the 47th U.S. state.source
• 1912January 8 – The African National Congress is founded as the South African Native National Congress in Bloemfontein, to promote improved rights for black South Africans, with John Langalibalele Dube as its first president.source
• 1912January 12 – In the 1912 German federal election the Social Democrats for the first time becomes the party with the most seats.source
• 1912January 14 – Raymond Poincaré forms a coalition government in France, beginning his first term of office as Prime Minister on 21 January.source
• 1912February 12 – The Manchu Qing dynasty of China comes to an end after 268 years with the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor Puyi and the establishment of the Republic of China.source
• 1912February 14 – Arizona is admitted as the 48th state of the United States, the last contiguous state to be admitted into the Union.source
• 1912February 29 – Serbia and Bulgaria secretly sign a treaty of alliance for a term of eight years, with each pledging to come to the defence of the other during war. The treaty would eventually be dishonored in World War I.source
• 1912March 30 – The French Third Republic establishes the French protectorate in Morocco by the Treaty of Fes with Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco.source
• 1912May 11 – Alaska becomes a territory of the United States.source
• 1912August 12 – Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco abdicates.source
• 1912September 4 – The government of the Ottoman Empire agrees to the demands put forward in the Albanian Revolt of 1912.source
• 1912October 18 – Italy and the Ottoman Empire sign a treaty in Ouchy near Lausanne, ending the Italo-Turkish War.source
• 1912November 5 – 1912 United States presidential election: New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson beats former president Theodore Roosevelt and incumbent president William Howard Taft.source
• 1912November 28 – Albania declares independence from the Ottoman Empire.source
• 1913January 13 – Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force, by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule for Ireland.source
• 1913February 3 – The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect income taxes on all sources of income.source
• 1913February 13 – Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from Qing dynasty China.source
• 1913February 18 – Mexican Revolution: President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign.source
• 1913February 19 – Mexican Revolution: With Madero and Pino Suárez removed, Pedro Lascuráin serves as President for less than an hour, before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office.source
• 1913March 13 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his self-imposed exile in the United States.source
• 1913March 20 – The city of Canberra, the centre of the Australian Capital Territory, becomes the official capital of the Commonwealth of Australia.source
• 1913March 23 – Supporters of Phan Xích Long begin a revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina.source
• 1913April 8 – The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed, dictating the direct election of senators.source
• 1913May 30 – First Balkan War: The Treaty of London is signed, ending the war. Greece is granted those parts of southern Epirus which it does not already control, and the independence of Albania is recognised.source
• 1913June 1 – The Greek–Serbian Treaty of Alliance is signed, paving the way for the Second Balkan War.source
• 1913June 18 – The Arab Congress of 1913 opens, during which Arab nationalists meet to discuss desired reforms under the Ottoman Empire.source
• 1913June 19 – The Parliament of South Africa passes the Natives Land Act, limiting land ownership for blacks to black territories.source
• 1913August 4 – Republic of China: The city of Chongqing (Chungking) declares independence; Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks.source
• 1913August 10 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed, ending the war. Macedonia is divided, and Northern Epirus is assigned to Albania.source
• 1913September 29 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Constantinople is signed in Istanbul, between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria.source
• 1913October 10 – Yuan Shikai is elected President of the Republic of China.source
• 1913December 1 – Crete, having obtained self rule from Turkey after the First Balkan War, is annexed by Greece.source
• 1913December 23 – The Federal Reserve System is created as the central banking system of the United States, by Woodrow Wilson's signature of the Federal Reserve Act.source
• 1914January 29 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia dismisses his 4th Prime Minister, Vladimir Kokovtsov due to his "lack of control over the press", he is succeeded by Ivan Goremykin for his second termsource
• 1914February 28 – The Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus is proclaimed by ethnic Greeks.source
• 1914May 17 – The Protocol of Corfu provides for the provinces of Korçë and Gjirokastër, constituting Northern Epirus, to be granted autonomy under the nominal sovereignty of Albania.source
• 1914May 25 – The House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes the Government of Ireland Act 1914, the "Irish Home Rule Bill".source
• 1914June 1 – Woodrow Wilson's envoy, Edward Mandell House, meets Kaiser Wilhelm II.source
• 1914July 5 – A council is held at Potsdam: leaders within Austria-Hungary and Germany meet to discuss the possibilities of war with Serbia, Russia and France.source
• 1914July 15 – Mexican Revolution: Victoriano Huerta resigns from the presidency of Mexico.source
• 1914July 19 – George V summons a conference to discuss the Irish Home Rule problem. It meets from July 21–24, without reaching consensus.source
• 1914July 23 – July Ultimatum: Austria-Hungary presents Serbia with an unconditional ultimatum.source
• 1914August 2 – A secret treaty between the Ottoman Empire and German Empires secures Ottoman neutrality.source
• 1914August 13 – The Teoloyucan Treaties are signed in the State of Mexico.source
• 1914The Togoland Campaign ends with the German West African colony of Togoland (Togo from 1960) surrendering to Britain and France.source
• 1914London Agreement: No member of the Triple Entente (Britain, France, or Russia) may seek a separate peace with the Central Powers.source
• 1915January 12 – The United States House of Representatives rejects a proposal to give women the right to vote.source
• 1915January 26 – The Rocky Mountain National Park is established by an act of the United States Congress.source
• 1915April 26 – Treaty of London: Italy secretly agrees to leave the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, and join with the Entente Powers, in exchange for certain territories of Austria-Hungary on its borders.source
• 1915May 17 – The last purely Liberal government in the United Kingdom ends, when the prime minister H. H. Asquith forms an all-party coalition government, the Asquith coalition ministry, effective May 25.source
• 1915May 25 – China agrees to the Twenty-One Demands of the Japanese.source
• 1915June 19 – In Iceland, at this time a dependency of Denmark, women's suffrage is granted to those over 40.source
• 1915July 14 – The McMahon–Hussein Correspondence between Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and the British official Sir Henry McMahon concerning the Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire begins; in exchange for assistance against the Ottomans, the British offer bin Ali their recognition of an independent Arab kingdom, although clear terms are never agreed.source
• 1915August 16 – WWI: The Allies promise the Kingdom of Serbia, should victory be achieved over Austria-Hungary and its allied Central Powers, the territories of Baranja, Srem and Slavonia from the Cisleithanian part of the Dual Monarchy, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and eastern Dalmatia (from the river of Krka to Bar).source
• 1915October 19 – Mexican Revolution: The U.S. recognizes the Mexican government of Venustiano Carranza de facto (not de jure until 1917).source
• 1915October 27 – William Morris "Billy" Hughes becomes the 7th prime minister of Australia.source
• 1915December 12 – President of the Republic of China Yuan Shikai declares himself Emperor.source
• 1916January 12 – The Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony, part of the British Empire, is established in modern-day Tuvalu and Kiribati.source
• 1916March 10 – The McMahon–Hussein Correspondence concludes with an understanding that the United Kingdom would recognise Arab independence in return for Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, launching the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire.source
• 1916March 22 – The temporary Emperor of China, Yuan Shikai, abdicates the throne, and the Republic of China is restored once again.source
• 1916May 16 – Britain and France conclude the secret Sykes–Picot Agreement, which is to divide Arab areas of the Ottoman Empire, following the conclusion of WWI and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, into French and British spheres of influence.source
• 1916June 15 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs a bill incorporating the Boy Scouts of America.source
• 1916August 16 – The Migratory Bird Treaty between Canada and the United States is signed.source
• 1916August 17 (August 4 O.S.) – WWI: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed secretly between Romania and the Entente Powers, stipulating the conditions under which Romania agrees to join the war on their side, particularly territorial promises in Austria-Hungary.source
• 1916August 21 – WWI: Peru declares neutrality.source
• 1916August 25 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs legislation creating the National Park Service.source
• 1916August 29 – The United States passes the Philippine Autonomy Act.source
• 1916October 12 – Hipólito Yrigoyen is elected President of Argentina.source
• 1916November 1 – Pavel Milyukov delivers his "stupidity or treason" speech in the Russian State Duma, precipitating the downfall of the Boris Stürmer government.source
• 1916November 5 – The Kingdom of Poland (1916–18) is proclaimed by a joint act of the emperors of Germany and Austria.source
• 1916November 7 – Republican Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman elected to the United States House of Representatives.source
• 1916November 7 – 1916 United States presidential election: Democratic President Woodrow Wilson narrowly defeats Republican Charles Evans Hughes, when California is called a week after Election Day.source
• 1916November 13 – Prime Minister of Australia Billy Hughes is expelled from the Labor Party over his support for conscription.source
• 1916December 30 – Humberto Gómez and his mercenaries seize Arauca in Colombia and declare the Republic of Arauca. He proceeds to pillage the region before fleeing to Venezuela.source
• 1917February 1 – WWI: Atlantic U-boat Campaign: Germany announces its U-boats will resume unrestricted submarine warfare, rescinding the Sussex Pledge'.source
• 1917March 2 – The enactment of the Jones Act grants Puerto Ricans United States citizenship.source
• 1917March 4 – Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman member of the United States House of Representatives.source
• 1917March 11 – Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza is elected president of Mexico; the United States gives de jure recognition of his government.source
• 1917March 12 – The Russian Duma declares a Provisional Government. It is dissolved 4 months later.source
• 1917March 31 – The United States takes possession of the Danish West Indies, which become the US Virgin Islands, after paying $25 million to Denmark.source
• 1917April 8 (N.S.) (March 26, O.S.) – In Petrograd, 40,000 ethnic Estonians demand national autonomy within Russia.source
• 1917April 12 (N.S.) (March 30 O.S.) – The Autonomous Governorate of Estonia is formed within Russia, from the Governorate of Estonia and the northern part of the Governorate of Livonia.source
• 1917May 18 – WWI: The Selective Service Act passes the United States Congress, giving the President the power of conscription.source
• 1917June 11 – King Constantine I of Greece abdicates for the first time, being succeeded by his son Alexander.source
• 1917July 17 – King George V of the United Kingdom issues a proclamation, stating that thenceforth the male line descendants of the British royal family will bear the surname Windsor, vice the Germanic bloodline of House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (an offshoot of the historic (800+ years) House of Wettin).source
• 1917July 20 – (July 7, O.S.) – Alexander Kerensky becomes premier of the Russian Provisional Government, replacing Prince Georgy Lvov.source
• 1917July 20 – The Corfu Declaration, which enables the establishment of the post-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia, is signed by the Yugoslav Committee and the Kingdom of Serbia.source
• 1917July 30 – The Parliament of Finland is dissolved by the Russian Provisional Government. New elections are held in the autumn, resulting in a bourgeois majority.source
• 1917Suze Groeneweg becomes the first woman elected to sit in the House of Representatives in the Netherlands (although women will not be granted the right to vote until the following year).source
• 1917August 29 – WWI: The Military Service Act is passed in the House of Commons of Canada, giving the Government of Canada the right to conscript men into the army.source
• 1917September 14 (September 1 Old Style) – Russia is declared a republic by the Provisional Government.source
• 1917November 2 – Zionism: The British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour makes the Balfour Declaration, proclaiming British support for the "establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people..., it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities".source
• 1917November 7 – Women's Suffrage in the United States: Women win the right to vote in New York State.source
• 1917November 15 – (N.S.) (November 2, O.S.) – The Provincial Assembly of the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia declares itself the highest legal body in Estonia, in opposition to Bolsheviks.source
• 1917November 16 – Georges Clemenceau becomes prime minister of France.source
• 1917December 6 – The Senate of Finland officially declares the country's independence from Russia.source
• 1917December 23 (N.S.) (December 10, O.S.) – A local plebiscite supports transferring Narva and Ivangorod (Jaanilinn) from the Petrograd Governorate, to the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia.source
• 1917December – Annie Besant becomes president of the Indian National Congress.source
• 1918January 4 – The Finnish Declaration of Independence is recognized by Soviet Russia, Sweden, Germany and France.source
• 1918January 8 – American president Woodrow Wilson presents the Fourteen Points as a basis for peace negotiations to end the war.source
• 1918February 6 – Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom: Representation of the People Act gives most women over 30 the vote.source
• 1918March 3 – WWI: The Central Powers and Bolshevist Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending Russia's involvement in the war.source
• 1918March 19 – The United States Congress establishes time zones, and approves daylight saving time (DST goes into effect on March 31).source
• 1918April 9 – Union of Bessarabia with Romania: Bessarabia votes to become part of the Kingdom of Romania.source
• 1918April 22 – Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia declare their independence from Russia as the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.source
• 1918May 24 – Women in Canada, excluding residents of Quebec, are granted the right to vote in federal elections.source
• 1918May 26 – The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic is abolished; Georgia declares its independence as the Democratic Republic of Georgia.source
• 1918May 28 – Armenia and Azerbaijan declare their independence as the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic respectively.source
• 1918October 3 – Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany appoints Max von Baden Chancellor of Germany.source
• 1918October 3 – King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria abdicates in the wake of the Bulgarian military collapse in WWI. He is succeeded by his son, Boris III.source
• 1918October 4 – Wilhelm II of Germany forms a new, liberal government to sue for peace.source
• 1918November 1 – The Polish–Ukrainian War is inaugurated, by the proclamation of the West Ukrainian People's Republic in Galicia, with a capital at Lwów.source
• 1918November 9 – Proclamation of the republic in Germany by Philipp Scheidemann in Berlin, on the Reichstag balcony. One of several significant events on 9 November in German history.source
• 1918November 9 – Provisional National Council Minister-President Kurt Eisner declares Bavaria to be a republic.source
• 1918November 11 – Poland regains independence, after 123 years of partitions. Józef Piłsudski is appointed Commander-in-Chief.source
• 1918November 14 – Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, announces he is ceasing to rule Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, leading to the establishment of the Free State of Coburg and the Free State of Saxe-Gotha.source
• 1918November 16 – The Hungarian Democratic Republic is declared, marking Hungary's independence from Austria.source
• 1918November 26 – The Podgorica Assembly ('Great National Assembly of the Serb People in Montenegro') votes for a "union of the people" between the kingdoms of Montenegro and Serbia and for deposition of the exiled King Nicholas I of Montenegro.source
• 1918December 1 – The Union of Alba Iulia is proclaimed: Following the March 27 incorporation of Bessarabia and Bucovina, Transylvania unites with the Kingdom of Romania.source
• 1918December 4 – President Woodrow Wilson departs by ship to the Paris Peace Conference, becoming the first United States President to travel to Europe while holding office.source
• 1918December 16 – Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas declares the formation of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, a puppet state created by the Russian SFSR to justify the Lithuanian–Soviet War.source
• 1918December 25 – Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten, is formed in Germany as a nationalist veterans' organization.source
• 1919January 1 – The Czechoslovak Legions occupy much of the self-proclaimed "free city" of Pressburg (later Bratislava), enforcing its incorporation into the new republic of Czechoslovakia.source
• 1919January 3 – The Faisal–Weizmann Agreement is signed by Emir Faisal (representing the Arab Kingdom of Hejaz) and Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann, for Arab–Jewish cooperation in the development of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and an Arab nation in a large part of the Middle East.source
• 1919January 14 – Estonian War of Independence: Estonian forces liberate Tartu from the Red Army.source
• 1919January 18 – Estonian War of Independence: Estonian forces liberate Narva, expelling the Red Army from Northern Estonia.source
• 1919January 18 – The Paris Peace Conference opens in France, with delegates from 27 nations attending for meetings at the Palace of Versailles.source
• 1919January 19 – 1919 German federal election, first under the Weimar Republic and the first in Germany with female suffrage.source
• 1919January 21 – Dáil Éireann meets for the first time in the Mansion House, Dublin. It comprises Sinn Féin members elected in the 1918 general election who, in accordance with their manifesto, have not taken their seats in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, but chosen to declare an independent Irish Republic. In the first shots of the Anglo-Irish War, two Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) men are killed in an ambush at Soloheadbeg, County Tipperary.source
• 1919February 1 – Estonian War of Independence: Estonian forces liberate Valga and Võru, expelling the Red Army from the entire territory of Estonia.source
• 1919February 10 – The Inter-Allied Women's Conference convenes to compile a list of women's issues to present to the delegates of the Paris Peace Conference.source
• 1919February 11 – Friedrich Ebert is elected the first President of Germany (Reichspräsident), by the Weimar National Assembly.source
• 1919February 26 – Grand Canyon National Park: An act of the United States Congress establishes most of the Grand Canyon as a United States National Park.source
• 1919February 28 – An independence mission to the U.S., funded by the Philippine legislature, sets out from Manila to present its case to United States Secretary of War Newton D. Baker.source
• 1919May 30 – By agreement with the United Kingdom, later confirmed by the League of Nations, Belgium is given the mandate over part of German East Africa (Ruanda-Urundi).source
• 1919June 4 – Women's rights: The United States Congress approves the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which would guarantee suffrage to women, and sends it to the states for ratification.source
• 1919June 28 – The Treaty of Versailles is signed, formally ending World War I, five years to the day since the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. John Maynard Keynes, who has been present at the conference and is unhappy with the terms of the treaty, brings out his own analysis later in the year, entitled The Economic Consequences of the Peace.source
• 1919July 3 – Estonian and Latvian Wars of Independence: The pro-German Baltische Landeswehr signs a peace treaty with Estonia and Latvia. The pro-German Prime Minister of Latvia Andrievs Niedra resigns, and Latvian forces take over Riga on July 8.source
• 1919August 8 – The Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, signed in Rawalpindi, ends the Third Anglo-Afghan War, with the United Kingdom recognising the right of the Emirate of Afghanistan to manage its own foreign affairs and Afghanistan recognising the Durand Line as the border with British India.source
• 1919August 11 – In Germany, the Weimar Constitution is proclaimed to be in effect (ratified).source
• 1919August 21 – Friedrich Ebert becomes the first President of Germany (Reichspräsident) under the Weimar Constitution.source
• 1919September 17 – German South West Africa is placed under South African administration.source
• 1919October 10 – Estonia adopts a radical land reform, nationalizing 97% of agrarian lands, mostly still belonging to the Baltic German nobility.source
• 1919October 13 – The Convention relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation is signed, in Paris, France.source
• 1919October 26 – 1919 Luxembourg general election, the first in the duchy with female suffrage, following constitutional amendments of May 15.source
• 1919December 1 – American-born Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor, becomes the first woman to take her seat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, having become the second to be elected on November 28.source
• 1920January 16 – The Allies of World War I demand that the Netherlands extradite ex-German Emperor Wilhelm II who fled there in 1918.source
• 1920January 21 – The final session of the Paris Peace Conference is held, even though peace treaties with Hungary and Turkey remain to be concluded. The United States does not conclude its own treaty with Germany until August 25, 1921.source
• 1920January 28 – El Tercio de Extranjeros (the "Regiment of Foreigners"), later the Spanish Legion, is established by decree of King Alfonso XIII of Spain.source
• 1920February 2 – Estonian War of Independence: The Tartu Peace Treaty is signed, ending the war and recognizing the independence of both the Republic of Estonia and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.source
• 1920February 9 – The Svalbard Treaty, signed by members of the League of Nations in Paris, recognises the sovereignty of Norway over the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard (at this time called Spitzbergen), while giving the other signatories economic rights in the islands.source
• 1920February 24 – Adolf Hitler presents his National Socialist Program in Munich to the German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), which renames itself as the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei).source
• 1920March 10 – The world's first peaceful establishment of a social democratic government takes place in Sweden as Hjalmar Branting takes over as prime minister when Nils Edén leaves office.source
• 1920March 23 – Admiral Miklós Horthy declares that Hungary is a monarchy, without anyone on the throne.source
• 1920April 26 – The Khorezm People's Soviet Republic is officially created by Soviet Russia, as the successor to the Khanate of Khiva.source
• 1920June 4 – Treaty of Trianon: Peace is restored between the Allied Powers and Hungary, which loses 72% of its territory.source
• 1920June 15 – The Estonian Constituent Assembly adopts the first constitution of Estonia, which will come into effect on December 21 this year.source
• 1920July 1 – Germany declares its neutrality in the Polish–Soviet War.source
• 1920July 12 – Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty: The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic recognizes independent Lithuania.source
• 1920July 20 – The United Kingdom cedes its brief control of the key Black Sea port of Batum to the Democratic Republic of Georgia.source
• 1920July 31 – Representatives of British revolutionary socialist groups meet at the Cannon Street Hotel in London and agree to form the Communist Party of Great Britain.source
• 1920August 10 – Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI's representatives sign the Treaty of Sèvres with the Allied Powers, confirming arrangements for the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire.source
• 1920August 26 – The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, guaranteeing women's suffrage.source
• 1920September 8 – Gabriele D'Annunzio proclaims the Italian Regency of Carnaro in the city of Fiume.source
• 1920November 2 – 1920 United States presidential election: Republican U.S. senator Warren G. Harding defeats Democratic governor of Ohio James M. Cox and Socialist Eugene V. Debs, in the first national U.S. election in which women have the right to vote.source
• 1920November 28 – FIDAC (French: Fédération Interalliée des Anciens Combattants, English: The Interallied Federation of War Veterans Organisations) is established in Paris at the initiative of veterans from World War I, predominantly pacifists, joined by associations of veterans from France, the United Kingdom, United States, Belgium, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Italy and Serbia.source
• 1920December 7 – The first draft of the Mandate for Palestine is submitted to the League of Nations.source
• 1920December 10 – Irish War of Independence: Martial law is declared in Counties Cork, Kerry, Limerick and Tipperary by the British authorities.source
• 1920December 17 – South Africa is granted a League of Nations Class C mandate over South West Africa.source
• 1920December 23 – The Government of Ireland Act 1920, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, receives Royal Assent from George V, providing for the partition of Ireland into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, with separate parliaments, granting a measure of home rule.source
• 1921February 19 – The French Third Republic and Second Polish Republic form a defensive alliance.source
• 1921March 9 – Cilicia Peace Treaty is signed between the French Third Republic and the Turkish National Movement in an attempt to end the Franco-Turkish War.source
• 1921March 12 – The İstiklâl Marşı (Independence March), the Turkish national anthem, is officially adopted.source
• 1921March 16 – Treaty of Moscow establishes friendly relations between the Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.source
• 1921March 18 – The second Peace of Riga ends the Polish–Soviet War. A permanent border is established between the Polish and Soviet states.source
• 1921March 20 – Upper Silesia votes for re-annexation to Germany.source
• 1921March 31 – Abkhazia becomes the Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia.source
• 1921April 11 – The Emirate of Transjordan is created under British Mandate, with Abdullah I as emir.source
• 1921May 6 – The German-Soviet Provisional Agreement is signed: Germany recognises the Soviet government in the RSFSR.source
• 1921May 22 – In the first golf international between the two countries, the United States beats the United Kingdom 9 rounds to 3.source
• 1921May 24 – 1921 Irish elections: In the first Northern Ireland general election for the new Parliament of Northern Ireland, Ulster Unionists win 40 out of 52 seats. The dominant-party system here will last for fifty years.source
• 1921June 10 – Paris declaration: Representatives of the three states of Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus (the Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian Socialist Soviet Republics) proclaim their independence, establishing a customs union and military alliance, not internationally recognized.source
• 1921June 27 – The first signings of Treaty 11, an agreement between George V, King of Canada, and various Canadian First Nations, are conducted at Fort Providence.source
• 1921June 28 – The Constitutional Assembly of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes passes the Vidovdan Constitution, despite a boycott of the vote by the communists, and Croat and Slovene parties.source
• 1921July 2 – U.S. President Warren Harding signs a joint congressional resolution, declaring an end to America's state of war with Germany, Austria and Hungary.source
• 1921July 4 – A new conservative government is formed in Italy by Ivanoe Bonomi.source
• 1921July 11 – The Irish War of Independence ends under the terms of the truce (signed on 9 July) which becomes effective at noon between the British Army and the Irish Republican Army.source
• 1921July 17 – The Republic of Mirdita is proclaimed near the Albanian-Serbian border, with Yugoslav support.source
• 1921October 5 – Constitution of Liechtenstein granted by Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein, making the country a constitutional monarchy.source
• 1921October 11 – The Irish Treaty Conference opens in London.source
• 1921October 13 – The Treaty of Kars is signed between the Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian Socialist Soviet Republics in Transcaucasia, establishing common boundaries.source
• 1921October 20 – Treaty of Ankara signed between the French Third Republic and the Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, ending the Franco-Turkish War.source
• 1921December 6 – The Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing the Irish Free State, an independent nation incorporating 26 of Ireland's 32 counties, is signed in London.source
• 1921December 6 – Agnes Macphail becomes the first woman to be elected to the Canadian Parliament.source
• 1922January 7 – Dáil Éireann, the parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64–57 votes.source
• 1922January 10 – Arthur Griffith is elected President of Dáil Éireann, the day after Éamon de Valera resigns.source
• 1922January 15 – Michael Collins becomes Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State.source
• 1922February 6 – The Five Power Naval Disarmament Treaty is signed between the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France and Italy. Japan returns some of its control over the Shandong Peninsula to China.source
• 1922February 26 – Leser v. Garnett: The Supreme Court of the United States rebuffs a challenge to the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which gave women the right to vote on the same terms as men.source
• 1922February 28 – The Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence by the United Kingdom ends its protectorate over Egypt, and grants the country nominal independence, reserving control of military and diplomatic matters.source
• 1922March 15 – With Egypt having gained self-government from the United Kingdom, Fuad I becomes King of Egypt.source
• 1922March 23 – Queensland, Australia, abolishes the Legislative Council (Upper House).source
• 1922April 16 – The Treaty of Rapallo marks a rapprochement between the Weimar Republic and Bolshevik Russia.source
• 1922June 9 – Åland's Regional Assembly convenes for its first plenary session in Mariehamn, Åland; the day will be celebrated as Self-Government Day of Åland.source
• 1922June 26 – Louis Honoré Charles Antoine Grimaldi becomes Reigning Prince Louis II of Monaco.source
• 1922June 28 – The Syrian Federation is constituted by arrêté of Henri Gouraud.source
• 1922July 17 – The final signings of Treaty 11, an agreement between George V, King of Canada, and various Canadian First Nations, are conducted at Fort Liard.source
• 1922July 20 – The German protectorate of Togoland is divided into the League of Nations mandates of French Togoland and British Togoland.source
• 1922September 24 - The Latvia national football team and Estonia national football team played their first official international match.source
• 1922October 25 – The 3rd Dáil enacts the Constitution of the Irish Free State.source
• 1922October 27 – Southern Rhodesians reject union with South Africa in a referendum.source
• 1922November 1 – The Ottoman Empire is abolished after 600 years, and its last sultan, Mehmed VI, abdicates, leaving for exile, initially in Malta, on November 17.source
• 1922November 15 – In the 1922 United Kingdom general election forced by the Conservatives' withdrawal from the coalition government, the Conservative Party wins an overall majority. Labour for the first time becomes the main opposition party, winning more seats than the divided Liberals. A dining club of newly elected Conservative Members of Parliament evolves the following year into the 1922 Committee.source
• 1922November 21 – Rebecca Felton of Georgia takes the oath of office, formally becoming the first woman United States Senator.source
• 1922December 5 – The British Parliament enacts the Irish Free State Constitution Act, by which it legally sanctions the new Constitution of the Irish Free State.source
• 1922December 6 – The Irish Free State officially comes into existence. George V becomes the Free State's monarch. Tim Healy is appointed first Governor-General of the Irish Free State, and W. T. Cosgrave becomes President of the Executive Council.source
• 1922December 9 – Gabriel Narutowicz is elected the first president of Poland.source
• 1922December 30 – Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasian Republic (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) come together to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.source
• 1923February 9 – Billy Hughes, having resigned as Prime Minister of Australia, after the Country Party refuses to govern in coalition with him as the leader of the Nationalist Party, is succeeded by Stanley Bruce. A Liberal–National Coalition will persist in the politics of Australia for at least 100 years.source
• 1923March 9 – Vladimir Lenin suffers his third stroke, which renders him bedridden and unable to speak; consequently he retires from his position as Chairman of the Soviet government.source
• 1923April 6 – The first Prefects Board in Southeast Asia is formed, in Victoria Institution, Federated Malay States.source
• 1923April 19 – The Egyptian Constitution of 1923 is adopted, introducing a parliamentary system of democracy in the country.source
• 1923April 19 – Hjalmar Branting leaves office as Prime Minister of Sweden, after the Swedish Riksdag has rejected a government proposal regarding unemployment benefits. Right-wing academic and jurist Ernst Trygger succeeds him.source
• 1923April 23 – The Gdynia seaport is inaugurated, on the Polish Corridor.source
• 1923May 23 – Stanley Baldwin is appointed British Prime Minister.source
• 1923July 24 – The Treaty of Lausanne (1923), settling the boundaries of the modern Republic of Turkey, is signed in Switzerland by Greece, Bulgaria and other countries that fought in the First World War, bringing an end to the Ottoman Empire after 624 years.source
• 1923September 9 – Turkish head of state Mustafa Kemal Atatürk founds the Republican People's Party (CHP).source
• 1923September 10 – The Irish Free State joins the League of Nations.source
• 1923September 29 – The League of Nations Mandate for Palestine (1922) comes into effect, officially creating under British administration the protectorates of Palestine and the separate Emirate of Transjordan under Abdullah I. The French-administered Mandate for Syria and Lebanon also takes effect.source
• 1923October 13 – Ankara replaces Istanbul (Constantinople), as the capital of Turkey.source
• 1923October 29 – Turkey becomes a republic, following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire; Kemal Atatürk is elected as first president.source
• 1923October 30 – İsmet İnönü is appointed as the first prime minister of Turkey.source
• 1923December 6 – 1923 United Kingdom general election: The governing Conservatives under Stanley Baldwin fail to achieve an overall majority and allow the Labour Party to form a minority government.source
• 1923December 21 – The Nepal–Britain Treaty is the first to define the international status of Nepal as an independent sovereign country.source
• 1924January 20–30 – Kuomintang in China holds its first National Congress, initiating a policy of alliance with the Soviet Union and the Chinese Communist Party.source
• 1924January 21 – The Earl of Athlone is appointed Governor-General of the Union of South Africa, and High Commissioner for Southern Africa.source
• 1924January 22 – Ramsay MacDonald becomes the first Labour Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
• 1924January 26 – Petrograd in the Soviet Union is renamed Leningrad; it will revert to Saint Petersburg in 1991.source
• 1924February 22 – Treaty of Rome: The Kingdom of Italy annexes the Free State of Fiume, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes absorbs Sušak.source
• 1924March 15 – Horacio Vásquez wins the Dominican Republic general election, becoming president, coinciding with the end of United States military occupation.source
• 1924March 25 – The Second Hellenic Republic is proclaimed in Greece.source
• 1924April 6 – Italian general election, 1924: Fascists win the elections in Italy with a two-thirds majority.source
• 1924April 13 – The Greek republic referendum favors formation of the Second Hellenic Republic.source
• 1924April 23 – The British Empire Exhibition opens in London; it is the largest colonial exhibition, with 58 countries of the empire dramatically represented.source
• 1924May 8 – Lithuania signs the Klaipėda Convention with the nations of the Conference of Ambassadors, taking the Klaipėda Region from East Prussia and making it into an autonomous region.source
• 1924May 10 – In the United States, J. Edgar Hoover is appointed head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.source
• 1924May 26 – The United States Immigration Act of 1924, commonly known as the Johnson-Reed Act, becomes effective. The act modifies the National Origins Quotas introduced in the Immigration Act of 1921.source
• 1924June 2 – U.S. President Calvin Coolidge signs the Indian Citizenship Act into law, granting citizenship to all Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States.source
• 1924June 30 – J. B. M. Hertzog becomes the third Prime Minister of South Africa.source
• 1924July 12 – United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–24) comes to an end. The constitutional government headed by General Horacio Vázquez, elected in the elections held in March, is established.source
• 1924August 16 – The Dawes Plan is signed in Paris, temporarily resolving German reparations dispute.source
• 1924October 2 – The Geneva Protocol is adopted by the League of Nations Assembly as a means to strengthen the League, but later fails to be ratified.source
• 1924October 27 – The Uzbek SSR joins the Soviet Union.source
• 1924November 4 – Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming is elected as the first woman governor in the United States.source
• 1924November 4 – Stanley Baldwin becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom againsource
• 1924November 4 – 1924 United States presidential election: Republican Calvin Coolidge defeats Democrat John W. Davis and Progressive Wisconsin Senator, Robert M. La Follette Sr.source
• 1924November 21 – Ali Fethi Okyar forms a new government in Turkey (3rd government).source
• 1924November 26 – The Mongolian People's Republic is proclaimed.source
• 1925January 5 – Nellie Tayloe Ross becomes the first female governor (Wyoming) in the United States. Fifteen days later, Miriam A. Ferguson becomes first female governor of Texas.source
• 1925March 4 – İsmet İnönü is appointed prime minister in Turkey (Turkey's 4th and İnönü's 3rd government).source
• 1925May 5 – The General Election Law is passed in Japan, extending suffrage to all males aged 25 and over.source
• 1925July 25 – The Temporary Slavery Commission of the League of Nations files its report on their global investigation of slavery and the slave trade, preparing the ground for the introduction of the 1926 Slavery Convention.source
• 1925October 5–16 – The Locarno Treaties are negotiated.source
• 1925November 14 – 1925 Australian federal election: Stanley Bruce's Nationalist/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with an increased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by Matthew Charlton.source
• 1925December 1 – The Locarno Treaties are signed in London, intended to secure the post-war continental European territorial settlement.source
• 1926January 3 – Theodoros Pangalos declares himself dictator in Greece.source
• 1926January 21 – The Belgian Parliament accepts the Locarno Treaties.source
• 1926February 25 – Francisco Franco becomes General in Spain.source
• 1926March 23 – Éamon de Valera organises the political party Fianna Fáil in Ireland.source
• 1926April 4 – Greek dictator Theodoros Pangalos wins the presidential election, with 93.3% of the vote; turnout is light, as the result is considered a foregone conclusion.source
• 1926April 24 – Treaty of Berlin: Germany and the Soviet Union each pledge neutrality in the event of an attack on the other by a third party, for the next five years.source
• 1926April 25 – Reza Khan is crowned Shah of Iran, under the name "Pahlevi".source
• 1926May 12–14 – May Coup: Józef Piłsudski takes over in Poland.source
• 1926May 20 – The United States Congress passes the Air Commerce Act, licensing pilots and planes.source
• 1926June 4 – Ignacy Mościcki becomes president of Poland.source
• 1926June 7 – Liberal politician Carl Gustaf Ekman succeeds Rickard Sandler as Prime Minister of Sweden.source
• 1926June 29 – Arthur Meighen briefly returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada during the King-Byng Affair.source
• 1926August 22 – In Greece, Georgios Kondylis ousts Theodoros Pangalos.source
• 1926August 25 – Pavlos Kountouriotis announces that dictatorship has ended in Greece, and he is now the president.source
• 1926September 1 – Lebanon under the French Mandate gets its first constitution, thereby becoming a republic, with Charles Debbas as its president.source
• 1926September 8 – The German Weimar Republic joins the League of Nations.source
• 1926September 14 – The Locarno Treaties of 1925 are ratified in Geneva, and come into effect.source
• 1926September 25 – William Lyon Mackenzie King returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada, after winning the Canadian federal election.source
• 1926October 2 – Józef Piłsudski becomes prime minister of Poland.source
• 1926October 23 – Leon Trotsky and Lev Kamenev are removed from the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.source
• 1926November 15 – The Balfour Declaration is approved by the 1926 Imperial Conference, making the Commonwealth dominions equal and independent.source
• 1926November 27 – The restoration of Colonial Williamsburg begins in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States.source
• 1926December 13 – Miina Sillanpää becomes Finland's first female government minister.source
• 1926Muthulakshmi Reddi becomes the first woman to be appointed to a legislature in India, the Madras Legislative Council.source
• 1927April 12 – The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 renames the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The change acknowledges that the Irish Free State is no longer part of the Kingdom.source
• 1927April 18 – The Kuomintang (Nationalist Chinese) set up a government in Nanking, China.source
• 1927May 9 – The Australian Parliament convenes for the first time in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. Previously, the Parliament had met in Melbourne, Victoria.source
• 1927May 20 – By the Treaty of Jeddah, the United Kingdom recognizes the sovereignty of Ibn Saud over the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, the future Saudi Arabia.source
• 1927May 24 – The United Kingdom cuts its diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union due to revelations of espionage and underground agitation.source
• 1927June 4 – Yugoslavia severs diplomatic relations with Albania.source
• 1927September 25 – A treaty signed by the League of Nations Slavery Commission abolishes all types of slavery.source
• 1927November 1 – İsmet İnönü forms a new government in Turkey (the 5th government).source
• 1927November 12 – Leon Trotsky is expelled from the Soviet Communist Party, leaving Joseph Stalin with undisputed control of the Soviet Union.source
• 1927December 14 – Iraq gains independence from the United Kingdom.source
• 1927December – The Communist Party Congress condemns all deviation from the general party line in the USSR.source
• 1928February 20 – The Japanese general election produces a hung parliament.source
• 1928May 7 – Passage of the Representation of the People Act in the United Kingdom lowers the voting age for women from 30 to 21, giving them equal suffrage with men from July 2.source
• 1928August 2 – Italy and Ethiopia sign the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty.source
• 1928August 27 – The Kellogg–Briand Pact is signed in Paris, the first treaty to outlaw aggressive war.source
• 1928September 1 – Ahmet Zogu, President of the Albanian Republic, declares the country to be a constitutional monarchy, the Albanian Kingdom, with himself as King Zog I.source
• 1928October 2 – Arvid Lindman returns as Prime Minister of Sweden, with his right-wing rival Ernst Trygger as Foreign Minister of Sweden.source
• 1928October 7 – Haile Selassie is crowned king (not yet emperor) of Abyssinia.source
• 1928October 8 – Chiang Kai-shek is named as Generalissimo (Chairman of the National Military Council) of the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China.source
• 1928November 1 – Turkey passes a law switching the country from the Arabic to the Latin-based modern Turkish alphabet.source
• 1928November 6 – 1928 United States presidential election: Republican Herbert Hoover wins by a wide margin, over Democratic New York Governor Al Smith.source
• 1928November 17 – 1928 Australian federal election: Stanley Bruce's Nationalist/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a decreased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by James Scullin.source
• 1929February 9 – "Litvinov's Pact" is signed in Moscow by the Soviet Union, Poland, Estonia, Romania and Latvia, who agree not to use force to settle disputes between themselves.source
• 1929February 11 – The Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See of the Catholic Church sign the Lateran Treaty, to establish the Vatican City as an independent sovereign enclave within Rome, resolving the "Roman Question".source
• 1929February 26 – Grand Teton National Park is established by the United States Congress.source
• 1929March 4 – The National Revolutionary Party (Partido Nacional Revolucionario) is established in Mexico, by ex-President Plutarco Elías Calles. Under a succession of names, it will hold power in the country continuously for the next 71 years.source
• 1929March 4 – Charles Curtis takes office as the first multiracial Vice President of the United States.source
• 1929April 3 – Persia signs the Litvinov Protocol.source
• 1929May 31 – The United Kingdom general election again returns a hung parliament; the Liberals in Parliament determine which party will govern.source
• 1929June 3 – The Treaty of Lima settles a border dispute between Peru and Chile.source
• 1929June 7 – The Lateran Treaty, making Vatican City a sovereign state, is ratified.source
• 1929June 8 – Ramsay MacDonald forms the United Kingdom's second Labour government.source
• 1929June 21 – An agreement brokered by U.S. Ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow helps end the Cristero War in Mexico.source
• 1929July 24 – The Kellogg–Briand Pact, renouncing war as an instrument of foreign policy, goes into effect (it was first signed in Paris on August 27, 1928, by most leading world powers).source
• 1929July 29 – the French prime minister Raymond Poincaré resigns, and is succeeded by Aristide Briand.source
• 1929August 31 – The Young Plan, which sets the total World War I reparations owed by Germany at US$26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years, is finalized.source
• 1929September 5 – Aristide Briand presents his plan for the United States of Europe.source
• 1929October 3 – The country officially known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes changes its name to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.source
• 1929October 12 – 1929 Australian federal election: The Labor Party, led by James Scullin, defeats the Nationalist/Country Coalition Government, led by Prime Minister Stanley Bruce. Scullin will be sworn in on October 22. Notably, this is the first occasion in Australian political history where a sitting prime minister loses his own seat (the second being John Howard in 2007).source
• 1929November 1 – Conscription in Australia ends.source
• 1929December 29 – The All India Congress in Lahore demands Indian independence.source
• 1929Slavery in Jordan is abolished.source
• 1930January 26 – The Indian National Congress declares this date as Independence Day, or as the day for Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence).source
• 1930March 2 – André Tardieu begins his second term as Prime Minister of France.source
• 1930March 28 – The government of Turkey requests the international community to adopt Istanbul and Ankara, as the official names for Constantinople and Angora. The U.S. State Department adopts the "Istanbul" form in May.source
• 1930March 29 – Heinrich Brüning is appointed Chancellor of Germany.source
• 1930April 22 – The United Kingdom, Japan and the United States sign the London Naval Treaty to regulate submarine warfare and limit naval shipbuilding.source
• 1930May 16 – Rafael Trujillo is elected president of the Dominican Republic.source
• 1930June 7 – Carl Gustaf Ekman becomes Prime Minister of Sweden, for the second and final time.source
• 1930July 28 – R. B. Bennett defeats William Lyon Mackenzie King in federal elections and becomes the Prime Minister of Canada.source
• 1930August 7 – R. B. Bennett takes office as the eleventh Prime Minister of Canada.source
• 1930September 14 – 1930 German federal election: National Socialists win 107 seats in the German Parliament, the Reichstag (18.3% of all the votes), making them the second largest party.source
• 1930September 27 – İsmet İnönü forms a new government in Turkey (6th government).source
• 1930October 1 – British rule of Weihaiwei ends, as it is returned to China.source
• 1930October 27 – Ratifications are exchanged in London on the first London Naval Treaty signed in April, modifying the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. Its arms limitation provisions go into effect immediately, hence putting more limits on the expensive naval arms race between its five signatories (the United Kingdom, the United States, the Empire of Japan, France and Italy.)source
• 1930October – The Indochinese Communist Party is formed.source
• 1930November 3 – Getúlio Vargas becomes president of Brazil.source
• 1930December 29 – Sir Muhammad Iqbal's presidential address in Allahabad introduces the two-nation theory, outlining a vision for the creation of Pakistan.source
• 1930December – All adult Turkish women are given the right to vote in elections.source
• 1931January 22 – Sir Isaac Isaacs is sworn in as the first Australian-born Governor-General of Australia.source
• 1931January 25 – Mohandas Gandhi is again released from imprisonment in India.source
• 1931January 27 – Pierre Laval forms a government in France.source
• 1931February 4 – Soviet leader Joseph Stalin gives a speech calling for rapid industrialization, arguing that only strong industrialized countries will win wars, while "weak" nations are "beaten". Stalin states: "We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or they will crush us." The first five-year plan in the Soviet Union is intensified, for the industrialization and collectivization of agriculture.source
• 1931February 16 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud is elected president of Finland.source
• 1931February 19 – The Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia is dissolved and reformed as the Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, an autonomous republic of Soviet Georgia, resulting in public protests.source
• 1931March 5 – The British viceroy of India and Mohandas Gandhi sign the Gandhi–Irwin Pact.source
• 1931March 7 – The Finnish Parliament House opens in Helsinki, Finland.source
• 1931April 14 – The Second Spanish Republic is proclaimed in Madrid. Meanwhile, as a result of the victory of the Republican Left of Catalonia, Francesc Macià proclaims in Barcelona the Catalan Republic, as a state of the Iberian Federation.source
• 1931April 17 – After the negotiations between the republican ministers of Spain and Catalonia, the Catalan Republic becomes the Generalitat of Catalonia, a Catalan autonomous government inside the Spanish Republic.source
• 1931April 22 – Austria, the UK, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the United States recognize the Spanish Republic.source
• 1931May 4 – Kemal Atatürk is re-elected president of Turkey.source
• 1931May 13 – Paul Doumer is elected president of France.source
• 1931July 10 – Norway issues a royal proclamation claiming the uninhabited part of eastern Greenland as Erik the Red's Land.source
• 1931July 16 – Emperor Haile Selassie signs the first Constitution of Ethiopia.source
• 1931August 9 – A referendum in Prussia for dissolving the Landtag ends with the "yes" side winning 37% of the vote, which is insufficient for calling the early elections. The elections are intended to remove the Social Democratic Party (SPD) government of Otto Braun. Supporting the "yes" side were the NSDAP, the DNVP and the Communist Party (KPD), while supporting the "no" side were the SPD and Zentrum.source
• 1931August 24 – The Labour Government of Ramsay MacDonald resigns in Britain, replaced by a National Government of people drawn from all parties, also under MacDonald.source
• 1931September 7 – The Second Round Table Conference on the constitutional future of India opens in London; Mahatma Gandhi represents the Indian National Congress.source
• 1931November 7 – The Chinese Soviet Republic is proclaimed by Mao Zedong.source
• 1931December 9 – The Spanish Constituent Cortes approves the Spanish Constitution of 1931, effectively establishing the Second Spanish Republic.source
• 1931December 10 – Niceto Alcalá-Zamora is elected president of the Spanish Republic.source
• 1931December 11 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom enacts the Statute of Westminster, which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominions of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland, the Dominion of New Zealand and the Union of South Africa.source
• 1931December 13 – Wakatsuki Reijirō resigns as Prime Minister of Japan.source
• 1931December 19 – The UAP/Country Coalition, led by Joseph Lyons, defeats the Australian Labor Government, led by Prime Minister James Scullin. Coming in the aftermath of two splits in the Labor Party, the election comes about due to the defeat of the Scullin government on the floor of the House of Representatives – to date, it is the last federal election where a one-term government was defeated. Lyons will be sworn in January 6th the following year, but not before disbanding the Coalition, after the UAP wins enough seats to form a government in its own right.source
• 1932January 12 – Hattie W. Caraway of Arkansas becomes the first woman to be elected to the United States Senate, succeeding her late husband, Thaddeus Caraway, in a special election,source
• 1932February 2 – A general World Disarmament Conference begins in Geneva. The principal issue at the conference is the demand made by Germany for Gleichberechtigung ("equality of status" i.e. abolishing Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, which had disarmed Germany) and the French demand for sécurité ("security" i.e. maintaining Part V).source
• 1932February 18 – Japan declares Manchukuo (Japanese name for Manchuria) formally independent from China.source
• 1932February 25 – Adolf Hitler obtains German citizenship by naturalization, opening the opportunity for him to run in the 1932 German presidential election.source
• 1932April 11 – 1932 German presidential election: Paul von Hindenburg is re-elected as Reichspräsident, defeating Hitler.source
• 1932May 6 – The politically powerful General Kurt von Schleicher meets secretly with Adolf Hitler. Schleicher tells Hitler that he is scheming to bring down the Brüning government in Germany and asks for Nazi support of the new "presidential government" Schleicher is planning to form. Schleicher and Hitler negotiate a "gentlemen's agreement" where in exchange for lifting the ban on the SA and SS and having the Reichstag dissolved for early elections this summer, the Nazis will support Schleicher's new chancellor.source
• 1932May 10 – Albert Lebrun becomes the new president of France.source
• 1932May 13 – The Premier of New South Wales, Jack Lang, is dismissed by the State Governor, Sir Philip Game.source
• 1932May 26 – Judgement in Donoghue v Stevenson handed down in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom, creating the modern concept of a duty of care in British law.source
• 1932May 30 – German chancellor Heinrich Brüning is dismissed by President von Hindenburg. President Hindenburg asks Franz von Papen to form a new government, known as the "Government of the President's Friends", which is openly dedicated to the destruction of democracy and the Weimar Republic. The downfall of Brüning is largely the work of Schleicher, who has been scheming against him since the beginning of May. Schleicher takes the position of Defense Minister in his friend Papen's government.source
• 1932June 4 – The Papen government in Germany dissolves the Reichstag for elections on July 31 in the full expectation that the Nazis will win the largest number of seats.source
• 1932June 14 – The Papen government lifts the ban against the SS and SA in Germany.source
• 1932July 31 – July 1932 German federal election sees the Nazis become the largest party in the Reichstag, winning 37% of the vote.source
• 1932August 11 – To celebrate Constitution Day in Germany, Chancellor Franz von Papen and his interior minister Baron Wilhelm von Gayl present proposed amendments to the Weimar constitution for a "New State" to deal with the problems besetting Germany.source
• 1932August 30 – Hermann Göring is elected as Speaker of the German Reichstag.source
• 1932September 9 – The Cortes Generales (Parliament) of the Second Spanish Republic approves the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia which grants full autonomy for Catalonia for the first time in modern history.source
• 1932September 12 – The very unpopular Papen government in Germany is defeated on a massive motion of no-confidence in the Reichstag. With the exceptions of the German People's Party and the German National People's Party, every party in the Reichstag votes for the no-confidence motion. Papen has Hindenburg dissolve the Reichstag for new elections in November.source
• 1932September 23 – The Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd is proclaimed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, concluding the country's unification under the rule of King Abdulaziz.source
• 1932September 24 – After his party's victory in the election to the Swedish Riksdag's second chamber, Social Democrat Per Albin Hansson becomes the new prime minister of Sweden, after Felix Hamrin.source
• 1932October 1 – Gyula Gömbös becomes Prime Minister of Hungary, the first time a member of the radical right has become the country's head of government.source
• 1932October 3 – Iraq becomes an independent kingdom under Faisal, ending the British mandate.source
• 1932November 21 – German president Hindenburg begins negotiations with Adolf Hitler about the formation of a new government.source
• 1932December 1 – Germany returns to the World Disarmament Conference after the other powers agree to accept gleichberechtigung "in principle". Henceforward, it is clear that Germany will be allowed to rearm beyond the limits imposed by the Treaty of Versailles.source
• 1932December 8 – Gregor Strasser resigns as the chief of the NSDAP's organizational department in protest against Hitler's "all or nothing" strategy.source
• 1933January 17 – The United States Congress votes in favour of Philippines independence, against the wishes of U.S. President Herbert Hoover.source
• 1933January 28 – "Pakistan Declaration": Choudhry Rahmat Ali publishes (in Cambridge, UK) a pamphlet entitled Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?, in which he calls for the creation of a Muslim state in northwest India that he calls "Pakstan"; this influences the Pakistan Movement.source
• 1933January 30 – Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany by President of Germany Paul von Hindenburg.source
• 1933January 30 – Édouard Daladier forms a government in France in succession to Joseph Paul-Boncour. He is succeeded on October 26 by Albert Sarraut and on November 26 by Camille Chautemps.source
• 1933February 3 – Adolf Hitler gives a secret speech to his military leaders, outlining his plans to rearm Germany in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles and to adopt a policy of Lebensraum in eastern Europe.source
• 1933February 9 – The King and Country debate: The Oxford Union student debating society in England passes a resolution stating, "That this House will in no circumstances fight for its King and country."source
• 1933February 17 – Repeal of Prohibition in the United States: The Blaine Act passes the United States Senate, submitting the proposed Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution to the states for ratification. The amendment is ratified on December 5, ending prohibition in the United States.source
• 1933March 4 – The Parliament of Austria is suspended because of a quibble over procedure; Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss initiates authoritarian rule by decree, an origin of Austrofascism.source
• 1933March 4 – Franklin D. Roosevelt is sworn in as the 32nd president of the United States.source
• 1933March 5 – March 1933 German federal election: The Nazi Party gains 43.9% of the votes.source
• 1933March 15 – Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss keeps members of the National Council from convening, starting the Austrofascist dictatorship.source
• 1933March 23 – Gleichschaltung: The Reichstag passes the Enabling Act, making Adolf Hitler effectively the dictator of Germany.source
• 1933May 3 – In the Irish Free State, Dáil Éireann abolishes the oath of allegiance to the British Crown.source
• 1933May 17 – Vidkun Quisling and Johan Bernhard Hjort form the Nasjonal Samling (the National Gathering Party) of Norway.source
• 1933May 18 – New Deal: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs an act creating the Tennessee Valley Authority.source
• 1933July 15 – The Four-Power Pact is signed by Britain, France, Germany and Italy.source
• 1933September 12 – Alejandro Lerroux forms a new government in Spain.source
• 1933October 14–16 – The new constitution of Estonia is approved only on the third consecutive referendum.source
• 1933November 5 – Spanish Basque people vote for autonomy.source
• 1933November 16 – The United States and the Soviet Union establish formal diplomatic relations.source
• 1933November 19 – Second Spanish Republic: General elections result in a victory by the right-wing parties.source
• 1933November 22 – The Fujian People's Government is declared in Fujian Province, China.source
• 1933December 5 – The Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, repealing Prohibition in the United States, making production and sale of alcohol legal in the U.S.source
• 1933December 26 – Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States is signed by participants in the 7th International Conference of American States; it is significant in the development of the declarative theory of statehood.source
• 1934February 9 – Gaston Doumergue forms a new government in France.source
• 1934February 9 – Greece, Romania, Turkey and Yugoslavia form the Balkan Pact.source
• 1934February 16 – The Commission of Government is sworn in, as a form of direct rule for the Dominion of Newfoundland.source
• 1934March 1 – Manchukuo, the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria established in 1932, proclaimed a monarchy under Puyi.source
• 1934March 24 – The Tydings–McDuffie Act is passed, allowing the Philippines a greater degree of self-government from the United States.source
• 1934May 1 – The May Constitution of 1934 heralds the beginning of the Austrofascist Federal State of Austria.source
• 1934May 15 – Kārlis Ulmanis establishes an authoritarian government in Latvia.source
• 1934June 14 – Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet for the first time, at the Venice Biennale.source
• 1934June 18 – The Indian Reorganization Act is enacted.source
• 1934June 27 – Imam Yahya of Yemen and Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia conclude a peace treaty.source
• 1934August 19 – 1934 German referendum: In a referendum, 90% of the German population approves of Hitler's assumption of presidential powers, as Führer and Reichskanzler.source
• 1934September 15 – 1934 Australian federal election: Joseph Lyons' UAP government is re-elected with a decreased majority, defeating the Labor Party, led by former Prime Minister James Scullin. Consequently, Lyons is forced to resume the Coalition with the Country Party, and include them in his government. Scullin steps down from the Labor leadership shortly after; he is replaced by future Prime Minister John Curtin.source
• 1934September 19 – The Soviet Union joins the League of Nations.source
• 1934September 28 – Afghanistan joins the League of Nations.source
• 1934October 6 – Events of October the 6th: the President of Catalonia, Lluís Companys, declares the Catalan State of the Spanish Federal Republic, but Spanish troops swiftly crush the Catalan forces, and arrest him and the members of the Catalan government. The autonomy of Catalonia is suspended until 1936.source
• 1934November 27 – Daniel Salamanca Urey, President of Bolivia, is deposed in a military coup, and replaced by José Luis Tejada Sorzano.source
• 1934December 27 – Persia becomes Iran.source
• 1934December 29 – Japan renounces the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and the London Naval Treaty of 1930.source
• 1934The Australian frontier wars end, after 146 years.source
• 1934Abidjan becomes the capital of the French colony of Ivory Coast.source
• 1935January 7 – Italian premier Benito Mussolini and French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval conclude an agreement, in which each power agrees not to oppose the other's colonial claims.source
• 1935January 13 – A referendum in the Territory of the Saar Basin shows that 90.3% of those voting wish to join Germany.source
• 1935February 26 – In Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler orders reinstatement of the air force, the Luftwaffe, in violation of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.source
• 1935March 1 – İsmet İnönü forms the new government in Turkey (the 8th government; during Atatürk's presidency, İnönü has served seven times as a prime minister).source
• 1935March 2 – King Prajadhipok (Rama VII) of Siam abdicates the throne; he is succeeded by his 9-year-old-nephew Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII).source
• 1935March 16 – Adolf Hitler announces German re-armament in violation of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.source
• 1935March 21 – Reza Shah of Iran asks the international community to formally adopt the name "Iran" to refer to the country, in place of the name "Persia".source
• 1935April 15 – The Roerich Pact, a Pan-American treaty on the protection of cultural artefacts, is signed in Washington, D.C.source
• 1935May 21 – In Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler announces the reintroduction of conscription to the Wehrmacht, in violation of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.source
• 1935June 18 – Anglo-German Naval Agreement: Britain agrees to a German navy equal to 35% of her own naval tonnage.source
• 1935July 25–August 20 – The seventh and last congress of the Comintern is held.source
• 1935August 2 – The Government of India Act is passed by the British Parliament, making provision for the establishment of a "Federation of India" and a degree of autonomy.source
• 1935September 17 – Manuel L. Quezon is elected 2nd President of the Philippines.source
• 1935October 14 – 1935 Canadian federal election: The Liberal Party of William Lyon Mackenzie King wins a majority government, defeating the Conservative Party of Prime Minister R. B. Bennett.source
• 1935October 22 – The Chinese Communist Party settles in Shaanxi after the Long March.source
• 1935November 3 – A Greek monarchy referendum is held by self-proclaimed Regent Georgios Kondylis. Almost 98% of the votes favor restoration of the monarchy, although the referendum's integrity is dubious.source
• 1935November 14 – 1935 United Kingdom general election: Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin returns to office at the head of a National Government led by the Conservative Party, with a large but reduced majority.source
• 1935November 25 – After 11 years in exile, George II returns to Greek soil as King of Greece at Corfu, from London.source
• 1935December 18 – The socialist party of Sri Lanka, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, is founded.source
• 1935December 18 – Samuel Hoare resigns as British foreign secretary, and is replaced by Anthony Eden.source
• 1936February 16 – 1936 Spanish general election: The left-wing Popular Front coalition takes a majority.source
• 1936March 7 – In violation of the Treaty of Versailles and Locarno Treaties, Nazi Germany reoccupies the Rhineland. Hitler and other Nazis later admit that the French army alone could have destroyed the Wehrmacht.source
• 1936March 9 – Pro-democratic militarist Keisuke Okada steps down as Prime Minister of Japan and is replaced by radical militarist Kōki Hirota.source
• 1936May 9 – Speaking in Rome, Benito Mussolini announces the foundation of the empire, as Italian East Africa is formed from the Italian territories of Eritrea, Ethiopia and Italian Somaliland.source
• 1936July 20 – The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits is signed in Montreux, allowing Turkey to fortify the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus, but guaranteeing free passage to ships of all nations in peacetime.source
• 1936August 26 – The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 is signed.source
• 1936September 9 – The Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence is signed.source
• 1936September 28 – After the election to the Swedish Riksdag's second chamber, Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp and his "Holiday Cabinet" ("Semesterregeringen") resign (though he remains as Minister of Agriculture) and Per Albin Hansson returns as Prime Minister, staying in office until his death from a heart attack in 1946.source
• 1936October 25 – The Italo-German protocol of 23 October 1936 is signed, resulting in the creation of the Axis.source
• 1936November 25 – The Anti-Comintern Pact is signed by Germany and Japan.source
• 1936December 5 – The 1936 Soviet Constitution, promulgated by Stalin, is adopted in the Soviet Union. The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic is dissolved, and Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia become full Republics of the Soviet Union.source
• 1936December 10 – Edward VIII abdication crisis: King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom signs an instrument of abdication at Fort Belvedere, Surrey in the presence of his three brothers, The Duke of York, The Duke of Gloucester and The Duke of Kent.source
• 1936December 11 – Taking the opportunity to free itself further from ties to the United Kingdom, the Oireachtas of the Irish Free State passes the Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936, removing most powers from the office of Governor-General of the Irish Free State, and the Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936 (signed into law December 12), assenting to the abdication and restricting the power of the monarch in relation to Ireland to international affairs.source
• 1936December 11 – Edward VIII abdication crisis: The British Parliament passes His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 on behalf of the U.K., Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The King performs his last act as sovereign by giving Royal Assent to the Act, and his brother Prince Albert, Duke of York, becomes King, reigning as King George VI. The former King, now HRH Prince Edward, makes a broadcast to the nation explaining his decision to abdicate, and leaves the country for Austria.source
• 1937January 1 – Anastasio Somoza García becomes President of Nicaragua.source
• 1937February 19 – The red, white and blue colours of the flag of the Netherlands are confirmed by royal decree.source
• 1937April 1 – Aden becomes a British crown colony.source
• 1937May 28 – Neville Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, following the retirement of Stanley Baldwin.source
• 1937June 8 – The Dáil Éireann passes the Executive Authority (Consequential Provisions) Act, 1937, which abolishes the office of Governor-General of the Irish Free State, retrospectively dated to December 1936.source
• 1937June 21 – The coalition government of Léon Blum resigns in France.source
• 1937June–July – The Dáil Éireann debates and passes the new draft Constitution of Ireland, which is then submitted for public approval by plebiscite.source
• 1937July 1 – In a referendum the people of the Irish Free State accept the new Constitution by 685,105 votes to 527,945.source
• 1937July 7 – The Peel Commission proposes partition of the British Mandate of Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states.source
• 1937July 21 – Éamon de Valera is elected President of the Executive Council (prime minister) of the Irish Free State, by the Dáil (parliament).source
• 1937July 22 – New Deal: The United States Senate votes down President Franklin D. Roosevelt's proposal to add more justices to the Supreme Court of the United States.source
• 1937September 5 – Roberto Ortiz is elected president of Argentina.source
• 1937September 10 – Nine nations meet in the Nyon Conference, led by the United Kingdom and France, to address international piracy in the Mediterranean.source
• 1937October 11 – Duke and Duchess of Windsor's 1937 tour of Germany: The Duke and Duchess of Windsor arrive in Berlin to begin a 12-day tour of Nazi Germany, meeting Adolf Hitler on the 22nd.source
• 1937October 13 – Germany, in a note to Brussels, guarantees the inviolability and integrity of Belgium so long as the latter abstains from military action against Germany.source
• 1937October 23 – 1937 Australian federal election: Joseph Lyons' UAP/Country Coalition government is re-elected with a slightly increased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by John Curtin.source
• 1937October 25 – Celâl Bayar forms the new (ninth) government of Turkey.source
• 1937November 6 – Italy joins the Anti-Comintern Pact.source
• 1937November 10 – Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas announces the Estado Novo ("New State"), thence becoming dictator of Brazil until 1945.source
• 1937December 29 – The new Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na hÉireann) comes into force. The Irish Free State becomes "Ireland", and Éamon de Valera becomes the first Taoiseach (prime minister) of the new state. A Presidential Commission (made up the Chief Justice, the Speaker of Dáil Éireann, and the President of the High Court) assumes the powers of the new presidency, pending the popular election of the first President of Ireland in June 1938. The new constitution prohibits divorce.source
• 1937Slavery in Bahrain is abolished.source
• 1938February 4 – Adolf Hitler abolishes the War Ministry and creates the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces), giving him direct control of the German military. In addition, he dismisses political and military leaders considered unsympathetic to his philosophy or policies. General Werner von Fritsch is forced to resign as Commander of Chief of the German Army following accusations of homosexuality, and replaced by General Walther von Brauchitsch. Foreign Minister Baron Konstantin von Neurath is dismissed, and replaced by Joachim von Ribbentrop.source
• 1938March 3 – Sir Nevile Henderson, British Ambassador to Germany, presents a proposal to Hitler for an international consortium to rule much of Africa (in which Germany would be assigned a leading role), in exchange for a German promise never to resort to war to change her frontiers; Hitler rejects the British offer.source
• 1938March 17 – Poland presents an ultimatum to Lithuania, to establish normal diplomatic relations that were severed over the Vilnius Region.source
• 1938April 10 – Édouard Daladier becomes prime minister of France. He appoints as Foreign Minister a leading advocate of the policy of appeasement, Georges Bonnet, effectively negating Blum's reassurances of March 14.source
• 1938April 10 – In a result that astonishes even Hitler, the Austrian electorate in a national referendum approves Anschluss by an overwhelming 99.73%.source
• 1938June 25 – Dr. Douglas Hyde takes office as the first President of Ireland.source
• 1938July 5 – The Non-Intervention Committee reaches an agreement to withdraw all foreign volunteers from the Spanish Civil War. The agreement is respected by most Republican International Brigades, notably those from England and the United States, but is ignored by the governments of Germany and Italy.source
• 1938July 22 – Britain rejects a proposal from its ambassador in Berlin, Nevile Henderson, for a four-power summit on Czechoslovakia consisting of Britain, France, Germany and the U.S.S.R., as London will under no circumstances accept the U.S.S.R. as a diplomatic partner.source
• 1938September 5 – Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš invites mid-level representatives of the Sudeten Germans Hradčany Palace, to tell them he will accept whatever demands they care to make, provided the Sudetenland remains part of the Republic of Czechoslovakia.source
• 1938September 16 – Lord Runciman is recalled to London from Prague, in order to brief the British government on the situation in the Sudetenland.source
• 1938September 18 – During a meeting between Neville Chamberlain, the recently elected Premier of France, Édouard Daladier, and Daladier's Foreign Minister, Georges Bonnet, it becomes apparent that neither the British nor the French governments are prepared to go to war over the Sudetenland. The Soviet Union declares it will come to the defence of Czechoslovakia only if France honours her commitment to defend Czechoslovak independence.source
• 1938September 21 – In the early hours of the day, representatives of the French and British governments call on Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš, to tell him France and Britain will not fight Hitler if he decides to annex the Sudetenland by force. Late in the afternoon, the Czechoslovak government capitulates to the French and British demands.source
• 1938September 28 – As his self-imposed October 1 deadline for occupation of the Sudetenland approaches, Adolf Hitler invites Italian Duce Benito Mussolini, French Premier Édouard Daladier, and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain to one last conference in Munich. The Czechs themselves are not invited.source
• 1938September 29 – Munich Agreement: German, Italian, British and French leaders agree to German demands regarding annexation of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak government is largely excluded from the negotiations, and is not a signatory to the agreement.source
• 1938October 2 – Disgusted with Neville Chamberlain's conduct at Munich, Duff Cooper resigns his post as First Lord of the Admiralty. With his resignation, formal debate begins in the Parliament of the United Kingdom on the Munich Agreement, but with Chamberlain at the peak of his popularity, there can be little doubt His Majesty's Government will receive a vote of confidence.source
• 1938October 5 – Edvard Beneš, president of Czechoslovakia, resigns.source
• 1938October 24 – At a "friendly luncheon" in Berchtesgaden, German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop tells Józef Lipski, the Polish ambassador to Germany, that the Free City of Danzig must return to Germany, that the Germans must be given extraterritorial rights in the Polish Corridor, and that Poland must sign the Anti-Comintern Pact.source
• 1938November 2 – Arising from The Munich Agreement, Hungary is "awarded" the Felvidek region of South Slovakia and Ruthenia.source
• 1938November 25 – French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet informs Léon Noël, the French Ambassador to Poland, that France should find an excuse for terminating the 1921 Franco-Polish alliance.source
• 1938November 30 – The Czechoslovak parliament elects Emil Hácha as the new president of Czechoslovakia.source
• 1938November 30 – Benito Mussolini and his Foreign Minister, Count Galeazzo Ciano, order "spontaneous" demonstrations in the Italian Chamber of Deputies, demanding that France cede Tunisia, Nice, Corsica and French Somaliland to Italy. This begins an acute crisis in Franco-Italian relations, that lasts until March 1939.source
• 1938December 6 – German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop visits Paris, where he is allegedly informed by French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet that France now recognizes all of Eastern Europe as being in Germany's exclusive sphere of influence. Bonnet's alleged statement (he subsequently always denies making the remark) to Ribbentrop is a major factor in German policy in 1939.source
• 1938December 11 – Kingdom of Yugoslavia parliamentary election: The opposition gains votes but not seats.source
• 1938December – Adolf Hitler is Time magazine's "Man of the Year", as the most influential person of the year.source
• 1939January 1 – Philipp Etter takes over as President of the Swiss Confederation.source
• 1939January 25 – Refik Saydam forms the new (11th) government of Turkey.source
• 1939January 26 – In Paris, French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet, in response to rumours (which are true) that he is seeking to end the French alliance system in Eastern Europe, gives a speech highlighting his government's commitment to the cordon sanitaire.source
• 1939February 6 – British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain states in the House of Commons that any German attack on France will be automatically considered an attack on Britain.source
• 1939February 6 – In a response to Georges Bonnet's speech of January 26, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, referring to Bonnet's alleged statement of December 6, 1938, accepting Eastern Europe as being in Germany's exclusive sphere of influence, protests that all French security commitments in that region are "now off limits".source
• 1939March 13 – Adolf Hitler advises Jozef Tiso to declare Slovakia's independence, in order to prevent its partition by Hungary and Poland.source
• 1939March 14 – The Slovak provincial assembly proclaims independence; priest Jozef Tiso becomes president of the independent Slovak government.source
• 1939March 15 – German troops occupy the remaining part of Bohemia and Moravia; Czechoslovakia ceases to exist. The Ruthenian region of Czechoslovakia declares independence as Carpatho-Ukraine.source
• 1939March 17 – The nationalist governments of Spain and Portugal sign the Iberian Pact in Lisbon, pledging mutual defence of the Iberian Peninsula and neutrality in the event of a general European war.source
• 1939March 31 – Neville Chamberlain gives a speech in the House of Commons, offering the British "guarantee" of the independence of Poland.source
• 1939April 3 – Refik Saydam forms the new government in Turkey (12th government; Refik Saydam has served twice as a prime minister).source
• 1939April 4 – Polish Foreign Minister Colonel Józef Beck, in London, signs a treaty designed to bilateralize Neville Chamberlain's "Polish Guarantee" of March 31.source
• 1939April 14 – At a meeting in Paris, French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet meets with Soviet Ambassador Jakob Suritz, and suggests that a "peace front" comprising France, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, Poland and Romania would deter Germany from war.source
• 1939April 18 – Robert Menzies is elected leader of the United Australia Party, and consequently becomes the 12th Prime Minister of Australia, defeating former Prime Minister Billy Hughes. However, he will not be sworn in until April 26, because of the refusal of Earle Page and his Country Party to serve under him.source
• 1939May 3 – Vyacheslav Molotov succeeds Maxim Litvinov, as Soviet Foreign Commissar.source
• 1939May 23 – The White Paper of 1939 is ratified by the British government, acting as the governing policy for Mandatory Palestine from 1939 to 1948.source
• 1939June 23 – Talks are completed in Ankara between French Ambassador René Massigli and Turkish Foreign Minister Şükrü Saracoğlu, resolving the Hatay dispute in Turkey's favor. Turkey annexes Hatay.source
• 1939August 2 – The Einstein–Szilard letter is signed by Albert Einstein, advising President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt of the potential use of uranium to construct an atomic bomb. It is delivered on October 11 and leads to the first meeting on October 21 of the Advisory Committee on Uranium.source
• 1939August 4 – Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain dismisses the Parliament of the United Kingdom until October 3.source
• 1939August 23 – The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact is signed between Germany and the Soviet Union, a neutrality treaty that also agrees to division of spheres of influence (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, eastern Poland and Bessarabia (modern-day Moldova), north-east province of Romania to the Soviet Union; Lithuania and western Poland to Germany). Its annex reassigns Lithuania to the Soviet Union.source
• 1939September 30 – General Władysław Sikorski becomes Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile.source
• 1939Chamberlain offers the war cabinet post of First Lord of the Admiralty to Winston Churchill, who returns to government for the first time since June 4, 1929.source
• 1939November 4 – WWII: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the United States Customs Service to implement the Neutrality Act of 1939, allowing cash-and-carry purchases of weapons to non-belligerent nations.source
• 1939December 1 – The Soviet Union establishes the Finnish Democratic Republic puppet state in Terijoki.source
• 1940January 27 – WWII: A peace resolution introduced in the Parliament of South Africa is defeated 81–59.source
• 1940March 12 – Moscow Peace Treaty: The Soviet Union and Finland sign a peace treaty in Moscow, ending the Winter War; Finns, along with the world at large, are shocked by the harsh terms.source
• 1940March 30 – WWII: Former Kuomintang member and Chinese foreign minister, Wang Jingwei, announces the creation of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China in Nanjing.source
• 1940April 27 – Mandatory Palestine and Lebanon play an association football friendly; it is Lebanon's first official match, and Mandatory Palestine's last before they become Israel in 1948.source
• 1940May 22 – WWII: The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1940, giving the government full control over all persons and property.source
• 1940With the resignation of Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
• 1940June 28 – General Charles de Gaulle is officially recognized by Britain as the "Leader of all Free Frenchmen, wherever they may be."source
• 1940U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt denounces Italy's actions with his "Stab in the Back" speech during the graduation ceremonies of the University of Virginia.source
• 1940Soviet ultimatum to Lithuania: The Soviet Union demands that its Red Army be allowed to enter Lithuania and form a pro-Soviet puppet "People's Government of Lithuania".source
• 1940Occupation of the Baltic states: The Soviet Union occupies Estonia and Latvia.source
• 1940July 3 – WWII: Attack on Mers-el-Kébir: British naval units sink or seize ships of the French fleet anchored in the Algerian ports of Mers-el-Kebir and Oran, to prevent them from falling into German hands. The following day, Vichy France breaks off diplomatic relations with Britain.source
• 1940July 21 – After rigged parliamentary elections in the three occupied countries on July 14–15, the parliaments proclaim the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republics.source
• 1940July 23 – Welles Declaration: United States Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles announces that the U.S. will not accord diplomatic recognition to the Soviet Union's occupation of the Baltic states.source
• 1940Adolf Hitler makes a peace appeal ("appeal to reason") to Britain, in an address to the Reichstag. BBC German-language broadcaster Sefton Delmer unofficially rejects it at once and Lord Halifax, the British foreign minister, flatly rejects peace terms in a broadcast reply on July 22.source
• 1940Vichy France begins with a constitutional law which only eighty members of the parliament vote against. Philippe Pétain becomes Prime Minister of France.source
• 1940August 3 – The Lithuanian SSR is annexed into the Soviet Union, followed by the Latvian SSR on August 5 and the Estonian SSR August 6, just seven weeks after their occupation. Ethnic Germans will be deported to Germany.source
• 1940August 30 – Second Vienna Award: Germany and Italy compel Romania to cede half of Transylvania to Hungary.source
• 1940September 6 – King Carol II of Romania abdicates and is succeeded by his son Michael.source
• 1940September 7 – Treaty of Craiova: Romania loses Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria.source
• 1940September 21 – 1940 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' UAP/Country Coalition Government is re-elected as a minority government, narrowly defeating the Labor Party led by John Curtin. It is the last federal election to result in a minority government until 2010.source
• 1940September 27 – WWII: Germany, Italy and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact.source
• 1940November 5 – 1940 United States presidential election: Democrat incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt decisively defeats Republican challenger Wendell Willkie, and becomes the United States' first and only third-term president.source
• 1940December 1 – Manuel Ávila Camacho takes office as President of Mexico.source
• 1940December 29 – Franklin D. Roosevelt, in a fireside chat to the nation, declares that the United States must become "the great arsenal of democracy."source
• 1941January 6 – During his State of the Union address, President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt presents his Four Freedoms, as fundamental global human rights.source
• 1941January 10 – The Lend-Lease Act is introduced into the United States Congress.source
• 1941January 23 – Aviator Charles Lindbergh testifies before the U.S. Congress, and recommends that the United States negotiate a neutrality pact with Adolf Hitler.source
• 1941February 8 – WWII: The U.S. House of Representatives passes the Lend-Lease Act.source
• 1941March 1 – WWII: Bulgaria signs the Tripartite Pact, thus joining the Axis powers.source
• 1941April 13 – The Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact is signed.source
• 1941The Independent State of Croatia, a puppet state of the Axis powers, is established with Ustashe leader Ante Pavelić as head (Poglavnik) of the government.source
• 1941May 19 – The Viet Minh is formed at Pác Bó in Vietnam, to overthrow French rule of the nation, as an alliance between the Indochina Communist party, led by Ho Chi Minh, and the Nationalist party. It will become the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War.source
• 1941June 18 – The German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship is signed between Nazi Germany and Turkey, in Ankara.source
• 1941June 29 – WWII: Hitler's second-in-command, Reichsmarshall Hermann Göring, is appointed as Hitler's successor in a written decree. The decree will come into effect, should Hitler die in the middle of the war. (The decree becomes void in April 1945, after Göring tries to assume power while Hitler is still alive, leading to Göring's expulsion from the Nazi Party.)source
• 1941July 1 – Germany and Italy recognize the Japanese-sponsored Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China under Wang Jingwei as the legitimate government of China.source
• 1941July 29 – The Vichy Regime signs the Protocol Concerning Joint Defense and Joint Military Cooperation with the Empire of Japan, giving the Japanese a total of 8 airfields, allowing them greater troop presence, and the use of the Indochinese financial system, in return for continued French autonomy.source
• 1941August 9 – Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meet on board ship at Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland. The Atlantic Charter (released August 14), setting goals for postwar international cooperation, is created as a result.source
• 1941August 29 – Robert Menzies resigns as Prime Minister of Australia, after losing the support of his party. He will not return to the Prime Ministership until 1949. Arthur Fadden, leader of the Country Party, consequently becomes Prime Minister, while former Prime Minister Billy Hughes replaces Menzies as UAP leader.source
• 1941August 30 – Germany and Romania sign another treaty, the Tighina Agreement.source
• 1941September 29 – WWII: The Moscow Conference begins: neutral U.S. representative Averell Harriman and British representative Lord Beaverbrook meet with Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov to arrange urgent assistance for Russia.source
• 1941October 1 – The New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy becomes the Royal New Zealand Navy.source
• 1941October 7 – John Curtin becomes the 14th Prime Minister of Australia, following the defeat of Arthur Fadden's Country/UAP Coalition government, on the floor of the House of Representatives.source
• 1941October 18 – General Hideki Tōjō becomes the 40th Prime Minister of Japan.source
• 1941November 27 – A group of young men stop traffic on U.S. Highway 99 south of Yreka, California, handing out fliers proclaiming the establishment of the State of Jefferson.source
• 1941The Hull note (Outline of Proposed Basis for Agreement Between the United States and Japan), named for Secretary of State Cordell Hull, is delivered to the Empire of Japan by the United States.source
• 1941December 4 – The State of Jefferson is declared in Yreka, California, with a judge, John Childs, as governor.source
• 1941December 21 – The Holocaust: The Stanisławów Ghetto is established in German-occupied Poland, initially with 20,000 Jews crowded inside; by Spring 1943 it will be pronounced Judenfrei (free of Jews).source
• 1941December 26 – WWII: Winston Churchill becomes the first British Prime Minister to address a joint session of the United States Congress.source
• 1942January 1 – WWII: The Declaration by United Nations is signed by China, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, and 22 other nations, in which they agree "not to make any separate peace with the Axis powers".source
• 1942February 8 – António Óscar Carmona is reelected as president of Portugal for a third term.source
• 1942April 26 – WWII: The Reichstag meets for the last time, dissolving itself and proclaiming Adolf Hitler the "Supreme Judge of the German People", granting him the power of life and death over every German citizen.source
• 1942The Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942, to help establish a military and political alliance between the USSR and the British Empire, is signed in London by foreign Secretary Anthony Eden and Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov.source
• 1942July 9 – Şükrü Saracoğlu forms the new (13th) government in Turkey.source
• 1942July 29 – The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union institutes the Order of Suvorov and Order of Kutuzov and reinstates the Order of Alexander Nevsky.source
• 1942October 9 – The Statute of Westminster Adoption Act, passed by the Parliament of Australia, formalizes Australian autonomy from the United Kingdom.source
• 1942November 11 – The Turkish parliament passes the Varlık Vergisi, a capital tax mostly levied on non-Muslim citizens with the unofficial aim to inflict financial ruin on them and end their prominence in the country's economy.source
• 1942December 10 – The Holocaust: The Polish government-in-exile sends copies of The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland, including Raczyński's Note, the first official report on The Holocaust, to 26 governments who signed the Declaration by United Nations.source
• 1942December 17 – The Allies issue the Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations (as the answer to Raczyński's Note), the first time they publicly acknowledge the Holocaust.source
• 1943January 11 – The United States and United Kingdom revise previously unequal treaty relationships with the Republic of China.source
• 1943March 9 – Şükrü Saracoğlu forms the new government of Turkey (14th government; Şükrü Saracoğlu had served twice as a prime minister).source
• 1943May 19 – Winston Churchill addresses a joint session of the United States Congress.source
• 1943August 14 – The Quadrant Conference begins in Quebec City; Canadian Prime Minister MacKenzie King meets with Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt.source
• 1943August 14 – WWII: Rome is declared an open city by the Italian government, with Italy offering to demilitarize the capital, in return for an Allied agreement not to bomb the city further.source
• 1943August 21 – 1943 Australian federal election: John Curtin's Labor government defeats the Country/UAP Coalition, led by former Prime Minister Arthur Fadden. Labor achieves its greatest ever electoral result, including winning every seat (except one) outside of the eastern states. Notably, this election marked the first time that a woman has been elected to both the Senate and the House of Representatives. Fadden will step down from the Opposition leadership, handing it over to Robert Menzies, who will go on to dissolve the UAP and form the Liberal Party shortly after.source
• 1943August 24 – Heinrich Himmler is named Reichsminister of the Interior in Germany.source
• 1943September 23 – WWII: The Italian Social Republic ("Republic of Salò") is founded in northern Italy as a puppet state of Nazi Germany.source
• 1943October 14 – José P. Laurel takes the oath of office as President of the Philippines (Second Philippine Republic).source
• 1943October 30 – WWII: Signing of Moscow Declarations: the Declaration of the Four Nations on general security, by the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union and Republic of China; and the Declarations on Italy, Austria and Atrocities by the first three governments.source
• 1943Third Moscow Conference: A meeting takes place at the Kremlin between the British, American, and Soviet foreign ministers Anthony Eden, Cordell Hull and Vyacheslav Molotov. The USSR agrees to the full creation of a world peace organization with its Allies.source
• 1943Chiang Kai-shek takes the oath of office as Chairman of the National Government of China.source
• 1943November 9 – An agreement founding the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration is signed by 44 countries in the White House, Washington, D.C.source
• 1943November 22–26 – WWII: Cairo Conference ("Sextant") – President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Chairman of the National Government of China Chiang Kai-shek meet at Cairo, Egypt, to discuss ways to defeat Japan in the Pacific War.source
• 1943November 22 – Lebanon gains independence, upon the ending of the French Mandate.source
• 1943December 16 - WWII: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt is returned to the United States by the USS Iowa after completing his trip to the Cairo and Tehran Conferences.source
• 1943December 30 – Subhas Chandra Bose sets up a pro-Japanese Indian government at Port Blair, India.source
• 1944January 11 – United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposes a Second Bill of Rights for social and economic security, in his State of the Union address.source
• 1944January 26 – WWII: Argentina gave in to the Allies' pressure, severing diplomatic relations with the Axis.source
• 1944The United States takes Eniwetok Atoll.source
• 1944March 12 – WWII: The Political Committee of National Liberation is created in Greece.source
• 1944March 15 – The Soviet Union introduces a new anthem, replacing The Internationale.source
• 1944Crimean Tatars are deported by the Soviet Union.source
• 1944June 2 – WWII: The Provisional Government of the French Republic is established.source
• 1944July 22 – The new Polish Committee of National Liberation publishes the PKWN Manifesto in Chełm, calling for a continuation of fighting against Nazi Germany, radical reforms including nationalisation of industry, and a "decent border in the West" (the Oder–Neisse line).source
• 1944July–October – WWII: Germans are driven out of Lithuania leading to reimposition of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.source
• 1944The Soviet-sponsored Polish Committee of National Liberation is created, in opposition to the Polish government-in-exile.source
• 1944August 21 – The Dumbarton Oaks Conference (Washington Conversations on International Peace and Security Organization) opens in Washington, D.C.: U.S., British, Chinese, French and Soviet representatives meet to plan the foundation of the United Nations.source
• 1944The Finnish Parliament, by derogation, elects Marshal C. G. E. Mannerheim as President of Finland to replace Risto Ryti, who has resigned.source
• 1944The Holocaust: Polish insurgents liberate a German labor camp in Warsaw, freeing 348 Jewish prisoners.source
• 1944September 5 – Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg constitute Benelux as representatives of the exiled governments sign the London Customs Convention.source
• 1944After German forces declare the evacuation of Estonia the day before, the Estonian national government briefly resumes control of Tallinn before the Soviet advance.source
• 1944The Belgian government in exile returns to Brussels from London.source
• 1944Members of Vichy France's collaborationist government are relocated to Germany where an enclave is established for them in Sigmaringen Castle.source
• 1944October 9 – WWII: Fourth Moscow Conference: British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin begin a 9-day conference in Moscow, to discuss the future of Europe.source
• 1944October 11 – The Tuvan People's Republic is annexed into the Soviet Union.source
• 1944November 7 – 1944 United States presidential election: Franklin D. Roosevelt wins reelection over Republican challenger Thomas E. Dewey, becoming the only U.S. president elected to a fourth term.source
• 1944December 1 – Edward Stettinius, Jr. becomes the last United States Secretary of State of the Roosevelt administration, filling the seat left by Cordell Hull.source
• 1944December 7 – The Convention on International Civil Aviation is signed in Chicago, creating the International Civil Aviation Organization.source
• 1944December 20 – General Dwight D. Eisenhower is promoted to the rank of U.S. Five-Star General.source
• 1944Dekemvriana: Fighting breaks out between Communists and royalists in newly liberated Greece, eventually leading to a full-scale Greek Civil War.source
• 1945February 4–11 – WWII: President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin hold the Yalta Conference.source
• 1945The Soviet Union agrees to enter the Pacific War against Japan, once hostilities against Germany are concluded.source
• 1945March 1 – President Franklin D. Roosevelt gives what will be his last address to a joint session of the United States Congress, reporting on the Yalta Conference.source
• 1945March 6 – A Communist-led government is formed in Romania under Petru Groza, following Soviet intervention.source
• 1945March 11 – The Empire of Japan establishes the Empire of Vietnam, a puppet state which will last only until August 23, with Bảo Đại as its ruler.source
• 1945March 11 – The Sammarinese general election gives San Marino the world's first democratically elected communist government, which will hold power until 1957.source
• 1945April 27 – The provisional government of Austria headed by Karl Renner asserts its independence from Germany.source
• 1945The Bergen-Belsen concentration camp is liberated by British and Canadian forces.source
• 1945Visoko is liberated by the 7th, 9th and 17th Krajina Brigades from the Tenth Division of Yugoslav Partisan forces.source
• 1945Sarajevo is liberated from Nazi Germany and the Independent State of Croatia (a fascist puppet state) by Yugoslav Partisans.source
• 1945The US 11th Armored Division liberates the prisoners of Mauthausen concentration camp, including Simon Wiesenthal.source
• 1945June 29 – Czechoslovakia cedes Carpathian Ruthenia to the Soviet Union.source
• 1945July 12 – Ben Chifley is elected leader of the Labor Party, and consequently becomes the 16th Prime Minister of Australia, defeating Frank Forde as well as Norman Makin and H.V. Evatt. As a result, Forde becomes the shortest-serving prime minister in Australian history; nevertheless, he retains his post as deputy leader.source
• 1945July 26 – Winston Churchill resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, after his Conservative Party is soundly defeated by the Labour Party in the 1945 general election. Clement Attlee becomes the new prime minister. It is the first time that Labour has governed Britain with a majority in the House of Commons.source
• 1945August 8 – The United Nations Charter is ratified by the United States Senate.source
• 1945August 17 – Proclamation of Indonesian Independence: Indonesian nationalists Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declare the independence of the Republic of Indonesia, with Sukarno as president and Mohammad Hatta as vice-president, igniting the Indonesian National Revolution against the Dutch Empire.source
• 1945August 17 – Philippines President José P. Laurel issues an Executive Proclamation putting an end to the Second Philippine Republic, thus ending his term as President of the Philippines.source
• 1945August 25 – Bảo Đại abdicates as Emperor of Vietnam, ending 2,000 years of dynastic and monarchic rule in the country and 143 years of the Nguyễn dynasty.source
• 1945September 11 – The Batu Lintang camp in Sarawak, Borneo is liberated by Australian forces.source
• 1945October 22 – Rómulo Betancourt is named provisional president of Venezuela.source
• 1945October 24 – The United Nations is founded by ratification of its Charter, by 29 nations including the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Canada, Egypt, Brazil, Haiti, Luxembourg, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and others.source
• 1945October 24 – The International Court of Justice ("World Court") is established by the United Nations Charter.source
• 1945November 1 – International Labour Organization's new constitution comes into effect.source
• 1945November 16 – Charles de Gaulle is unanimously elected president of France by the provisional government.source
• 1946January 7 – The Allies of World War II recognize the Austrian republic with its 1937 borders, and divide the country into four occupation zones.source
• 1946January 11 – Enver Hoxha declares the People's Republic of Albania, with himself as prime minister. He will remain effectively as a dictator of the country until his death in 1985.source
• 1946January 16 – Charles de Gaulle resigns as head of the French provisional government.source
• 1946January 22 – Iran crisis of 1946: Qazi Muhammad declares the independent people's Republic of Mahabad, at the Chahar Cheragh Square in the Kurdish city of Mahabad. He is the new president; Haji Baba Sheikh is the prime minister.source
• 1946January 31 – The last session of the Permanent Court of International Justice occurs.source
• 1946January 31 – Yugoslavia's new constitution, modeled on the Soviet Union, establishes 6 constituent republics (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia).source
• 1946February 1 – The Kingdom of Hungary becomes a republic, heavily influenced by the Soviet Union.source
• 1946April 1 – The Malayan Union is formed on dissolution of the British Military Administration and Singapore becomes a Crown colony.source
• 1946May 9 – King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy abdicates, and is succeeded by his son Umberto II.source
• 1946June 1 – D'Argenlieu, French High Commissioner for Indo-China, recognizes an autonomous "Republic of Cochin-China" in violation of the March 6 Ho–Sainteny agreement, opening the way for conflict between the Viet Minh and France.source
• 1946June 13 – Umberto II of Italy leaves the country and goes into exile in Portugal; Alcide De Gasperi becomes head of state.source
• 1946June 17 – Formal ratification of the Treaty of London grants independence to the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan.source
• 1946July 4 – After more than 48 years of American dominance, the Philippines attains full independence as the 3rd Republic; Manuel A. Roxas is 5th President of the Philippines. It marks the end of nearly 400 years of colonial era when the Viceroyalty of New Spain took control since April 27, 1565.source
• 1946July 16 – The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) within the Department of the Interior is formed by the merger of the Grazing Service and United States General Land Office.source
• 1946August 7 – The Soviet Union escalates the Turkish Straits crisis through a diplomatic demand to Turkey.source
• 1946August 16 – The Kurdistan Democratic Party is founded in South Kurdistan.source
• 1946September 2 – The Interim Government of India takes charge, with Jawaharlal Nehru as vice president, as part of the transition from the British Raj to full independence for India and Pakistan.source
• 1946September 8 – Bulgaria is declared a People's Republic after a referendum; King Simeon II leaves.source
• 1946October 11 – After a few days of vacancy, the Swedish premiership is taken over by Tage Erlander.source
• 1946November 19 – 1946 Romanian general election: The Romanian Communist Party wins 79.86% of the vote, through widespread intimidation tactics and electoral fraud.source
• 1946December 1 – Miguel Alemán Valdés takes office as President of Mexico.source
• 1946December 14 – The International Labour Organization becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations.source
• 1946December 14 – Proposed United States purchase of Greenland from Denmark: An offer is made through diplomatic channels.source
• 1946December 20 – Film It's a Wonderful Life is released in the United States; it becomes an enduring classic.source
• 1947February 12 – In Burma, the Panglong Agreement is reached between the Burmese government under its leader, General Aung San, and the Shan, Kachin, and Chin ethnic peoples at the Panglong Conference. U Aung Zan Wai, Pe Khin, Major Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Sein Mya Maung and Myoma U Than Kywe are among the negotiators.source
• 1947February 25 – The German state of Prussia is officially abolished, by the Allied Control Council.source
• 1947April 7 – The Arab Ba'ath Party is established by merger in Damascus.source
• 1947May 11 – The Kingdom of Laos is officially formed, but is still a French protectorate.source
• 1947May 22 – To fight the spread of Communism, President Harry S. Truman signs an Act of Congress that implements the Truman Doctrine. This Act grants $400 million in military and economic aid to Turkey and Greece.source
• 1947May 31 – Alcide de Gasperi forms a new government in Italy, the first postwar Italian government not to include members of the Italian Communist Party.source
• 1947June 21 – The Parliament of Canada votes unanimously to pass several laws regarding displaced foreign refugees.source
• 1947June 23 – The United States Senate follows the House of Representatives, in overriding President Harry S. Truman's veto of the Taft–Hartley Act.source
• 1947July 6 – 1947 Sylhet referendum: A referendum is held in Sylhet to decide its fate in the Partition of India.source
• 1947July 18 – President Harry S. Truman signs the Presidential Succession Act into law, which places the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate next in the line of succession, after the vice president.source
• 1947July 26 – Cold War: U.S. President Harry S. Truman signs the National Security Act of 1947 into law to create the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the National Security Council.source
• 1947August 14 – The Muslim majority regions formed by the Partition of India gain independence from the British Empire as the Dominion of Pakistan. While the transition is officially at midnight on this day, Pakistan celebrates its independence on August 14, compared with India on the 15th, because the Pakistan Standard Time is 30 minutes behind the standard time of India.source
• 1947August 14 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah becomes the first governor-general of Pakistan. Liaquat Ali Khan takes office as the first prime minister of Pakistan.source
• 1947August 15 – The greater Indian subcontinent, with a mixed population of Hindu, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Zoroasters, Jews, Christians, Muslims and others formed by the Partition of India, gains independence from the British Empire, as the Dominion of India. 190 years British rule (1757–1947) in India comes to an end.source
• 1947August 15 – Jawaharlal Nehru takes office as the first prime minister of India, taking his oath from Louis Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma, Governor-General of India (but no longer viceroy).source
• 1947August 31 – In Hungary, communists fail to gain a majority in the 1947 Hungarian parliamentary election (despite widespread fraud) and turn to direct action as part of the country's transition to Communism (1944–1949).source
• 1947September 30 – Pakistan and Yemen join the United Nations.source
• 1947October 20 – A war begins in Kashmir, along the border between India and Pakistan, initiating the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948. Also, Pakistan establishes diplomatic relations with the United States of America.source
• 1947October 24 – The first Azad Kashmir Government is established within Pakistan, headed by Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan as its first President supported by the government of Pakistan.source
• 1947November 25 – The New Zealand Parliament ratifies the Statute of Westminster, and thus becomes independent of legislative control by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.source
• 1947November 29 – The United Nations General Assembly votes for the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine which will partition Mandatory Palestine between Arab and Jewish regions, resulting in the creation of the State of Israel.source
• 1947December 9 – French labor unions call off the general strike, and re-commence negotiations with the French government.source
• 1947December 22 – The Italian Constituent Assembly votes to accept the new Constitution of Italy.source
• 1947December 30 – King Michael I of Romania is forced to abdicate and the Romanian monarchy is abolished.source
• 1948January 1 – The current Constitutions of Italy and of New Jersey (both later subject to amendment) go into effect.source
• 1948January 4 – Burma gains its independence from the United Kingdom, becoming an independent republic, named the 'Union of Burma', with Sao Shwe Thaik as its first President and U Nu its first Prime Minister.source
• 1948January 22 – British foreign secretary Ernest Bevin proposes the formation of a Western Union between Britain, France and the Benelux countries to stand up against the Soviet Union. The Treaty of Brussels is signed March 17 as a consequence, a predecessor to NATO.source
• 1948February 4 – Ceylon (later known as Sri Lanka) becomes an independent country, within the British Commonwealth adopting King George VI as the King of Ceylon.source
• 1948February 18 – Éamon de Valera, Irish head of government from 1918 to 1932, loses power to an opposition coalition. John A. Costello is appointed Taoiseach by President Seán T. O'Kelly, until 1960.source
• 1948February 28 – The 2nd Congress of the Communist Party of India convenes in Calcutta.source
• 1948March 18 – The Round Table Conference convenes in The Hague, Netherlands, to prepare the decolonization process for the Caribbean island of Aruba and the other Dutch Colonies. Aruba presents the mandate of the Aruban People for Aruba to become an independent country, under the sovereignty of the House of Orange, based on Aruba's first state constitution presented officially since August 1947, and a (4th) member state of the future Dutch Commonwealth.source
• 1948April 3 – United States President Harry S. Truman signs the Marshall Plan, which authorizes $5 billion in aid for 16 countries.source
• 1948April 18 – Italian general election, 1948: The first democratic general election with universal suffrage is held in Italy. The Christian Democracy party achieves a majority over the Popular Democratic Front Communist-Socialist coalition.source
• 1948May 14 – The Israeli Declaration of Independence is made. David Ben-Gurion becomes the first prime minister, a provisional position that will become formalized on February 14, 1949.source
• 1948May 18 – The first Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China officially convenes in Nanjing.source
• 1948May 26 – The United States Congress passes Public Law 557 which permanently establishes the Civil Air Patrol as the auxiliary of the United States Air Force.source
• 1948July 22 – The Dominion of Newfoundland votes to join Canada, after a referendum.source
• 1948July 26 – U.S. President Truman signs Executive Order 9981, ending racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces.source
• 1948President Harry S. Truman issues the second peacetime military draft in the United States, amid increasing tensions with the Soviet Union (the first peacetime draft occurred in 1940 under President Roosevelt)source
• 1948August 10–23 – The Herrenchiemsee convention prepares the draft for the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany.source
• 1948August 15 – The southern half of Korea is established as the Republic of Korea (South Korea).source
• 1948August 18 – The Danube Commission is created by the Belgrade Convention (enters into force 11 May 1949).source
• 1948September 13 – Margaret Chase Smith of Maine is elected United States Senator, becoming the first woman to serve in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the United States Senate.source
• 1948November 2 – 1948 United States presidential election: Democratic incumbent Harry S. Truman defeats Republican Thomas E. Dewey, "Dixiecrat" Strom Thurmond and Progressive party candidate Henry A. Wallace.source
• 1948November 15 – Louis Stephen St. Laurent becomes Canada's 12th prime minister.source
• 1948December 9 – The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Genocide Convention.source
• 1948December 10 – The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.source
• 1948December 20 – Indonesian National Revolution: The Dutch military captures Yogyakarta, the temporary capital of the newly formed Republic of Indonesia.source
• 1949January 2 – Luis Muñoz Marín becomes the first democratically elected Governor of Puerto Rico.source
• 1949January 16 – Şemsettin Günaltay forms the new government of Turkey. It is the 18th government, last single party government of the Republican People's Party.source
• 1949January 25 – The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA or COMECON) is established by the Soviet Union and other communist nations.source
• 1949January 25 – In the first Israeli elections, David Ben-Gurion becomes Prime Minister.source
• 1949February 13 – António Óscar Carmona is re-elected president of Portugal, for lack of an opposing candidate.source
• 1949February 17 – Chaim Weizmann begins his term as the first president of Israel.source
• 1949March 31 – The former British colony of Newfoundland joins Canada, as its 10th province.source
• 1949April 4 – The North Atlantic Treaty is signed in Washington, D.C., creating the NATO defense alliance.source
• 1949April 28 – The 1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference issues the London Declaration, enabling India (and, thereafter, any other nation) to remain in the Commonwealth despite becoming a republic, creating the position of 'Head of the Commonwealth' (held by the ruling British monarch), and renaming the organization, from the 'British Commonwealth' to the 'Commonwealth of Nations'.source
• 1949May 23 – The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) is officially established (until 1990).source
• 1949June 5 – Thailand elects Orapin Chaiyakan, the first Thai female member of Thailand's Parliament.source
• 1949July 27 – Rhodesia beats the New Zealand national rugby union team (the All Blacks) 10–8, in an exhibition match in Bulawayo, the only non-Test nation ever to achieve this feat.source
• 1949August 8 – Bhutan signs a Treaty of Friendship with newly independent India, agreeing non-interference in internal affairs, but allowing India to "guide" its foreign policy (similar to the previous arrangements with the British administration in India).source
• 1949August 24 – The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is established.source
• 1949September 7 – The first Bundestag of the Federal Republic of Germany convenes in Bonn. They will elect Konrad Adenauer as Chancellor while the Federal Convention, a constitutional body consisting of the Bundestag members and a same number of representatives of the States, elect the liberal Theodor Heuss as President of Germany on 12 September.source
• 1949September 29 – The first plenary session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference approves a design for the flag of the People's Republic of China.source
• 1949October 6 – The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) established its first diplomatic and friendly relations with newly proclaimed Communist China (PRC) between the two nations.source
• 1949October 7 – The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) is officially established (until 1990).source
• 1949November 26 – The Indian Constituent Assembly adopts India's constitution.source
• 1949November 28 – Winston Churchill makes a landmark speech in support of the idea of a European Union, at Kingsway Hall, London - but does not see UK as part of it, "The British Government have rightly stated that they cannot commit this country to entering any European Union without the agreement of the other members of the British Commonwealth".source
• 1949November 30 – 1949 New Zealand general election: The New Zealand National Party, led by Sidney Holland defeats the incumbent New Zealand Labour Party, led by Peter Fraser.source
• 1949December 7 – The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) is established as a United Nations agency.source
• 1949December 10 – 1949 Australian federal election: The Liberal/Country Coalition led by Robert Menzies defeats the Labor government, led by Prime Minister Ben Chifley. Menzies is sworn in on December 19, his second stint as prime minister; he will hold the office for over 16 years until his retirement in 1966 and Labor will not win office again until 1972, under Gough Whitlam.source
• 1949December 27 – The Treaty of The Hague ends the Indonesian National Revolution by recognizing transfer of the sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies from Queen Juliana of the Netherlands to the United States of Indonesia; the Susanto Cabinet takes office in the Republic of Indonesia.source
• 1950January 6 – The United Kingdom recognizes the People's Republic of China; the Republic of China severs diplomatic relations with Britain in response.source
• 1950January 9 – The Israeli government recognizes the People's Republic of China.source
• 1950January 13 – Finland forms diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China.source
• 1950January 23 – The Knesset passes a resolution that states Jerusalem is the capital of Israel.source
• 1950January 26 – India promulgates its constitution, forming a republic, and Rajendra Prasad is sworn in as its first president. The Kingdom of Mysore is merged into the new republic.source
• 1950February 1 – Chiang Kai-shek is re-elected as president of the Republic of China.source
• 1950February 6 – In India, the first Cabinet Secretary (N. R. Pillai) is appointed.source
• 1950February 15 – Juho Kusti Paasikivi is re-elected president of Finland.source
• 1950February 19 – Konrad Adenauer tries unsuccessfully to negotiate with East Germany, to begin reunification.source
• 1950February 23 – 1950 United Kingdom general election: The Labour Party, led by Clement Attlee, remains in office, but the Tories, led by Winston Churchill, increase their seats in the House of Commons.source
• 1950In an election speech at Edinburgh, Winston Churchill proposes "a parley at the summit" with Soviet leaders, the first use of the term "summit" for such a meeting.source
• 1950March 1 – Acting President of the Republic of China Li Zongren ends his term in office and Chiang Kai-shek resumes his duties as president, after moving the government of the Republic to Taipei, Taiwan.source
• 1950March 12 – Royal question: 1950 Belgian monarchy referendum – In Belgium, a referendum on the monarchy shows 57.7% support the return of King Leopold III from exile to resume exercise of his constitutional powers, 42.3% against. The King has said he would abdicate if he did not receive 55% support, and that the final decision would be for the federal parliament.source
• 1950April 27 – Apartheid: In South Africa, the Group Areas Act is passed, formally segregating the races.source
• 1950May 9 – Robert Schuman presents his proposal for the creation of a pan-European organisation, which he believes to be indispensable to the maintenance of permanently peaceful relations between the different nations of the continent. This proposal, known as the "Schuman Declaration", is considered to be the beginning of the creation of what becomes the European Union.source
• 1950May 22 – Celâl Bayar becomes the third president of Turkey and Adnan Menderes of the DP forms the new government of Turkey (19th government).source
• 1950July 17 – The Suppression of Communism Act (passed on June 26 by the Parliament of South Africa) comes into force in South Africa.source
• 1950August 1 – Royal question: King Leopold III of Belgium publicly announces that he will abdicate in favor of his son, Baudouin.source
• 1950August 8 – Winston Churchill supports the idea of a pan-European army, allied with Canada and the U.S.source
• 1950August 22 – France announces the introduction of a government-guaranteed minimum wage.source
• 1950October 3 – Getúlio Vargas is elected president of Brazil for a 5-year term.source
• 1950November 4 – The United Nations ends the diplomatic isolation of Spain.source
• 1950November 18 – The United Nations accepts the formation of the Libyan National Council.source
• 1950November 28 – Greece and Yugoslavia reform diplomatic relations.source
• 1951February 1–2 – The 1951 Nepalese revolution leads to agreement for a democratic constitution.source
• 1951February 12 – The seven-nation Commonwealth Consultative Committee meets to discuss the Colombo Plan for south and south-east Asia.source
• 1951February 27 – The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, limiting Presidents to two terms, is ratified.source
• 1951February – The Convention People's Party wins national elections in Gold Coast (British colony).source
• 1951April 11 – U.S. President Harry S. Truman relieves General Douglas MacArthur of his Far Eastern commands.source
• 1951April 18 – The Treaty of Paris (1951) is adopted, establishing the European Coal and Steel Community.source
• 1951May 3 – The U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services and U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations begin their closed door hearings into the dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur by U.S. President Harry S Truman.source
• 1951May 23 – The Tibetan government signs the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet with the People's Republic of China.source
• 1951July 10 – A formal peace agreement between Canada and Germany is signed.source
• 1951July 16 – King Leopold III of Belgium abdicates in favour of his son Baudouin, who on July 17 takes the oath as king of Belgium.source
• 1951July 28 – Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a multilateral treaty of the United Nations, is signed at a special conference in Geneva, defining the status of refugees and setting out the basis for granting right of asylum, coming into force on 22 April 1954.source
• 1951August 11 – René Pleven becomes Prime Minister of France.source
• 1951September 1 – The United States, Australia and New Zealand all sign a mutual defense pact, the ANZUS Treaty.source
• 1951September 2 – The Sri Lanka Freedom Party is founded by S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike.source
• 1951September 8 – The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, which allows United States Armed Forces to be stationed in Japan even after the end of the occupation of Japan, is signed by Japan and the United States.source
• 1951September 8 – Treaty of San Francisco: In San Francisco, 48 representatives out of 51 attending sign a peace treaty with Japan, formally ending the Pacific War; the delegations of the Soviet Union, Poland and Czechoslovakia do not sign the treaty, instead favoring separate treaties.source
• 1951September 20 – NATO accepts Greece and Turkey as members.source
• 1951October 14 – The Organization of Central American States (Organización de Estados Centroamericanos, ODECA) is formed.source
• 1951October 19 – The state of war between the United States and Germany is officially ended.source
• 1951October 24 – U.S. President Harry Truman declares an official end to war with Germany.source
• 1951October 26 – Winston Churchill is re-elected Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (a month before his 77th birthday) in a general election which sees the defeat of Clement Attlee's Labour government, after 6 years in power.source
• 1951October 27 – King Farouk I of Egypt declares himself king of the Sudan, with no international recognition or support.source
• 1951November 11 – Juan Perón is re-elected president of Argentina.source
• 1951December 24 – Libya becomes independent from Britain and France; Idris I is proclaimed King.source
• 1952February 26 – Vincent Massey is sworn in, becoming the first Canadian-born Governor General of Canada.source
• 1952March 20 – The United States Senate ratifies a peace treaty with Japan.source
• 1952March 21 – Kwame Nkrumah is elected Prime Minister of the Gold Coast.source
• 1952March 27 – A legislative Assembly election is held in Coorg.source
• 1952April 18 – West Germany and Japan form diplomatic relations.source
• 1952April 28 – The Treaty of San Francisco goes into effect, formally ending the war between Japan and the Allies, and simultaneously ending the occupation of the four main Japanese islands by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.source
• 1952May 13 – Pandit Nehru forms his first government in India.source
• 1952May 15 – Diplomatic relations are established between Israel and Japan at the level of legations.source
• 1952June 27 – Decree 900 in Guatemala orders the redistribution of uncultivated land.source
• 1952July 13 – East Germany announces the formation of its National People's Army.source
• 1952July 26 – King Farouk of Egypt abdicates, nominally in favour of his infant son Fuad II.source
• 1952August 5 – The Treaty of Taipei between Japan and the Republic of China goes into effect, officially ending the Second Sino-Japanese War.source
• 1952August 11 – The Jordanian Parliament forces King Talal of Jordan to abdicate due to mental illness; he is succeeded by his son King Hussein.source
• 1952August 14 – West Germany joins the IMF and the World Bank.source
• 1952August 27 – Reparation negotiations between West Germany and Israel end in Luxembourg: Germany will pay 3 billion Deutsche Marks.source
• 1952August 30 – The last Finnish war reparations are sent to the Soviet Union.source
• 1952September 10 – The European Parliamentary Assembly (from March 1962, the European Parliament) opens.source
• 1952October 23 – The West German Federal Constitutional Court bans the Socialist Reich Party as unconstitutional for being a Nazi Party successor organization.source
• 1952November 4 – 1952 United States presidential election: Republican General Dwight D. Eisenhower defeats Democratic Governor of Illinois Adlai Stevenson (correctly predicted by the UNIVAC computer).source
• 1952November 4 – Pace-Finletter MOU 1952: A Memorandum of understanding is signed between "...Air Force Secretary Finletter and Army Secretary Pace that established a fixed wing weight limit [for the Army] of five thousand pounds empty, but weight restrictions on helicopters were eliminated..."source
• 1952November 29 – Korean War: U.S. President-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower fulfills a political campaign promise, by traveling to Korea to find out what can be done to end the conflict.source
• 1952December 1 – Adolfo Ruiz Cortines takes office as President of Mexico.source
• 1952December 10 – Albert Schweitzer is given the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize.source
• 1952December 26 – Joseph Ivor Linton, the first Israeli Minister Plenipotentiary in Japan, presents his credentials to the Emperor of Japan.source
• 1953January 14 – Marshal Josip Broz Tito is chosen President of Yugoslavia.source
• 1953February 11 – The Soviet Union breaks diplomatic relations with Israel, after a bomb explodes at the Soviet Embassy, in reaction to the 'Doctors' plot'.source
• 1953February 12 – The Nordic Council is inaugurated.source
• 1953February 28 – Greece, Turkey, and Yugoslavia sign the Balkan Pact.source
• 1953March 6 – Georgy Malenkov succeeds Joseph Stalin, as Premier and First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.source
• 1953April 7 – Dag Hammarskjöld is elected Secretary-General of the United Nations.source
• 1953May 9 – Australian Senate election, 1953: The Liberal/Country Coalition Government, led by Prime Minister Robert Menzies, holds their Senate majority, despite gains made by the Labor Party, led by H. V. Evatt. This is the first occasion where a Senate election is held without an accompanying House of Representatives election.source
• 1953May 9 – France agrees to the provisional independence of Cambodia, with King Norodom Sihanouk.source
• 1953June 7 – Italian general election: the Christian Democracy party wins a plurality in both legislative houses.source
• 1953June 13 – Hungarian Prime Minister Mátyás Rákosi is replaced by Imre Nagy.source
• 1953June 18 – Egypt declares itself a republic.source
• 1953July 10 – The Soviet official newspaper Pravda announces that Lavrentiy Beria has been deposed as head of the NKVD.source
• 1953August 22 – The last prisoners are repatriated from Devil's Island to France.source
• 1953September 23 – The Pact of Madrid is signed by Francoist Spain and the United States of America, ending a period of virtual isolation for Spain.source
• 1953September 25 – The first German prisoners of war return from the Soviet Union to West Germany.source
• 1953October 1 – The Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea is concluded in Washington, D.C.source
• 1953October 5 – Earl Warren is appointed Chief Justice of the United States, by President Dwight D. Eisenhower.source
• 1953October 9 – West German federal election, 1953: Konrad Adenauer is re-elected as German chancellor.source
• 1953November 5 – David Ben-Gurion resigns as prime minister of Israel.source
• 1953November 9 – Cambodia becomes independent from France.source
• 1953December 2 – The United Kingdom and Iran reform diplomatic relations.source
• 1953December 8 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower delivers his Atoms for Peace address, to the United Nations General Assembly.source
• 1953December 25 – The Amami Islands are returned to Japan, after 8 years of United States military occupation.source
• 1953December 30 – Ramon Magsaysay becomes the 7th President of the Philippines.source
• 1954January 17 – In Yugoslavia, Milovan Đilas, one of the leading members of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, is relieved of his duties.source
• 1954January 25 – The foreign ministers of the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union meet at the Berlin Conference.source
• 1954February 19 – 1954 transfer of Crimea: The Soviet Politburo of the Soviet Union orders the transfer of the Crimean Oblast from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR.source
• 1954February 25 – Lt. Col. Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes premier of Egypt.source
• 1954April 11 – In a general election in Belgium, the dominant Christian Social Party wins 95 of the 212 seats in the Chamber of Representatives, and 49 of the 106 seats in the Senate. The government led by Jean Van Houtte loses their majority in parliament. The two other main parties, the Socialist and Liberal Party, subsequently form a rare "purple" government, with Achille Van Acker as Prime Minister.source
• 1954April 22 – The 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees comes into force, defining the status of refugees and setting out the basis for granting right of asylum.source
• 1954May 15 – The Latin Union (Unión Latina) is created by the Convention of Madrid. Its member countries use the five Romance languages: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian. It suspended operations in 2012.source
• 1954May 17 – Brown v. Board of Education (347 US 483 1954): The Supreme Court of the United States rules unanimously that segregated schools are unconstitutional.source
• 1954May 17 – Adnan Menderes of the Democrat Party forms the new (21st) government of Turkey.source
• 1954May 20 – Chiang Kai-shek is re-elected as the president of the Republic of China, by the National Assembly.source
• 1954May 29 – 1954 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a decreased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by H.V. Evatt. The election has come shortly after the Petrov Affair, arguably helping the Government survive what was initially predicted to be a defeat.source
• 1954June 18 – Pierre Mendès France becomes prime minister of France.source
• 1954September 6 – The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) treaty is signed in Manila, Philippines.source
• 1954September 18 – Finnish president J. K. Paasikivi is the first Western head of state to be awarded the highest honor of the Soviet Union, the Order of Lenin.source
• 1954September 24 – The Cochabamba–Santa Cruz highway connecting western and eastern Bolivia is inaugurated.source
• 1954September 25 – Footscray Football Club wins their first Australian Football League Grand Final.source
• 1954October 23 – Paris Agreement sets up the Western European Union to implement the Treaty of Brussels (1948), providing for mutual self-defence and other collaboration between Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Germany is granted admission to the NATO which becomes effective in 1955.source
• 1954November 5 – Japan and Burma sign a peace treaty in Rangoon, to end their long-extinct state of war.source
• 1954November 14 – Egyptian president Muhammad Naguib is deposed, and Gamal Abdel Nasser replaces him.source
• 1954November 21 – People's Action Party, an eventual dominative political party in Singapore, was established.source
• 1954December 15 – The Netherlands Antilles is created out of the Dutch Caribbean nations. It is dissolved between 1986 and 2010.source
• 1954December 24 – Laos gains full independence from France.source
• 1954The Boy Scouts of America desegregates on the basis of race.source
• 1954In South Vietnam, the Viet Minh is reorganised into the Viet Cong.source
• 1955January 3 – José Ramón Guizado becomes president of Panama.source
• 1955February 19 – The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) is established, at a meeting in Bangkok.source
• 1955February 24 – The Baghdad Pact (CENTO), originally known as Middle East Treaty Organization (METO), is signed between Iraq and Turkey.source
• 1955April 6 – Anthony Eden becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
• 1955April 16 – The Burma–Japan Peace Treaty, signed in Rangoon on November 5, 1954, comes into effect, formally ending a state of war between the two countries.source
• 1955May 6 – The Western European Union Charter becomes effective.source
• 1955May 9 – West Germany joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).source
• 1955May 14 – Eight Communist Bloc countries, including the Soviet Union, sign a mutual defence treaty in Warsaw, Poland, that is called the Warsaw Pact (it will be dissolved in 1991).source
• 1955May 15 – The Austrian State Treaty, which restores Austria's national sovereignty, is concluded between the 4 occupying powers following World War II (the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, and France) and Austria, setting it up as a neutral country.source
• 1955June 26 – The Freedom Charter of the anti-apartheid South African Congress Alliance is adopted, at a Congress of the People in Kliptown.source
• 1955June 30 – The Simonstown Agreement provides for control of the naval base at Simon's Town in the Union of South Africa to transfer from the British Royal Navy to the South African Navy.source
• 1955July 18–23 – Geneva Summit between the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom and France.source
• 1955July 18 – Illinois Governor William Stratton signs the Loyalty Oath Act, that mandates all public employees take a loyalty oath to the State of Illinois and the United States or lose their jobs.source
• 1955September 18 – The United Kingdom formally annexes the uninhabited Atlantic island of Rockall.source
• 1955September 24 – Dwight D. Eisenhower, president of the United States, suffers a coronary thrombosis while on vacation in Denver, Colorado. Vice President Nixon assumed administrative duties and presided over Cabinet and National Security Council meetings while Eisenhower recovers.source
• 1955October 14 – The Organization of Central American States secretariat is inaugurated.source
• 1955October 26 – After the last Allied troops have left Austria, and following the provisions of the Austrian Independence Treaty, the country declares its permanent neutrality.source
• 1955October 26 – Ngô Đình Diệm proclaims Vietnam to be a republic, with himself as its President (following the State of Vietnam referendum on October 23), and forms the Army of the Republic of Vietnam.source
• 1955November 15 – The Democratic Party of Japan and Japan Liberal Party merge to form the Japan Liberal Democratic Party, beginning the "1955 System".source
• 1955November 23 – The Cocos Islands in the Indian Ocean are transferred from British to Australian control.source
• 1955December 9 – Adnan Menderes of DP forms the new government of Turkey (22nd government).source
• 1955December 10 – 1955 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a substantially increased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by H. V. Evatt. This election comes in the immediate aftermath of the devastating split in the Labor Party, which leads to the formation of the Democratic Labor Party. The DLP will preference against Labor, and keep the Coalition in office until 1972.source
• 1955December 20 – Cardiff is declared by the British Government as the capital of Wales.source
• 1955December 31 – Austria becomes independent, under terms of the May 15 Austrian State Treaty.source
• 1956January 1 – The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium ends in Sudan after 57 years.source
• 1956January 16 – Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser vows to Liberate Palestine.source
• 1956March 2 – Morocco declares its independence from France.source
• 1956March 20 – Tunisia gains independence from France.source
• 1956April 9 – Habib Bourguiba is elected President of the National Constituent Assembly of the Kingdom of Tunisia; on April 15 he becomes prime minister.source
• 1956April 18 – Maria Desylla-Kapodistria is elected mayor of Corfu, becoming the first female mayor in Greece.source
• 1956May 8 – The constitutional union between Indonesia and the Netherlands is dissolved.source
• 1956May 25 – India announces the institution of diplomatic relations with Francoist Spain.source
• 1956June 1 – Vyacheslav Molotov resigns as foreign minister of the Soviet Union; he later becomes ambassador to Mongolia.source
• 1956June 6 – In Singapore, chief minister David Marshall resigns a little over a year into his chief ministership, after the breakdown of talks regarding internal self-government in London.source
• 1956June 23 – Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes the 2nd president of Egypt, a post he holds until his death in 1970.source
• 1956July 10 – The British House of Lords defeats the abolition of the death penalty.source
• 1956July 30 – A joint resolution of Congress is signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, authorizing "In God we trust" as the U.S. national motto.source
• 1956August 17 – West Germany bans the Communist Party of Germany.source
• 1956October 19 – The Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 is signed in Moscow, ending the legal state of war between the Soviet Union and Japan (with effect from December 12) and making possible the restoration of diplomatic relations between the two nations.source
• 1956October 29 – Tangier Protocol: The international city Tangier is reintegrated into Morocco.source
• 1956November 1 – The States Reorganisation Act of India reforms the boundaries and names of Indian states. Three new states, Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, are formed.source
• 1956November 6 – 1956 United States presidential election: Republican incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower defeats Democratic challenger Adlai Stevenson, in a rematch of their contest 4 years earlier.source
• 1956November 12 – Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia join the United Nations.source
• 1956December 12 – Japan becomes a member of the United Nations.source
• 1957January 1 – The Saarland joins West Germany.source
• 1957January 10 – Harold Macmillan becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
• 1957January 11 – The African Convention is founded in Dakar.source
• 1957January 20 – Israel withdraws from the Sinai Peninsula (captured from Egypt on October 29, 1956).source
• 1957January 26 – The Ibirapuera Planetarium (the first in the Southern Hemisphere) is inaugurated in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.source
• 1957February 15 – Andrei Gromyko becomes foreign minister of the Soviet Union.source
• 1957February 23 – The founding congress of the Senegalese Popular Bloc opens in Dakar.source
• 1957March 1 – U Nu becomes Prime Minister of Burma.source
• 1957March 6 – United Kingdom colonies Gold Coast and British Togoland become the independent nation of Ghana.source
• 1957March 25 – The Treaty of Rome (Patto di Roma) establishes the European Economic Community (EEC; predecessor of the European Union) between Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg.source
• 1957April 5 – The Communist Party of India wins the elections in Kerala, making E. M. S. Namboodiripad its first chief minister.source
• 1957April 12 – The United Kingdom announces that Singapore will gain self-rule on January 1, 1958.source
• 1957April 15 – White Rock secedes from Surrey, British Columbia, following a referendum.source
• 1957May 16 – Paul-Henri Spaak becomes the new Secretary General of NATO.source
• 1957June 21 – John Diefenbaker becomes the 13th Prime Minister of Canada.source
• 1957July 14 – Rawya Ateya takes her seat in the National Assembly of Egypt, thereby becoming the first female parliamentarian in the Arab world.source
• 1957July 25 – Tunisia becomes a republic, with Habib Bourguiba as its first president.source
• 1957August 31 – The Federation of Malaya gains independence from the United Kingdom, subsequently celebrated as Malaysia's National Day. Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan, Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan, becomes the first Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaya. The country's new Constitution had come into force on August 27. The Alliance Party and its successor are the ruling coalition until 2018.source
• 1957September 9 – The Civil Rights Act of 1957 is enacted, establishing the United States Commission on Civil Rights.source
• 1957October 27 – Celâl Bayar is re-elected president of Turkey.source
• 1957November 15 – Yugoslavia announces the end of an economic boycott of Francoist Spain (although it does not reinstitute diplomatic relations).source
• 1957November 16 – Adnan Menderes of the Democrat Party forms the new government of Turkey (23rd government, last government formed by DP and Menderes).source
• 1957November 30 – 1957 New Zealand general election: The Labour Party defeats the governing National Party, with Walter Nash succeeding Keith Holyoake as Prime Minister.source
• 1957December 10 – Canadian diplomat Lester B. Pearson receives the Nobel Peace Prize, for his peacekeeping efforts in the United Nations.source
• 1958January 3 – The West Indies Federation is formed.source
• 1958January 27 – A Soviet-American executive agreement on cultural, educational and scientific exchanges, also known as the "Lacy–Zarubin Agreement", is signed in Washington, D.C.source
• 1958February 1 – Egypt and Syria unite to form the United Arab Republic.source
• 1958February 11 – Marshal Chen Yi succeeds Zhou Enlai as Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs.source
• 1958February 14 – The Hashemite Kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan unite in the Arab Federation, with King Faisal II of Iraq as head of state.source
• 1958February 23 – Arturo Frondizi is elected president of Argentina.source
• 1958April 1 – The Treaty of Angra de Cintra is signed by Spain and Morocco, ending the Spanish protectorate in Morocco.source
• 1958May 1 – The Nordic Passport Union comes into force.source
• 1958May 1 – Arturo Frondizi becomes President of Argentina.source
• 1958May 10 – Interviewed in the Chave d'Ouro café, when asked about his rival António de Oliveira Salazar, Humberto Delgado utters one of the most famous comments in Portuguese political history: "Obviamente, demito-o! (Obviously, I'll sack him!)".source
• 1958May 12 – A formal North American Aerospace Defense Command agreement is signed between the United States and Canada.source
• 1958July 12 – Henri Cornelis becomes Governor-General of the Belgian Congo, the last Belgian governor prior to independence.source
• 1958September 2 – Hendrik Verwoerd becomes the 6th Prime Minister of South Africa.source
• 1958September 4 – Jorge Alessandri is the winner of Chile's presidential election.source
• 1958September 28 – In the 1958 French constitutional referendum, a majority of 79% says yes to the constitution of the Fifth Republic.source
• 1958October 1 – Tunisia and Morocco join the Arab League.source
• 1958October 1 – The United Kingdom transfers sovereignty of Christmas Island from Singapore to Australia.source
• 1958October 4 – The new Constitution of France is signed into law, establishing the French Fifth Republic.source
• 1958November 3 – The new UNESCO building, World Heritage Centre, is inaugurated in Paris.source
• 1958November 3 – Jorge Alessandri is sworn in as President of Chile.source
• 1958November 25 – French Sudan gains autonomy as a self-governing member of the French colonial empire.source
• 1958November 28 – Chad, the Republic of the Congo and Gabon become autonomous republics within the French colonial empire.source
• 1958November 30 – Gaullists win the French parliamentary election.source
• 1958December 1 – Adolfo López Mateos takes office as President of Mexico.source
• 1959January 3 – Alaska is admitted as the 49th U.S. state.source
• 1959January 3 – The southernmost island of the Maldives archipelago, Addu Atoll, declares its independence from the Kingdom of the Maldives, initiating the United Suvadive Republic.source
• 1959January 6 – The International Maritime Organization is inaugurated.source
• 1959January 7 – The United States recognizes the new Cuban government of Fidel Castro.source
• 1959January 8 – Charles de Gaulle is inaugurated as the first president of the French Fifth Republic.source
• 1959January 10 – The Soviet government recognizes the new Castro government of Cuba.source
• 1959January 21 – The European Court of Human Rights is established.source
• 1959February 9 – Yugoslavia and Spain set trade relations (not diplomatic ones).source
• 1959February 16 – Fidel Castro becomes Premier of Cuba.source
• 1959February 18 – Women in Nepal vote for the first time.source
• 1959February 19 – First of the London and Zürich Agreements under which the United Kingdom agrees to grant independence to Cyprus.source
• 1959March 18 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Hawaii Admission Act, granting statehood to Hawaii.source
• 1959March 19 – The other two southern islands of the Maldives, Huvadhu Atoll and Fuvahmulah, join Addu Atoll in forming the United Suvadive Republic (abolished September 1963).source
• 1959April 27 – National People's Congress elects Liu Shaoqi as Chairman of the People's Republic of China, as a successor of Mao Zedong.source
• 1959May 24 – British Empire Day is renamed Commonwealth Day.source
• 1959June 3 – Singapore becomes a self-governing crown colony of Britain with Lee Kuan Yew as Prime Minister.source
• 1959June 23 – Seán Lemass becomes the third Taoiseach of Ireland.source
• 1959August 19 – The Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) is established.source
• 1959August 30 – 1959 South Vietnamese legislative election: South Vietnamese opposition figure Phan Quang Dan is elected to the National Assembly despite soldiers being bussed in to vote for President Ngo Dinh Diem's candidate.source
• 1959September 15–28 – USSR Premier Nikita Khrushchev and his wife tour the United States, at the invitation of U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower.source
• 1959September 30 – Soviet Union leader Nikita Khrushchev meets Mao Zedong in Beijing.source
• 1959November 20 – The Declaration of the Rights of the Child is adopted by the United Nations.source
• 1959December 1 – Cold War: Antarctic Treaty – 12 countries, including the United States and the Soviet Union, sign a landmark treaty that sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve and bans military activity on the continent (the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War).source
• 1959December 14 – Makarios III is selected as the first president of Cyprus.source
• 1960January 19 – A revised version of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan ("U.S.-Japan Security Treaty" or "Anpo (jōyaku)"), which allows U.S. troops to be based on Japanese soil, is signed in Washington, D.C. by Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi and President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The new treaty is opposed by the massive Anpo protests in Japan.source
• 1960February 13 – Gerboise Bleue: France tests its first atomic bomb, in the Sahara Desert of Algeria.source
• 1960March 6 – The Canton of Geneva in Switzerland gives women the right to vote.source
• 1960April 21 – In Brazil, the country's capital (Federal District) is relocated from the city of Rio de Janeiro to the new city, Brasília, in the highlands. The former Federal District, in which the city of Rio de Janeiro was situated, becomes the State of Guanabara.source
• 1960May 6 – United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act of 1960 into law.source
• 1960June 20 – The short-lived Mali Federation, consisting of the Sudanese Republic (modern-day Republic of Mali) and Senegal, gains independence from France.source
• 1960June 24 – Joseph Kasa-Vubu is elected as the first President of the independent Democratic Republic of the Congo.source
• 1960June 30 – The Belgian Congo receives its independence from Belgium, as the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville). A civil war follows shortly.source
• 1960July 1 – The Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former Italian Somaliland) gains its independence from Italy. Concurrently, it unites as scheduled with the five-day-old State of Somaliland (the former British Somaliland) to form the Somali Republic.source
• 1960July 11 – Congo Crisis: Moise Tshombe declares the Congolese province of Katanga independent. He requests and receives help from Belgium.source
• 1960July 12 – Chin Peng is exiled from Malaya to Thailand, and the Malayan state of emergency is lifted.source
• 1960July 20 – Ceylon elects Mrs. Sirimavo Bandaranaike as its Prime Minister, the world's first elected female head of government (she takes office the following day).source
• 1960August 6 – In the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) (later the Democratic Republic of the Congo), Albert Kalonji declares the independence of the Autonomous State of South Kasai.source
• 1960August 20 – Senegal breaks away from the Mali Federation, declaring its independence.source
• 1960September 5 – Poet Léopold Sédar Senghor is the first elected President of Senegal.source
• 1960October 1 – Nigeria becomes independent from the United Kingdom, and Nnamdi Azikiwe becomes its first native-born Governor General.source
• 1960October 14 – Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy first suggests the idea for the Peace Corps of the United States.source
• 1960November 8 – 1960 United States presidential election: In a close race, Democratic U. S. Senator John F. Kennedy is elected over Republican U. S. Vice President Richard Nixon, to become (at 43) the second youngest man to serve as President of the United States, and the youngest man elected to this position.source
• 1960November 22 – The United Nations supports the government of Joseph Kasavubu and Joseph Mobutu in the Republic of the Congo.source
• 1960November 26 – 1960 New Zealand general election: The National Party defeats the governing Labour Party after only three years in office. National leader Keith Holyoake becomes Prime Minister of New Zealand for a second time.source
• 1960December 13 – The countries of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua announce the formation of the Central American Common Market.source
• 1960December 14 – Antoine Gizenga proclaims in the Democratic Republic of the Congo that he has taken over as the country's premier.source
• 1960December 15 – King Mahendra of Nepal deposes the democratic government in his country and takes direct control himself.source
• 1960December 16 – Secretary of State Christian Herter announces that the United States will commit five nuclear submarines and eighty Polaris missiles to the defense of the NATO countries by the end of 1963.source
• 1961January 3 – United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower announces that the United States has severed diplomatic and consular relations with Cuba (Cuba–United States relations are restored in 2015).source
• 1961January 5 – After the 1960 military coup, General Cemal Gürsel forms the new government of Turkey (25th government).source
• 1961January 7 – Following a four-day conference in Casablanca, five African chiefs of state announce plans for a NATO-type African organization to ensure common defense. The Charter of Casablanca involves the Casablanca Group: Morocco, the United Arab Republic, Ghana, Guinea, and Mali.source
• 1961January 17 – President Dwight Eisenhower gives his final State of the Union Address to Congress. In a Farewell Address the same day, he warns of the increasing power of a "military–industrial complex."source
• 1961January 20 – John F. Kennedy is inaugurated as the 35th President of the United States, becoming the second-youngest president to be sworn in.source
• 1961January 25 – Acting to halt 'leftist excesses', a junta composed of two army officers and four civilians takes over El Salvador, ousting another junta that had ruled for three months.source
• 1961January 30 – President John F. Kennedy delivers his first State of the Union Address.source
• 1961February 15 – United States President John F. Kennedy warns the Soviet Union to avoid interfering with the United Nations' pacification of the Congo.source
• 1961March 1 – United States President John F. Kennedy establishes the Peace Corps.source
• 1961March 13 – United States President John F. Kennedy proposes a long-term "Alliance for Progress", between the United States and Latin America.source
• 1961March 29 – The Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, allowing residents of Washington, D.C. to vote in presidential elections.source
• 1961April 12 – Albert Kalonji takes the title Emperor Albert I Kalonji of South Kasai.source
• 1961May 27 – Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaya, holds a press conference in Singapore, announcing his idea to form the Federation of Malaysia, comprising Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, Brunei and North Borneo (Sabah).source
• 1961June 4 – Vienna summit: John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev meet during two days in Vienna. They discuss nuclear tests, disarmament and Germany.source
• 1961June 17 – The New Democratic Party of Canada is founded, with the merger of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and the Canadian Labour Congress.source
• 1961June 25 – Iraqi president Abd al-Karim Qasim announces his intention to annex newly independent Kuwait (such an annexation will occur in 1990).source
• 1961August 25 – João Goulart replaces Jânio Quadros as President of Brazil (he is ousted in 1964).source
• 1961August – The United States founds the Alliance for Progress.source
• 1961October 1 – Unification Day (Cameroon): The formerly British Southern Cameroons gains independence from the United Kingdom by vote of the UN General Assembly and joins with formerly French Cameroun to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon.source
• 1961November 24 – The World Food Programme (WFP) is formed as a temporary United Nations program.source
• 1961December 2 – Cold War: In a nationally broadcast speech, Cuban leader Fidel Castro announces he is a Marxist–Leninist, and that Cuba will adopt socialism.source
• 1961December 9 – Tanganyika gains independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth realm, with Julius Nyerere as its first Prime Minister, with Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Tanganyika, and represented locally by the Governor-General of Tanganyika.source
• 1961December 10 – Albania–Soviet relations: The Soviet Union severs diplomatic relations with Albania.source
• 1961December 18 – 1961 Indian annexation of Goa: India opens hostilities in its annexation of Portuguese India, the colonies of Goa, Damao and Diu.source
• 1962January 13 – Albania allies itself with the People's Republic of China.source
• 1962February 15 – Urho Kekkonen is re-elected president of Finland.source
• 1962March 8–12 – In Geneva, France and the Algerian FLN begin negotiations.source
• 1962March 18 – Évian Accords: France and Algeria sign an agreement in Évian-les-Bains, ending the Algerian War.source
• 1962March 23 – The Scandinavian States of the Nordic Council sign the Helsinki Convention on Nordic Co-operation.source
• 1962April 3 – Jawaharlal Nehru is elected de facto Prime Minister of India, for the fourth time.source
• 1962April 8 – In France, the Évian Accords are adopted in a referendum, with a majority of 90%.source
• 1962May 6 – Antonio Segni is elected President of the Italian Republic.source
• 1962May 31 – The British West Indies Federation is officially wound up (under terms of the U.K. West Indies Act of 18 April) due to internal dissention.source
• 1962June 15 – Students for a Democratic Society in the United States complete the Port Huron Statement.source
• 1962June 17 – The OAS signs a truce with the FLN in Algeria, but a day later announces that it will continue the fight on behalf of French Algerians.source
• 1962June 25 – İsmet İnönü of the CHP forms the new government of Turkey (27th government, coalition partners; YTP and CKMP).source
• 1962July 1 – 1962 Algerian independence referendum in French Algeria: Supporters of Algerian independence win a 99% majority in a referendum.source
• 1962July 25 – The International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos is signed in Geneva.source
• 1962July 31 – Algeria proclaims independence; Ahmed Ben Bella is the first President.source
• 1962August 15 – The New York Agreement is signed, transferring the Dutch West New Guinea colony to Indonesia.source
• 1962August 16 – Algeria joins the Arab League.source
• 1962August 31 – The Caribbean island nation of Trinidad and Tobago becomes fully independent of the United Kingdom's British Empire.source
• 1962September 1 – A referendum in Singapore supports the Malayan Federation.source
• 1962October 5 – The French National Assembly censures the proposed referendum to sanction presidential elections by popular mandate; Prime Minister Georges Pompidou resigns, but President de Gaulle asks him to stay in office.source
• 1962Slavery in Saudi Arabia is abolished.source
• 1962December 7 – Rainier III, Prince of Monaco revises the principality's constitution, devolving some of his formerly autocratic power to several advisory and legislative councils.source
• 1962December 9 – Tanganyika (modern-day Tanzania) becomes a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, with Julius Nyerere as president.source
• 1962December 19 – Britain acknowledges the right of Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi) to secede from the Central African Federation.source
• 1963January 19 – Soviet spy Gheorghe Pintilie is removed from his position as Deputy Interior Minister of the Romanian People's Republic, as a step in ensuring Romania's political independence; the Workers' Party Politburo discusses way of neutralizing "Soviet intelligence networks [...] which Gheorghe Pintilie had coordinated."source
• 1963February 5 – The European Court of Justice's ruling in Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen establishes the principle of direct effect, one of the basic tenets of European Union law.source
• 1963February 27 – Juan Bosch takes office as the 41st president of the Dominican Republic.source
• 1963March 30 – Indigenous Australians are legally allowed to drink alcohol in New South Wales.source
• 1963April 7 – Yugoslavia is proclaimed to be a socialist republic, and Josip Broz Tito is named President for Life.source
• 1963April 22 – Lester Bowles Pearson becomes the 14th Prime Minister of Canada.source
• 1963April 28 – 1963 general election is held in Italy.source
• 1963June 26 – David Ben-Gurion is replaced by Levi Eshkol as prime minister of Israel.source
• 1963July 30 – The Soviet newspaper Izvestia reports that British diplomat and double agent Kim Philby has been given asylum in Moscow.source
• 1963August 5 – The United States, United Kingdom and Soviet Union sign the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.source
• 1963August 30 – The Moscow–Washington hotline (a direct teleprinter link) is inaugurated by U.S. President John F. Kennedy.source
• 1963September 1 – Establishment of language areas and facilities in Belgium comes into effect. This will become the foundation for further state reform in Belgium.source
• 1963September 16 – Malaysia is formed through the merging of the Federation of Malaya and the British crown colony of Singapore, North Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak.source
• 1963September 24 – The United States Senate ratifies the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.source
• 1963October 2 – Nigeria becomes a republic; The 1st Republican Constitution is established.source
• 1963October 2 – The Presidential Commission on the Status of Women in the United States issues its final reports to President Kennedy.source
• 1963October 10 – Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, signed on August 5, takes effect.source
• 1963October 16 – Ludwig Erhard replaces Konrad Adenauer as Chancellor of West Germany.source
• 1963October 19 – Alec Douglas-Home succeeds Harold Macmillan as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
• 1963November 25 – State funeral of John F. Kennedy: President Kennedy is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Schools around the nation cancel classes that day; millions watch the funeral on live international television. Lee Harvey Oswald's funeral takes place on the same day.source
• 1963November 30 – 1963 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with an increased majority to an unprecedented eighth term in office, defeating the Labor Party led by Arthur Calwell. (This would be the final lower house election won by Menzies, who would retire from office during the term as the longest-serving Prime Minister in Australian history; he would be replaced by Harold Holt.)source
• 1963December 10 – Zanzibar gains independence from the United Kingdom, as a constitutional monarchy under Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah.source
• 1963December 12 – Kenya gains independence from the United Kingdom, with Jomo Kenyatta as prime minister.source
• 1963December 31 – Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland dissolves.source
• 1964January 1 – The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is dissolved.source
• 1964January 22 – Kenneth Kaunda is inaugurated as the first Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia.source
• 1964February 4 – The Government of the United States authorizes the Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, outlawing the poll tax.source
• 1964February 5 – India backs out of its promise to hold a plebiscite in the disputed territory of Kashmir. In 1948, India had taken the issue of Kashmir to the United Nations Security Council and offered to hold a plebiscite in the held Kashmir under UN supervision.source
• 1964March 28 – King Saud of Saudi Arabia abdicates. His brother, Prince Faisal, does not officially assume the throne until November.source
• 1964April 11 – The Brazilian Congress elects Field Marshal Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco as President of Brazil.source
• 1964April 20 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson in New York, and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Moscow, simultaneously announce plans to cut back production of materials for making nuclear weapons.source
• 1964April 26 – Tanganyika and Zanzibar merge to form Tanzania.source
• 1964May 28 – The Charter of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is released by the Arab League.source
• 1964June 21 – Spain beats the Soviet Union 2–1 to win the 1964 European Nations Cup.source
• 1964June 26 – Moise Tshombe returns to the Democratic Republic of the Congo from exile in Spain.source
• 1964July 2 – The United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 is enacted.source
• 1964July 20 – The National Movement of the Revolution is established in the Republic of the Congo, becoming the country's sole legal political party.source
• 1964August 24–27 – The Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City nominates incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson for a full term, and U.S. Senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota as his running mate.source
• 1964October 1 – The Shinkansen high-speed rail system, the world's first such system, is inaugurated in Japan, for the first sector between Tokyo and Osaka.source
• 1964October 5 – Elizabeth II and The Duke of Edinburgh begin an 8-day visit to Canada.source
• 1964October 14–15 – Nikita Khrushchev is deposed as leader of the Soviet Union; Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin assume power.source
• 1964October 15 – 1964 United Kingdom general election: The Labour Party wins a narrow victory over Sir Alec Douglas-Home's Conservative Party, which has been in power for 13 years. The new prime minister is Harold Wilson.source
• 1964October 22 – Canada: A Federal Multi-Party Parliamentary Committee selects a design to become the new official Flag of Canada.source
• 1964November 3 – 1964 United States presidential election: Incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson defeats Republican challenger Barry Goldwater with over 60 percent of the popular vote.source
• 1964December 1 – Gustavo Díaz Ordaz takes office as President of Mexico.source
• 1964December 5 – Australian Senate election, 1964: The Liberal/Country Coalition Government led by Prime Minister Robert Menzies hold their status quo, while the Labor Party led by Arthur Calwell lose one seat to the Democratic Labor Party, who hold the balance of power in the Senate alongside independent Reg Turnbull.source
• 1964December 12 – Jamhuri Day: Kenya becomes a republic, with Jomo Kenyatta as its first President.source
• 1964December 30 – The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is established as a permanent organ of the UN General Assembly.source
• 1965February 18 – The Gambia becomes independent from the United Kingdom.source
• 1965February 20 – Suat Hayri Ürgüplü forms the new (interim) government of Turkey (29th government).source
• 1965March 30 – The second ODECA charter, signed by Central American states on December 12, 1962, becomes effective.source
• 1965April 9 – The West German parliament extends the statute of limitations on Nazi war crimes.source
• 1965May 1 – Bob Askin replaces Jack Renshaw as Premier of New South Wales.source
• 1965June 19 – Air Marshal Nguyen Cao Ky, head of the South Vietnamese Air Force, was appointed prime minister at the head of the military junta, with General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu becoming a figurehead president, ending two years of short-lived military juntas.source
• 1965June 22 – The Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea is signed in Tokyo.source
• 1965July 15 – Greek Prime minister Georgios Papandreou and his government are dismissed by King Constantine II.source
• 1965July 27 – Edward Heath becomes Leader of the British Conservative Party.source
• 1965August 6 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act into law, outlawing literacy tests and other discriminatory voting practices that have been responsible for widespread disfranchisement of African Americans.source
• 1965August 7 – Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia, recommends the expulsion of Singapore from the Federation of Malaysia following a deterioration of PAP–UMNO relations, negotiating its separation with Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore.source
• 1965August 9 – Proclamation of Singapore: Singapore is expelled from the Federation of Malaysia, which recognises it as a sovereign nation. Lee Kuan Yew announces Singapore's independence and assumes the position of Prime Minister of the new island nation – a position he holds until 1990.source
• 1965September 9 – U.N. Secretary General U Thant negotiates with Pakistan President Ayub Khan.source
• 1965September 17 – King Constantine II of Greece forms a new government with Prime Minister Stephanos Stephanopoulos, in an attempt to end a 2-year-old political crisis.source
• 1965September 18 – Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin invites the leaders of India and Pakistan to meet in the Soviet Union to negotiate.source
• 1965September 21 – Gambia, Maldives and Singapore are admitted as members of the United Nations.source
• 1965October 4 – Prime minister Ian Smith of Rhodesia and Arthur Bottomley of the Commonwealth of Nations begin negotiations in London.source
• 1965October 13 – Congo President Joseph Kasavubu fires Prime Minister Moise Tshombe and forms a provisional government, with Évariste Kimba in a leading position.source
• 1965October 20 – Ludwig Erhard is re-elected Chancellor of West Germany (he had first been elected in 1963).source
• 1965November 11 – In Rhodesia (modern-day Zimbabwe), the white-minority government of Ian Smith unilaterally declares de facto independence ('UDI').source
• 1965November 22 – The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is established as a specialized agency of the United Nations.source
• 1965November 24 – Congolese lieutenant general Mobutu ousts Joseph Kasavubu and declares himself president.source
• 1965December 20 – The World Food Programme is made a permanent agency of the United Nations.source
• 1965December 31 – Bokassa takes power in the Central African Republic.source
• 1966January 21 – Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro resigns due to a power struggle in his party.source
• 1966January 27 – Britain's Labour Party unexpectedly retains the parliamentary seat of Hull North in a by-election, with a swing of 4.5% to their candidate from the opposition Conservatives, and a majority up from 1,181 at the 1964 General Election to 5,351.source
• 1966February 1 – Around 2,600 political prisoners are released by East Germany, in return for "donations" worth approximately $10,000 a head from West Germany.source
• 1966February 7 – Lyndon B. Johnson of the United States and Nguyễn Cao Kỳ of South Vietnam convene with other officials in a summit in Honolulu, Hawaii to discuss the course of the Vietnam War.source
• 1966February 20 – While Soviet author and translator Valery Tarsis is abroad, the Soviet Union negates his citizenship.source
• 1966March 1 – The Ba'ath Party takes power in Syria.source
• 1966March 11 – Transition to the New Order in Indonesia: President Sukarno gives all executive powers to General Suharto by signing the Supersemar order.source
• 1966March 31 – The British Labour Party led by Harold Wilson wins the 1966 United Kingdom general election, gaining a 96-seat majority (compared with a single seat majority when the election was called on February 28).source
• 1966May 28 – The Indonesian and Malaysian governments declare that the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation is over (a treaty is signed on August 11).source
• 1966June 2 – Joaquín Balaguer is elected president of the Dominican Republic.source
• 1966June 18 – CIA chief William Raborn resigns; Richard Helms becomes his successor.source
• 1966July 1 – Joaquín Balaguer becomes president of the Dominican Republic.source
• 1966July 14 – Gwynfor Evans, President of Plaid Cymru, the Welsh nationalist party, becomes Member of the United Kingdom Parliament for Carmarthen, taking the previously Labour-held Welsh seat at a by-election with a majority of 2,435 on an 18% swing and giving his party its first representation at Westminster in its forty-one year history.source
• 1966July 26 – Lord Gardiner issues the Practice Statement in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom, stating that the House, when acting in a judicial capacity, is not bound to follow its own previous precedent.source
• 1966August 11 – Indonesia and Malaysia issue a joint peace declaration, formally ending the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation which began in 1963.source
• 1966August 30 – France offers independence to French Somaliland (Djibouti from 1977).source
• 1966September 12 – B. J. Vorster becomes the new Prime Minister of South Africa.source
• 1966September 30 – The Bechuanaland Protectorate in Africa achieves independence from the United Kingdom as Botswana, with Seretse Khama as its first President.source
• 1966October 4 – Basutoland becomes independent of the United Kingdom and takes the name Lesotho.source
• 1966October 17 – Lesotho and Botswana are admitted to the United Nations.source
• 1966November 10 – Seán Lemass retires as Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland, to be replaced in the role by fellow Fianna Fáil member Jack Lynch.source
• 1966December 1 – Kurt Georg Kiesinger is elected Chancellor of West Germany.source
• 1966December 16 – The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights are adopted by the General Assembly, as Resolution 2200 A (XXI).source
• 1966December 31 – East German Premier Walter Ulbricht discusses negotiations about German reunification.source
• 1967January 23 – Milton Keynes in England is founded as a new town by Order in Council, with a planning brief to become a city of 250,000 people. Its initial designated area encloses three existing towns and twenty one villages. The area to be developed is largely farmland, with evidence of permanent settlement dating back to the Bronze Age.source
• 1967January 27 – The United States, Soviet Union and United Kingdom sign the Outer Space Treaty (ratified by USSR May 19; comes into force October 10), prohibiting weapons of mass destruction from space.source
• 1967February 10 – The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution (presidential succession and disability) is ratified.source
• 1967February 22 – Donald Sangster becomes the new prime minister of Jamaica, succeeding Alexander Bustamante.source
• 1967February 22 – Suharto takes power from Sukarno in Indonesia (see Transition to the New Order and Supersemar).source
• 1967February 23 – The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution is enacted.source
• 1967March 12 – The Indonesian State Assembly takes all presidential powers from Sukarno and names Suharto as acting president (Suharto resigned in 1998).source
• 1967May 6 – Zakir Husain is the first Muslim to become president of India.source
• 1967May 27 – The Australian referendum, 1967 passes with an overwhelming 90% support, removing, from the Australian Constitution, 2 discriminatory sentences referring to Indigenous Australians. It signifies Australia's first step in recognising Indigenous rights.source
• 1967May 30 – Biafra, in eastern Nigeria, announces its independence, which is not recognized.source
• 1967June 8 – Egypt severs diplomatic relations with the United States.source
• 1967July 1 – American Samoa's first constitution becomes effective.source
• 1967July 1 – The EEC joins with the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Atomic Community, to form the European Communities (from the 1980s usually known as European Community [EC]).source
• 1967July 4 – The British Parliament decriminalizes homosexuality.source
• 1967July 24 – During an official state visit to Canada, French President Charles de Gaulle declares to a crowd of over 100,000 in Montreal: Vive le Québec libre! (Long live free Quebec!). The statement, interpreted as support for Quebec independence, delights many Quebecers but angers the Canadian government and many English Canadians.source
• 1967August 8 – The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is founded in Bangkok, Thailand.source
• 1967August 30 – Thurgood Marshall is confirmed as Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He is the first African American to hold the position.source
• 1967October 4 – Omar Ali Saifuddin III of Brunei abdicates in favour of his son, His Majesty Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah.source
• 1967October 14 – Quebec Nationalism: René Lévesque leaves the Liberal Party.source
• 1967October 25 – The Abortion Act 1967 passes in the British Parliament and receives royal assent two days later.source
• 1967November 22 – UN Security Council Resolution 242 is adopted by the UN Security Council, establishing a set of principles aimed at guiding negotiations for an Arab–Israeli peace settlement.source
• 1967November 25 – 1967 Australian Senate election: The Liberal/Country Coalition government led by Prime Minister Harold Holt lost two seats, while the Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam failed to make any gains. The Democratic Labor Party won the two seats from the Liberals and gained the sole balance of power in the Senate.source
• 1967November 30 – Zulfikar Ali Bhutto founds the Pakistan People's Party and becomes its first chairman. It has gone on to become one of Pakistan's major political parties (alongside the Pakistan Muslim League) that is broken into many factions, bearing the same name under different leaders, such as the Pakistan's Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP).source
• 1967December 9 – Nicolae Ceaușescu becomes the Chairman of the Romanian State Council, making him the de facto leader of Romania.source
• 1968January 5 – Prague Spring: Alexander Dubček is chosen as leader of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.source
• 1968January 10 – John Gorton is sworn in as 19th Prime Minister of Australia, taking over from John McEwen after being elected leader of the Liberal Party the previous day, following the disappearance of Harold Holt. Gorton becomes the only Senator to become Prime Minister, though he immediately transfers to the House of Representatives through the 1968 Higgins by-election in Holt's vacant seat.source
• 1968January 31 – Nauru president Hammer DeRoburt declares independence from Australia, Britain and New Zealand.source
• 1968March 12 – Mauritius achieves independence from British rule.source
• 1968March 16 – U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy enters the race for the Democratic Party presidential nomination.source
• 1968April 20 – Pierre Elliott Trudeau becomes the 15th Prime Minister of Canada.source
• 1968April 23 – President Mobutu releases captured mercenaries in the Congo.source
• 1968June 23–30 – 1968 French legislative election: The Gaullist Union pour la défense de la République becomes the first party in French political history to obtain an absolute majority in the National Assembly. George Pompidou leads the party through the campaign but resigns as prime minister afterwards. The public unrest of May 68 subsides.source
• 1968June 26 – The Bonin Islands are returned to Japan after 23 years of occupation by the United States Navy.source
• 1968July 1 – The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty opens for signature.source
• 1968September 6 – Swaziland (later known as Eswatini) becomes independent of the United Kingdom.source
• 1968September 27 – Marcelo Caetano becomes prime minister of Portugal.source
• 1968September 29 – A referendum in Greece gives more power to the military junta.source
• 1968October 12 – Equatorial Guinea receives its independence from Spain.source
• 1968November 5 – Luis A. Ferré of the newly formed New Progressive Party is elected Governor of Puerto Rico by beating incumbent governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella of the People's Party, Luis Negrón López of the Popular Democratic Party and Antonio J. Gonzalez of the Puerto Rican Independence Party; he also becomes the first "statehooder" governor of the Island.source
• 1968November 5 – 1968 United States presidential election: Republican candidate Richard Nixon defeats the Democratic candidate, Vice President Hubert Humphrey, and American Independent Party candidate George Wallace.source
• 1968November 11 – A second republic is declared in the Maldives.source
• 1969January 20 – Richard Nixon is sworn in as the 37th president of the United States of America.source
• 1969February 4 – In Cairo, Yasser Arafat is elected Palestine Liberation Organization leader at the Palestinian National Congress.source
• 1969March 17 – Golda Meir becomes the first female prime minister of Israel.source
• 1969March 25 - Ayub Khan resigns as President of Pakistan and transfers the power to Yahya Khan.source
• 1969April 28 – Charles de Gaulle steps down as president of France after suffering defeat in a referendum the day before.source
• 1969May 26 – The Andean Pact (Andean Group) is established.source
• 1969June 8 – U.S. President Richard Nixon and South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu meet at Midway Island. Nixon announces that 25,000 U.S. troops will be withdrawn by September.source
• 1969June 15 – Georges Pompidou is elected President of France.source
• 1969June 24 – The United Kingdom and Rhodesia sever diplomatic relations, after the Rhodesian constitutional referendum.source
• 1969July 7 – French is made equal to English throughout the Canadian national government.source
• 1969July 14 – The Act of Free Choice for West Irian commences in Merauke, Indonesia.source
• 1969August 2 – U.S. President Richard Nixon visits Romania, becoming the first incumbent U.S. president to visit a communist state since the start of the Cold War.source
• 1969September 28 – 1969 West German federal election: The Social Democrats, led by Vice Chancellor Willy Brandt, and the Free Democrats led by Walter Scheel, formed a coalition government with Brandt as Chancellor, after the Social Democrats severed their relationship with Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger's Christian Democratic Union.source
• 1969October 1 – In Sweden, Olof Palme is elected Leader of the Social Democratic Worker's Party, replacing Tage Erlander as Prime Minister on October 14.source
• 1969October 21 – Willy Brandt becomes Chancellor of West Germany.source
• 1969October 25 – 1969 Australian federal election: John Gorton's Liberal/Country Coalition government is narrowly re-elected with a sharply reduced majority, defeating a resurgent Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam. Prime Minister Gorton survived a leadership challenge by his deputy William McMahon as well as David Fairbairn in the immediate aftermath of the election.source
• 1969November 3 – Süleyman Demirel of AP forms the new government of Turkey (31st government).source
• 1969November 17 – Cold War: Negotiators from the Soviet Union and the United States meet in Helsinki, to begin the SALT I negotiations aimed at limiting the number of strategic weapons on both sides.source
• 1969November 21 – U.S. President Richard Nixon and Japanese Premier Eisaku Satō agree in Washington, D.C. to the return of Okinawa to Japanese control in 1972. Under the terms of the agreement, the U.S. retains rights to military bases on the island, but they must be nuclear-free.source
• 1969December 27 – The Liberal Democratic Party wins 47.6% of the votes in the 1969 Japanese general election. Future prime ministers Yoshirō Mori and Tsutomu Hata and future kingmaker Ichirō Ozawa are elected for the first time.source
• 1969International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, a maritime treaty, is adopted.source
• 1970March 5 – The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty goes into effect, after ratification by 56 nations.source
• 1970March 6 – Süleyman Demirel of AP forms the new government of Turkey (32nd government).source
• 1970March 19 – Ostpolitik: The leaders of West Germany and East Germany meet at a summit for the first time since Germany's division into two republics. West German Chancellor Willy Brandt is greeted by cheering East German crowds as he arrives in Erfurt for a summit with his counterpart, East German Ministerpräsident Willi Stoph.source
• 1970May 6 – Feyenoord win the European Cup in association football after a 2–1 win over Celtic.source
• 1970May 31 – The 1970 FIFA World Cup in association football is inaugurated in Mexico. Tactical substitutes are first permitted.source
• 1970September 4 – Chilean Socialist Senator Salvador Allende wins 36.2% of the vote in his run for presidency defeating former right-wing President Jorge Alessandri with 34.9% of the votes and Christian Democrat Radomiro Tomic with 27.8% of the votes.source
• 1970September 9 – Guinea recognizes the German Democratic Republic.source
• 1970September 22 – Tunku Abdul Rahman resigns as prime minister of Malaysia, and is succeeded by his deputy Tun Abdul Razak.source
• 1970October 6 – Bolivian President Alfredo Ovando Candía resigns; General Rogelio Miranda takes over but resigns soon after.source
• 1970October 7 – General Juan José Torres becomes the new President of Bolivia.source
• 1970October 13 – Saeb Salam forms a government in Lebanon.source
• 1970October 24 – Salvador Allende is elected President of Chile by a run-off vote in the National Congresssource
• 1970October 28 – In Jordan, the government of Ahmad Toukan resigns; the next prime minister is Wasfi al-Tal.source
• 1970November 3 – Salvador Allende takes office as president of Chile.source
• 1970November 13 – Hafez al-Assad comes to power in Syria, following a military coup within the Ba'ath Party.source
• 1970November 19 – The six European Economic Community nation prime ministers meet in Munich to begin the new programme of European Political Cooperation (EPC), a unified foreign policy for a future European Union.source
• 1970November 21 – Syrian Prime Minister Hafez al-Assad forms a new government but retains the post of defense minister.source
• 1970November 21 – 1970 Australian Senate election: The Liberal/Country Coalition government led by Prime Minister John Gorton and the Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam each end up with 26 seats, both suffering a swing against them. The Democratic Labor Party wins an additional seat and holds the balance of power in the Senate. This is the last occasion on which a Senate election is held without an accompanying House of Representatives election.source
• 1970December 1 – The Italian Chamber of Deputies accepts a new divorce law.source
• 1970December 1 – Luis Echeverría becomes president of Mexico.source
• 1970December 7 – Pakistan's general elections are held.source
• 1970December 23 – Law 70-001 is enacted in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, amending article 4 of the constitution and making the country a one-party state.source
• 1970December 23 – The Bolivian government releases Régis Debray.source
• 1970December 27 – President of India V. V. Giri declares new elections.source
• 1971January 5 – The first ever One Day International cricket match is played between Australia and England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.source
• 1971January 19 – Representatives of 23 western oil companies begin negotiations with OPEC in Tehran to stabilize oil prices; February 14 they sign a treaty with 6 Arab states of the Persian Gulf.source
• 1971January 25 – Himachal Pradesh becomes the 18th Indian state.source
• 1971January 25 – In Uganda, Idi Amin deposes Milton Obote in a coup, and becomes president.source
• 1971February 11 – The US, UK, USSR and others sign the Seabed Treaty, outlawing nuclear weapons on the ocean floor.source
• 1971February 16 – In Italy, a local parliament elects the city of Catanzaro as the capital of Calabria; residents of Reggio di Calabria riot for 5 days because of the decision.source
• 1971March 1 – Canadian John Robarts ends his term of office as the 17th Premier of Ontario.source
• 1971March 26 – Nihat Erim (a former CHP member) forms the new government of Turkey (33rd government, composed mostly of technocrats).source
• 1971March 27 – East Pakistan's independence is declared by army major (later president of Bangladesh) Ziaur Rahman from Kalurghat Radio Station.source
• 1971April 17 – The People's Republic of Bangladesh forms under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman at Mujibnagor.source
• 1971April 20 – Cambodian prime minister Lon Nol resigns but remains effectively in power until the next elections.source
• 1971April 25 – Todor Zhivkov is reelected as the leader of the Bulgarian Communist Party.source
• 1971May 3 – East German leader Walter Ulbricht resigns as Socialist Unity Party leader but retains the position of head of state.source
• 1971May 9 – Arsenal FC beats Liverpool F.C. 2–1 to win the English FA Cup, thus completing the league and cup 'double'.source
• 1971June 11 – Neville Bonner becomes the first Indigenous Australian to sit in the Australian Parliament.source
• 1971July 5 – Right to vote: The Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, formally certified by President Richard Nixon, lowers the voting age from 21 to 18.source
• 1971July 14 – Libya severs its diplomatic ties with Morocco.source
• 1971July 15 – American President Richard Nixon announces his 1972 visit to China.source
• 1971August 30 – The Progressive Conservatives under Peter Lougheed defeat the Social Credit government under Harry E. Strom in a general election, ending 36 years of uninterrupted power for Social Credit in Alberta.source
• 1971September 2 – The United Arab Republic is renamed to the Arab Republic of Egyptsource
• 1971October 21 – U.S. President Richard Nixon nominates Lewis Franklin Powell Jr. and William H. Rehnquist to the U.S. Supreme Court.source
• 1971October 25 – The United Nations General Assembly admits the People's Republic of China and expels the Republic of China (or Taiwan).source
• 1971November 23 – The People's Republic of China takes the Republic of China's seat on the United Nations Security Council (see China and the United Nations).source
• 1971December 11 – Nihat Erim forms the new government of Turkey (34th government; Nihat Erim has served two times as prime minister).source
• 1972January 10 – Independence leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman returns to Bangladesh after spending over nine months in prison in Pakistan.source
• 1972January 18 – Members of the Mukti Bahini lay down their arms to the government of the newly independent Bangladesh, 33 days after winning the war against the occupying Pakistan Army.source
• 1972January 19 – The Libertarian enclave Minerva on a platform in the South Pacific, sponsored by the Phoenix Foundation, declares independence. Soon neighboring Tonga annexes the area and dismantles the platform.source
• 1972January 20 – President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto announces that Pakistan will immediately begin a nuclear weapons program.source
• 1972January 21 – Tripura, part of the former independent Twipra Kingdom, becomes a full state of India.source
• 1972January 26 – The Aboriginal Tent Embassy is set up on the lawn of Parliament House in Canberra.source
• 1972February 15 – President of Ecuador José María Velasco Ibarra is deposed for the fourth time.source
• 1972February 21–28 – U.S. President Richard Nixon makes an unprecedented 8-day visit to the People's Republic of China and meets with Mao Zedong.source
• 1972March 4 – Libya and the Soviet Union sign a cooperation treaty.source
• 1972March 19 – India and Bangladesh sign the Indo-Bangladeshi Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace.source
• 1972March 22 – The 92nd U.S. Congress votes to send the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the states for ratification.source
• 1972April 10 – The U.S. and the Soviet Union join some 70 nations in signing the Biological Weapons Convention, an agreement to ban biological warfare.source
• 1972April 13 – The Universal Postal Union decides to recognize the People's Republic of China as the only legitimate Chinese representative, effectively expelling the Republic of China administering Taiwan.source
• 1972April 27 – A no-confidence vote against German Chancellor Willy Brandt fails under obscure circumstances; years later it turned out that at least one opposition MP was paid by the East German Stasi for not supporting the vote.source
• 1972May 22 – Ferit Melen forms the new (interim) government of Turkey (35th government)source
• 1972May 22 – The Dominion of Ceylon becomes the republic of Sri Lanka under prime minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike, when its new constitution is ratified.source
• 1972May 26 – Richard Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev sign the SALT I treaty in Moscow, as well as the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and other agreements.source
• 1972June 17 – Chilean president Salvador Allende forms a new government.source
• 1972June 18 – West Germany beats the Soviet Union 3–0 in the final to win Euro '72.source
• 1972September 28 – The Canada men's national ice hockey team defeats the Soviet national ice hockey team in the eighth and final game of the 1972 Summit Series 6–5 to win the series 4–3–1.source
• 1972September 29 – China–Japan relations: The Joint Communiqué of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China is signed in Beijing, which normalizes Japanese diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China after breaking official ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan).source
• 1972October 8 – A major breakthrough occurs in the Paris peace talks between Henry Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ.source
• 1972October – In Somalia, the government of President Siad Barre formally introduces the Somali alphabet as the country's official writing script.source
• 1972December 16 – The Constitution of Bangladesh comes into effect.source
• 1973January 17 – Ferdinand Marcos becomes President for Life of the Philippines.source
• 1973January 27 – U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War ends with the signing of the Paris Peace Accords.source
• 1973February 28 – The Republic of Ireland general election is held. Liam Cosgrave becomes the new Taoiseach.source
• 1973March 20 – A British government White Paper on Northern Ireland proposes the re-establishment of an Assembly elected by proportional representation, with a possible All-Ireland council.source
• 1973April 5 – Fahri Korutürk becomes the sixth president of Turkey.source
• 1973April 10 – The Islamic Republic of Pakistan introduced its new constitution, its supreme law.source
• 1973April 15 – Naim Talu, a former civil servant, forms the new government of Turkey (36th government).source
• 1973May 10 – The Polisario Front, a Sahrawi movement dedicated to the independence of Spanish Sahara, is formed.source
• 1973May 25 – Héctor José Cámpora becomes democratic president of the Argentine Republic ending the 1966 to 1973 Revolución Argentina military dictatorship.source
• 1973June 1 – The Greek military junta abolishes the monarchy and proclaims a republic.source
• 1973June 25 – Erskine Hamilton Childers is elected the 4th President of Ireland.source
• 1973June 28 – Elections are held for the Northern Ireland Assembly, which will lead to power-sharing between unionists and nationalists in Northern Ireland for the first time.source
• 1973July 10 – The Bahamas gains full independence within the Commonwealth of Nations.source
• 1973August 1 – Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) is inaugurated.source
• 1973September 18 – The two German Republics, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), are admitted to the United Nations.source
• 1973September 27 – Luís Cabral declares the independence of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau from the Estado Novo regime in Portugal. It is later granted in September 1974.source
• 1973October 10 – Spiro Agnew resigns as Vice President of the United States.source
• 1973October 25 – The Yom Kippur War ends.source
• 1973October 26 – The United Nations recognizes the independence of Guinea-Bissau.source
• 1973November 7 – The Congress of the United States overrides President Richard Nixon's veto of the War Powers Resolution, which limits presidential power to wage war without congressional approval.source
• 1973November 27 – The United States Senate votes 92–3 to confirm Gerald Ford as Vice President of the United States.source
• 1973December 1 – Papua New Guinea gains self-government from Australia.source
• 1973December 6 – The United States House of Representatives votes 387–35 to confirm Gerald Ford as Vice President of the United States; he is sworn in the same day.source
• 1973December – Chile breaks diplomatic contacts with Sweden.source
• 1974January 25 – Bülent Ecevit of CHP forms the new government of Turkey (37th government, partner MSP).source
• 1974January 31 – The South Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong announced that they would resume prisoner of war exchanges on February 8, after a suspension of seven months.source
• 1974February 1 – Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia, is declared a Federal Territory.source
• 1974February 28 – The British election ended in a hung parliament after the Jeremy Thorpe-led Liberal Party achieves its biggest vote.source
• 1974March 4 – Following a hung parliament in the United Kingdom general election, Conservative prime minister Edward Heath resigns and is succeeded by Labour's Harold Wilson, who previously led the country from 1964 to 1970.source
• 1974March 18 – In West Germany, the Bundestag passes the Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz ("Federal Emission Control Act").source
• 1974May 7 – West German chancellor Willy Brandt, resigns after four years in office.source
• 1974May 16 – Helmut Schmidt becomes the new Chancellor of West Germany.source
• 1974May 18 – 1974 Australian federal election: Gough Whitlam's Labor government is re-elected with a reduced majority, defeating the Liberal/Country Coalition led by Billy Snedden. Whitlam consequently becomes the first Labor Prime Minister to be re-elected in his own right. The Democratic Labor Party meanwhile loses all five of their Senate seats, effectively wiping them out as a political force.source
• 1974June 27 – The head of the Chilean Military Junta, Army General Augusto Pinochet, assumes the office of "Supreme Chief of the Nation". On December 17, via a Supreme Decree amendment, he will be formally designated President of Chile.source
• 1974July 23 – The Greek military junta is replaced by a civilian government, the metapolitefsi.source
• 1974August 8 – U.S. President Richard Nixon announces his resignation on August 8, effective at noon on August 9.source
• 1974August 9 – Vice President Gerald Ford becomes the 38th president of the United States upon Nixon's resignation.source
• 1974September 10 – The Portuguese military junta grants independence to Guinea-Bissau.source
• 1974October 11 – The UK Labour government of Harold Wilson wins the second general election of the year, forming a three-seat majority. Wilson, who has led the party for a total of 11 years, has now won four of the five general elections he has contested.source
• 1974November 5 – The Democratic Party makes big gains nationwide in House, Senate, and Gubernatorial elections.source
• 1974November 17 – The 1974 Greek legislative election, the first election since the fall of the Greek junta of 1967–1974, is held and the newly formed New Democracy party wins 220 of 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament.source
• 1974December 8 – 1974 Greek republic referendum: Greeks vote in a 2 to 1 margin to reject the monarchy, solidifying the country's republican form of government.source
• 1974December 9 – The Paris summit, reuniting the European Communities' heads of state and government, commences.source
• 1974December 13 – Malta becomes a republic.source
• 1975January 15 – Alvor Agreement: Portugal announces that it will grant independence to Angola on November 11.source
• 1975February 11 – Margaret Thatcher defeats Edward Heath for the leadership of the opposition UK Conservative Party. Thatcher, 49, is Britain's first female leader of any political party.source
• 1975February 28 – In Lomé, Togo, the European Economic Community and 46 African, Caribbean and Pacific countries sign a financial and economic treaty, known as the first Lomé Convention.source
• 1975March 6 – Algiers Agreement: Iran and Iraq announce a settlement in their border dispute.source
• 1975May 16 – Sikkim accedes to India after a referendum and abolishes the Chogyal, its monarchy.source
• 1975May 28 – Fifteen West African countries sign the Treaty of Lagos, creating the Economic Community of West African States.source
• 1975June 6 – The Georgetown Agreement, formally creating the ACP Group, is signed.source
• 1975June 11 – After a referendum and seven years of military rule, modern-day Greece is established as the Hellenic Republic.source
• 1975July 12 – São Tomé and Príncipe declare independence from Portugal.source
• 1975July 21 – The Parliament of India votes to approve Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's declaration of a state of emergency, with a 301–76 vote in the lower house and a 147–32 vote in the upper house.source
• 1975August 1 – The Helsinki Accords, which officially recognize Europe's national borders and respect for human rights, are signed in Finland.source
• 1975September 16 – Cape Verde, Mozambique and São Tomé and Príncipe join the United Nations.source
• 1975October 30 – Juan Carlos I of Spain becomes acting head of state after General Francisco Franco concedes that he is too ill to govern. His death on November 20 effectively marks the end of the dictatorship established following the Spanish Civil War and the beginning of the Spanish transition to democracy.source
• 1975October 31 – Tun Mustapha resigns as Chief Minister of Sabah, a state in Malaysia, bringing to an end speculation that he would attempt to lead secession for Sabah to become an independent nation.source
• 1975November 10 – The Treaty of Osimo is signed between Italy and Yugoslavia, resolving their dispute over Trieste. Under the agreement, a majority of the land area and residents go to Italy.source
• 1975November 11 – Australian constitutional crisis of 1975: Governor-General of Australia Sir John Kerr controversially dismisses the Whitlam Labor government and commissions Malcolm Fraser of the Liberal/National Country Coalition as caretaker Prime Minister.source
• 1975November 14 – Madrid Accords: Spain agrees to hand over power of the Spanish Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania by the end of February 1976.source
• 1975November 15 – The "Group of 6" industrialized nations (G-6) is formed and holds its 1st summit at the Château de Rambouillet in France.source
• 1975November 19 – The United States Congress approves the Clark Amendment, ending aid to the FNLA and UNITA.source
• 1975November 25 – Suriname gains independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands.source
• 1975November 28 – Portuguese Timor declares its independence from Portugal as East Timor.source
• 1975November 29 – 1975 New Zealand general election: The New Zealand National Party led by Robert Muldoon defeats the incumbent New Zealand Labour Party led by Prime Minister Bill Rowling.source
• 1975December 2 – In Laos, the Second Indochina War ends, when the communist party of the Pathet Lao takes over Vientiane and defeats the Kingdom of Laos, forcing King Sisavang Vatthana to abdicate and creating the Lao People's Democratic Republic. This ends the Laotian Civil War, with mass evacuation of American troops and Laotian civilians, but effectively begins the Insurgency in Laos with the Pathet Lao fighting the Hmong people, Royalist-in-exile and the Right-wings.source
• 1975December 13 – 1975 Australian federal election: The Liberal/National Country Coalition led by Malcolm Fraser defeats the recently dismissed Labor government led by Gough Whitlam. The Fraser government achieves what is so far the largest parliamentary majority in federal Australian political history. Whitlam would subsequently survive a leadership challenge against him.source
• 1976January 2 – The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enters into force.source
• 1976January 5 – The Pol Pot regime proclaims a new constitution for Democratic Kampuchea.source
• 1976January 18 – Full diplomatic relations are established between Bangladesh and Pakistan 5 years after the Bangladesh Liberation War.source
• 1976January 27 – The United States vetoes a United Nations resolution that calls for an independent Palestinian state.source
• 1976February 9 – The Australian Defence Force is formed by unification of the Australian Army, the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force.source
• 1976February 27 – The Polisario Front, Western Sahara's national liberation movement, declares independence of the territory under the name "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic".source
• 1976March 4 – The Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention is formally dissolved in Northern Ireland, resulting in Direct rule over Northern Ireland by the Government of the United Kingdom in London.source
• 1976April 5 – James Callaghan becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
• 1976June 1 – The United Kingdom and Iceland end the Third Cod War, with the UK accepting Iceland's extension of its territorial waters to 200 nautical miles in exchange for defined fishing rights.source
• 1976June 2 – The Philippine government opens relations with the Soviet Union.source
• 1976June 12 – Alberto Demicheli, a jurist, is inaugurated as a civilian de facto President of Uruguay after Juan María Bordaberry is deposed by the military.source
• 1976June 27 – G-6 is renamed "Group of 7" (G-7) with the inclusion of Canada.source
• 1976July 2 – North Vietnam dissolves the Provisional Government of South Vietnam and unites the two countries to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.source
• 1976July 7 – David Steel becomes leader of the UK's Liberal Party in the aftermath of the scandal which forced out Jeremy Thorpe.source
• 1976July 17 – East Timor is declared the 27th province of Indonesia.source
• 1976July 27 – The United Kingdom breaks diplomatic relations with its former colony Uganda in response to the hijacking of Air France Flight 139.source
• 1976October 12 – The People's Republic of China announces that Hua Guofeng is the successor to Mao Zedong as Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party following the latter's death on September 9 from a heart attack.source
• 1976October 22 – Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh, the 5th President of Ireland, resigns after being publicly insulted by the Minister for Defense.source
• 1976November 2 – 1976 United States presidential election: Jimmy Carter narrowly defeats incumbent Gerald Ford, becoming the first candidate from the Deep South to win since the Civil War.source
• 1976November 26 – The Warsaw Treaty Organization joint secretariat is established.source
• 1976December 1 – Sir Douglas Nicholls is appointed the 28th Governor of South Australia, the first Australian Aboriginal appointed to vice-regal office.source
• 1976December 3 – Patrick Hillery is sworn in after being elected unopposed as the 6th President of Ireland.source
• 1976December 5 – The Japanese general election takes place, and the ruling Liberal Democratic Party loses its majority in the 511-member House of Representatives but remains the largest party with 249 seats.source
• 1976December 15 – Denis Healey announces to the British Parliament that he has successfully negotiated a £2.3bn loan from the International Monetary Fund.source
• 1977January 20 - Jimmy Carter is sworn in as the 39th President of the United States after defeating Gerald Ford in the 1976 election.source
• 1977February 2 – The Congress Party of India, led by Indira Gandhi, splits with Jagjivan Ram and other senior leaders, forming Congress for Democracy. This party later merges with the Janata Party.source
• 1977March 8 – The Australian parliament is opened by Elizabeth II in her capacity as Queen of Australia.source
• 1977March 19 – Results of elections to the Indian Parliament are declared. Indira Gandhi's Congress Party is routed by the opposition Janata alliance.source
• 1977March 21 – Prime Minister Indira Gandhi withdraws the state of emergency which was implemented on June 25, 1975.source
• 1977April 9 – Spain legalizes the Communist Party of Spain, which had been outlawed since 1939.source
• 1977May 12 – Portugal and Israel establish diplomatic relations.source
• 1977May 17 – The Likud Party, led by Menachem Begin, wins the national elections in Israel.source
• 1977June 15 – Spain has its first democratic elections, after 41 years of Francoist Spain.source
• 1977June 21 – Bülent Ecevit, of CHP forms the new government of Turkey (40th government since the founding of the Turkish republic, but fails to receive the vote of confidence).source
• 1977June 27 – Djibouti receives its independence from France.source
• 1977June 27 – Constitution for the Federation of Earth is adopted by the second session of the World Constituent Assembly, held at Innsbruck, Austria.source
• 1977June 30 – The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization is permanently disbanded.source
• 1977July 5 – General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq overthrows Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan.source
• 1977August 4 – U.S. president Jimmy Carter signs legislation creating the United States Department of Energy.source
• 1977August 9 – The military-controlled government of Uruguay announces that it will return the nation to civilian rule through general elections in 1981 for a president and Congress.source
• 1977August 26 – The National Assembly of Quebec passes the Charter of the French Language (Law 101, La charte de la langue française) making French the official language of the Canadian province of Quebec.source
• 1977September 7 – Torrijos-Carter treaties: Treaties between Panama and the United States on the status of the Panama Canal are signed. The U.S. agrees to transfer control of the canal to Panama at the end of the 20th century.source
• 1977October 7 – The Soviet Union adopts its third Constitution. The Soviet National Anthem's lyrics are returned after a 24-year period, with Joseph Stalin's name omitted.source
• 1977October 23 – The president of Catalonia, Josep Tarradellas, returns to Barcelona from exile and the autonomous government of Catalonia, the Generalitat, is restored.source
• 1977November 19 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat becomes the first Arab leader to make an official visit to Israel, when he meets with Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin, seeking a permanent peace settlement.source
• 1977December 6 – South Africa grants independence to Bophuthatswana, although it is not recognized by any other country.source
• 1977December 10 – 1977 Australian federal election: Malcolm Fraser's Liberal/National Country Coalition government is re-elected with a slightly reduced majority, defeating the Labor Party led by former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. Consequently, Whitlam resigns as ALP leader after holding the job for nearly 11 years; he is replaced by former treasurer Bill Hayden.source
• 1977December 20 – Djibouti and Vietnam join the United Nations.source
• 1978January 5 – Bülent Ecevit, of CHP, forms the new government of Turkey (42nd government).source
• 1978January 22 – Ethiopia declares the ambassador of West Germany persona non grata.source
• 1978February 15 – Rhodesia, one of only two remaining white-ruled African nations (the other being South Africa), announces that it will accept multiracial democracy within 2 years.source
• 1978February 25 – The first Legislative Assembly election is held in Arunachal Pradesh, India.source
• 1978March 15 – Somalia and Ethiopia sign a truce to end the Ethio-Somali War.source
• 1978March 28 – San Francisco's City Council signs the United States's most comprehensive gay rights bill.source
• 1978April 30 – The "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" is proclaimed, under pro-communist leader Nur Muhammad Taraki.source
• 1978May 22 – Exiled leaders Ahmed Abdallah and Muhammad Ahmad return to the Comoros.source
• 1978September 5 – Camp David Accords: Hosted by U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Israel's Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egypt's President Anwar Sadat met at Camp David in Maryland to discuss a peace agreement between the two nations.source
• 1978September 16 – General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq officially assumes the post of President of Pakistan.source
• 1978September 17 – The Camp David Accords are signed between Israel and Egypt.source
• 1978September 20 – General Rahimuddin Khan assumes the post of martial law Governor of Balochistan.source
• 1978October 1 – Tuvalu becomes independent from the United Kingdom.source
• 1978October 7 – Wranslide in New South Wales: the Wran government is re-elected with an increased majority.source
• 1978October 9 – P.W. Botha succeeds John Vorster as Prime Minister of South Africa.source
• 1978October 10 – Daniel arap Moi becomes president of Kenya.source
• 1978October 10 – John Vorster becomes State President of South Africa.source
• 1978October 10 – United States President Jimmy Carter signs a bill that authorizes the minting of the Susan B. Anthony dollar.source
• 1978October 14 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs a bill into law which allows homebrewing of beer in the United States.source
• 1978October 18 – Thorbjörn Fälldin steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden, and is succeeded by Ola Ullsten, the Leader of the liberal People's Party ("Folkpartiet").source
• 1978October 27 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin win the Nobel Peace Prize for their progress toward achieving a Middle East accord.source
• 1978December 6 – Spanish transition to democracy: The Spanish Constitution officially restores the country's democratic government.source
• 1978December 16 – The Mystery of Mamo is released in cinemas in Japan.source
• 1978December 27 – The Constitution of Spain is approved in a referendum, officially ending 40 years of military dictatorship.source
• 1979January 1 – The United States and the People's Republic of China establish full diplomatic relations.source
• 1979February 18 – The Khomeini government in Iran cuts diplomatic relations with Israel.source
• 1979February 22 – Saint Lucia becomes independent from the United Kingdom.source
• 1979March 26 – In a ceremony at the White House, President Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel sign an Egypt–Israel peace treaty.source
• 1979March 28 – In Britain, James Callaghan's minority Labour government loses a motion of confidence by one vote, forcing a general election which is to be held on 3 May.source
• 1979March 31 – The last British soldier (belonging to the Royal Navy) leaves the Maltese Islands, after 179 years of presence. Malta declares its Freedom Day (Jum il-Helsien).source
• 1979April 1 – Iran's government becomes an Islamic Republic by a 98% vote, overthrowing the Shah officially.source
• 1979May 1 – Greenland is granted limited autonomy from Denmark, with its own Parliament sitting in Nuuk.source
• 1979May 3 – The 1979 United Kingdom general election for the House of Commons takes place, giving the Conservatives a majority, and designating Margaret Thatcher the nation's first woman prime minister, ending the rule of James Callaghan's Labour government.source
• 1979June 1 – The first black-led government of Rhodesia in 90 years takes power, in succession to Ian Smith and under his power-sharing deal, in the unrecognized republic of Zimbabwe Rhodesia.source
• 1979June 4 – Following the "Muldergate" Information Scandal, John Vorster resigns as State President of South Africa.source
• 1979June 4 – Joe Clark becomes Canada's 16th and youngest Prime Minister.source
• 1979June 7 – 1979 European Parliament election: The first direct elections to the European Parliament begin, allowing citizens from across all nine (at this time) member states of the European Communities to elect 410 MEPs. It is also the first international election in history.source
• 1979June 18 – Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev sign the SALT II agreement in Vienna.source
• 1979July 16 – Iraqi President Hasan al-Bakr resigns and Vice President Saddam al-Tikriti, more commonly referred to in the Western press as "Saddam Hussein", assumes the presidency.source
• 1979July 21 – Nicaraguan Revolution: The Sandinista National Liberation Front concludes a successful revolutionary campaign against the Somoza dynasty and assumes power in Nicaragua.source
• 1979July 28 – Morarji Desai resigns as India's prime minister and Charan Singh succeeds him.source
• 1979August 5 – The Polisario Front signs a peace treaty with Mauritania. Mauritania withdraws from the Western Sahara territory it had occupied, and cedes it to the SADR.source
• 1979October 1 – Nigeria terminates military rule, and the Second Nigerian Republic is established.source
• 1979October 12 – Thorbjörn Fälldin returns as Prime Minister of Sweden, replacing Ola Ullsten who is named Foreign Minister of Sweden.source
• 1979October 27 – Saint Vincent and the Grenadines gains independence from the UK.source
• 1979December 5 – Jack Lynch resigns as Taoiseach of Ireland; he is succeeded by Charles Haughey.source
• 1979December 12 – The unrecognised state of Zimbabwe Rhodesia returns to British control and resumes using the name Southern Rhodesia.source
• 1979December 13 – The Canadian Progressive Conservative minority government of Prime Minister Joe Clark, falls in a non-confidence motion.source
• 1980January 14 – Indian National Congress party leader Indira Gandhi returns to power as the Prime Minister of India.source
• 1980February 4 – Abolhassan Banisadr is sworn in as the first President of Iran after winning the January 25 presidential election.source
• 1980February 15 – In Vanuatu, followers of John Frum's cargo cult on the island of Tanna declare secession as the nation of Tafea.source
• 1980February 22 – The US upset the USSR in the Olympics, a hockey game known as the Miracle on Ice. They then proceeded to defeat Finland to secure their first of two gold medals since 1960.source
• 1980February 23 – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini states that Iran's parliament will decide the fate of the American embassy hostages.source
• 1980March 1 – The Commonwealth Trade Union Council is established.source
• 1980March 3 – Pierre Trudeau returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada.source
• 1980March 4 – Robert Mugabe is elected Prime Minister of Zimbabwe.source
• 1980April 18 – Zimbabwe gains de jure independence from the United Kingdom with Robert Mugabe as its first Prime Minister.source
• 1980April 30 – Queen Juliana of the Netherlands abdicates and her daughter Beatrix accedes to the throne.source
• 1980May 2 – Referendum on system of government held in Nepal.source
• 1980May 20 – 1980 Quebec referendum: Voters in Quebec reject, by a vote of 60%, a proposal to seek independence from Canada.source
• 1980June 29 – Vigdís Finnbogadóttir is elected President of Iceland, making her the first woman democratically elected as head of state.source
• 1980July 30 – Vanuatu gains independence.source
• 1980July 30 – Israel's Knesset passes the Jerusalem Law.source
• 1980August 1 – Vigdís Finnbogadóttir becomes the 4th President of Iceland, the world's first democratically directly elected female president.source
• 1980September 21 – Bülent Ulusu, ex admiral, forms the new government of Turkey (44th government, composed mostly of technocrats).source
• 1980October 14 – The 6th Congress of the Workers' Party ends, having anointed North Korean President Kim Il Sung's son Kim Jong Il as his successor.source
• 1980October 15 – James Callaghan announces his resignation as leader of the British Labour Party.source
• 1980October 18 – 1980 Australian federal election: Malcolm Fraser's Liberal/National Country Coalition government is re-elected with a substantially reduced majority, defeating the Labor Party led by Bill Hayden. The Government also loses control of the Senate, with the Australian Democrats winning the balance of power.source
• 1980October 30 – El Salvador and Honduras sign a peace treaty to put the border dispute fought over in 1969's Football War before the International Court of Justice.source
• 1980October 31 – The Polish government recognizes Solidarity.source
• 1980October 31 – Reza Pahlavi, eldest son of the Shah of Iran, proclaims himself the rightful successor to the Peacock Throne.source
• 1980November 4 – 1980 United States presidential election: Republican challenger and former Governor Ronald Reagan of California defeats incumbent Democratic President Jimmy Carter and is elected the 40th President of the United States.source
• 1981January 1 – Palau becomes a self-governing territory.source
• 1981January 20 – Iran releases the 52 Americans held for 444 days, minutes after Ronald Reagan is sworn in as the 40th President of the United States, ending the Iran hostage crisis.source
• 1981February 4 – Gro Harlem Brundtland becomes Prime Minister of Norway.source
• 1981February 9 – Polish Prime Minister Józef Pińkowski resigns and is replaced by General Wojciech Jaruzelski.source
• 1981March 11 – Chilean military dictator Augusto Pinochet is sworn in as President of Chile for another 8-year term.source
• 1981April 26 – French presidential election: A first-round runoff results between Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and François Mitterrand.source
• 1981May 21 – François Mitterrand becomes the first socialist President of the French Fifth Republic.source
• 1981May 25 – In Riyadh, the Gulf Cooperation Council is created among Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.source
• 1981June 18 – The Organization of Eastern Caribbean States is founded.source
• 1981June 22 – Iranian president Abolhassan Banisadr is deposed.source
• 1981July 7 – United States President Ronald Reagan nominates the first woman, Sandra Day O'Connor, to the Supreme Court of the United States.source
• 1981July 10 – Mahathir Mohamad becomes the 4th Prime Minister of Malaysia.source
• 1981September 1 – Gregorio Conrado Álvarez is inaugurated as a military de facto President of Uruguay.source
• 1981September 18 – France's National Assembly votes to abolish Capital punishment in France.source
• 1981September 21 – Belize, formerly British Honduras, gains its independence from the United Kingdom.source
• 1981September 25 – Sandra Day O'Connor takes her seat as the first female justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.source
• 1981October 5 – Raoul Wallenberg posthumously becomes an honorary citizen of the United States.source
• 1981October 21 – Andreas Papandreou becomes Prime Minister of Greece.source
• 1981October 22 – The founding congress of the Nepal Workers and Peasants Organization faction led by Hareram Sharma and D. P. Singh begins.source
• 1981October 26 – Urho Kekkonen, the 8th President of Finland, resigns after being the longest-serving Finnish president since 1956.source
• 1981November 1 – Antigua and Barbuda gains independence from the United Kingdom.source
• 1981November 9 – Slavery in Mauritania is abolished by Edict No. 81-234.source
• 1981December 4 – South Africa grants Ciskei independence, not recognized outside South Africa.source
• 1981December 10 – During the Ministerial Session of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels, Spain signs the Protocol of Accession to NATO.source
• 1982January 26 – Mauno Koivisto is elected President of Finland.source
• 1982January 27 – The government of Garret FitzGerald in Ireland is defeated 82–81 on its budget; the 22nd Dáil is dissolved.source
• 1982February 1 – Senegal and The Gambia form a loose Senegambia Confederation.source
• 1982February 7 – Iraqi club Al-Shorta win the 1982 Arab Club Champions Cup with a 4–2 aggregate win over Al-Nejmeh in the final.source
• 1982February 18 – The Ireland general election gives a boost to Fianna Fáil.source
• 1982February 24 – In South Africa, 22 National Party MPs, led by Andries Treurnicht, vote for no confidence in P. W. Botha.source
• 1982March 2 – Decentralisation in France: the Law of Decentralisation creates the administrative regions of France (régions).source
• 1982March 19 – Argentine scrap metal workers (infiltrated by marines) raise the flag of Argentina on South Georgia and the Falkland Islands, two British overseas territories.source
• 1982March 29 – Royal Assent is given to the Canada Act 1982, setting the stage for the repatriation of the Canadian Constitution on April 17.source
• 1982April 17 – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: By Proclamation of the Queen of Canada on Parliament Hill, Canada patriates its constitution, gaining full political independence from the United Kingdom; included is the country's first entrenched bill of rights.source
• 1982April 25 – Israel completes its withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula in accordance with the Egypt–Israel peace treaty of 1979.source
• 1982June 20 – Falklands War ends with British forces retaking the South Sandwich Islands.source
• 1982September 21 – The first International Day of Peace is proclaimed by the United Nations.source
• 1982September 23 – Amine Gemayel, brother of Bachir, is elected president of Lebanon.source
• 1982October 1 – Helmut Kohl replaces Helmut Schmidt as Chancellor of Germany through a constructive vote of no confidence.source
• 1982October 27 – In Canada, the July 1 holiday, Dominion Day, is officially renamed Canada Day.source
• 1982October 28 – The Socialist Party wins the election in Spain; Felipe González is elected Prime Minister.source
• 1982November 6 – Paul Biya becomes the second president of Cameroon following the resignation of Ahmadou Ahidjo.source
• 1982November 8 – Kenan Evren becomes the seventh president of Turkey as a result of the constitution referendum. His former title was "head of state".source
• 1982November 27 – Yasuhiro Nakasone becomes Prime Minister of Japan.source
• 1982December 1 – Miguel de la Madrid takes office as President of Mexico.source
• 1982December 4 – The People's Republic of China adopts its current constitution.source
• 1982December 10 – United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea signed at Montego Bay; it becomes fully effective on November 16, 1994, on receiving 60 signatures.source
• 1982December 22 – The Indian Ocean Commission (Commission de l'Océan Indien, COI) is created by the Port Louis Agreement.source
• 1983February 3 – Prime Minister of Australia Malcolm Fraser is granted a double dissolution of both houses of parliament, for elections on March 5, 1983. As Fraser is being granted the dissolution, Bill Hayden resigns as leader of the Australian Labor Party, and in the subsequent leadership spill Bob Hawke is elected as Hayden's successor unopposed.source
• 1983March 1 – The Balearic Islands and Madrid become Autonomous communities of Spain.source
• 1983March 5 – Australian federal election: The Labor Party led by Bob Hawke defeats the Liberal/National Coalition government led by Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser. Hawke is to be sworn in on March 11. As soon as the results become clear, Fraser resigns from the Liberal leadership; he is replaced by outgoing Minister for Industry and Commerce Andrew Peacock.source
• 1983March 21 – Yamoussoukro officially becomes the Ivorian political capital after transfer from Abidjan.source
• 1983March 29 – Germany's first elected Green Party representatives take their seats in the West German Bundestag, dressed in jeans and sweaters and accompanied by bongo drums.source
• 1983May 17 – Lebanon, Israel, and the United States sign an agreement on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon.source
• 1983July 20 – The government of Poland announces the end of martial law and amnesty for political prisoners.source
• 1983August 4 – Thomas Sankara becomes President of Upper Volta.source
• 1983August 4 – Bettino Craxi is sworn in as Italy's first prime minister from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI).source
• 1983August 24 – South Africa announces "all outstanding issues" preventing independence for South West Africa (present-day Namibia) have been resolved, except for the continuing presence of 23,000 Cuban troops in neighboring Angola.source
• 1983September 19 – Saint Kitts and Nevis becomes an independent state.source
• 1983October 2 – Neil Kinnock is elected leader of the British Labour Party.source
• 1983October 30 – Argentine general election: The first democratic elections in Argentina after seven years of military rule are held.source
• 1983November 2 – South Africa approves a new constitution granting limited political rights to Coloureds and Asians as part of a series of reforms to apartheid.source
• 1983November 11 – Ronald Reagan becomes the first U.S. president to address the National Diet, Japan's national legislature.source
• 1983November 15 – The Turkish part of Cyprus declares independence.source
• 1983November 17 – The Zapatista Army of National Liberation is founded in Mexico.source
• 1983December 4 – General elections are celebrated in Venezuela in which the opposition party, Democratic Action, wins a majority in both chambers of the Venezuelan Congress and the presidency for the 1984–1989 period under Jaime Lusinchi. Voter turnout is 87.3% and Lusinchi obtains 58.4% of the votes.source
• 1983December 10 – Military rule ends and democracy is restored in Argentina, with the beginning of Raúl Alfonsín's first term as President of Argentina.source
• 1983December 13 – Turgut Özal, of ANAP forms the new government of Turkey (45th government); beginning a new civilian regime.source
• 1984January 1 – The Bornean Sultanate of Brunei gains full independence from the United Kingdom, having become a British protectorate in 1888.source
• 1984January 7 – Brunei becomes the sixth member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).source
• 1984January 10 – The United States and the Vatican (Holy See) restore full diplomatic relations.source
• 1984January 10 – The Victoria Agreement is signed, institutionalising the Indian Ocean Commission.source
• 1984February 13 – Konstantin Chernenko succeeds the late Yuri Andropov as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.source
• 1984February 29 – Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau announces his retirement.source
• 1984April 26 – Sultan Iskandar of Johor becomes Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, in succession to Sultan Ahmad Shah, whose term ended the previous day.source
• 1984June 14–16 – voting days for the European Parliament electionsource
• 1984June 27 – France beats Spain 2–0 to win Euro 84.source
• 1984June 30 – John Turner becomes the 17th Prime Minister of Canada.source
• 1984July 1 – Liechtenstein becomes the last country in Europe to grant women the right to vote.source
• 1984August 4 – The African republic Upper Volta changes its name to Burkina Faso.source
• 1984September 4 – The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, led by Brian Mulroney, wins 211 seats in the House of Commons of Canada, forming the largest majority government in Canadian history.source
• 1984September 5 – Western Australia becomes the last Australian state to abolish capital punishment.source
• 1984September 14 – P. W. Botha is inaugurated as the first executive State President of South Africa.source
• 1984September 17 – Brian Mulroney is sworn in as Prime Minister of Canada.source
• 1984September 26 – The United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China sign the initial agreement to return Hong Kong to China in 1997.source
• 1984November 4 – The Sandinista Front wins the Nicaraguan general elections.source
• 1984November 6 – 1984 United States presidential election: Republican President Ronald Reagan defeats Democratic former Vice President Walter F. Mondale with 59% of the popular vote, the highest since Richard Nixon's 61% popular vote victory in 1972. Reagan carries 49 states in the electoral College; Mondale wins only his home state of Minnesota (by a mere 3,761 vote margin) and the District of Columbia.source
• 1984November 25 – 1984 Uruguayan presidential election: Julio María Sanguinetti is democratically elected President of Uruguay after 12 years of military dictatorship.source
• 1984December 1 – A peace agreement between Kenya and Somalia is signed in the Egyptian capital Cairo. With this agreement, in which Somalia officially renounces its historical territorial claims, relations between the two countries begin to improve.source
• 1984December 2 – 1984 Australian federal election: Bob Hawke's Labor government is re-elected with a reduced majority, defeating the Liberal/National Coalition led by Andrew Peacock.source
• 1984December 19 – The People's Republic of China and the United Kingdom sign the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the future of Hong Kong.source
• 1984December 22 – In Malta, Prime Minister Dom Mintoff resigns.source
• 1985January 15 – Tancredo Neves is elected president of Brazil by the Congress, ending the 21-year military rule.source
• 1985January 27 – The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) is formed, in Tehran.source
• 1985March 1 – After a 12-year-long dictatorship, Julio María Sanguinetti is sworn in as the first democratically elected President of Uruguay.source
• 1985March 6 – Greek Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou instigated a constitutional crisis to divert voter's attention from the deterioration of the Greek economy, by suddenly not supporting Konstantinos Karamanlis for a second term as President of Greece and violating constitutional voting protocol to get his presidential candidate to power. At the same time, he proposed a constitutional reforms to remove constitutional checks and balances constraining his position.source
• 1985March 11 – Mikhail Gorbachev becomes General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party and de facto leader of the Soviet Union.source
• 1985March 15 – Vice-president José Sarney, upon becoming vice president, assumes the duties of president of Brazil, as the new president Tancredo Neves had become severely ill the day before. Sarney would later become Brazil's first civilian president in 21 years, upon Neves' death on April 21.source
• 1985April 28 – The Australian Nuclear Disarmament Party (NDP) splits.source
• 1985May 15 – Argentine President Raúl Alfonsín terminates Argentine administration of the Falkland Islands but does not relinquish Argentina's claim to the islands.source
• 1985June 14 – The Schengen Agreement is signed between certain member states of the European Economic Community, creating the Schengen Area, a bloc of (at the time) 5 states with no internal border controls.source
• 1985June 26 – The iconic U.S. Route 66 is officially decommissioned.source
• 1985September 22 – The Plaza Accord is signed by five nations.source
• 1985November 19 – Cold War: In Geneva, U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet for the first time.source
• 1985December 8 – The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is established.source
• 1986January 1 – Spain and Portugal enter the European Community, which becomes the European Union in 1993.source
• 1986January 1 – Aruba gains increased autonomy from the Netherlands by separating from the Netherlands Antilles.source
• 1986January 29 – Yoweri Museveni is sworn in as President of Uganda.source
• 1986February 16 – Mário Soares wins the second round of the Portuguese presidential election.source
• 1986February 17 – The Single European Act is signed.source
• 1986February 25 – People Power Revolution: President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines is ousted from power and goes into exile in Hawaii after 20 years of dictatorial rule; Corazon Aquino becomes the first Filipino woman president and forms an interim government with Salvador Laurel becoming her Vice-president and Prime Minister.source
• 1986March 1 – Olof Palme's deputy Ingvar Carlsson becomes acting Prime Minister of Sweden. He is elected Prime Minister by the Swedish Riksdag on March 15.source
• 1986March 3 – Full independence of Australia - Australia Act 1986: This law formally severed all legal ties between Australia and the United Kingdom.source
• 1986April 16 – The United Kingdom and the Kingdom of the Netherlands sign a peace treaty, thus ending the Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War, one of the longest wars in human history.source
• 1986April 17 – An alleged state of war lasting 335 years between the Netherlands and the Isles of Scilly declared peace, bringing an end to any hypothetical war that may have existed.source
• 1986April – The government of Ivory Coast requests international diplomatic use of the French form of its name, Côte d'Ivoire.source
• 1986May 8 – Óscar Arias is inaugurated into his first term as President of Costa Rica.source
• 1986June 8 – Former United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim is elected president of Austria.source
• 1986July 4 – The Statue of Liberty is reopened to the public after celebrating its centennial and an extensive refurbishment.source
• 1986August 6 – Australian Democrats leader Don Chipp retires from federal parliament and is succeeded by Janine Haines, the first woman to lead a political party in Australia.source
• 1986September 28 – The Democratic Progressive Party is founded. It was part of the Tangwai movement in the new generation to challenge Kuomintang in Taiwan's one-party politics, and is currently one of only two parties to win presidential elections in Taiwan.source
• 1986October 1 – U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the Goldwater–Nichols Act into law, making official the largest reorganization of the United States Department of Defense since the Air Force was made a separate branch of service in 1947.source
• 1986October 9 – United States District Court Judge Harry E. Claiborne becomes the fifth federal official to be removed from office through impeachment.source
• 1986October 11–12 – Cold War: Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Reykjavík, Iceland, to continue discussions about scaling back their intermediate missile arsenals in Europe, which end in failure.source
• 1986October 21 – The Marshall Islands became an associated state under the Compact of Free Association.source
• 1986October 26 – The state funeral of President Samora Machel of Mozambique takes place in Maputo.source
• 1986November 1 – Queensland, Australia: Joh Bjelke-Petersen wins his final election as Premier of Queensland with 38.6% of the vote. He resigns on December 1, 1987, following revelations of his involvement with corruption released in the Fitzgerald Inquiry.source
• 1986November 3 – The Northern Mariana Islands enter in a political union with the United States. The island's government adopted its own constitution in 1977, and the constitutional government took office in January 1978. The covenant was fully implemented November 3, 1986, pursuant to Presidential Proclamation no. 5564, which conferred United States citizenship on legally qualified island residents.source
• 1986November 6 – Alex Ferguson is appointed as the new manager of Manchester United.source
• 1987January 15 – Hu Yaobang, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, is forced into retirement by political conservatives.source
• 1987February 11 – The new Constitution of the Philippines goes into effect. This new constitution adds Spanish and Arabic as optional languages of the Philippines.source
• 1987February 25 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules in United States v. Paradise that affirmative action is lawful if the organization in question has a history of pervasive racial discrimination in hiring practices; in this case, police departments in the state of Alabama. Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. rules that the government is "justified by a compelling governmental interest in eradicating the Department's pervasive, systematic, and obstinate discriminatory exclusion of blacks."source
• 1987March 4 – U.S. President Ronald Reagan addresses the American people on the Iran–Contra affair, acknowledging that his overtures to Iran had "deteriorated" into an arms-for-hostages deal.source
• 1987April 13 – The governments of the Portuguese Republic and the People's Republic of China sign an agreement in which Macau will be returned to China in 1999.source
• 1987April 27 – The United States Department of Justice declares incumbent Austrian president Kurt Waldheim an "undesirable alien".source
• 1987April 30 – Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the Provincial Premiers agree in principle to the Meech Lake Accord which would bring Quebec into the constitution.source
• 1987June 11 – The Conservative Party of the United Kingdom, led by Margaret Thatcher, is re-elected for a third term at the 1987 general election.source
• 1987July 1 – The Single European Act is passed by the European Community.source
• 1987July 11 – 1987 Australian federal election: Bob Hawke's Labor government is re-elected with an increased majority, defeating the Liberal Party led by John Howard and the National Party led by Ian Sinclair.source
• 1987July 15 – Martial law in Taiwan ends after 38 years.source
• 1987August 22 – The Parliament of Zimbabwe votes to eliminate the 20 seats reserved for the white minority.source
• 1987August 23 – The Hirvepark meeting is organized as the first unsanctioned political meeting in Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, in commemoration of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.source
• 1987September 23 – The United States and Poland agree to exchange ambassadors after a four-year break in relations.source
• 1987October 7 – Sikh nationalists declare the independence of Khalistan from India.source
• 1987October 8 – Gaddafi announces that Algeria and Libya have "agreed in principle" to a proposed union of the two states, which Gaddafi suggests should be named "Algibya."source
• 1987October 23 – On a vote of 58–42, the United States Senate rejects President Ronald Reagan's nomination of Robert Bork to the Supreme Court.source
• 1987November 7 – Zine El Abidine Ben Ali assumes the Presidency of Tunisia.source
• 1987November 16 – The Parlatino Treaty of Institutionalization is signed.source
• 1987December 8 – The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty is signed in Washington, D.C. by U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. It expired in 2019.source
• 1987December 9 – General Rahimuddin Khan retires from the Pakistan Army, along with the cabinet of the country's military dictatorship.source
• 1987December 17 – Gustáv Husák resigns as General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.source
• 1987December 21 – Turgut Özal of ANAP forms the new government of Turkey (46th government).source
• 1987December 22 – In Zimbabwe, the political parties ZANU and ZAPU reach an agreement that ends the violence in the Matabeleland region known as the Gukurahundi.source
• 1988February 25 – The constitution of the Sixth Republic of Korea comes into effect.source
• 1988April 14 – In the Geneva Accords, the Soviet Union commits itself to withdrawal of its forces from Afghanistan.source
• 1988May 8 – François Mitterrand is re-elected as President of France for 7 years.source
• 1988May 29–June 3 – The Moscow Summit meeting between U.S. President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev takes place, where the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) was finalized.source
• 1988October 5 – Promulgation of the 1988 Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil.source
• 1988October 5 – Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet loses a national plebiscite on his rule; he relinquishes power in 1990.source
• 1988October 29 – Pakistan's General Rahimuddin Khan resigns from his post as the governor of Sindh, following attempts by the President of Pakistan, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, to limit the powers Rahimuddin had accumulated.source
• 1988November 8 – The United States Vice-president and Republican nominee George H. W. Bush defeats the Democratic nominee and Governor of Massachusetts, Michael Dukakis, in the 1988 United States Presidential Election.source
• 1988November 15 – Israeli–Palestinian conflict: An independent State of Palestine is proclaimed at the Palestinian National Council meeting in Algiers, by a vote of 253–46.source
• 1988November 16 – In the first open election in more than a decade, voters in Pakistan choose populist candidate Benazir Bhutto to be Prime Minister. Elections are held as planned despite head of state Zia-ul-Haq's death earlier in August.source
• 1988November 16 – Singing Revolution: The Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR adopts the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration in which the laws of the Estonian SSR are declared supreme over those of the Soviet Union. The USSR declares it unconstitutional on November 26. It is the first declaration of sovereignty from the Soviet Union of any Soviet or Eastern Bloc entity.source
• 1988November 23 – Former Korean president Chun Doo-hwan makes a formal apology for corruption during his presidency, announcing he will go into exile.source
• 1988December 1 – Carlos Salinas de Gortari takes office as President of Mexico.source
• 1988December 2 – Benazir Bhutto is sworn in as Prime Minister of Pakistan, becoming the first woman to head the government of an Islam-dominated state.source
• 1988December 6 – The Australian Capital Territory is granted self-government by the Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988.source
• 1988December 20 – The United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances is signed at Vienna.source
• 1989February 3 – After a stroke, State President of South Africa P. W. Botha resigns as Leader of the National Party.source
• 1989February 6 – The Government of the People's Republic of Poland holds formal talks with representatives of Solidarity movement for the first time since 1981.source
• 1989February 10 – Ron Brown is elected as Chairman of the Democratic National Committee, becoming the first African American to lead a major United States political party.source
• 1989March 1 – The Berne Convention, an international treaty on copyrights, is ratified by the United States.source
• 1989March 7 – Iran breaks off diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom over Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses.source
• 1989June 4 – 1989 Polish legislative election: Solidarity's victory in the first round is the first of many anti-communist revolutions of 1989 in Central and Eastern Europe.source
• 1989June 18 – In the first Greek legislative election of the year, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement, led by Prime Minister of Greece Andreas Papandreou, loses control of the Hellenic Parliament.source
• 1989July 28 – At the Iranian presidential election, electors overwhelmingly elect Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani as President of Iran and endorse changes to the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, increasing the powers of the president.source
• 1989August 7 – The presidents of five Central American countries agree that the U.S.-backed contras fighting the government of Nicaragua should be disbanded and evicted from their bases in Honduras by December 5.source
• 1989August 10 – United States Army General Colin Powell became the first Black Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff after being nominated by President Bush.source
• 1989August 23 – Singing Revolution: Two million indigenous people of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania join hands to demand freedom and independence from Soviet occupation, forming an uninterrupted 600 km human chain called the Baltic Way.source
• 1989September 6 – 1989 South African general election, the last held under the apartheid system, returns the National Party to power with a much-reduced majority.source
• 1989September 28 – The Parliament of Greece indicted former Prime Minister of Greece Andreas Papandreou and four of his ministers in connection to the Koskotas scandal.source
• 1989October 1 – Civil union between partners in a same-sex relationship becomes legal in Denmark under a law enacted on June 7, the world's first such legislation.source
• 1989October 23 – The Hungarian Republic is officially declared by President Mátyás Szűrös (replacing the Hungarian People's Republic), exactly 33 years after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.source
• 1989November 7 – Cold War: The Communist government of East Germany under prime minister Willi Stoph resigns, although SED leader Egon Krenz remains as head of state.source
• 1989November 28 – Cold War: Velvet Revolution – The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announces they will give up their monopoly on political power (elections held in December bring the first non-Communist government to Czechoslovakia in more than forty years).source
• 1989December 1 – Cold War: East Germany's parliament abolishes the constitutional provision granting the Communist-dominated Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) its monopoly on power. Egon Krenz, the Politburo and the Central Committee resign two days later.source
• 1989December 3 – The entire leadership of the ruling Socialist Unity Party in East Germany, including Egon Krenz, resigns. Hans Modrow becomes de facto the country's last leader.source
• 1989December 10 – Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj announces the establishment of Mongolia's democratic movement, that peacefully changes the second-oldest Communist country into a democracy.source
• 1989December 14 – Chile holds its first free election in sixteen years, electing Patricio Aylwin as president. This marks the first time that all Ibero-American nations, except Cuba, have elected constitutional governments simultaneously.source
• 1989December 17 – Brazil holds the second round of its first free election in 29 years; Fernando Collor de Mello is elected to serve as president from 1990.source
• 1989December 28 – Alexander Dubček is elected Chairman of Czechoslovakia's Federal Assembly (Parliament).source
• 1989December 31 – Poland's president signs the Balcerowicz Plan, ending the Communist system in Poland in favor of a capitalist system, leading to abandonment of the Warsaw Pact.source
• 1990February 12 – Representatives of NATO and the Warsaw Pact meet in Ottawa for an "Open Skies" conference. The conference results in agreements about superpower troop levels in Europe and on German reunification.source
• 1990February 15 – The United Kingdom and Argentina restore diplomatic relations after 8 years. The UK had severed ties in response to Argentina's invasion of the Falkland Islands, a British Dependent Territory, in 1982.source
• 1990February 25 – The Sandinistas are defeated in the Nicaraguan elections, with Violeta Chamorro elected as the new president of Nicaragua (the first elected woman president in the Americas), replacing Daniel Ortega.source
• 1990March 11 – Augusto Pinochet hands over power to the elected president Patricio Aylwin, marking the beginning of the Chilean transition to democracy after 17 years of the military dictatorship of Chile.source
• 1990March 24 – 1990 Australian federal election: Bob Hawke's Labor government is re-elected with a reduced majority, narrowly defeating the Liberal/National Coalition led by Andrew Peacock.source
• 1990March 28 – U.S. President George H. W. Bush posthumously awards Jesse Owens the Congressional Gold Medal.source
• 1990April 8 – In the Greek legislative election, the conservative New Democracy wins the most seats in the Hellenic Parliament; its leader, Konstantinos Mitsotakis, becomes Prime Minister of Greece on April 11.source
• 1990April 25 – Violeta Chamorro is sworn in as President of Nicaragua, the first woman elected (February 25) in her own right as a head of state in the Americas.source
• 1990May 4 – Singing Revolution: The Latvian SSR declares independence from the Soviet Union.source
• 1990May 20 – Cold War: The first post-Communist presidential and parliamentary elections are held in Romania.source
• 1990May 22 – Cold War: The leaders of the Yemen Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen announce the unification of their countries as the Republic of Yemen.source
• 1990June 1 – Cold War: U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev sign a treaty to end chemical weapon production and begin destroying their respective stocks.source
• 1990June 15 – Dublin Regulation on treatment of applications for right of asylum under European Union law agreed (comes into force 1997).source
• 1990July 12 – Foster v British Gas plc decided in the European Court of Justice, a leading case on the definition of the "state" under European Union law.source
• 1990July 26 – U.S. President George H. W. Bush signs the Americans with Disabilities Act, designed to protect disabled Americans from discrimination.source
• 1990July 27 – Cold War: Belarus declares its sovereignty, a key step toward independence from the Soviet Union.source
• 1990August 24 – The Armenian SSR declares its independence from the Soviet Union.source
• 1990September 27 – David Souter is confirmed to serve on the Supreme Court, replacing retiring Justice William J. Brennan Jr..source
• 1990October 22 – Nizhny Novgorod restores its official name from Gorky, Volga Federal District, Russia.source
• 1990November 6 – Nawaz Sharif is sworn in as the Prime Minister of Pakistan.source
• 1990November 7 – Indian Prime Minister Singh resigns over losing a confidence vote in the Parliament of India, having lost the support of Hindus who want a Muslim mosque in Ayodhya torn down to build a Hindu temple.source
• 1990November 25 – Lech Wałęsa and Stanisław Tymiński win the first round of the first Polish presidential election.source
• 1990December 3 – Mary Robinson begins her term as President of Ireland, becoming the first female to hold this office.source
• 1990December 9 – Slobodan Milošević elected President of Serbia in first round, general elections won by his Socialist Party.source
• 1991January 29 – In South Africa, Nelson Mandela of the African National Congress and Mangosuthu Buthelezi of the Inkatha Freedom Party agree to end violence between the two organizations.source
• 1991February 7 – 1991 Haitian coup d'état: Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in. He is ousted on September 30 and later reinstated in 1994. In response to the coup and in an effort to encourage the coup leaders to restore democracy, the U.S. expands trade sanctions on Haiti to include all goods except food and medicine on October 29.source
• 1991February 15 – The Visegrád Group, establishing cooperation to move toward free-market systems, is established by the leaders of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland.source
• 1991March 15 – Germany formally regains complete independence after the four post-World War II occupying powers (France, the U.K., the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.) relinquish all remaining rights to the country.source
• 1991March 26 – Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay sign the Treaty of Asunción, establishing Mercosur.source
• 1991March 31 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Georgia votes for independence from the Soviet Union while on April 9, the Supreme Council declares the independent Republic of Georgia.source
• 1991May 16 – Elizabeth II becomes the first British monarch to address the U.S. Congress during a 13-day royal visit in Washington, D.C.source
• 1991May 18 – Somaliland secedes from Somalia; its independence is not recognised by the international community.source
• 1991May 19 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: In the Croatian independence referendum, voters in the Socialist Republic of Croatia vote to leave SFR Yugoslavia.source
• 1991June 15 – The Indian general elections end; the Indian National Congress wins the most seats but fails to secure a majority. Six days later, Congress leader P. V. Narasimha Rao becomes Prime Minister of India.source
• 1991July 4 – The Constituent Assembly of Colombia proclaims a new constitution, allowing the President of Colombia César Gaviria to lift the country's seven-year-long state of siege.source
• 1991July 9 – End of Apartheid: The International Olympic Committee readmits South Africa to the Olympics. The following day, U.S. President Bush terminates 1986-enacted U.S. sanctions on South Africa.source
• 1991September 4 – Sverdlovsk's name is restored to its pre-communist–era name Yekaterinburg. Two days later, Leningrad is renamed St. Petersburg.source
• 1991September 8 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Republic of Macedonia becomes independent, beginning a name dispute with Greece.source
• 1991September 25 – Salvadoran Civil War: Representatives of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front reach an agreement with President of El Salvador Alfredo Cristiani, setting the stage for the end of the war.source
• 1991October 13 – In the Bulgarian parliamentary election, the Union of Democratic Forces defeats the Bulgarian Socialist Party, leaving no remaining Communist governments in Eastern Europe.source
• 1991October 15 – The leaders of the Baltic States—Arnold Rüütel of Estonia, Anatolijs Gorbunovs of Latvia, and the Vytautas Landsbergis of Lithuania—sign the OSCE Final Act in Helsinki, Finland.source
• 1991October 15 – Clarence Thomas is confirmed as the new U.S. Supreme Court Justice following Thurgood Marshall's retirement.source
• 1991October 18 – The Soviet Union restores its diplomatic relations with Israel, which have been suspended since the 1967 Six-Day War.source
• 1991October 23 – In Paris, the Vietnam-backed government of the state of Cambodia signs an agreement with the Khmer Rouge to end the civil war and bring the Khmer Rouge into power despite its role in the Cambodian genocide. The deal ends the Cambodian–Vietnamese War and results in the creation of the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia.source
• 1991November 5 – China and Vietnam restore diplomatic relations after a 13-year rift which followed the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War.source
• 1991December 1 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukrainians vote overwhelmingly for independence from the Soviet Union in a referendum.source
• 1991December 12 – Ukraine becomes the first post-Soviet republic to decriminalize homosexuality.source
• 1991December 12 – The government of Nigeria moves the capital from Lagos to Abuja.source
• 1992January 6 – The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic is proclaimed by the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh.source
• 1992January 9 – Bosnian Serbs declare their own republic within Bosnia and Herzegovina, in protest at the decision by Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats to seek recognition by the European Communities.source
• 1992January 16 – El Salvador officials and rebel leaders sign the Chapultepec Peace Accords in Mexico City, ending the 12-year Salvadoran Civil War that claimed at least 75,000 lives.source
• 1992February 3 – South African State President F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela, African National Congress leader, are jointly awarded the Felix Houphouet-Boigny Peace Prize at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris.source
• 1992February 7 – The Maastricht Treaty is signed, founding the European Union.source
• 1992April 5 – The Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina (without the presence of Serb political delegates) proclaims independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.source
• 1992April 6 – The Republic of Ilirida is proclaimed by Albanian Macedonian activists in Struga, Republic of Macedonia.source
• 1992April 7 – The United States recognizes the independence of Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The European Communities also recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina.source
• 1992April 9 – In the United Kingdom general election the Conservative Party led by Prime Minister of the United Kingdom John Major narrowly retains power.source
• 1992April 27 – Betty Boothroyd becomes the first woman elected Speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.source
• 1992May 13 – Falun Gong is introduced by Li Hongzhi in China.source
• 1992May 15 – The Collective Security Treaty Organization is established by six post-Soviet states belonging to the Commonwealth of Independent States (effective April 20, 1994).source
• 1992June 2 – In a national referendum Denmark rejects the Maastricht Treaty by a narrow margin.source
• 1992June 18 – Ireland votes for the Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland to accept the Maastricht Treaty with a popular vote of over 69%.source
• 1992June 23 – The Israeli legislative election is won by the Israeli Labor Party under the leadership of Yitzhak Rabin, ousting a Likud government.source
• 1992July 17 – The Slovak National Council declares Slovakia an independent country, signaling the breakup of Czechoslovakia.source
• 1992July 19 – The Cabinet of Israel approves a freeze on new Israeli settlement in the occupied territories, a move expected to reinvigorate the Middle East Peace Process.source
• 1992August 24 – China and South Korea establish diplomatic relations.source
• 1992October 4 – The government of Mozambique signs the Rome General Peace Accords with leaders of RENAMO, ending the 16-year-old Mozambican Civil War.source
• 1992October 25 – Lithuania holds a referendum on its first constitution after declaring independence from the Soviet Union in 1990.source
• 1992October 28 – Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein threatens to dissolve the Landtag of Liechtenstein and dismiss the government over disagreements regarding a referendum on Liechtenstein's accession to the European Economic Area.source
• 1992November 3 – In the 1992 United States presidential election, Democratic Arkansas governor Bill Clinton defeats Republican president George H. W. Bush and Independent Ross Perot.source
• 1992December 18 – The South Korean presidential election is won by Kim Young-sam, the first non-military candidate elected since 1961.source
• 1992December 21 – In Yugoslavia, President of Serbia Slobodan Milošević defeats Milan Panić in the Serbian presidential election.source
• 1993January 1 – Czechoslovakia ceases to exist, as the Czech Republic and Slovakia separate in the Dissolution of Czechoslovakia.source
• 1993January 7 – The Fourth Republic of Ghana is inaugurated, with Jerry Rawlings as president.source
• 1993January 20 – Bill Clinton and Al Gore are inaugurated as US President and Vice President.source
• 1993January 25 – Social Democrat Poul Nyrup Rasmussen succeeds Conservative Poul Schlüter as Prime Minister of Denmark.source
• 1993February 4 – Members of the right-wing Austrian Freedom Party of Austria split to form the Liberal Forum in protest against the increasing nationalistic bent of the party.source
• 1993March 13 – 1993 Australian federal election: Paul Keating's Labor government is re-elected with an increased majority, defeating the Liberal/National Coalition led by John Hewson.source
• 1993March 27 – Following a rash of integrist murders (including those of foreigners), Algeria breaks diplomatic relations with Iran, accusing the country of interfering in its interior affairs.source
• 1993March 28 – 1993 French legislative election: Rally for the Republic (Gaullist party) wins a majority and Édouard Balladur becomes Prime Minister.source
• 1993April 8 – The Republic of Macedonia is admitted to the United Nations under a provisional reference "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia".source
• 1993June 1 – In an effort to minimize political chaos in post-Communist Poland, Lech Walesa signs a reform bill requiring political parties to receive at least 5% of the vote to qualify for seats in the Sejm.source
• 1993June 5 – The National Assembly of Venezuela designates Ramón José Velásquez as successor of suspended President Carlos Andrés Pérez.source
• 1993June 25 – Kim Campbell becomes the 19th, and first female, Prime Minister of Canada.source
• 1993September 13 – Oslo I Accord: Following initially secret talks from earlier in the year, PLO leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin shake hands in Washington, D.C. after signing a peace accord.source
• 1993September 19 – 1993 Polish parliamentary election: A coalition of the Democratic Left Alliance and the Polish People's Party led by Waldemar Pawlak comes into power.source
• 1993October 25 – 1993 Canadian federal election: Jean Chrétien and his Liberal Party defeat the governing Progressive Conservative Party, which falls to a historic low of two seats.source
• 1993November 1 – The Maastricht Treaty takes effect, formally establishing the European Union.source
• 1993November 4 – Jean Chrétien becomes the 20th Prime Minister of Canada.source
• 1993December 5 – Rafael Caldera Rodríguez is elected President of Venezuela for the second time, succeeding interim president Ramón José Velásquez.source
• 1993December 5 – Omar Bongo is re-elected as President of Gabon in the country's first multiparty elections.source
• 1993December 13 – Former Prime Minister of Canada Kim Campbell resigns as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party and is succeeded as leader by Jean Charest.source
• 1993December 13 – The Majilis of Kazakhstan approves the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and agrees to dismantle the more than 100 missiles left on its territory by the fall of the USSR.source
• 1993December 17 – Brazil's Supreme Court rules that former President Fernando Collor de Mello may not hold elected office again until 2000 due to political corruption.source
• 1993December 30 – Representatives of Israel and the Holy See sign the Fundamental Agreement Between the Holy See and the State of Israel, preparing for the establishment of diplomatic relations.source
• 1993December 30 – Argentina passes a measure allowing President Carlos Menem and all future presidents to run for a second consecutive term. It also shortens presidential terms to four years and removes the requirement for the president to be Roman Catholic.source
• 1994January 14 – U.S. president Bill Clinton and Russian president Boris Yeltsin sign the Kremlin accords, which stop the preprogrammed aiming of nuclear missiles toward each country's targets, and also provide for the dismantling of the nuclear arsenal in Ukraine.source
• 1994February 9 – The Vance–Owen peace plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina is announced.source
• 1994March 27 – TV tycoon Silvio Berlusconi's right-wing coalition wins the Italian general election.source
• 1994April 2 – The National Convention of New Sudan of the SPLA/M opens in Chukudum.source
• 1994April 27 – South Africa holds its first fully multiracial elections, marking the final end of the last vestiges of apartheid. Nelson Mandela wins the elections and is sworn in as the first democratically elected president the following month.source
• 1994May 5 – The Bishkek Protocol between Armenia and Azerbaijan is signed in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, effectively freezing the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.source
• 1994May 10 – Nelson Mandela is inaugurated as South Africa's first black president.source
• 1994June 15 – Israel and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations.source
• 1994June 19 – Ernesto Samper is elected President of Colombia.source
• 1994June 30 – The Liberal Democratic Party in Japan regains power after spending 11 months in opposition, in coalition with the Japan Socialist Party.source
• 1994July 18 – Rwandan Patriotic Front troops capture Gisenyi, forcing the interim government into Zaire and ending the Rwandan genocide.source
• 1994July 25 – Israel and Jordan sign the Washington Declaration as a preliminary to signature on October 25 of the Israel–Jordan peace treaty, which formally ends the state of war that has existed between the nations since 1948.source
• 1994October 1 – Palau gains independence from the United Nations Trusteeship Council.source
• 1994October 1 – In Slovakia, populist leader Vladimír Mečiar wins the general election.source
• 1994November 8 – "Republican Revolution": Georgia Representative Newt Gingrich leads the United States Republican Party in taking control of both the House of Representatives and the Senate in midterm congressional elections, the first time in 40 years the Republicans secure control of both houses of Congress. George W. Bush is elected Governor of Texas.source
• 1994November 13 – Voters in Sweden decide to join the European Union in a referendum.source
• 1994November 15 – 1994 Nepalese general election The CPN (UML) is elected with a minority government, becoming the first democratically elected Communist party in Asia.source
• 1994November 16 – United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea {1982) comes fully into effect on receiving 60 signatures.source
• 1994November 20 – The Angolan government and UNITA rebels sign the Lusaka Protocol.source
• 1994November 28 – Voters in Norway decide not to join the European Union in a referendum.source
• 1994December 1 – Ernesto Zedillo takes office as President of Mexico.source
• 1994December 2 – The Australian government agrees to pay reparations to indigenous Australians who were displaced during the nuclear tests at Maralinga in the 1950s and 1960s.source
• 1994December 3 – Taiwan holds its first full local elections: James Soong is elected as the first and only directly elected Governor of Taiwan; Chen Shui-bian becomes the first direct elected Mayor of Taipei; Wu Den-yih becomes the first directly elected Mayor of Kaohsiung.source
• 1994December 19 – Civil unions between same-sex couples are legalized in Sweden.source
• 1995January 1 – Austria, Finland and Sweden join the European Union.source
• 1995February 25 – The Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO) (Organización del Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica [OTCA]) is formed.source
• 1995March 1 – Julio María Sanguinetti is sworn in as President of Uruguay for his second term.source
• 1995March 1 – Polish Prime Minister Waldemar Pawlak resigns from Parliament and is replaced by ex-communist Józef Oleksy.source
• 1995May 7 – Jacques Chirac is elected president of France.source
• 1995May 11 – More than 170 countries agree to extend the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty indefinitely and without conditions.source
• 1995May 14 – The Dalai Lama proclaims 6-year-old Gedhun Choekyi Nyima as the 11th reincarnation of the Panchen Lama, but 3 days later the boy is detained by Chinese authorities and not seen again.source
• 1995May 20 – English football team Everton win the FA Cup, beating reigning champions Manchester United with a score of 1 – 0. A goal at 30 minutes by Paul Rideout secured the win for Everton their first major trophy in 8 years and also constituted their last title ever since.source
• 1995July 4 – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom John Major is re-elected as leader of the Conservative Party, ending an internal challenge to his position.source
• 1995July 11 – President Clinton announces the restoration of United States–Vietnam relations twenty years after the Vietnam War.source
• 1995September – The European Parliament elects the first European Ombudsman, Jacob Söderman, who takes up office this month.source
• 1995October 5 – Tansu Çiller of DYP forms the new government of Turkey (51st government), a minority government which lasts for less than a month.source
• 1995October 30 – Tansu Çiller of DYP forms the new government (52nd government) of Turkey.source
• 1995October 30 – Quebec independentists narrowly lose a referendum for a mandate to negotiate independence from Canada.source
• 1995November 21 – The Dayton Agreement to end the Bosnian War is reached at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio, United States (signed December 14).source
• 1995November 28 – Twenty-seven nations sign the Barcelona Treaty, creating the Union for the Mediterranean.source
• 1995November – The Indian government officially renames the city of Bombay, restoring the name Mumbai.source
• 1995December 14 – The Dayton Agreement is signed in Paris, officially ending the Bosnian War.source
• 1996January 20 – Yasser Arafat is re-elected president of the Palestinian Authority.source
• 1996March 2 – 1996 Australian federal election: The Liberal/National Coalition led by John Howard defeats the Labor government led by Prime Minister Paul Keating. Howard was sworn in on March 11.source
• 1996March 3 – José María Aznar, leader of the Popular Party, is elected as Prime Minister of Spain, replacing Felipe González.source
• 1996March 6 – Mesut Yılmaz of ANAP forms the new government of Turkey (53rd government).source
• 1996March 22 – Sweden's Finance Minister Göran Persson becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden.source
• 1996April 9 – In a common statement, the European Union officially recognises the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.source
• 1996April 21 – A general election in Italy proclaims a new center-left government headed by Romano Prodi, replacing Silvio Berlusconi.source
• 1996April 24 – At the urging of Yasser Arafat, the Palestine Liberation Organization drops its clause in Palestinian National Covenant calling for the removal of Israel (→ Legitimacy of the State of Israel). The Israeli government responds by dropping a similar clause concerning the existence of Palestine.source
• 1996May 9 – South Africa's National Party pulls out of the coalition government formed two years earlier, and the African National Congress assumes full political control.source
• 1996May 17–28 – Atal Bihari Vajpayee, leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party, is elected as Prime Minister of India, replacing P. V. Narasimha Rao of the Indian National Congress. However, the party does not receive an overall majority and Vajpayee resigns thirteen days later rather than face a no confidence vote and is replaced by the United Front leader, Deve Gowda.source
• 1996May 28 – Albania's general election of May 26 is declared unfair by international monitors, and the ruling Democratic Party under President Muhannad Ibrahim is charged by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe with rigging the elections. Several hundred protestors gather in Tirana to demonstrate against the election result.source
• 1996May 30 – The Likud Party, led by Benjamin Netanyahu, wins a narrow victory in the Israeli general election.source
• 1996June 12 – 1996 Bangladeshi general election was held after mass protests erupt in the country results in resignation of Incumbent Prime Minister Khaleda Zia and dissolution of Parliament that was created three month earlier.source
• 1996June 28 – A new government is formed in Turkey, with Necmettin Erbakan of Refah Partisi becoming Prime Minister of the coalition government, and Deputy/Foreign Minister Tansu Çiller of the True Path Party succeeding him after two years.source
• 1996June 30 – Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadžić relinquishes power to his deputy, Biljana Plavšić.source
• 1996June 30 – Costas Simitis is elected president of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement of Greece.source
• 1996July 3 – Boris Yeltsin is re-elected as President of Russia after the second round of elections.source
• 1996July 19 – Bosnian Serb President Radovan Karadžić resigns from public office in Republika Srpska after being indicted for war crimes.source
• 1996The Indian government officially renames the city of Madras, restoring the name Chennai.source
• 1996September 13 – Alija Izetbegović is elected President of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the country's first election since the Bosnian War.source
• 1996September 24 – U.S. president Bill Clinton signs the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty at the United Nations.source
• 1996November 5 – 1996 United States presidential election: Incumbent Democratic President Bill Clinton defeats his Republican challenger, Bob Dole and Reform Party candidate Ross Perot.source
• 1996December 11 – Tung Chee-hwa is appointed to become the new leader of Hong Kong after it reverts to Chinese rule on July 1, 1997, at the end of a 99-year lease to the United Kingdom.source
• 1996December 29 – Guatemala and the leaders of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity sign a peace accord that ends the 36-year Guatemalan Civil War.source
• 1997January 19 – Yasser Arafat returns to Hebron after more than 30 years, and joins celebrations over the handover of the last Israeli-controlled West Bank city. (→ Hebron Agreement)source
• 1997January 23 – Madeleine Albright becomes the first female Secretary of State of the United States, after confirmation by the United States Senate.source
• 1997February 2 – 1997 Liechtenstein general election: The Patriotic Union remains the largest party and wins a majority of 13 seats in the Landtag.source
• 1997March 21 – In Zaire, Étienne Tshisekedi is appointed prime minister; he ejects supporters of Mobutu Sese Seko from his cabinet.source
• 1997April 29 – The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), CWC treaty enters into force.source
• 1997May 1 – Tony Blair becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, as the Labour Party wins the 1997 United Kingdom general election and returns to government for the first time in 18 years.source
• 1997May 16 – First Congo War ends when president Mobutu Sese Seko is exiled from Zaire.source
• 1997May 23 – Mohammad Khatami wins the 1997 Iranian presidential election and becomes the first Iranian Reformist president.source
• 1997June 1 – Socialist Party-led Centre-left coalition won the second-round in 1997 French legislative elections, began with the third Cohabitation (1997–2002).source
• 1997June 11 – In the United Kingdom, the House of Commons votes for a total ban on handguns.source
• 1997June 26 – Bertie Ahern is appointed as the 10th Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland and Mary Harney is appointed as the 16th, and first female, Tánaiste, after their parties, Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats respectively, win the 1997 General Election.source
• 1997July 1 – The United Kingdom hands sovereignty of the British colony in Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China.source
• 1997July 8 – NATO invites the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland to join the alliance in 1999.source
• 1997July 25 – K. R. Narayanan is sworn in as India's 10th president and the first member of the Dalit caste to hold this office.source
• 1997August 3–11 – Two of the three islands of the Union of the Comoros – Anjouan and Mohéli – attempt to revert to colonial rule by France. The plan fails when the French government of President Jacques Chirac refuses to recolonize them, resulting in the two islands being reintegrated into the Comoros over the next two years.source
• 1997August 26 – The Independent International Commission on Decommissioning is set up in Northern Ireland, as part of a peace process.source
• 1997September 11 – Scotland votes in favour of a devolved Parliament, forming the Scottish Parliament less than two years later.source
• 1997September 15 – The Norwegian parliamentary election is held in Norway.source
• 1997September 18 – Wales votes in favour of devolution and the formation of a National Assembly for Wales.source
• 1997November 12 – Mary McAleese is elected the eighth President of Ireland in succession to Mary Robinson, the first time in the world that one woman has succeeded another as elected head of state.source
• 1997December 3 – In Ottawa (Canada) representatives from 121 countries sign a treaty prohibiting the manufacture and deployment of anti-personnel land mines. However, the United States, the People's Republic of China, Russia, South Korea and 32 other nations do not ratify the treaty.source
• 1997December 10 – The capital of Kazakhstan is moved from Almaty to Astana.source
• 1997December 11 – The Kyoto Protocol is adopted by a United Nations committee.source
• 1997December 19 – Janet Jagan (widow of Cheddi Jagan) takes office in Guyana.source
• 1998February 20 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraqi President Saddam Hussein negotiates a deal with U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan, allowing weapons inspectors to return to Baghdad, preventing military action by the United States and United Kingdom.source
• 1998March 11 – 1998 Danish general election: Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen is re-elected.source
• 1998March 21 – The European Union announces an arms embargo against Serbia and Montenegro.source
• 1998March 30 – Hungary begins European Union accession talks.source
• 1998March 31 – Quett Masire voluntarily steps down as President of Botswana after 18 years in office.source
• 1998April 10 – Good Friday Agreement: An hour after the end of the talks deadline, the Belfast Agreement is signed between the Irish and British governments and most Northern Ireland political parties, with the notable exception of the Democratic Unionist Party. This would mostly put an end to the conflict known as The Troubles.source
• 1998May 21 – Suharto (elected 1967) resigns after 31 years as President of Indonesia, effectively ending the New Order period. It is his 7th consecutive re-election by the Indonesian Parliament (MPR). Suharto's hand-picked Vice President, B. J. Habibie, becomes Indonesia's third president.source
• 1998June 30 – Philippine Vice President Joseph Estrada is sworn in as the 13th President of the Philippines.source
• 1998July 17 – Rome Statute: at a conference in Rome, 120 countries vote to create a permanent International Criminal Court to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.source
• 1998August 1 – Puntland State leaders in Somalia declare the territory an autonomous state; the capital is the city of Garoowe in the Nugal region.source
• 1998October 1 – Europol is established when the Europol Convention signed by all of its member states comes into force.source
• 1998October 3 – 1998 Australian federal election: John Howard's Liberal/National Coalition government is re-elected with a substantially reduced majority, defeating the Labor Party led by Kim Beazley.source
• 1998October 20 – Boris Yeltsin announces he will not seek reelection in 2000.source
• 1998December 1 – Ireland formally relinquishes its territorial claim over Northern Ireland and recognizes the United Kingdom's sovereignty there.source
• 1998December 6 – Hugo Chávez, politician and former officer of the Venezuelan army, is elected President of Venezuela.source
• 1998December 19 – The U.S. House of Representatives forwards articles of impeachment against President Clinton to the Senate, making him the second president to be impeached in U.S. history.source
• 1999March 12 – Former Warsaw Pact members Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic join NATO.source
• 1999April 1 – Nunavut, an Inuit homeland, is created from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories to become Canada's third territory.source
• 1999April 26 – Sultan Salahuddin of Selangor becomes the 11th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.source
• 1999April 30 – Cambodia joins the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), bringing the total members to 10.source
• 1999May 12 – David Steel becomes the first Presiding Officer (Speaker) of the modern Scottish Parliament.source
• 1999May 13 – Carlo Azeglio Ciampi is elected President of Italy.source
• 1999May 17 – Ehud Barak is elected prime minister of Israel.source
• 1999May 29 – Nigeria terminates military rule, and the Fourth Nigerian Republic is established with Olusegun Obasanjo as president.source
• 1999June 9 – Kosovo War: Yugoslavia and NATO sign a peace treaty to end their hostilities.source
• 1999June 16 – Thabo Mbeki is inaugurated as the second president of South Africa, marking the first peaceful transfer of executive power in the country's post-democratization history.source
• 1999September 12 – Under international pressure to allow an international peacekeeping force, Indonesian president BJ Habibie announces that he will do so.source
• 1999September 14 – Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga join the United Nations.source
• 1999November 6 – Australians defeat a referendum proposing the replacement of the Queen and the Governor General with a President to make Australia a republic.source
• 1999November 23 – The National Assembly of Kuwait revokes a 1985 law that granted women's suffrage.source
• 1999November 27 – The centre-left Labour Party takes control of the New Zealand Government, with leader Helen Clark becoming the second female Prime Minister in New Zealand's history.source
• 1999December 20 – Handover of Macau: the Portuguese Republic transfers administration of Macau to the People's Republic of China after 442 years of Portuguese rule in the settlement.source
• 1999December 31 – With the Torrijos–Carter Treaties being put into effect on this day, Panama gains full control of the Canal.source
• 1999December 31 – Boris Yeltsin resigns as President of Russia, leaving Prime Minister Vladimir Putin as the acting president until a new election can be held.source