Geopolitics & Diplomacy in the 20th century

2,872 sourced entries, 1900 CE to 1999 CE, oldest first. Also see Geopolitics & Diplomacy across every century or everything else in the 20th century.

1900January 14 – The U.S. Senate accepts the British-German Treaty of 1899, in which the United Kingdom renounces its claims to the American Samoa portion of the Samoan Islands.source
190030 January - Luis Gálvez Rodríguez de Arias is restored to the governorship of Acre.Brazil source
1900February 5 – The United Kingdom and the United States sign a treaty for the building of a Central American shipping canal across Central America in Nicaragua.source
1900February 6 – The International Arbitration Court at The Hague is created, when the Netherlands' Senate ratifies an 1899 peace conference decree.source
190016 February – In Washington, British Ambassador Lord Pauncefote, and German Ambassador Baron Theodor von Holleben meet Secretary of State Hay at the State Department, and exchange ratifications of the Samoan Treaty signed by all three nations. "Secretary Hay retained for the United States the copy of the treaty which was ratified by the United States Senate. He handed to Lord Pauncefote and to Herr von Holleben copies of the treaty bearing the signatures of the President and himself", reported the New York Times. Similar proceedings take place in London and Berlin with the foreign ministers and ambassadors, completing the Tripartite Convention of 1899. Under the treaty, the Pacific islands of Samoa are divided between the U.S. (as American Samoa) and Germany (later the Independent State of Samoa).Germany source
1900March 13 – A Joint Diplomatic Delegation consisting of Abraham Fischer and C.H. Wessels for the Orange Free State and A.D.W. Wolmarans for the South African Republic, with J.M. de Bruin as secretary, embarks at Lourenço Marques for Europe and the United States, seeking international intervention in the South African War and aid for the beleaguered Boer republics.South Africa source
190027 April – August Hermann Ferdinand Carl Goos is appointed Minister for Iceland.Iceland source
1900May 18 – The United Kingdom proclaims a protectorate over Tonga.source
1900May 24 – Second Boer War: The British annex the Orange Free State, as the Orange River Colony.source
1900June 10 – Second round of the Italian general election. The Pelloux government fails to win a majority of seats. The "ministerial" left-wing bloc of the Historical Left led by Giovanni Giolitti remains the largest in Parliament, winning 296 of the 508 seats. The model of strong government advocated by the conservative Sidney Sonnino is discredited. More moderate politicians like Zanardelli and Giolitti resort back to more "conciliatory" politics.Italy source
1900June 14 – The Reichstag approves the second of the German Naval Laws allowing expansion of the Imperial German Navy.source
1900June 21 – Military governor Gen. MacArthur issues a proclamation providing amnesty to those who fought against the United States since the previous year, giving a 90-day period for them to swear an allegiance to the colonial government.Philippines source
1900July 9 – The Federation of Australia is enacted, marking the unification of its colonies into a single country.source
1900September 12 – Admiral Fredrik von Otter becomes Prime Minister of Sweden.source
1900October 9 – The Cook Islands become a territory of the United Kingdom.source
1900October 24 – 1900 United Kingdom general election: voting concludes with the Unionists led by the Marquess of Salisbury re-elected.source
1900October 25 – The United Kingdom annexes the Transvaal.source
1900November 6 – 1900 United States presidential election: Republican incumbent William McKinley is re-elected by defeating Democratic challenger William Jennings Bryan in a rematch.source
1900November 7 – 1900 Canadian federal election: Liberal incumbent Sir Wilfrid Laurier is reelected by defeating Conservative leader Sir Charles Tupper again after having done that in the 1896 Canadian federal election.source
19007 November – The Treaty of Washington is signed, clarifying the Spanish Empire's cession of the Philippines as agreed by the 1898 Treaty of Paris.Spain source
190025 November – Legislative election: The Regeneration Party of Prime Minister Ernesto Hintze Ribeiro wins an absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies, taking 104 of the 138 seats available. The Progressive Party wins 28 seats to finish as the second largest party.Portugal source
1900December 19 – Hopetoun Blunder: The first Governor-General of Australia, John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun, appoints Sir William Lyne premier of the new state of New South Wales, but he is unable to persuade other colonial politicians to join his government, and is forced to resign.source
1901January 1 – Nigeria becomes a British protectorate.source
1901January 1 – The British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia federate as the Commonwealth of Australia; Edmund Barton becomes the first Prime Minister of Australia.source
1901February 12 – Viceroy of India Lord Curzon creates the new North-West Frontier Province in the north of the Punjab region, bordering Afghanistan.source
1901February 14 – Edward VII opens his first parliament of the United Kingdom.source
1901February 15 – Giuseppe Zanardelli forms a new government with Giovanni Giolitti as Interior minister, that would last until 3 November 1903. Giolitti, who was considered to be the true leader of the cabinet, would dominate Italian politics until World War I, a period known as the Giolittian Era in which Italy experienced an industrial expansion, the rise of organised labour and the emergence of an active Catholic political movement.Italy source
1901February 20 – The Hawaii Territory Legislature convenes for the first time.source
1901February 23 – The United Kingdom and Germany agree on the frontier between German East Africa and Nyasaland.source
190123 February – Germany agrees the frontier between German East Africa and the British colony of Nyasaland with the United Kingdom.Germany source
1901March 1 – The United Kingdom, Germany and Japan protest the Sino-Russian agreement on Manchuria.source
1901March 2 – The United States Congress passes the Platt Amendment, limiting the autonomy of Cuba as a condition for the withdrawal of American troops.source
1901March 4 – President William McKinley begins his second term; Theodore Roosevelt is sworn in as Vice President.United States source
1901April 19 – The First Philippine Republic is formally dissolved, after president Emilio Aguinaldo calls all Filipino forces to lay down arms and cease hostilities.source
1901May 5 – The Caste War of Yucatán in Mexico officially ends, although Mayan skirmishers continue sporadic fighting for another decade.source
1901May 9 – The first Australian Parliament opens in Melbourne.source
190117 May – José Manuel Álvarez becomes Governor of Córdoba.Argentina source
1901May 19: Spanish general election, 1901Spain source
1901June 12 – Cuba becomes a United States protectorate.source
1901July 4 – William Howard Taft becomes Governor-General of the Philippines.source
190124 July – Peter Adler Alberti is appointed Minister for Iceland.Iceland source
1901July 31 – US Philippine Commission Act 183 is enacted, incorporating Manila as the country's first city; it would take effect on August 7.Philippines source
1901September 7 – The Boxer Protocol is signed between the Qing Empire of China and the Eight-Nation Alliance. Japan is represented by the Minister for Foreign Affairs Komura Jutarō.Japan source
1901September 14 – Vice President Theodore Roosevelt becomes the 26th president of the United States, upon President William McKinley's death.source
19016 October - Legislative electionPortugal source
1901December 3 – The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 is passed by the new Parliament of Australia as the basis of a White Australia policy.source
1901December 3 – U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt delivers a 20,000-word speech to the United States House of Representatives asking Congress to curb the power of trusts "within reasonable limits".source
1902January 30 – The Anglo-Japanese Alliance is signed.source
19021 March - Presidential election: Rodrigues Alves of the Republican Party of São Paulo receives 91.7% of the vote. Francisco Silviano de Almeida Brandão is elected vice-president but dies suddenly before the start of his term of office.Brazil source
1902March 15 – The Pattani Sultanate is abolished by the Siamese authority after the last sultan of Pattani refused new administrative reforms by the Siamese.source
1902May 13 – Alfonso XIII of Spain begins his reign.source
1902May 20 – Cuba gains independence from the United States.source
190228 May – Pacts of May: Chile and Argentina sign four protocols intended to improve relations and resolve territorial disputes.Argentina source
1902May 31 – The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War, providing for the Transvaal Colony and Orange Free State to transition to self-governing British colonies.source
1902June 16 – The Commonwealth Franchise Act in Australia grants women's suffrage in federal elections for resident British subjects (with certain ethnic minorities excepted), making Australia the first independent country to grant women the vote at a national level, and the first country to allow them to stand for Parliament.source
1902June 30 – Italy and France sign a secret treaty whereby France agreed to back Italy's claims in Libya (Tripolitania), while Italy supported French influence in Morocco. Italy was to remain neutral in case of German aggression against France, undermining the Triple Alliance.Italy source
1902July 5 – Erik Gustaf Boström returns as Prime Minister of Sweden.source
1902July 8 – The United States Bureau of Reclamation is established within the U.S. Geological Survey.source
1902July 11 – Lord Salisbury retires as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
1902August 10 – Japanese general election: The result was a victory for the Rikken Seiyūkai party, which won 191 of the 376 seats. Voting remained restricted to men aged over 25 who paid at least 10 yen a year in direct taxation, although 1900 electoral reforms had reduced the figure from 15 yen, increasing the proportion of the population able to vote from 1% to 2%.Japan source
1902November 1 – France attempts to neutralize Triple Alliance, signing agreement with Italy to remain neutral in Africa.source
190220 November – The Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case 1902 (Argentina, Chile) is settled.Chile source
1902December 7 – both Britain and Germany issued ultimatums to Venezuela, even though there was still disagreement about whether to impose a pacific blockade (as the Germans wanted) or a war blockade (as the British wanted)Venezuela source
1902The first Korean Empire passports are issued to assist Korean immigration to Hawaii.source
1902signing of the Mackay Treaty — a sixteen article treaty signed by the governments of Great Britain and the Chinese Qing dynasty on 5 September 1902. Under the terms of the treaty, the likin system of taxation was abolished and the first moves made to abolish extraterritoriality for foreign nationals.China source
1902The National Defence Party is established.Iceland source
1903January 1 – Edward VII is proclaimed Emperor of India.source
1903January – Voters in El Salvador voted for Pedro José Escalón to be President of El Salvador.El Salvador source
1903February 13 – Venezuelan crisis: After agreeing to arbitration in Washington, the United Kingdom, Germany and Italy reach a settlement with Venezuela resulting in the Washington Protocols. The naval blockade that began in 1902 ends.source
190313 February – Venezuelan crisis. After agreeing to arbitration in Washington, Britain, Germany and Italy reach a settlement with Venezuela, resulting in the Washington Protocols. The naval blockade that began in December 1902 will be lifted, and Venezuela commit 30% of its customs duties to settling claims.Germany source
1903February 23 – Cuba leases Guantánamo Bay to the United States "in perpetuity".source
1903March 1 – 1903 Japanese general election: The Rikken Seiyūkai party remained the largest in the House of Representatives, winning 175 of the 376 seats, but lost its majority.Japan source
1903March 13 – Having abolished the Sokoto Caliphate in West Africa, the new British administration accepts the concession of its last vizier.source
1903June 13 – Prime Minister Giuseppe Zanardelli resigns after losing a vote in the Italian Chamber of Deputies. However, after several attempts the Cabinet is reconstructed. The Interior Minister Giovanni Giolitti resigns and is replaced.Italy source
1903July 7 – Britain take over the Fulani Empire.source
1903August 3 – The Kruševo Republic is proclaimed in Ottoman Macedonia; it is crushed 10 days later.source
1903August 13 - Tsar Nicolas II appointed Alexeyev as viceroy in charge of all civil and military authority over Russian possessions in the Far East, including Russian-occupied Manchuria, the Liaodong Peninsula, and Russia Amur Military District (present day Primorsky Krai).China source
1903November 3 – Separation of Panama from Colombia: With the encouragement of the United States, Panama proclaims itself independent of Colombia.source
190311 November - Treaty of Petrópolis with BrazilBolivia source
190311 November - The Treaty of Petrópolis ends tension between Brazil and Bolivia over the then-Bolivian territory of Acre (today the Acre state).Brazil source
1903November 13 – The United States recognizes the independence of Panama.source
1903ongoing - Central Committee compositions elected by the 1st–3rd congresses of the Russian Social Democratic Labour PartyRussia source
1904February 23 – Japan–Korea Treaty of February 1904Japan source
1904April 8 – The Entente Cordiale is signed between the UK and France.source
19048 April – The Convention of Istanbul, signed by a number of powers including Germany in 1888, came into force.Germany source
1904April 27 – The Australian Labor Party becomes the first such party to gain national government, under Chris Watson.source
1904June 21 — A special Imperial pardon is extended to all reformers of 1898, except Sun Yat-sen, Liang Qichao, and Kang YouweiChina source
190426 June - Legislative electionPortugal source
1904August 14 – Ismael Montes becomes President of Bolivia.source
1904September 27 – Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti visits the German Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow to allay concerns in Berlin by the French-Italian rapprochement in relation with the Triple Alliance.Italy source
190420 October – The Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1904) is signed.Chile source
1904October 28 – Panama and Uruguay establish diplomatic relations.source
1904November 8 – 1904 United States presidential election: Republican incumbent Theodore Roosevelt defeats Democrat Alton B. Parker.source
1904December 6 – Theodore Roosevelt announces his "Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States will intervene in the Western Hemisphere should Latin American governments prove incapable or unstable.source
190414 December - The National Congress of Brazil approves a large naval acquisition programme.Brazil source
1904The position of Prime Minister of Iceland is established with Hannes Þórður Pétursson Hafstein of the Home Rule Party taking the position on 1 February.Iceland source
1905January 3 – Japan formally repossesses Port Arthur, and renames it Ryojun, holding it for the next 40 years. The area will revert in 1945 to China, and become the Lushunkou District.source
1905January 17 – In France, Prime Minister Émile Combes and his cabinet announce their resignations after being implicated in the Affair of the Cards (L'Affaire des Fiches), a system set up by the War Ministry to purge the French Army officers corps of Jesuits.source
1905January 21 – The Dominican Republic signs an agreement with the United States to allow the U.S. to administer the collection of customs taxes for Santo Domingo for 50 years, with the U.S. to assume responsibility for payment of the Republic's debts to foreign nations from Dominican income. The agreement is done as an exercise of the "Roosevelt Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine.source
1905January 26 – Elections are held in Hungary for the Országgyűlés, the Kingdom's parliament within Austria-Hungary. Voters overwhelmingly reject the Liberal Party, led by Prime Minister István Tisza, that has ruled Hungary since 1875. The Liberals lose 118 of their 277 seats, but Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria-Hungary ignores the results and keeps Tisza in power.source
1905January 27 – The Nelson Act is passed into law in the United States, providing for racial segregation of schools in the Alaska Territory.source
1905Non-whites are not given voting rights, except in the Cape Colony.South Africa source
190512 February – Portuguese legislative election, 1905.Portugal source
1905February 21 – Sir Wilfrid Laurier introduces a resolution in the Canadian parliament proposing that two new provinces, Alberta and Saskatchewan, be created out of the Northwest Territories.source
1905March 3 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia announces the creation of an elected assembly, the Duma, to represent the people of the Russian Empire in an advisory capacity, although the real power to make laws will remain with the Tsar and the cabinet of ministers.source
1905March 20 – The title Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is officially recognised by King Edward VII by a royal warrant.source
190531 March – during the First Moroccan Crisis, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany met with representatives of Sultan Abdelaziz of Morocco in TangierGermany source
1905April 1 – The British Imperial Penny Post is extended to include Australia.source
1905April – The Italian government acquired control (from a private Italian company called SACI) of the coastal area around Mogadishu, and creates the colony of Italian Somaliland.Italy source
1905May 30 – Japan's Prime Minister Katsura Tarō asks U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt to moderate peace discussions to end the Russo-Japanese War.source
1905June 7 – The Norwegian Parliament, the Storting, declares dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden, giving Norway full independence.source
1905July 5 – Alfred Deakin takes office as the new Prime Minister of Australia.source
19055 July – Alfred Deakin resumes office as Prime Minister of Australia after George Reid is unable to form a stable ministry.Australia source
1905July 27 – The Taft–Katsura agreement is reached in Tokyo.source
1905August 11 – The Russian Council appointed by Tsar Nicholas II meets at Peterhof and approves a plan for a national Duma, the first representative assembly in the Empire.source
1905August 20 – Chinese revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen forms the first chapter of Tongmenghui, a union of all secret societies determined to bringing down the Manchu dynasty.source
1905September 1 – The Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan are established from the southwestern part of the Northwest Territories.source
1905September 5 – Russo-Japanese War: Treaty of Portsmouth – In New Hampshire, a treaty mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt is signed by Japan and Russia. Russia cedes the island of Sakhalin together with port and rail rights in Manchuria to Japan.source
1905September 5: Treaty of Portsmouth signed, ending Russo-Japanese WarJapan source
1905September 5 – Russo-Japanese War – Treaty of Portsmouth: In New Hampshire, a treaty mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt is signed by Japan and Russia. Russia cedes the island of Sakhalin and port and rail rights in Manchuria to Japan.Russia source
1905October 16 – The Partition of Bengal is made by Lord Curzon to separate the region of Bengal into Muslim and Hindu territories until its reunification in 1911.source
1905October 26 Sweden–Norway agrees to the repeal of the union with Norway, forming the two modern-day countries.source
1905October 30 (October 17 Old Style) – October Manifesto: Tsar Nicholas II of Russia is forced to announce the granting of his country's first constitution (the Russian Constitution of 1906), conceding a national assembly (State Duma) with limited powers.source
1905November 4 – Russification of Finland: The application of the February Manifesto, removing the veto of the Diet of the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland over matters considered by the Emperor to concern Russian imperial interests, is interrupted by the new November Manifesto. The Senate of Finland is ordered to put forward a proposal for parliamentary reform, based on unicameralism and universal and equal suffrage.source
1905November 12 – Norway holds a plebiscite on the monarchy, resulting in popular approval of the Storting's decision to authorise the government to make the offer of the throne of the newly independent country.source
1905November 17 – The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 ("Eulsa Treaty") effectively makes Korea a protectorate of Japan.source
1905December 23 – The Tampere conference, where Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin meet for the first time, is held in Tampere, Finland.source
1905Constitutionalization attempts in Iran.Iran source
1906January 12 – Persian Constitutional Revolution: A nationalistic coalition of merchants, religious leaders and intellectuals in Persia forces the shah Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar to grant a constitution, and establish a national assembly, the Majlis.source
1906February 8 – Sidney Sonnino forms a new Cabinet, representing the Historical Right. Giolitti does not openly oppose Sonnino, but his followers of the Historical Left do.Italy source
19061 March: In the presidential election, Afonso Pena of the Mineiro Republican Party receives 97.9% of the vote.Brazil source
1906April 23 – In the Russian Empire, the Fundamental Laws are announced at the first state Duma.source
1906April 27 - Chinese representative Tang Shaoyi and the British Ambassador to China, Ernest Mason Satow, formally signed the Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet. Britain agreed not to occupy Tibet and not to interfere in Tibetan politics.China source
1906May 2 – Lord Alfred Milner, British colonial secretary and the High Commissioner for Southern Africa, returns to Britain.South Africa source
1906May 27 – The first inmates are moved to the Culion leper colony by the American Insular Government of the Philippine Islands.source
1906May 29 – Karl Staaff steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden over the issue of expanded voting rights. He is replaced by right-wing naval officer and public official Arvid Lindman.source
1906July 6 – The Second Geneva Convention meets.source
1906July 12 – Alfred Dreyfus is exonerated. He is reinstalled in the French Army on July 21, thus ending the Dreyfus affair.source
1906July 20 – In the Grand Duchy of Finland, a new electoral law is ratified, guaranteeing full women's suffrage, the first in modern Europe. Women can also stand in national elections.source
19066 August: Joseph Ward is sworn in as prime minister, taking over from acting prime minister William Hall-Jones.New Zealand source
190619 August – Portuguese legislative election, August 1906.Portugal source
1906October 6 – The National Consultative Assembly (Majlis) of Iran convenes for the first time.source
1906December 6 – The Transvaal Colony is granted responsible self-government by Britain.source
1906December 13 – The United Kingdom, France and Italy sign an agreement to preserve, in Ethiopia, the integrity of the ancient empire of Abyssinia.source
19061906 Persian legislative election.Iran source
19061906 Russian legislative electionRussia source
190718 January – Parliament of Coz CozChile source
1907February 15 – Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907Japan source
19071 March – Liberal Fernando Figueroa was sworn in as President of El Salvador. Manuel Enrique Araujo was sworn in as Vice President.El Salvador source
1907March 15–16 – Elections to the new Parliament of Finland are the first in the world for a national assembly with woman candidates, as well as the first elections in Europe where universal suffrage is applied; 19 women are elected.source
190720 April - Brazil annexed land in the East from Colombia through the Vásquez Cobo–Martins treaty.Brazil source
1907May 7 – Liberian constitutional referendum, 1907Liberia source
1907June 15 – The Second Hague Peace Conference opens at The Hague.source
1907July 1 – The Orange River Colony gains autonomy, as the Orange Free State.source
1907July 24 – The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907 brings the government and military of the protectorate of Korea more firmly under Japanese control.source
1907July 30 – First Philippine Assembly elections were held.Philippines source
1907August 31 – Count Alexander Izvolsky and Sir Arthur Nicolson sign the Anglo-Russian Entente in Saint Petersburg, bringing a pause in The Great Game in Central Asia, and establishing the Triple Entente.source
1907August – an Anglo-Russian agreement divided Iran into two zones of interests: a Russian zone in the North and a British zone in the South.Iran source
1907September 26 – New Zealand and Newfoundland become dominions of the British Empire.source
1907October – A committee of the Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language, made up of academics including Otto Jespersen, Wilhelm Ostwald and Roland Eötvös, meet in Paris to select a language for international use. The committee ultimately decides to reform Esperanto.source
1907November 16 – President Theodore Roosevelt proclaims that Oklahoma has become the 46th U.S. state.source
1907December 17 – Ugyen Wangchuck becomes the first Druk Gyalpo (king of Bhutan).source
1907Prime Minister – Giovanni Giolitti (1906–1909)Italy source
1908April 5 – The Italian Parliament enacts a basic law to unite all of the parts of southern Somalia into an area called Somalia Italiana.Italy source
19085 April – Portuguese legislative election, 1908.Portugal source
1908April 8 – H. H. Asquith of the Liberal Party takes office as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, succeeding Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman.source
1908June 26 – Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, a future President of Finland, meets the 13th Dalai Lama in Shanxi, China, becoming only the third European to be granted an audience with him.source
1908July 22 — The Qing government issues the Outline of Imperial Constitution, based on the Meiji Constitution of Japan, which establishes a framework for local and national legislative elections to be held.China source
1908July 23 – Young Turk Revolution: The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) issues a formal ultimatum to Sultan Abdul Hamid II, to restore the constitution of 1876 within the Ottoman Empire; it is restored the following day.source
1908August 24 – After an intense power struggle, Sultan Abdelaziz of Morocco is deposed and is succeeded by his brother Abd al-Hafid.source
190810 September – At the 1908 Icelandic prohibition referendum, a ban on importing alcohol is approved by 60.1% of voters.Iceland source
1908October 5 – Bulgaria declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire; Ferdinand I of Bulgaria becomes Tsar.source
19088 October – The capital of Australia is chosen, settling a feud between rivals Melbourne and Sydney.Australia source
1908November 3 – 1908 United States presidential election: Republican candidate William Howard Taft defeats William Jennings Bryan, 321 electoral votes to 162.source
1908November 15 – King Leopold II of Belgium formally relinquishes his personal control of the Congo Free State (becoming Belgian Congo) to Belgium, following evidence collected by Roger Casement of maladministration.source
190815 November - The emergence of Umbanda through Zélio Fernandino de Moraes.Brazil source
1908November 19 – Women's suffrage is passed in Victoria, Australia.source
1908November 30 – Root–Takahira AgreementJapan source
1908December 2 – Emperor Puyi ascends the Chinese throne at age 2 in succession to his uncle. He will reign for 3 years, then again for 11 days, and finally for 11 years as a puppet emperor.source
1908Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff is appointed German ambassador to the United States.Germany source
1909January 7 – Colombia recognizes the independence of Panama.source
1909January 11 – The International Joint Commission on US-Canada boundary waters is established.source
1909February 2 – The Paris Film Congress opens. It is an attempt to create a cartel of leading European producers similar to the MPPC in the United States.source
1909March 10 – The Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 is signed in Bangkok.source
1909March 22 – 1909 Alberta election: Alexander Rutherford's Liberals win a second consecutive majority.Canada source
1909April 27 – Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II is overthrown and succeeded by his brother, Mehmed V.source
19092 June – The Labor government of Andrew Fisher is ousted from office by Alfred Deakin's Fusion Party, and Deakin becomes Prime Minister for the third time.Australia source
1909July 16 – A revolution forces Mohammad Ali Shah of the Qajar dynasty to abdicate in favor of his son Ahmad Shah Qajar. He proceeds to leave Persia for the Russian Empire, reportedly seeking the assistance of Nicholas II of Russia in regaining the throne.source
19098 September: The Velarde-Río Branco treaty between Brazil and Peru is signed, establishing borders south of the Yavarí.Brazil source
1909October 24 – At the Italian city of Racconigi, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was hosted by King Victor Emmanuel III. The foreign ministers the two nations, Tommaso Tittoni and Aleksandr Izvolsky, exchanged diplomatic notes on an informal agreement, known as the Racconigi Bargain, for Russia and Italy to support each other's interests in the Balkans and in the Ottoman Empire. Italy and the Russian Empire concluded another agreement with Austro-Hungarian Empire a few days later disregarding this agreement.Italy source
1909December 23 – Albert I sworn in as King, following the death of his uncle King Leopold II, on December 17Belgium source
1909South Africa becomes the first non-European country to join FIFA.South Africa source
1909Chinese provinces (except Xinjiang) hold elections for the first time, for provincial legislatures and the National Assembly.China source
1909The 1909 Parliamentary election takes place.Norway source
1910January 8 – Treaty of Punakha: The Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan becomes a protectorate of the British Empire.source
1910January 15 – Amidst the constitutional crisis caused by the House of Lords rejecting the People's Budget, the January 1910 United Kingdom general election is held resulting in a hung parliament with neither Liberals nor Conservatives gaining a majority.source
19101 March - In the presidential election, Hermes da Fonseca receives 57.1% of the vote. Fonseca is supported by several of the most influential Republican parties, while his main opponent, Rui Barbosa, is supported by the Civilist Campaign.Brazil source
1910March 3 – Morocco signs accords with France in Paris, permitting the French to occupy Casablanca and Oujda in return for military training, as part of refinancing of loans.source
1910March 17 – Progressive Republicans in the United States House of Representatives rebel against Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon, removing him from the Rules Committee and stripping him of his power to appoint committee chairmen.source
1910March 31 – Luzzatti's new government is accepted by the Italian Chamber of Deputies.Italy source
19107 April – 1910 Costa Rican general election: Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno is elected president, defeating Rafael Iglesias Castro.Costa Rica source
1910May 6 – George V becomes King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland upon the death of his father, Edward VII.source
191022 May - A general election results in the Liberal Party, under incumbent prime minister Canalejas, being returned to power.Spain source
1910May 31 – The Union of South Africa is created.source
1910August 22 – The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, by which the Empire of Japan formally annexes the Korean Empire, is signed (it becomes effectively void in 1945, which is formally recognised in 1965).source
1910August 22 – Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910: Japan formally annexes Korea. The treaty was proclaimed to the public (and became effective) on August 29, 1910, officially starting the period of Japanese rule in Korea.Japan source
1910August 28 – Montenegro is proclaimed an independent kingdom, under Nicholas I.source
191028 August – Portuguese legislative election, 1910.Portugal source
1910August 29 – Emperor Sunjong of Korea abdicates and the country's monarchy is abolished.source
1910October 3 — first National Assembly of China convenes, urges Prince Chun to increase constitutional reforms.China source
1910October 5 – 5 October 1910 revolution: The First Portuguese Republic is proclaimed in Lisbon; King Manuel II of Portugal flees to England.source
191015 October – Chilean presidential election, 1910Chile source
1911January 1 – A decade after federation, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory are added to the Commonwealth of Australia.source
1911January – Voters in El Salvador voted for Manuel Enrique Araujo to be President of El Salvador.El Salvador source
1911March 23 – For the first time ever, the King consults with a socialist deputy, Leonida Bissolati, about the formation of a new government. Giovanni Giolitti is asked to form a new government. Bissolati declines a post in the new cabinet a few days later.Italy source
1911May 8 — the government of Great Qing withdrew the military department and re-established the cabinet. Yikuang is the prime minister of the cabinet. The members are mainly Manchu, they are known as the Royal Cabinet.China source
1911May 21 – Mexican Revolution: In Ciudad Juárez, a peace treaty is signed between Madero's rebels and government troops.source
1911May 25 – Mexican Revolution: Porfirio Díaz signs his resignation and leaves for Veracruz; on May 31 he leaves for exile in France.source
191128 May - Constituent National Assembly electionPortugal source
1911August 30 – Saionji Kinmochi is appointed Prime Minister of Japan.Japan source
1911November 4 – Morocco–Congo Treaty brings the Agadir Crisis to a close. This treaty leads Morocco to be split between France (as a protectorate) and Spain (as the colony of Spanish Sahara), with Germany forfeiting all claims to Morocco. In return, France gives Germany a portion of the French Congo (as Kamerun) and Germany cedes some of German Kamerun to France (as Chad).source
19114 November – The Treaty of Berlin brings the Agadir Crisis to a close. This treaty leads Morocco to be split between France (as a protectorate) and Spain (as the colony of Spanish Sahara), with Germany forfeiting all claims to Morocco. In return, France gives Germany a portion of the French Congo (as Kamerun) and Germany cedes some of German Kamerun to France (as Chad).Germany source
1911Louis Botha and J.B.M. Hertzog officially establish the South African Party as the "South African National Party" in Bloemfontein, although the Party had already been supported informally by candidates in national elections the year prior.South Africa source
1911December 1 – Outer Mongolia, the predecessor of modern-day Mongolia, is declared independent from the Chinese Empire.source
19117 December - Qiqihar Protocol between Russia and China on border demarcation in the Argun River areaRussia source
1911December 29 – Sun Yat-sen is elected Provisional President of the Republic of China.source
1912January 1 – The Republic of China is established.source
1912January 6 – New Mexico becomes the 47th U.S. state.source
1912January 8 – The African National Congress is founded as the South African Native National Congress in Bloemfontein, to promote improved rights for black South Africans, with John Langalibalele Dube as its first president.source
1912January 8 – The South African Native National Congress (now ANC) is formed in Bloemfontein and John Langalibalele Dube becomes the first president.South Africa source
1912January 12 – In the 1912 German federal election the Social Democrats for the first time becomes the party with the most seats.source
1912January 12 – German federal election, 1912Germany source
1912January 14 – Raymond Poincaré forms a coalition government in France, beginning his first term of office as Prime Minister on 21 January.source
1912February 12 – The Manchu Qing dynasty of China comes to an end after 268 years with the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor Puyi and the establishment of the Republic of China.source
1912February 12 – The Manchu Qing Dynasty of China comes to an end after 268 years, with the abdication of Emperor Puyi in favour of the Republic of China.China source
1912February 14 – Arizona is admitted as the 48th state of the United States, the last contiguous state to be admitted into the Union.source
1912February 29 – Serbia and Bulgaria secretly sign a treaty of alliance for a term of eight years, with each pledging to come to the defence of the other during war. The treaty would eventually be dishonored in World War I.source
1912March 27 – Tokyo Mayor Yukio Ozaki gives 3,000 Cherry blossom trees to be planted in Washington, D.C., to symbolize the friendship between the two countries.Japan source
1912March 30 – The French Third Republic establishes the French protectorate in Morocco by the Treaty of Fes with Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco.source
1912May 11 – Alaska becomes a territory of the United States.source
191227 May – The current Flag of El Salvador was adopted.El Salvador source
1912August 12 – Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco abdicates.source
1912September 4 – The government of the Ottoman Empire agrees to the demands put forward in the Albanian Revolt of 1912.source
1912October 18 – Italy and the Ottoman Empire sign a treaty in Ouchy near Lausanne, ending the Italo-Turkish War.source
1912October 18 – With the Treaty of Lausanne in Ouchy near Lausanne the Italo-Turkish War ends. The war costs Italy 1.3 billion lire, nearly a billion more than Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti estimated before the war, ruining ten years of fiscal prudence. Italy obtains control over the colonies of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania, as well as the Dodecanese islands. After the withdrawal of the Ottoman army the Italians could easily extend their occupation of Libya, seizing East Tripolitania, Ghadames, the Djebel and Fezzan with Murzuk during 1913.Italy source
1912November 5 – 1912 United States presidential election: New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson beats former president Theodore Roosevelt and incumbent president William Howard Taft.source
191227 November – Spanish protectorate in Morocco: By a treaty with France, Spain is granted a zone of influence in northern and southern Morocco.Spain source
1912November 28 – Albania declares independence from the Ottoman Empire.source
1912The Farmers' Party was established.Iceland source
1913January 13 – Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force, by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule for Ireland.source
1913January 20 - Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro presented an ultimatum to the Ottoman Empire, giving the Turks 14 days to make a favorable reply to their demands or face a resumption of war.source
191324 January - Borges de Medeiros begins his second term as President of Rio Grande do Sul, taking over from Carlos Barbosa Gonçalves.Brazil source
1913February 3 – The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect income taxes on all sources of income.source
1913February 13 – Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from Qing dynasty China.source
1913February 18 – Mexican Revolution: President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign.source
1913February 19 – Mexican Revolution: With Madero and Pino Suárez removed, Pedro Lascuráin serves as President for less than an hour, before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office.source
1913February 19 — Victoriano Huerta elected presidentMexico source
1913March 13 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his self-imposed exile in the United States.source
1913March 20 – The city of Canberra, the centre of the Australian Capital Territory, becomes the official capital of the Commonwealth of Australia.source
1913March 23 – Supporters of Phan Xích Long begin a revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina.source
1913April 8 – The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed, dictating the direct election of senators.source
1913May 30 – First Balkan War: The Treaty of London is signed, ending the war. Greece is granted those parts of southern Epirus which it does not already control, and the independence of Albania is recognised.source
1913June 1 – The Greek–Serbian Treaty of Alliance is signed, paving the way for the Second Balkan War.source
1913June 18 – The Arab Congress of 1913 opens, during which Arab nationalists meet to discuss desired reforms under the Ottoman Empire.source
1913June 19 – The Parliament of South Africa passes the Natives Land Act, limiting land ownership for blacks to black territories.source
1913June 19 – The Natives Land Act is passed, limiting land ownership for blacks to black territories.South Africa source
191324 June — Joseph Cook becomes the 6th prime minister.Australia source
1913August 4 – Republic of China: The city of Chongqing (Chungking) declares independence; Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks.source
1913August 10 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed, ending the war. Macedonia is divided, and Northern Epirus is assigned to Albania.source
1913August 11 – The London ambassadors conference, of Europe's six "Great Powers" (Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, the United Kingdom), settled on the boundaries of the new Principality of Albania, created from former Turkish territory by the Balkan League during the First Balkan War.Italy source
1913September 29 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Constantinople is signed in Istanbul, between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria.source
1913October 6 — The British Foreign Ministry recognized the Republic of China's Beiyang government and established the Embassy of the Republic of China in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the capital of London (in 1927, the country of change was the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) and sent a minister.China source
1913October 10 – Yuan Shikai is elected President of the Republic of China.source
1913November 2 – Second round of Italian general election. The two historical parliamentary factions, the liberal and progressive Left and the conservative and monarchist Right, formed a single liberal and centrist group, known as The Liberals, under the leadership of Giovanni Giolitti, which narrowly retained an absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies, while the Radical Party emerged as the largest opposition bloc. Both groupings did particularly well in Southern Italy, while the Italian Socialist Party gained eight seats and was the largest party in Emilia-Romagna.Italy source
1913December 1 – Crete, having obtained self rule from Turkey after the First Balkan War, is annexed by Greece.source
1913December 16–17 – Parliamentary elections are held in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. The Croat-Serb Coalition wins with 39.09% of the vote.Croatia source
1914January 29 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia dismisses his 4th Prime Minister, Vladimir Kokovtsov due to his "lack of control over the press", he is succeeded by Ivan Goremykin for his second termsource
1914February 28 – The Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus is proclaimed by ethnic Greeks.source
19141 March - In the presidential election, incumbent Vice-President Venceslau Brás, of the Mineiro Republican Party, receives 91.6% of the vote.Brazil source
1914March 22 – Argentine legislative election, 1914Argentina source
1914May 17 – The Protocol of Corfu provides for the provinces of Korçë and Gjirokastër, constituting Northern Epirus, to be granted autonomy under the nominal sovereignty of Albania.source
1914May 25 – The House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes the Government of Ireland Act 1914, the "Irish Home Rule Bill".source
1914June 1 – Woodrow Wilson's envoy, Edward Mandell House, meets Kaiser Wilhelm II.source
1914July 5 – A council is held at Potsdam: leaders within Austria-Hungary and Germany meet to discuss the possibilities of war with Serbia, Russia and France.source
1914July 15 – Mexican Revolution: Victoriano Huerta resigns from the presidency of Mexico.source
1914July 19 – George V summons a conference to discuss the Irish Home Rule problem. It meets from July 21–24, without reaching consensus.source
1914July 23 – July Ultimatum: Austria-Hungary presents Serbia with an unconditional ultimatum.source
1914August 2 – A secret treaty between the Ottoman Empire and German Empires secures Ottoman neutrality.source
1914August 7 – The United Kingdom (Japan's ally since 1902) officially asked Japan for assistance in destroying the raiders from the Imperial German Navy in and around Chinese waters.Japan source
1914August 13 – The Teoloyucan Treaties are signed in the State of Mexico.source
1914August 26 – The Togoland Campaign ends with the German West African colony of Togoland (Togo from 1960) surrendering to Britain and France.source
191429 August – Carlos Meléndez Ramírez resigned as Provisional President and Alfonso Quiñónez Molina succeeded him as Provisional President.El Salvador source
1914September 1 – The province of Cotabato is founded.Philippines source
1914September 5 – London Agreement: No member of the Triple Entente (Britain, France, or Russia) may seek a separate peace with the Central Powers.source
1914October 19 – The Race to the Sea effectively ends, with the Western Front reaching the Belgian coast.source
1914November 6 – Eulalio Gutiérrez is declared President of Mexico during the Convention of AguascalientesMexico source
191420 December — The Taiwan Assimilation Association was established.Taiwan source
19141914 Persian legislative election.Iran source
1915January 12 – The United States House of Representatives rejects a proposal to give women the right to vote.source
1915January 26 – The Rocky Mountain National Park is established by an act of the United States Congress.source
19151 March – Carlos Meléndez Ramírez was sworn in as President of El Salvador. Alfonso Quiñónez Molina was sworn in as vice president.El Salvador source
1915March 14 – Constantinople Agreement: Britain, France and the Russian Empire agree to give Constantinople (Istanbul) and the Bosphorus to Russia in case of victory (the treaty is later nullified by the Bolshevik Revolution).source
1915March 25 – 1915 Japanese general election: The Rikken Dōshikai party emerged as the largest party in the House of Representatives, winning 153 of the 381 seats. The 381 members of the House of Representatives were elected in 51 multi-member constituencies based on prefectures and cities. Voting was restricted to men aged over 25 who paid at least 10 yen a year in direct taxation.Japan source
1915April 26 – Treaty of London: Italy secretly agrees to leave the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, and join with the Entente Powers, in exchange for certain territories of Austria-Hungary on its borders.source
1915April 26 – A secret pact, the Treaty of London or London Pact (Patto di Londra), is signed between the Triple Entente (the United Kingdom, France, and the Russian Empire) and the Kingdom of Italy. According to the pact, Italy was to leave the Triple Alliance and join the Triple Entente. Italy was to declare war against Germany and Austria-Hungary within a month in return for territorial concessions at the end of the war to fulfil Italy’s irredentist claims.Italy source
1915May 17 – The last purely Liberal government in the United Kingdom ends, when the prime minister H. H. Asquith forms an all-party coalition government, the Asquith coalition ministry, effective May 25.source
1915May 25 – China agrees to the Twenty-One Demands of the Japanese.source
1915May 25 – the Yuan government accepts four out of the five set of demands issued in the Twenty-One DemandsChina source
191529 May – Teófilo Braga becomes president of Portugal.Portugal source
191531 May – Free State – Fauresmith to Koffiefontein, 32 mi 71 ch.South Africa source
1915June 19 – In Iceland, at this time a dependency of Denmark, women's suffrage is granted to those over 40.source
191525 June- Chilean presidential election, 1915Chile source
1915July 14 – The McMahon–Hussein Correspondence between Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and the British official Sir Henry McMahon concerning the Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire begins; in exchange for assistance against the Ottomans, the British offer bin Ali their recognition of an independent Arab kingdom, although clear terms are never agreed.source
19156 August - Brazilian-born Bernardino Luís Machado Guimarães becomes President of Portugal.Brazil source
1915August 16 – WWI: The Allies promise the Kingdom of Serbia, should victory be achieved over Austria-Hungary and its allied Central Powers, the territories of Baranja, Srem and Slavonia from the Cisleithanian part of the Dual Monarchy, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and eastern Dalmatia (from the river of Krka to Bar).source
1915October 19 – Mexican Revolution: The U.S. recognizes the Mexican government of Venustiano Carranza de facto (not de jure until 1917).source
1915October 27 – William Morris "Billy" Hughes becomes the 7th prime minister of Australia.source
1915December 12 – President of the Republic of China Yuan Shikai declares himself Emperor.source
1916January 12 – The Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony, part of the British Empire, is established in modern-day Tuvalu and Kiribati.source
1916January – The New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF) becomes the New Zealand Division.New Zealand source
1916March 10 – The McMahon–Hussein Correspondence concludes with an understanding that the United Kingdom would recognise Arab independence in return for Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, launching the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire.source
1916March 22 – The temporary Emperor of China, Yuan Shikai, abdicates the throne, and the Republic of China is restored once again.source
19162 April – A general election takes place.Argentina source
1916May 16 – Britain and France conclude the secret Sykes–Picot Agreement, which is to divide Arab areas of the Ottoman Empire, following the conclusion of WWI and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, into French and British spheres of influence.source
1916June 15 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs a bill incorporating the Boy Scouts of America.source
191631 July – Free State – Vierfontein to Bothaville, 23 mi 6 ch.South Africa source
19165 August – Icelandic parliamentary election, August 1916Iceland source
1916August 7 – Portugal joins the Allies.source
1916August 16 – The Migratory Bird Treaty between Canada and the United States is signed.source
1916August 17 (August 4 O.S.) – WWI: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed secretly between Romania and the Entente Powers, stipulating the conditions under which Romania agrees to join the war on their side, particularly territorial promises in Austria-Hungary.source
1916August 21 – WWI: Peru declares neutrality.source
1916August 25 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs legislation creating the National Park Service.source
1916August 29 – The United States passes the Philippine Autonomy Act.source
1916August 29 – Philippine Autonomy Act becomes law as a new Organic Act.Philippines source
1916October 5 – The Italian Government is informed of the content of the agreement signed in May between France, England and Russia for the partition of the Asian part of the Ottoman Empire. Italy advances reservations about these agreements and demands that part of Asia Minor including the Turkish provinces of Aidin (Smyrna), Konya and Adana, would be allocated to Italy as agreed in the 1915 Treaty of London.Italy source
1916October 12 – Hipólito Yrigoyen is elected President of Argentina.source
191630 October – Vice-presidential electionChina source
1916November 1 – Pavel Milyukov delivers his "stupidity or treason" speech in the Russian State Duma, precipitating the downfall of the Boris Stürmer government.source
1916November 5 – The Kingdom of Poland (1916–18) is proclaimed by a joint act of the emperors of Germany and Austria.source
1916November 7 – Republican Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman elected to the United States House of Representatives.source
1916November 7 – 1916 United States presidential election: Democratic President Woodrow Wilson narrowly defeats Republican Charles Evans Hughes, when California is called a week after Election Day.source
1916November 13 – Prime Minister of Australia Billy Hughes is expelled from the Labor Party over his support for conscription.source
1916December 25 – The law transferring the Romanian Treasure to Moscow for safekeeping is passed. The Treasure would never entirely return to Romania.Romania source
1916December 30 – Humberto Gómez and his mercenaries seize Arauca in Colombia and declare the Republic of Arauca. He proceeds to pillage the region before fleeing to Venezuela.source
19174 January – First cabinet of Jón MagnússonIceland source
1917February 1 – WWI: Atlantic U-boat Campaign: Germany announces its U-boats will resume unrestricted submarine warfare, rescinding the Sussex Pledge'.source
1917February 5 – The new and current constitution is adopted.Mexico source
1917March 2 – The enactment of the Jones Act grants Puerto Ricans United States citizenship.source
1917March 4 – Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman member of the United States House of Representatives.source
1917March 11 – Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza is elected president of Mexico; the United States gives de jure recognition of his government.source
1917March 12 – The Russian Duma declares a Provisional Government. It is dissolved 4 months later.source
1917March 31 – The United States takes possession of the Danish West Indies, which become the US Virgin Islands, after paying $25 million to Denmark.source
1917April 8 (N.S.) (March 26, O.S.) – In Petrograd, 40,000 ethnic Estonians demand national autonomy within Russia.source
191711 April - Brazil breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany.Brazil source
1917April 12 (N.S.) (March 30 O.S.) – The Autonomous Governorate of Estonia is formed within Russia, from the Governorate of Estonia and the northern part of the Governorate of Livonia.source
1917April 26 – Agreement of St.-Jean-de-Maurienne between France, Italy and the United Kingdom, signed at Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne. Drafted by the Italian Foreign Minister Sidney Sonnino, as a tentative agreement to settle its Middle Eastern interest, the agreement was needed by the allies to secure the position of Italian forces in the Middle East and to balance the military power drops at the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I as Russian (Tsarist) forces were pulling out of the Caucasus Campaign. Italy would receive a part of southwestern Anatolia, including İzmir (Smyrna).Italy source
1917May 18 – WWI: The Selective Service Act passes the United States Congress, giving the President the power of conscription.source
1917June 11 – King Constantine I of Greece abdicates for the first time, being succeeded by his son Alexander.source
191725 June – the Juntas de Defensa made their manifesto public.Spain source
1917July 17 – King George V of the United Kingdom issues a proclamation, stating that thenceforth the male line descendants of the British royal family will bear the surname Windsor, vice the Germanic bloodline of House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (an offshoot of the historic (800+ years) House of Wettin).source
1917July 20 – (July 7, O.S.) – Alexander Kerensky becomes premier of the Russian Provisional Government, replacing Prince Georgy Lvov.source
1917July 20 – The Parliament of Finland, with a Social Democratic majority, passes a "Sovereignty Act", declaring itself, as the representative of the Finnish people, sovereign over the Grand Duchy of Finland. The Russian Provisional Government does not recognize the act, as it would have devolved Russian sovereignty over Finland, formerly exercised by the Russian Emperor as Grand Duke of Finland, and alter the relationship between Finland and Russia into a real union, with Russia solely responsible for the defence and foreign relations of an independent Finland.source
1917July 20 – The Corfu Declaration, which enables the establishment of the post-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia, is signed by the Yugoslav Committee and the Kingdom of Serbia.source
1917July 30 – The Parliament of Finland is dissolved by the Russian Provisional Government. New elections are held in the autumn, resulting in a bourgeois majority.source
1917August 29 – WWI: The Military Service Act is passed in the House of Commons of Canada, giving the Government of Canada the right to conscript men into the army.source
1917September 13: Romania establishes diplomatic relations with Japan. King Ferdinand names Nicolae Xenopol as plenipotentiary minister to Tokyo.Romania source
1917September 14 (September 1 Old Style) – Russia is declared a republic by the Provisional Government.source
1917November 2 – Zionism: The British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour makes the Balfour Declaration, proclaiming British support for the "establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people..., it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities".source
1917November 2 – Lansing–Ishii AgreementJapan source
1917November 7 – Women's Suffrage in the United States: Women win the right to vote in New York State.source
1917November 15 – (N.S.) (November 2, O.S.) – The Provincial Assembly of the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia declares itself the highest legal body in Estonia, in opposition to Bolsheviks.source
1917November 16 – Georges Clemenceau becomes prime minister of France.source
1917December 6 – The Senate of Finland officially declares the country's independence from Russia.source
19176 December – Finnish Declaration of Independence: Finland declares its independence from the Russian Empire following the Bolsheviks taking power.Finland source
1917December 23 (N.S.) (December 10, O.S.) – A local plebiscite supports transferring Narva and Ivangorod (Jaanilinn) from the Petrograd Governorate, to the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia.source
1917December – Annie Besant becomes president of the Indian National Congress.source
1918January 4 – The Finnish Declaration of Independence is recognized by Soviet Russia, Sweden, Germany and France.source
1918January 8 – American president Woodrow Wilson presents the Fourteen Points as a basis for peace negotiations to end the war.source
1918February 6 – Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom: Representation of the People Act gives most women over 30 the vote.source
1918March 3 – WWI: The Central Powers and Bolshevist Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending Russia's involvement in the war.source
19183 March – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Bolshevist Russia cedes sovereignty over Estonia to Germany.Estonia source
1918March 19 – The United States Congress establishes time zones, and approves daylight saving time (DST goes into effect on March 31).source
1918April 9 – Union of Bessarabia with Romania: Bessarabia votes to become part of the Kingdom of Romania.source
1918April 22 – Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia declare their independence from Russia as the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.source
19187 May – The Treaty of Bucharest is signed with the Central Powers following the stalemate reached after the campaign of 1917.Romania source
1918May 24 – Women in Canada, excluding residents of Quebec, are granted the right to vote in federal elections.source
1918May 26 – The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic is abolished; Georgia declares its independence as the Democratic Republic of Georgia.source
1918May 28 – Armenia and Azerbaijan declare their independence as the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic respectively.source
1918June 4 - The First Republic of Armenia signed its first treaty, the Treaty of Batum. The other signatories are the Ottoman Empire, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Georgia.Armenia source
19186 June: Akashi Motojiro was promoted to general and appointed by Prime Minister Terauchi as the Governor-General of Taiwan.Taiwan source
1918October 3 – Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany appoints Max von Baden Chancellor of Germany.source
1918October 3 – King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria abdicates in the wake of the Bulgarian military collapse in WWI. He is succeeded by his son, Boris III.source
1918October 4 – Wilhelm II of Germany forms a new, liberal government to sue for peace.source
19189 October – Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse is elected King of Finland.Finland source
1918October 28 – Czechoslovakia declares its independence from Austria-Hungary.source
1918November 1 – The Polish–Ukrainian War is inaugurated, by the proclamation of the West Ukrainian People's Republic in Galicia, with a capital at Lwów.source
1918November 9 – Proclamation of the republic in Germany by Philipp Scheidemann in Berlin, on the Reichstag balcony. One of several significant events on 9 November in German history.source
1918November 9 – Provisional National Council Minister-President Kurt Eisner declares Bavaria to be a republic.source
1918November 11 – Poland regains independence, after 123 years of partitions. Józef Piłsudski is appointed Commander-in-Chief.source
1918November 14 – Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, announces he is ceasing to rule Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, leading to the establishment of the Free State of Coburg and the Free State of Saxe-Gotha.source
1918November 16 – The Hungarian Democratic Republic is declared, marking Hungary's independence from Austria.source
1918November 25 – Serbs of Vojvodina declare for Serbia at Újvidék (now Novi Sad)Hungary source
1918November 26 – The Podgorica Assembly ('Great National Assembly of the Serb People in Montenegro') votes for a "union of the people" between the kingdoms of Montenegro and Serbia and for deposition of the exiled King Nicholas I of Montenegro.source
1918December 1 – The Union of Alba Iulia is proclaimed: Following the March 27 incorporation of Bessarabia and Bucovina, Transylvania unites with the Kingdom of Romania.source
1918December 4 – President Woodrow Wilson departs by ship to the Paris Peace Conference, becoming the first United States President to travel to Europe while holding office.source
1918December 16 – Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas declares the formation of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, a puppet state created by the Russian SFSR to justify the Lithuanian–Soviet War.source
191821 December – Carlos Meléndez Ramírez resigned as President and was succeeded by Alfonso Quiñónez Molina as Acting President.El Salvador source
1918December 25 – Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten, is formed in Germany as a nationalist veterans' organization.source
1918Hussein al-Husayni, Palestinian politician who served as mayor of Jerusalem from 1909 to 1917.British-administered Palestine source
1919January 1 – The Czechoslovak Legions occupy much of the self-proclaimed "free city" of Pressburg (later Bratislava), enforcing its incorporation into the new republic of Czechoslovakia.source
1919January 3 – The Faisal–Weizmann Agreement is signed by Emir Faisal (representing the Arab Kingdom of Hejaz) and Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann, for Arab–Jewish cooperation in the development of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and an Arab nation in a large part of the Middle East.source
19193 January – The signing of the Faisal Weizmann Agreement is held by Emir Feisal (son of the King of Hejaz) and Chaim Weizmann (later President of the World Zionist Organization) as part of the Paris Peace Conference.British-administered Palestine source
19199 January – Estonian War of Independence: Estonians retake Tapa from the Bolsheviks, which enabled further liberation of Estonia.Estonia source
1919January 14 – Estonian War of Independence: Estonian forces liberate Tartu from the Red Army.source
1919January 18 – Estonian War of Independence: Estonian forces liberate Narva, expelling the Red Army from Northern Estonia.source
1919January 18 – The Paris Peace Conference opens in France, with delegates from 27 nations attending for meetings at the Palace of Versailles.source
1919January 18 – The Paris Peace Conference opens at the Palace of Versailles, France. Japan sent a large delegation headed by the former Prime Minister, Marquess Saionji Kinmochi. It was originally one of the "big five" but relinquished that role because of its slight interest in European affairs. Instead it focused on two demands: the inclusion of their racial equality proposal in the League's Covenant and Japanese territorial claims with respect to former German colonies, namely Shantung (including Kiaochow) and the Pacific islands north of the Equator (the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, the Mariana Islands, and the Carolines). Makino Nobuaki was technically de facto chief while Saionji's role was symbolic and limited by his ill health.Japan source
1919January 19 – 1919 German federal election, first under the Weimar Republic and the first in Germany with female suffrage.source
1919January 21 – Dáil Éireann meets for the first time in the Mansion House, Dublin. It comprises Sinn Féin members elected in the 1918 general election who, in accordance with their manifesto, have not taken their seats in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, but chosen to declare an independent Irish Republic. In the first shots of the Anglo-Irish War, two Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) men are killed in an ambush at Soloheadbeg, County Tipperary.source
1919February 1 – Estonian War of Independence: Estonian forces liberate Valga and Võru, expelling the Red Army from the entire territory of Estonia.source
1919February 10 – The Inter-Allied Women's Conference convenes to compile a list of women's issues to present to the delegates of the Paris Peace Conference.source
1919February 11 – Friedrich Ebert is elected the first President of Germany (Reichspräsident), by the Weimar National Assembly.source
1919February 26 – Grand Canyon National Park: An act of the United States Congress establishes most of the Grand Canyon as a United States National Park.source
19191 March – Jorge Meléndez was sworn in as President of El Salvador. Alfonso Quiñónez Molina was sworn in as Vice President.El Salvador source
1919March 21 – The Hungarian Soviet Republic is established by Béla Kun.source
19191 April – Antonio Toledo Corro, Governor of Sinaloa 1981–1986 (died 2018)Mexico source
191911 May – Portuguese legislative election, 1919.Portugal source
1919May 12 – Supreme Council of the Paris Peace Conference accepts border proposals. Aside from the Austrian claims to Western Hungary, these roughly match the final borders to be defined by the Treaty of TrianonHungary source
1919May 30 – By agreement with the United Kingdom, later confirmed by the League of Nations, Belgium is given the mandate over part of German East Africa (Ruanda-Urundi).source
1919June 4 – Women's rights: The United States Congress approves the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which would guarantee suffrage to women, and sends it to the states for ratification.source
1919June 28 – The Treaty of Versailles is signed, formally ending World War I, five years to the day since the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. John Maynard Keynes, who has been present at the conference and is unhappy with the terms of the treaty, brings out his own analysis later in the year, entitled The Economic Consequences of the Peace.source
1919June 28 – The Treaty of Versailles ends the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.Italy source
1919July 3 – Estonian and Latvian Wars of Independence: The pro-German Baltische Landeswehr signs a peace treaty with Estonia and Latvia. The pro-German Prime Minister of Latvia Andrievs Niedra resigns, and Latvian forces take over Riga on July 8.source
191925 July – Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg is elected President of Finland by the country's Parliament.Finland source
1919August 8 – The Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, signed in Rawalpindi, ends the Third Anglo-Afghan War, with the United Kingdom recognising the right of the Emirate of Afghanistan to manage its own foreign affairs and Afghanistan recognising the Durand Line as the border with British India.source
1919August 11 – In Germany, the Weimar Constitution is proclaimed to be in effect (ratified).source
1919August 21 – Friedrich Ebert becomes the first President of Germany (Reichspräsident) under the Weimar Constitution.source
1919September 10 – The Treaty of Saint-Germain is signed, ending World War I with Austria-Hungary and declaring that the latter's empire is to be dissolved. The Republic of German-Austria becomes the First Austrian Republic but retains less than 40% of the prewar imperial territory.source
1919September 17 – German South West Africa is placed under South African administration.source
1919October 10 – Estonia adopts a radical land reform, nationalizing 97% of agrarian lands, mostly still belonging to the Baltic German nobility.source
1919October 13 – The Convention relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation is signed, in Paris, France.source
1919October 26 – 1919 Luxembourg general election, the first in the duchy with female suffrage, following constitutional amendments of May 15.source
1919December 1 – American-born Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor, becomes the first woman to take her seat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, having become the second to be elected on November 28.source
1920January 15 – Paris Peace Conference presents peace terms to the Hungarian delegationHungary source
1920January 16 – The Allies of World War I demand that the Netherlands extradite ex-German Emperor Wilhelm II who fled there in 1918.source
1920January 21 – The final session of the Paris Peace Conference is held, even though peace treaties with Hungary and Turkey remain to be concluded. The United States does not conclude its own treaty with Germany until August 25, 1921.source
1920January 28 – El Tercio de Extranjeros (the "Regiment of Foreigners"), later the Spanish Legion, is established by decree of King Alfonso XIII of Spain.source
1920February 2 – Estonian War of Independence: The Tartu Peace Treaty is signed, ending the war and recognizing the independence of both the Republic of Estonia and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.source
19202 February – Treaty of Tartu which gave Estonia recognition by Soviet Russia.Estonia source
1920February 9 – The Svalbard Treaty, signed by members of the League of Nations in Paris, recognises the sovereignty of Norway over the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard (at this time called Spitzbergen), while giving the other signatories economic rights in the islands.source
1920February 24 – Adolf Hitler presents his National Socialist Program in Munich to the German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), which renames itself as the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei).source
1920March 10 – The world's first peaceful establishment of a social democratic government takes place in Sweden as Hjalmar Branting takes over as prime minister when Nils Edén leaves office.source
1920March 23 – Admiral Miklós Horthy declares that Hungary is a monarchy, without anyone on the throne.source
1920April 19–26 – San Remo conference: Representatives of Italy, France, the United Kingdom, and Japan meet to determine the League of Nations mandates for administration of territories, following the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire.source
1920April 20 – José de las Fuentes Rodríguez, lawyer and politician (PRI); Governor of Coahuila 1981–1987 (died 2011)Mexico source
1920April 26 – The Khorezm People's Soviet Republic is officially created by Soviet Russia, as the successor to the Khanate of Khiva.source
192026 April – The San Remo conference ends, during which the Allied Supreme Council agree to allocate the mandate of Palestine to the United Kingdom, incorporating the terms set forth in the Balfour Declaration.British-administered Palestine source
1920May 10 – In the general election, the Rikken Seiyūkai, led by Prime Minister Hara Takashi, increases on its majority of seats in the lower house of the Diet.Japan source
1920June 4 – Treaty of Trianon: Peace is restored between the Allied Powers and Hungary, which loses 72% of its territory.source
19204 June – The Treaty of Trianon is signed. Transylvania and most of Banat become part of Romania.Romania source
1920June 15 – The Estonian Constituent Assembly adopts the first constitution of Estonia, which will come into effect on December 21 this year.source
1920July 12 – Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty: The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic recognizes independent Lithuania.source
1920July 20 – The United Kingdom cedes its brief control of the key Black Sea port of Batum to the Democratic Republic of Georgia.source
1920July 31 – Representatives of British revolutionary socialist groups meet at the Cannon Street Hotel in London and agree to form the Communist Party of Great Britain.source
1920August 10 – Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI's representatives sign the Treaty of Sèvres with the Allied Powers, confirming arrangements for the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire.source
1920September 8 – Gabriele D'Annunzio proclaims the Italian Regency of Carnaro in the city of Fiume.source
1920November 2 – 1920 United States presidential election: Republican U.S. senator Warren G. Harding defeats Democratic governor of Ohio James M. Cox and Socialist Eugene V. Debs, in the first national U.S. election in which women have the right to vote.source
192015 November – The first convention of the League of Nations takes place in Geneva with 41 member states in attendance.Switzerland source
1920November 28 – FIDAC (French: Fédération Interalliée des Anciens Combattants, English: The Interallied Federation of War Veterans Organisations) is established in Paris at the initiative of veterans from World War I, predominantly pacifists, joined by associations of veterans from France, the United Kingdom, United States, Belgium, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Italy and Serbia.source
1920December 3 – Following more than a month of the Turkish–Armenian War, the Turkish-dictated Treaty of Alexandropol is concluded.source
1920December 7 – The first draft of the Mandate for Palestine is submitted to the League of Nations.source
1920December 10 – Irish War of Independence: Martial law is declared in Counties Cork, Kerry, Limerick and Tipperary by the British authorities.source
1920December 17 – South Africa is granted a League of Nations Class C mandate over South West Africa.source
1920December 23 – The Government of Ireland Act 1920, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, receives Royal Assent from George V, providing for the partition of Ireland into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, with separate parliaments, granting a measure of home rule.source
1920Establishment of the Reconstitution Party.Portugal source
1921February 19 – The French Third Republic and Second Polish Republic form a defensive alliance.source
1921March 9 – Cilicia Peace Treaty is signed between the French Third Republic and the Turkish National Movement in an attempt to end the Franco-Turkish War.source
1921March 12 – The İstiklâl Marşı (Independence March), the Turkish national anthem, is officially adopted.source
192114 March - Act III of 1921 passed by the National Assembly. The so-called "order law" invests powers in the government to protect the social order against communists and other radicalsHungary source
1921March 16 – Treaty of Moscow establishes friendly relations between the Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.source
1921March 18 – The second Peace of Riga ends the Polish–Soviet War. A permanent border is established between the Polish and Soviet states.source
1921March 20 – Upper Silesia votes for re-annexation to Germany.source
1921March 31 – Abkhazia becomes the Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia.source
1921April 11 – The Emirate of Transjordan is created under British Mandate, with Abdullah I as emir.source
1921May 6 – The German-Soviet Provisional Agreement is signed: Germany recognises the Soviet government in the RSFSR.source
19218 May – At the congress of the Socialist Party of Romania (Partidul Socialist din România), the pro-Bolshevik faction affirms control of the party, which consequently joins Communist International and is renamed the Romanian Communist Party (Partidul Comunist Român).Romania source
1921May 22 – In the first golf international between the two countries, the United States beats the United Kingdom 9 rounds to 3.source
1921May 24 – 1921 Irish elections: In the first Northern Ireland general election for the new Parliament of Northern Ireland, Ulster Unionists win 40 out of 52 seats. The dominant-party system here will last for fifty years.source
192124 May – Irish elections, under terms of the Government of Ireland Act 1920: In the Northern Ireland general election for the new Parliament of Northern Ireland (held by single transferable vote), it is apparent by 29 May that the Unionists have a substantial majority (40 out of 52 seats). The six Sinn Féin members consider themselves elected to sit in the Second Dáil (where five others also hold seats representing Southern Ireland).Northern Ireland source
1921June 10 – Paris declaration: Representatives of the three states of Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus (the Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian Socialist Soviet Republics) proclaim their independence, establishing a customs union and military alliance, not internationally recognized.source
192125 June – Fourth Palestine Arab Congress held in Jerusalem.Mandatory Palestine source
1921June 27 – The first signings of Treaty 11, an agreement between George V, King of Canada, and various Canadian First Nations, are conducted at Fort Providence.source
1921June 28 – The Constitutional Assembly of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes passes the Vidovdan Constitution, despite a boycott of the vote by the communists, and Croat and Slovene parties.source
1921July 2 – U.S. President Warren Harding signs a joint congressional resolution, declaring an end to America's state of war with Germany, Austria and Hungary.source
1921July 4 – A new conservative government is formed in Italy by Ivanoe Bonomi.source
192110 July – Portuguese legislative election, 1921.Portugal source
1921July 11 – The Irish War of Independence ends under the terms of the truce (signed on 9 July) which becomes effective at noon between the British Army and the Irish Republican Army.source
1921July 17 – The Republic of Mirdita is proclaimed near the Albanian-Serbian border, with Yugoslav support.source
1921October 5 – Constitution of Liechtenstein granted by Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein, making the country a constitutional monarchy.source
1921October 11 – The Irish Treaty Conference opens in London.source
1921October 13 – The Treaty of Kars is signed between the Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian Socialist Soviet Republics in Transcaucasia, establishing common boundaries.source
1921October 20 – Treaty of Ankara signed between the French Third Republic and the Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, ending the Franco-Turkish War.source
1921December 6 – The Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing the Irish Free State, an independent nation incorporating 26 of Ireland's 32 counties, is signed in London.source
1921December 6 – Agnes Macphail becomes the first woman to be elected to the Canadian Parliament.source
19216 December – British and Irish negotiators sign the Anglo-Irish Treaty in London giving independence to the Irish Free State.United Kingdom source
1921December 13 – In the Four-Power Treaty on Insular Possessions, Japan, the United States, United Kingdom, and France agree to recognize the status quo in the Pacific.Japan source
1921Estonia joins League of Nations.Estonia source
19211921 Persian legislative election.Iran source
1922January 7 – Dáil Éireann, the parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64–57 votes.source
1922January 10 – Arthur Griffith is elected President of Dáil Éireann, the day after Éamon de Valera resigns.source
1922January 15 – Michael Collins becomes Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State.source
192229 January – Portuguese legislative election, 1922.Portugal source
19222 February – Bethlen, and most of his Christian National Union Party (KNEP) joins the National Smallholders and Agricultural Labourers Party (OKGFP) and form the Christian Agricultural Labourers, Smallholders and Civic Party, commonly known as the Unity Party.Hungary source
1922February 6 – The Five Power Naval Disarmament Treaty is signed between the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France and Italy. Japan returns some of its control over the Shandong Peninsula to China.source
19226 February – Washington Naval Treaty is signed by United States, Britain, Japan, France and Italy.France source
1922February 6 – Washington Naval Treaty signed between the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France and Italy. Japan returns some of its control over the Shandong Peninsula to China.Japan source
1922February 26 – Leser v. Garnett: The Supreme Court of the United States rebuffs a challenge to the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which gave women the right to vote on the same terms as men.source
1922February 28 – The Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence by the United Kingdom ends its protectorate over Egypt, and grants the country nominal independence, reserving control of military and diplomatic matters.source
19221 March - In the Brazilian presidential election, Artur Bernardes of the Mineiro Republican Party receives 56.0% of the vote.Brazil source
19221 March – A general election is held for the Chamber of Deputies and Senate, running until 11 March. The governing National Liberal Party retains power.Romania source
1922March 15 – With Egypt having gained self-government from the United Kingdom, Fuad I becomes King of Egypt.source
1922April 16 – The Treaty of Rapallo marks a rapprochement between the Weimar Republic and Bolshevik Russia.source
1922June 9 – Åland's Regional Assembly convenes for its first plenary session in Mariehamn, Åland; the day will be celebrated as Self-Government Day of Åland.source
1922June 26 – Louis Honoré Charles Antoine Grimaldi becomes Reigning Prince Louis II of Monaco.source
1922June 28 – The Syrian Federation is constituted by arrêté of Henri Gouraud.source
1922July 17 – The final signings of Treaty 11, an agreement between George V, King of Canada, and various Canadian First Nations, are conducted at Fort Liard.source
1922July 20 – The German protectorate of Togoland is divided into the League of Nations mandates of French Togoland and British Togoland.source
1922July 27 – The Cherkess (Adyghe) Autonomous Oblast is established within the Russian SFSR.source
192218 September - W. T. Cosgrave introduces the Constitution of Saorstát Éireann Bill to enable the implementation of the Treaty between Great Britain and Ireland.Northern Ireland source
192222 September – Estonia joined the League of Nations.Estonia source
1922September 24 - The Latvia national football team and Estonia national football team played their first official international match.source
1922October 25 – The 3rd Dáil enacts the Constitution of the Irish Free State.source
1922October 27 – Southern Rhodesians reject union with South Africa in a referendum.source
1922November 1 – The Ottoman Empire is abolished after 600 years, and its last sultan, Mehmed VI, abdicates, leaving for exile, initially in Malta, on November 17.source
1922November 15 – In the 1922 United Kingdom general election forced by the Conservatives' withdrawal from the coalition government, the Conservative Party wins an overall majority. Labour for the first time becomes the main opposition party, winning more seats than the divided Liberals. A dining club of newly elected Conservative Members of Parliament evolves the following year into the 1922 Committee.source
1922November 21 – Rebecca Felton of Georgia takes the oath of office, formally becoming the first woman United States Senator.source
1922December 5 – The British Parliament enacts the Irish Free State Constitution Act, by which it legally sanctions the new Constitution of the Irish Free State.source
1922December 6 – The Irish Free State officially comes into existence. George V becomes the Free State's monarch. Tim Healy is appointed first Governor-General of the Irish Free State, and W. T. Cosgrave becomes President of the Executive Council.source
1922December 9 – Gabriel Narutowicz is elected the first president of Poland.source
1922December 30 – Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasian Republic (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) come together to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.source
192230 December – Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsSoviet Union source
192314 January — Voters in El Salvador elected National Democratic Party candidate Alfonso Quiñónez Molina to be President of El Salvador with a 100% margin but no results were posted. He was the only candidate.El Salvador source
1923February 9 – Billy Hughes, having resigned as Prime Minister of Australia, after the Country Party refuses to govern in coalition with him as the leader of the Nationalist Party, is succeeded by Stanley Bruce. A Liberal–National Coalition will persist in the politics of Australia for at least 100 years.source
1923March 9 – Vladimir Lenin suffers his third stroke, which renders him bedridden and unable to speak; consequently he retires from his position as Chairman of the Soviet government.source
192329 March – The Constitution of Union is introduced, providing a representative democracy based on universal manhood suffrage.Romania source
1923April 6 – The first Prefects Board in Southeast Asia is formed, in Victoria Institution, Federated Malay States.source
1923April 19 – The Egyptian Constitution of 1923 is adopted, introducing a parliamentary system of democracy in the country.source
1923April 19 – Hjalmar Branting leaves office as Prime Minister of Sweden, after the Swedish Riksdag has rejected a government proposal regarding unemployment benefits. Right-wing academic and jurist Ernst Trygger succeeds him.source
1923April 23 – The Gdynia seaport is inaugurated, on the Polish Corridor.source
192329 April – In the general election to elect members to all 409 seats in the Congress of Deputies, the Liberals take power from the Conservatives in accordance with the turno system.Spain source
192317–25 April – 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)Soviet Union source
192315 May – Britain recognizes Transjordan as an independent government, although it still remains under the British Mandate of Palestine.Mandatory Palestine source
1923May 23 – Stanley Baldwin is appointed British Prime Minister.source
192328 May – The government releases two captured documents issued by the IRA on 24 May. The letters, signed by Éamon de Valera and Frank Aiken call for the dumping of arms and the ending of armed struggle. The Civil War is officially over.Northern Ireland source
1923July 24 – The Treaty of Lausanne (1923), settling the boundaries of the modern Republic of Turkey, is signed in Switzerland by Greece, Bulgaria and other countries that fought in the First World War, bringing an end to the Ottoman Empire after 624 years.source
1923The Turkish War of Independence was settled with the Treaty of Lausanne, signed on 24 JulyTurkey source
1923August 2 – Vice President Calvin Coolidge becomes the 30th president of the United States, upon the death of President Warren G. Harding in San Francisco.source
1923September 9 – Turkish head of state Mustafa Kemal Atatürk founds the Republican People's Party (CHP).source
1923September 10 – The Irish Free State joins the League of Nations.source
1923September 29 – The League of Nations Mandate for Palestine (1922) comes into effect, officially creating under British administration the protectorates of Palestine and the separate Emirate of Transjordan under Abdullah I. The French-administered Mandate for Syria and Lebanon also takes effect.source
1923October 13 – Ankara replaces Istanbul (Constantinople), as the capital of Turkey.source
1923October 29 – Turkey becomes a republic, following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire; Kemal Atatürk is elected as first president.source
1923October 30 – İsmet İnönü is appointed as the first prime minister of Turkey.source
1923November 10 – 1923 Persian legislative election.Iran source
1923December 6 – 1923 United Kingdom general election: The governing Conservatives under Stanley Baldwin fail to achieve an overall majority and allow the Labour Party to form a minority government.source
1923December 21 – The Nepal–Britain Treaty is the first to define the international status of Nepal as an independent sovereign country.source
1924January 20–30 – Kuomintang in China holds its first National Congress, initiating a policy of alliance with the Soviet Union and the Chinese Communist Party.source
1924January 21 – The Earl of Athlone is appointed Governor-General of the Union of South Africa, and High Commissioner for Southern Africa.source
1924January 22 – Ramsay MacDonald becomes the first Labour Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
1924January 26 – Petrograd in the Soviet Union is renamed Leningrad; it will revert to Saint Petersburg in 1991.source
192431 January – Treaty of Lausanne was approved by the Italian parliamentTurkey source
1924January & June – 1924 Northern Ireland local elections, following changes by the Unionist government, which has redrawn electoral districts, abolished the single transferable vote and implemented a requirement for members of local authorities to take an oath of allegiance to the UK.Northern Ireland source
1924February 22 – Treaty of Rome: The Kingdom of Italy annexes the Free State of Fiume, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes absorbs Sušak.source
1924March 7 – 1924 Argentine legislative electionArgentina source
1924March 15 – Horacio Vásquez wins the Dominican Republic general election, becoming president, coinciding with the end of United States military occupation.source
1924March 25 – The Second Hellenic Republic is proclaimed in Greece.source
1924April 6 – Italian general election, 1924: Fascists win the elections in Italy with a two-thirds majority.source
192410 April – King Ferdinand and Queen Marie arrive in Paris on a royal visit. Though officially only a friendly visit, it was believed that Romania was seeking an alliance with France as a counter to unfriendly relations with Italy, Russia and Spain.Romania source
1924April 13 – The Greek republic referendum favors formation of the Second Hellenic Republic.source
1924April 23 – The British Empire Exhibition opens in London; it is the largest colonial exhibition, with 58 countries of the empire dramatically represented.source
1924May 8 – Lithuania signs the Klaipėda Convention with the nations of the Conference of Ambassadors, taking the Klaipėda Region from East Prussia and making it into an autonomous region.source
1924May 10 – In the United States, J. Edgar Hoover is appointed head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.source
1924May 10 – 1924 Japanese general election: No party won a majority of seats, resulting in Kenseikai, Rikken Seiyūkai and the Kakushin Club forming the country's first coalition government led by Katō Takaaki.Japan source
1924May 26 – The United States Immigration Act of 1924, commonly known as the Johnson-Reed Act, becomes effective. The act modifies the National Origins Quotas introduced in the Immigration Act of 1921.source
1924June 2 – U.S. President Calvin Coolidge signs the Indian Citizenship Act into law, granting citizenship to all Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States.source
1924June 30 – J. B. M. Hertzog becomes the third Prime Minister of South Africa.source
1924July 12 – United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–24) comes to an end. The constitutional government headed by General Horacio Vázquez, elected in the elections held in March, is established.source
1924August 16 – The Dawes Plan is signed in Paris, temporarily resolving German reparations dispute.source
192411 September – The Government Junta of Chile (1924) is created after a military coup.Chile source
1924October 2 – The Geneva Protocol is adopted by the League of Nations Assembly as a means to strengthen the League, but later fails to be ratified.source
1924October 27 – The Uzbek SSR joins the Soviet Union.source
192427 October – instead of Turkestan ASSR, Bukharan SSR, and Khorezm SSR were formed Uzbek SSR (centered in Bukhara) and Turkmen SSR (Poltoratsk – Ashgabat)Soviet Union source
1924November 4 – Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming is elected as the first woman governor in the United States.source
1924November 4 – Stanley Baldwin becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom againsource
1924November 4 – 1924 United States presidential election: Republican Calvin Coolidge defeats Democrat John W. Davis and Progressive Wisconsin Senator, Robert M. La Follette Sr.source
1924November 21 – Ali Fethi Okyar forms a new government in Turkey (3rd government).source
1924November 26 – The Mongolian People's Republic is proclaimed.source
1924Land belonging to Mexican President-elect Plutarco Elías Calles is expropriated in accordance with agrarian laws.Mexico source
19251 January –Turkey gained the right of duty tax (according to the treaty of Lausanne)Turkey source
1925January 5 – Nellie Tayloe Ross becomes the first female governor (Wyoming) in the United States. Fifteen days later, Miriam A. Ferguson becomes first female governor of Texas.source
192520 January – The Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention is signed.Soviet Union source
1925March 4 – İsmet İnönü is appointed prime minister in Turkey (Turkey's 4th and İnönü's 3rd government).source
192516 March – At a meeting of the Irish Boundary Commission in County Down witnesses from Newry and Kilkeel support being included in the Irish Free State.Northern Ireland source
1925March 23 – 1925 Egyptian parliamentary electionEgypt source
1925May 5 – The General Election Law is passed in Japan, extending suffrage to all males aged 25 and over.source
192514 June – The administration of Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia is reformed into new counties. Some, like Alba remain into the next century; others, like Trei Scaune, only last until the reform of 1938.Romania source
1925July 25 – The Temporary Slavery Commission of the League of Nations files its report on their global investigation of slavery and the slave trade, preparing the ground for the introduction of the 1926 Slavery Convention.source
19251 August – The Palestinian Citizenship Order goes into effect granting Palestinian citizenship to previously Ottoman subjects "Habitually resident in the territory of Palestine"Mandatory Palestine source
1925August 2: 1925 Uruguayan National Administration Council electionUruguay source
1925October 5–16 – The Locarno Treaties are negotiated.source
1925November 14 – 1925 Australian federal election: Stanley Bruce's Nationalist/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with an increased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by Matthew Charlton.source
1925December 1 – The Locarno Treaties are signed in London, intended to secure the post-war continental European territorial settlement.source
192511 December – Bernardino Machado takes over as PresidentPortugal source
1926January 3 – Theodoros Pangalos declares himself dictator in Greece.source
1926January 21 – The Belgian Parliament accepts the Locarno Treaties.source
19261 March - In the presidential election, Washington Luís of the Republican Party of São Paulo, who received 98.0% of the vote.Brazil source
1926March 16 – Ambassadors representing eight countries that were signatory nations to the Boxer Protocol send an ultimatum to the Beiyang Government under Duan Qirui, demanding that the Duan government destroy all defense establishments on the Taku Forts.China source
1926March 23 – Éamon de Valera organises the political party Fianna Fáil in Ireland.source
192626 March – In Bucharest, Romania and Poland sign a Treaty on Mutual Assistance against Aggression and on Military Aid, building the Polish–Romanian alliance.Romania source
1926April 4 – Greek dictator Theodoros Pangalos wins the presidential election, with 93.3% of the vote; turnout is light, as the result is considered a foregone conclusion.source
1926April 24 – Treaty of Berlin: Germany and the Soviet Union each pledge neutrality in the event of an attack on the other by a third party, for the next five years.source
192624 April – The Treaty of Berlin (1926) is signed.Soviet Union source
1926April 25 – Reza Khan is crowned Shah of Iran, under the name "Pahlevi".source
1926April 25 – Rezā Khan was crowned Shah of Persia under the name "Pahlevi".Iran source
1926May 12–14 – May Coup: Józef Piłsudski takes over in Poland.source
1926May 20 – The United States Congress passes the Air Commerce Act, licensing pilots and planes.source
1926June 4 – Ignacy Mościcki becomes president of Poland.source
1926June 7 – Liberal politician Carl Gustaf Ekman succeeds Rickard Sandler as Prime Minister of Sweden.source
192620 June – Crisis between the prime minister İsmet İnönü and the special court about the court's right to arrest of Kazım Karabekir who was an MP. (Mustafa Kemal mediated and the crisis ended on the 5th of July)Turkey source
1926June 29 – Arthur Meighen briefly returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada during the King-Byng Affair.source
1926The Zionist Organization submits a memorandum to the League of Nations concerning the administration of the British Mandate for Palestine. The document is officially filed in Geneva by the Mandates Section.Mandatory Palestine source
19261 July – Icelandic parliamentary election, 1926Iceland source
1926August 22 – In Greece, Georgios Kondylis ousts Theodoros Pangalos.source
1926August 25 – Pavlos Kountouriotis announces that dictatorship has ended in Greece, and he is now the president.source
1926September 1 – Lebanon under the French Mandate gets its first constitution, thereby becoming a republic, with Charles Debbas as its president.source
1926September 8 – The German Weimar Republic joins the League of Nations.source
1926September 14 – The Locarno Treaties of 1925 are ratified in Geneva, and come into effect.source
1926September 25 – William Lyon Mackenzie King returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada, after winning the Canadian federal election.source
1926October 2 – Józef Piłsudski becomes prime minister of Poland.source
1926October 23 – Leon Trotsky and Lev Kamenev are removed from the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.source
1926November 15 – The Balfour Declaration is approved by the 1926 Imperial Conference, making the Commonwealth dominions equal and independent.source
1926November 27 – The restoration of Colonial Williamsburg begins in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States.source
1926December 13 – Miina Sillanpää becomes Finland's first female government minister.source
1926December 26 – In the history of Japan, the Shōwa period begins from this day, due to the death of Emperor Taishō on the day before. His son Hirohito will reign as Emperor of Japan until 1989.source
1926Muthulakshmi Reddi becomes the first woman to be appointed to a legislature in India, the Madras Legislative Council.source
19279 January – Voters in El Salvador elected National Democratic Party candidate Pío Romero Bosque as President of El Salvador with 192,860 votes and a 100% margin. He was the only candidate.El Salvador source
19279 February – Romania and Poland ratify the Treaty on Mutual Assistance against Aggression and on Military Aid, to build the Polish–Romanian alliance and protect against potential aggression from the Soviet Union.Romania source
1927April 12 – The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 renames the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The change acknowledges that the Irish Free State is no longer part of the Kingdom.source
192712 April – The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 renames the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The change acknowledges that the Irish Free State is no longer part of the Kingdom.Northern Ireland source
1927April 18 – The Kuomintang (Nationalist Chinese) set up a government in Nanking, China.source
1927May 3 - A general election and constitutional referendum were held.Liberia source
1927May 9 – The Australian Parliament convenes for the first time in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. Previously, the Parliament had met in Melbourne, Victoria.source
1927May 20 – By the Treaty of Jeddah, the United Kingdom recognizes the sovereignty of Ibn Saud over the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, the future Saudi Arabia.source
1927May 24 – The United Kingdom cuts its diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union due to revelations of espionage and underground agitation.source
1927June 4 – Yugoslavia severs diplomatic relations with Albania.source
192710 July – Taiwanese People's Party, founded 1927, was nominally Taiwan's first political party.Taiwan source
1927September 4 - 1927 Nicaraguan parliamentary electionNicaragua source
1927September 25 – A treaty signed by the League of Nations Slavery Commission abolishes all types of slavery.source
192715 October – Kemal Atatürk in a six-day speech, called Nutuk, summarized the events in Turkish War of IndependenceTurkey source
1927November 1 – İsmet İnönü forms a new government in Turkey (the 5th government).source
1927November 12 – Leon Trotsky is expelled from the Soviet Communist Party, leaving Joseph Stalin with undisputed control of the Soviet Union.source
1927December 14 – Iraq gains independence from the United Kingdom.source
1927December – The Communist Party Congress condemns all deviation from the general party line in the USSR.source
1927Between March to May, Mandatory Palestine held its first local elections across 22 municipalities.Mandatory Palestine source
1928January – Voters in El Salvador elected the National Democratic Party to all 42 seats in the country's legislature. No results were published.El Salvador source
1928February 20 – The Japanese general election produces a hung parliament.source
192820 February – The first Anglo-Tranjordanian treaty is concluded following which the Emirate of Transjordan becomes nominally independent, while Britain retains a degree of control over foreign affairs, armed forces, communications and state finances. The treaty fails to respond to Transjordanian demands for a fully sovereign and independent state.Mandatory Palestine source
192815 April – The formation of the Taiwanese Communist Party.Taiwan source
1928May 7 – Passage of the Representation of the People Act in the United Kingdom lowers the voting age for women from 30 to 21, giving them equal suffrage with men from July 2.source
1928August 2 – Italy and Ethiopia sign the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty.source
1928August 27 – The Kellogg–Briand Pact is signed in Paris, the first treaty to outlaw aggressive war.source
1928September 1 – Ahmet Zogu, President of the Albanian Republic, declares the country to be a constitutional monarchy, the Albanian Kingdom, with himself as King Zog I.source
1928October 2 – Arvid Lindman returns as Prime Minister of Sweden, with his right-wing rival Ernst Trygger as Foreign Minister of Sweden.source
1928October 7 – Haile Selassie is crowned king (not yet emperor) of Abyssinia.source
1928October 8 – Chiang Kai-shek is named as Generalissimo (Chairman of the National Military Council) of the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China.source
192828 October – In the 1928 Swiss federal election, the Social Democratic Party receives the most votes, but the Free Democratic Party remains the largest party in the National Council, winning 58 of the 198 seats.Switzerland source
1928November 1 – Turkey passes a law switching the country from the Arabic to the Latin-based modern Turkish alphabet.source
1928November 4 - 1928 Nicaraguan general electionNicaragua source
1928November 6 – 1928 United States presidential election: Republican Herbert Hoover wins by a wide margin, over Democratic New York Governor Al Smith.source
1928November 17 – 1928 Australian federal election: Stanley Bruce's Nationalist/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a decreased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by James Scullin.source
192812 December – In the general election, the National Peasants' Party retains power.Romania source
1928The Estonian Central Federation of Veterans of the War of Independence was formed.Estonia source
1928Ruling party – Republican People's Party (CHP)Turkey source
1929February 9 – "Litvinov's Pact" is signed in Moscow by the Soviet Union, Poland, Estonia, Romania and Latvia, who agree not to use force to settle disputes between themselves.source
19299 February – Litvinov's Pact is signed.Soviet Union source
1929February 11 – The Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See of the Catholic Church sign the Lateran Treaty, to establish the Vatican City as an independent sovereign enclave within Rome, resolving the "Roman Question".source
1929February 26 – Grand Teton National Park is established by the United States Congress.source
1929March 4 – The National Revolutionary Party (Partido Nacional Revolucionario) is established in Mexico, by ex-President Plutarco Elías Calles. Under a succession of names, it will hold power in the country continuously for the next 71 years.source
1929March 4 – Charles Curtis takes office as the first multiracial Vice President of the United States.source
192930 March – Romania signs the Litvinov Protocol.Romania source
1929April 3 – Persia signs the Litvinov Protocol.source
192930 May – United Kingdom general election.Northern Ireland source
1929May 31 – The United Kingdom general election again returns a hung parliament; the Liberals in Parliament determine which party will govern.source
1929June 3 – The Treaty of Lima settles a border dispute between Peru and Chile.source
1929June 7 – The Lateran Treaty, making Vatican City a sovereign state, is ratified.source
1929June 8 – Ramsay MacDonald forms the United Kingdom's second Labour government.source
1929June 21 – An agreement brokered by U.S. Ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow helps end the Cristero War in Mexico.source
19298 July – Artur Ivens Ferraz takes over as Prime Minister, succeeding José Vicente de FreitasPortugal source
1929July 24 – The Kellogg–Briand Pact, renouncing war as an instrument of foreign policy, goes into effect (it was first signed in Paris on August 27, 1928, by most leading world powers).source
1929July 27 – Geneva Convention (1929), also known as "Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Geneva July 27, 1929", is signedSwitzerland source
1929July 29 – the French prime minister Raymond Poincaré resigns, and is succeeded by Aristide Briand.source
1929August 31 – The Young Plan, which sets the total World War I reparations owed by Germany at US$26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years, is finalized.source
1929September 5 – Aristide Briand presents his plan for the United States of Europe.source
1929October 3 – The country officially known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes changes its name to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.source
1929October 12 – 1929 Australian federal election: The Labor Party, led by James Scullin, defeats the Nationalist/Country Coalition Government, led by Prime Minister Stanley Bruce. Scullin will be sworn in on October 22. Notably, this is the first occasion in Australian political history where a sitting prime minister loses his own seat (the second being John Howard in 2007).source
1929November 1 – Conscription in Australia ends.source
1929November 17 – 1929 Mexican presidential election: Pascual Ortiz Rubio of the National Revolutionary Party is elected the new President. It is now widely thought that the election was rigged.Mexico source
1929December 29 – The All India Congress in Lahore demands Indian independence.source
1929Slavery in Jordan is abolished.source
1929The Zionist Commission renames itself as the Palestine Zionist Executive.Mandatory Palestine source
1929Ruling party – Republican People's Party (CHP)Turkey source
193021 January – Domingos Oliveira becomes Prime MinisterPortugal source
1930January 26 – The Indian National Congress declares this date as Independence Day, or as the day for Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence).source
19305 February – Women vote for the first time in Romanian elections.Romania source
1930February 20 – 1930 Japanese general election: The Rikken Minseitō party, led by Prime Minister Osachi Hamaguchi, won an overall majority in the House of Representatives. Voter turnout was 83.34%.Japan source
1930March 2 – André Tardieu begins his second term as Prime Minister of France.source
1930March 28 – The government of Turkey requests the international community to adopt Istanbul and Ankara, as the official names for Constantinople and Angora. The U.S. State Department adopts the "Istanbul" form in May.source
1930March 29 – Heinrich Brüning is appointed Chancellor of Germany.source
1930April 22 – The United Kingdom, Japan and the United States sign the London Naval Treaty to regulate submarine warfare and limit naval shipbuilding.source
19306 May — China signed tariff treaties with Japan. The Republic of China government obtained itself right of tariff autonomy. Some Japanese goods do not need to pay tariffs.China source
1930May 16 – Rafael Trujillo is elected president of the Dominican Republic.source
1930June 7 – Carl Gustaf Ekman becomes Prime Minister of Sweden, for the second and final time.source
193010 June – Agreement between Turkey and Greece concerning the population exchange problems in the 1920s.Turkey source
1930June 15 – Iceland held a parliamentary election to elect members to the Althing (Alþingi), Iceland's parliament.Iceland source
1930July 28 – R. B. Bennett defeats William Lyon Mackenzie King in federal elections and becomes the Prime Minister of Canada.source
1930August 7 – R. B. Bennett takes office as the eleventh Prime Minister of Canada.source
1930September 14 – 1930 German federal election: National Socialists win 107 seats in the German Parliament, the Reichstag (18.3% of all the votes), making them the second largest party.source
1930September 27 – İsmet İnönü forms a new government in Turkey (6th government).source
1930October 1 – British rule of Weihaiwei ends, as it is returned to China.source
193021 October - Lord Passfield, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, issues a white paper, a formal statement of the British policy in Palestine, outlining a more restrictive british policy towards jewish immigration and land settlement.Mandatory Palestine source
1930October 27 – Ratifications are exchanged in London on the first London Naval Treaty signed in April, modifying the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. Its arms limitation provisions go into effect immediately, hence putting more limits on the expensive naval arms race between its five signatories (the United Kingdom, the United States, the Empire of Japan, France and Italy.)source
1930October – The Indochinese Communist Party is formed.source
19301 November - Beginning of the Vargas Era: the ruling junta hands power and the presidential palace to Getúlio Vargas.Brazil source
1930November 3 – Getúlio Vargas becomes president of Brazil.source
1930December 29 – Sir Muhammad Iqbal's presidential address in Allahabad introduces the two-nation theory, outlining a vision for the creation of Pakistan.source
1930December – All adult Turkish women are given the right to vote in elections.source
1931January 22 – Sir Isaac Isaacs is sworn in as the first Australian-born Governor-General of Australia.source
1931January 25 – Mohandas Gandhi is again released from imprisonment in India.source
1931January 27 – Pierre Laval forms a government in France.source
1931February 4 – Soviet leader Joseph Stalin gives a speech calling for rapid industrialization, arguing that only strong industrialized countries will win wars, while "weak" nations are "beaten". Stalin states: "We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or they will crush us." The first five-year plan in the Soviet Union is intensified, for the industrialization and collectivization of agriculture.source
1931February 16 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud is elected president of Finland.source
1931February 19 – The Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia is dissolved and reformed as the Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, an autonomous republic of Soviet Georgia, resulting in public protests.source
19311 March – Arturo Araujo was sworn in as President of El Salvador. Maximiliano Hernández Martínez was sworn in as vice president.El Salvador source
1931March 5 – The British viceroy of India and Mohandas Gandhi sign the Gandhi–Irwin Pact.source
1931March 7 – The Finnish Parliament House opens in Helsinki, Finland.source
1931April 14 – The Second Spanish Republic is proclaimed in Madrid. Meanwhile, as a result of the victory of the Republican Left of Catalonia, Francesc Macià proclaims in Barcelona the Catalan Republic, as a state of the Iberian Federation.source
1931April 17 – After the negotiations between the republican ministers of Spain and Catalonia, the Catalan Republic becomes the Generalitat of Catalonia, a Catalan autonomous government inside the Spanish Republic.source
1931April 22 – Austria, the UK, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the United States recognize the Spanish Republic.source
1931May 4 – Kemal Atatürk is re-elected president of Turkey.source
1931May 13 – Paul Doumer is elected president of France.source
19311 June – In a general election, the National Union, an alliance of the National Party, the National Liberal Party, the German Party, the Agrarian Union Party, the Vlad Ţepeş League, the Agrarian League and several other parties wins 49% of the vote.Romania source
1931July 10 – Norway issues a royal proclamation claiming the uninhabited part of eastern Greenland as Erik the Red's Land.source
1931July 16 – Emperor Haile Selassie signs the first Constitution of Ethiopia.source
1931August 9 – A referendum in Prussia for dissolving the Landtag ends with the "yes" side winning 37% of the vote, which is insufficient for calling the early elections. The elections are intended to remove the Social Democratic Party (SPD) government of Otto Braun. Supporting the "yes" side were the NSDAP, the DNVP and the Communist Party (KPD), while supporting the "no" side were the SPD and Zentrum.source
1931August 9 – Referendum in Prussia for dissolving the Landtag ends with the "yes" side winning 37% of the vote, which is insufficient for calling the early elections. The elections are intended to remove the Social Democratic Party (SPD) government of Otto Braun, which is one of the strongest forces for democracy in Germany. Supporting the "yes" side are the NSDAP, the DNVP and the Communist Party (KPD), while the SPD and Zentrum support the "no" side.Germany source
1931August 24 – The Labour Government of Ramsay MacDonald resigns in Britain, replaced by a National Government of people drawn from all parties, also under MacDonald.source
1931September 7 – The Second Round Table Conference on the constitutional future of India opens in London; Mahatma Gandhi represents the Indian National Congress.source
193116 September – Frente Negra Brasileira, Brazil's first Black political party, is founded.Brazil source
19314 October – Chilean presidential election, 1931Chile source
1931November 7 – The Chinese Soviet Republic is proclaimed by Mao Zedong.source
193120 November – Sir Arthur Grenfell Wauchope replaces Sir John Chancellor as High Commissioner of Palestine.Mandatory Palestine source
1931November — Establishment of the Chinese Soviet RepublicChina source
1931December 9 – The Spanish Constituent Cortes approves the Spanish Constitution of 1931, effectively establishing the Second Spanish Republic.source
1931December 10 – Niceto Alcalá-Zamora is elected president of the Spanish Republic.source
1931December 11 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom enacts the Statute of Westminster, which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominions of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland, the Dominion of New Zealand and the Union of South Africa.source
1931December 13 – Wakatsuki Reijirō resigns as Prime Minister of Japan.source
1931December 19 – The UAP/Country Coalition, led by Joseph Lyons, defeats the Australian Labor Government, led by Prime Minister James Scullin. Coming in the aftermath of two splits in the Labor Party, the election comes about due to the defeat of the Scullin government on the floor of the House of Representatives – to date, it is the last federal election where a one-term government was defeated. Lyons will be sworn in January 6th the following year, but not before disbanding the Coalition, after the UAP wins enough seats to form a government in its own right.source
19317th government of Turkey (from 5 May)Turkey source
19324 January – Soviet–Estonian Non-Aggression Pact was signed.Estonia source
1932January 12 – Hattie W. Caraway of Arkansas becomes the first woman to be elected to the United States Senate, succeeding her late husband, Thaddeus Caraway, in a special election,source
1932February 2 – A general World Disarmament Conference begins in Geneva. The principal issue at the conference is the demand made by Germany for Gleichberechtigung ("equality of status" i.e. abolishing Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, which had disarmed Germany) and the French demand for sécurité ("security" i.e. maintaining Part V).source
1932February 18 – Japan declares Manchukuo (Japanese name for Manchuria) formally independent from China.source
1932February 25 – Adolf Hitler obtains German citizenship by naturalization, opening the opportunity for him to run in the 1932 German presidential election.source
1932April 11 – 1932 German presidential election: Paul von Hindenburg is re-elected as Reichspräsident, defeating Hitler.source
1932May 6 – The politically powerful General Kurt von Schleicher meets secretly with Adolf Hitler. Schleicher tells Hitler that he is scheming to bring down the Brüning government in Germany and asks for Nazi support of the new "presidential government" Schleicher is planning to form. Schleicher and Hitler negotiate a "gentlemen's agreement" where in exchange for lifting the ban on the SA and SS and having the Reichstag dissolved for early elections this summer, the Nazis will support Schleicher's new chancellor.source
1932May 10 – Albert Lebrun becomes the new president of France.source
1932May 13 – The Premier of New South Wales, Jack Lang, is dismissed by the State Governor, Sir Philip Game.source
1932May 26 – Judgement in Donoghue v Stevenson handed down in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom, creating the modern concept of a duty of care in British law.source
1932May 30 – German chancellor Heinrich Brüning is dismissed by President von Hindenburg. President Hindenburg asks Franz von Papen to form a new government, known as the "Government of the President's Friends", which is openly dedicated to the destruction of democracy and the Weimar Republic. The downfall of Brüning is largely the work of Schleicher, who has been scheming against him since the beginning of May. Schleicher takes the position of Defense Minister in his friend Papen's government.source
1932June 4 – The Papen government in Germany dissolves the Reichstag for elections on July 31 in the full expectation that the Nazis will win the largest number of seats.source
1932June 14 – The Papen government lifts the ban against the SS and SA in Germany.source
193224 June – Siamese revolution of 1932, King Prajadhipok forced to accept demands by the Khana Ratsadon (or the People's party) to change the system of government from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy.source
1932July 31 – July 1932 German federal election sees the Nazis become the largest party in the Reichstag, winning 37% of the vote.source
19327 August – The Law of Spikelets is enacted.Soviet Union source
1932August 11 – To celebrate Constitution Day in Germany, Chancellor Franz von Papen and his interior minister Baron Wilhelm von Gayl present proposed amendments to the Weimar constitution for a "New State" to deal with the problems besetting Germany.source
1932August 30 – Hermann Göring is elected as Speaker of the German Reichstag.source
1932September 9 – The Cortes Generales (Parliament) of the Second Spanish Republic approves the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia which grants full autonomy for Catalonia for the first time in modern history.source
1932September 12 – The very unpopular Papen government in Germany is defeated on a massive motion of no-confidence in the Reichstag. With the exceptions of the German People's Party and the German National People's Party, every party in the Reichstag votes for the no-confidence motion. Papen has Hindenburg dissolve the Reichstag for new elections in November.source
1932September 23 – The Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd is proclaimed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, concluding the country's unification under the rule of King Abdulaziz.source
1932September 24 – After his party's victory in the election to the Swedish Riksdag's second chamber, Social Democrat Per Albin Hansson becomes the new prime minister of Sweden, after Felix Hamrin.source
193225 September – The result of the Greek legislative election is an ambivalent one for the two leading parties, the Liberal Party of Eleftherios Venizelos and the People's Party. The People's Party receives a plurality of votes in the Lower House elections, but wins fewer seats than the Liberal Party; the Liberals also win the most seats in the Senate.Greece source
1932October 1 – Gyula Gömbös becomes Prime Minister of Hungary, the first time a member of the radical right has become the country's head of government.source
1932October 3 – Iraq becomes an independent kingdom under Faisal, ending the British mandate.source
1932November 21 – German president Hindenburg begins negotiations with Adolf Hitler about the formation of a new government.source
193222 November – The new Northern Ireland Parliament Buildings at Stormont are officially opened.Northern Ireland source
1932December 1 – Germany returns to the World Disarmament Conference after the other powers agree to accept gleichberechtigung "in principle". Henceforward, it is clear that Germany will be allowed to rearm beyond the limits imposed by the Treaty of Versailles.source
1932December 8 – Gregor Strasser resigns as the chief of the NSDAP's organizational department in protest against Hitler's "all or nothing" strategy.source
193210 December – Promulgation of the first permanent constitution by the king at the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall. The National Assembly of Siam was established.source
193226 December – El Salvador denounced the 1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity.El Salvador source
1932Iraq received its independence on 3 October, ending the British Mandate which began in 1920Iraq source
1932The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was formed.Saudi Arabia source
1933January 17 – The United States Congress votes in favour of Philippines independence, against the wishes of U.S. President Herbert Hoover.source
1933January 30 – Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany by President of Germany Paul von Hindenburg.source
1933January 30 – Édouard Daladier forms a government in France in succession to Joseph Paul-Boncour. He is succeeded on October 26 by Albert Sarraut and on November 26 by Camille Chautemps.source
1933February 3 – Adolf Hitler gives a secret speech to his military leaders, outlining his plans to rearm Germany in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles and to adopt a policy of Lebensraum in eastern Europe.source
1933February 9 – The King and Country debate: The Oxford Union student debating society in England passes a resolution stating, "That this House will in no circumstances fight for its King and country."source
1933February 14 – unsuccessful attempt by Peruvian Air Force to bomb Colombian Navy, President Herrera breaks off diplomatic relationsColombia source
1933February 17 – Repeal of Prohibition in the United States: The Blaine Act passes the United States Senate, submitting the proposed Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution to the states for ratification. The amendment is ratified on December 5, ending prohibition in the United States.source
1933March 4 – The Parliament of Austria is suspended because of a quibble over procedure; Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss initiates authoritarian rule by decree, an origin of Austrofascism.source
1933March 4 – Franklin D. Roosevelt is sworn in as the 32nd president of the United States.source
1933March 5 – March 1933 German federal election: The Nazi Party gains 43.9% of the votes.source
1933March 15 – Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss keeps members of the National Council from convening, starting the Austrofascist dictatorship.source
1933March 23 – Gleichschaltung: The Reichstag passes the Enabling Act, making Adolf Hitler effectively the dictator of Germany.source
193322 April – Agreement with the creditors of Ottoman Public Debt AdministrationTurkey source
1933May 3 – In the Irish Free State, Dáil Éireann abolishes the oath of allegiance to the British Crown.source
1933May 17 – Vidkun Quisling and Johan Bernhard Hjort form the Nasjonal Samling (the National Gathering Party) of Norway.source
1933May 18 – New Deal: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs an act creating the Tennessee Valley Authority.source
1933May - Bolivian legislative election, 1933Bolivia source
1933July 15 – The Four-Power Pact is signed by Britain, France, Germany and Italy.source
1933September 12 – Alejandro Lerroux forms a new government in Spain.source
193315 September – Ștefan Tătărescu, leader of the National Socialist Party and brother of future Prime Minister Gheorghe Tătărescu, visits Adolf Hitler in Germany, supported by Romanian Minister Foreign Affairs, Nicolae Titulescu, as part of a wider objective to undermine the Little Entente.Romania source
1933October 14–16 – The new constitution of Estonia is approved only on the third consecutive referendum.source
193314 October – plebiscite in favour of constitutional reform giving wide powers to a new office of the president. (to 16 October)Estonia source
1933November 5 – Spanish Basque people vote for autonomy.source
1933November 5 - 1933 Basque Statute of Autonomy referendumSpain source
1933November 16 – The United States and the Soviet Union establish formal diplomatic relations.source
1933November 18 - Francisco Javier Gaxiola, diplomat, lawyer and politician (born 1870)Mexico source
1933November 19 – Second Spanish Republic: General elections result in a victory by the right-wing parties.source
1933November 22 – The Fujian People's Government is declared in Fujian Province, China.source
1933December 5 – The Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, repealing Prohibition in the United States, making production and sale of alcohol legal in the U.S.source
1933December 26 – Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States is signed by participants in the 7th International Conference of American States; it is significant in the development of the declarative theory of statehood.source
1933The Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery is created by the League of Nations.source
1933According to official statistics there were 30,327 Jewish immigrants during 1933.Mandatory Palestine source
193424 January – new constitution in effect.Estonia source
1934February 9 – Gaston Doumergue forms a new government in France.source
1934February 9 – Greece, Romania, Turkey and Yugoslavia form the Balkan Pact.source
1934February 16 – The Commission of Government is sworn in, as a form of direct rule for the Dominion of Newfoundland.source
1934March 1 – Manchukuo, the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria established in 1932, proclaimed a monarchy under Puyi.source
1934March 4 - Argentine legislative election, 1934Argentina source
1934March 24 – The Tydings–McDuffie Act is passed, allowing the Philippines a greater degree of self-government from the United States.source
193424 April – In a debate in the Parliament of Northern Ireland, the Prime Minister, Lord Craigavon, states "All I boast of is that we are a Protestant Parliament and a Protestant State." (often misquoted as "A Protestant Parliament for a Protestant People").Northern Ireland source
1934May 1 – The May Constitution of 1934 heralds the beginning of the Austrofascist Federal State of Austria.source
1934May 15 – Kārlis Ulmanis establishes an authoritarian government in Latvia.source
1934June 14 – Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet for the first time, at the Venice Biennale.source
1934June 18 – The Indian Reorganization Act is enacted.source
1934June 27 – Imam Yahya of Yemen and Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia conclude a peace treaty.source
1934June 27 - North Yemen and Saudi Arabia conclude a peace treaty.Saudi Arabia source
1934August 2 – Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of Germany, or head of state combined with that of Chancellor, following the death of President Paul von Hindenburg.source
1934August 19 – 1934 German referendum: In a referendum, 90% of the German population approves of Hitler's assumption of presidential powers, as Führer and Reichskanzler.source
193428 August – Maximiliano Hernández Martínez resigned as President in order to run in the 1935 Salvadoran presidential election. Andrés Ignacio Menéndez became Provisional President.El Salvador source
1934September 15 – 1934 Australian federal election: Joseph Lyons' UAP government is re-elected with a decreased majority, defeating the Labor Party, led by former Prime Minister James Scullin. Consequently, Lyons is forced to resume the Coalition with the Country Party, and include them in his government. Scullin steps down from the Labor leadership shortly after; he is replaced by future Prime Minister John Curtin.source
1934September 18 — Soviet Union joins the League of Nations as a permanent Board memberSoviet Union source
1934September 19 – The Soviet Union joins the League of Nations.source
1934September 28 – Afghanistan joins the League of Nations.source
1934October 6 – Events of October the 6th: the President of Catalonia, Lluís Companys, declares the Catalan State of the Spanish Federal Republic, but Spanish troops swiftly crush the Catalan forces, and arrest him and the members of the Catalan government. The autonomy of Catalonia is suspended until 1936.source
19342 November – Edmond James de Rothschild (born 1845), French-born Jewish philanthropist and a major supporter of Zionism during the First Aliyah period.Mandatory Palestine source
1934November 27 – Daniel Salamanca Urey, President of Bolivia, is deposed in a military coup, and replaced by José Luis Tejada Sorzano.source
1934December 27 – Persia becomes Iran.source
1934December 29 – Japan renounces the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and the London Naval Treaty of 1930.source
1934The Australian frontier wars end, after 146 years.source
1934Abidjan becomes the capital of the French colony of Ivory Coast.source
1934Ruling party – Republican People's Party (CHP)Turkey source
1935January 7 – Italian premier Benito Mussolini and French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval conclude an agreement, in which each power agrees not to oppose the other's colonial claims.source
1935January 13 – A referendum in the Territory of the Saar Basin shows that 90.3% of those voting wish to join Germany.source
193513–15 January – Voters in El Salvador voted Maximiliano Hernández Martínez as President of El Salvador with 329,555 votes in a 100% margin. He was the only candidate.El Salvador source
1935February 26 – In Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler orders reinstatement of the air force, the Luftwaffe, in violation of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.source
1935March 1 – İsmet İnönü forms the new government in Turkey (the 8th government; during Atatürk's presidency, İnönü has served seven times as a prime minister).source
1935March 2 – King Prajadhipok (Rama VII) of Siam abdicates the throne; he is succeeded by his 9-year-old-nephew Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII).source
1935March 16 – Adolf Hitler announces German re-armament in violation of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.source
1935March 21 – Reza Shah of Iran asks the international community to formally adopt the name "Iran" to refer to the country, in place of the name "Persia".source
1935April 15 – The Roerich Pact, a Pan-American treaty on the protection of cultural artefacts, is signed in Washington, D.C.source
1935April – Palestine Arab Party established.Mandatory Palestine source
1935May 7 - Liberian constitutional referendum, 1935Liberia source
1935May 21 – In Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler announces the reintroduction of conscription to the Wehrmacht, in violation of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.source
1935June 18 – Anglo-German Naval Agreement: Britain agrees to a German navy equal to 35% of her own naval tonnage.source
1935July 25–August 20 – The seventh and last congress of the Comintern is held.source
1935August 2 – The Government of India Act is passed by the British Parliament, making provision for the establishment of a "Federation of India" and a degree of autonomy.source
193525 August – The Treaty of Establishment, Commerce and Navigation is signed between Iran and the USSR.Soviet Union source
1935September 16 – Senate president Manuel L. Quezon is elected president in the country's first national election.Philippines source
1935September 17 – Manuel L. Quezon is elected 2nd President of the Philippines.source
193510 October – The Taiwan Exposition: In Commemoration of the First Forty Years of Colonial Rule opensTaiwan source
1935October 14 – 1935 Canadian federal election: The Liberal Party of William Lyon Mackenzie King wins a majority government, defeating the Conservative Party of Prime Minister R. B. Bennett.source
1935October 22 – The Chinese Communist Party settles in Shaanxi after the Long March.source
1935November 3 – A Greek monarchy referendum is held by self-proclaimed Regent Georgios Kondylis. Almost 98% of the votes favor restoration of the monarchy, although the referendum's integrity is dubious.source
1935November 14 – 1935 United Kingdom general election: Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin returns to office at the head of a National Government led by the Conservative Party, with a large but reduced majority.source
193514 November – United Kingdom general election.Northern Ireland source
1935November 25 – After 11 years in exile, George II returns to Greek soil as King of Greece at Corfu, from London.source
1935December 18 – The socialist party of Sri Lanka, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, is founded.source
1935December 18 – Samuel Hoare resigns as British foreign secretary, and is replaced by Anthony Eden.source
19358th government of Turkey (from 1 March)Turkey source
1936January 20 – The Prince of Wales succeeds to the throne of the United Kingdom as King Edward VIII, following the death of his father, George V, at Sandringham House.source
1936January – The 1936 Salvadoran legislative election was held but no election results were posted.El Salvador source
1936February 16 – 1936 Spanish general election: The left-wing Popular Front coalition takes a majority.source
1936March 7 – In violation of the Treaty of Versailles and Locarno Treaties, Nazi Germany reoccupies the Rhineland. Hitler and other Nazis later admit that the French army alone could have destroyed the Wehrmacht.source
19367 March — In violation of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany reoccupies the Rhineland.Germany source
1936March 9 – Pro-democratic militarist Keisuke Okada steps down as Prime Minister of Japan and is replaced by radical militarist Kōki Hirota.source
1936March 25 – President Manuel L. Quezon issues Executive Order No. 23 which provided for the technical description and specifications of the Philippine national flag.Philippines source
193616 April – Pedro Calmon is elected to the Academia Brasileira de Letras.Brazil source
1936May 9 – Speaking in Rome, Benito Mussolini announces the foundation of the empire, as Italian East Africa is formed from the Italian territories of Eritrea, Ethiopia and Italian Somaliland.source
193617 May: Following a series of general strikes, the military under Germán Busch, supported by the United Socialist Party and trade unions, overthrows the government of José Luis Tejada Sorzano and installs David Toro and president.Bolivia source
1936July 20 – The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits is signed in Montreux, allowing Turkey to fortify the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus, but guaranteeing free passage to ships of all nations in peacetime.source
193620 July – Romania signs the Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits governing the Bosporus and Dardanelles.Romania source
193620 July: Montreux Convention signed.Turkey source
1936August 26 – The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 is signed.source
193607 September - Statement of Policy issued by the Colonial Office in London declares the situation a "direct challenge to the authority of the British Government in Palestine" and announces the appointment of Lieutenant-General John Dill as supreme military commander.Mandatory Palestine source
1936September 9 – The Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence is signed.source
1936September 28 – After the election to the Swedish Riksdag's second chamber, Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp and his "Holiday Cabinet" ("Semesterregeringen") resign (though he remains as Minister of Agriculture) and Per Albin Hansson returns as Prime Minister, staying in office until his death from a heart attack in 1946.source
1936October 25 – The Italo-German protocol of 23 October 1936 is signed, resulting in the creation of the Axis.source
1936November 25 – The Anti-Comintern Pact is signed by Germany and Japan.source
1936December 5 – The 1936 Soviet Constitution, promulgated by Stalin, is adopted in the Soviet Union. The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic is dissolved, and Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia become full Republics of the Soviet Union.source
1936December 10 – Edward VIII abdication crisis: King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom signs an instrument of abdication at Fort Belvedere, Surrey in the presence of his three brothers, The Duke of York, The Duke of Gloucester and The Duke of Kent.source
1936December 11 – Taking the opportunity to free itself further from ties to the United Kingdom, the Oireachtas of the Irish Free State passes the Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936, removing most powers from the office of Governor-General of the Irish Free State, and the Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936 (signed into law December 12), assenting to the abdication and restricting the power of the monarch in relation to Ireland to international affairs.source
1936December 11 – Edward VIII abdication crisis: The British Parliament passes His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 on behalf of the U.K., Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The King performs his last act as sovereign by giving Royal Assent to the Act, and his brother Prince Albert, Duke of York, becomes King, reigning as King George VI. The former King, now HRH Prince Edward, makes a broadcast to the nation explaining his decision to abdicate, and leaves the country for Austria.source
1937January 1 – Anastasio Somoza García becomes President of Nicaragua.source
1937January 17: the People's Party votes in favour of a general peasant strike (see 1937 peasant strike in Poland),Poland source
1937February 19 – The red, white and blue colours of the flag of the Netherlands are confirmed by royal decree.source
1937April 1 – Aden becomes a British crown colony.source
1937May 28 – Neville Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, following the retirement of Stanley Baldwin.source
1937June 8 – The Dáil Éireann passes the Executive Authority (Consequential Provisions) Act, 1937, which abolishes the office of Governor-General of the Irish Free State, retrospectively dated to December 1936.source
1937June 21 – The coalition government of Léon Blum resigns in France.source
1937June–July – The Dáil Éireann debates and passes the new draft Constitution of Ireland, which is then submitted for public approval by plebiscite.source
1937July 1 – In a referendum the people of the Irish Free State accept the new Constitution by 685,105 votes to 527,945.source
1937July 7 – The Peel Commission proposes partition of the British Mandate of Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states.source
19377 July – The Peel Commission publishes a report that recommends the end of the Palestine mandate and its partition into separate Arab and Jewish states.Mandatory Palestine source
19379 July: Saadabad Pact reached with Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan.Turkey source
1937July 21 – Éamon de Valera is elected President of the Executive Council (prime minister) of the Irish Free State, by the Dáil (parliament).source
1937July 22 – New Deal: The United States Senate votes down President Franklin D. Roosevelt's proposal to add more justices to the Supreme Court of the United States.source
193729 July – a new constitution in force with civil liberties and democracy restored but with a very strong presidency.Estonia source
1937September 5 – Roberto Ortiz is elected president of Argentina.source
1937September 10 – Nine nations meet in the Nyon Conference, led by the United Kingdom and France, to address international piracy in the Mediterranean.source
1937October 11 – Duke and Duchess of Windsor's 1937 tour of Germany: The Duke and Duchess of Windsor arrive in Berlin to begin a 12-day tour of Nazi Germany, meeting Adolf Hitler on the 22nd.source
1937October 13 – Germany, in a note to Brussels, guarantees the inviolability and integrity of Belgium so long as the latter abstains from military action against Germany.source
1937October 23 – 1937 Australian federal election: Joseph Lyons' UAP/Country Coalition government is re-elected with a slightly increased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by John Curtin.source
1937October 25 – Celâl Bayar forms the new (ninth) government of Turkey.source
1937November 6 – Italy joins the Anti-Comintern Pact.source
1937November 10 – Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas announces the Estado Novo ("New State"), thence becoming dictator of Brazil until 1945.source
1937November 23 - founding of Workers' Party (Bolivia)Bolivia source
193712 December — Soviet Union legislative election, 1937Soviet Union source
1937December 29 – The new Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na hÉireann) comes into force. The Irish Free State becomes "Ireland", and Éamon de Valera becomes the first Taoiseach (prime minister) of the new state. A Presidential Commission (made up the Chief Justice, the Speaker of Dáil Éireann, and the President of the High Court) assumes the powers of the new presidency, pending the popular election of the first President of Ireland in June 1938. The new constitution prohibits divorce.source
193729 December – Goga forms a new government which pursues anti-semitic policies, issuing in the first short-lived period of fascism in the kingdom.Romania source
1937Slavery in Bahrain is abolished.source
19371937 Iranian legislative election.Iran source
1938February 4 – Adolf Hitler abolishes the War Ministry and creates the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces), giving him direct control of the German military. In addition, he dismisses political and military leaders considered unsympathetic to his philosophy or policies. General Werner von Fritsch is forced to resign as Commander of Chief of the German Army following accusations of homosexuality, and replaced by General Walther von Brauchitsch. Foreign Minister Baron Konstantin von Neurath is dismissed, and replaced by Joachim von Ribbentrop.source
193824 February – election sees National Front winning 63 seats and all the opposition winning 17 seats.Estonia source
19381 March – Sir Harold MacMichael assumes office as the High Commissioner of Palestine.Mandatory Palestine source
1938March 3 – Sir Nevile Henderson, British Ambassador to Germany, presents a proposal to Hitler for an international consortium to rule much of Africa (in which Germany would be assigned a leading role), in exchange for a German promise never to resort to war to change her frontiers; Hitler rejects the British offer.source
1938March 17 – Poland presents an ultimatum to Lithuania, to establish normal diplomatic relations that were severed over the Vilnius Region.source
193830 March – The right-wing National Christian Party and Romanian Front are dissolved.Romania source
1938April 10 – Édouard Daladier becomes prime minister of France. He appoints as Foreign Minister a leading advocate of the policy of appeasement, Georges Bonnet, effectively negating Blum's reassurances of March 14.source
1938April 10 – In a result that astonishes even Hitler, the Austrian electorate in a national referendum approves Anschluss by an overwhelming 99.73%.source
1938June 25 – Dr. Douglas Hyde takes office as the first President of Ireland.source
1938July 5 – The Non-Intervention Committee reaches an agreement to withdraw all foreign volunteers from the Spanish Civil War. The agreement is respected by most Republican International Brigades, notably those from England and the United States, but is ignored by the governments of Germany and Italy.source
1938July 22 – Britain rejects a proposal from its ambassador in Berlin, Nevile Henderson, for a four-power summit on Czechoslovakia consisting of Britain, France, Germany and the U.S.S.R., as London will under no circumstances accept the U.S.S.R. as a diplomatic partner.source
19382 September – Soviet Ambassador to Britain Ivan Maisky calls on Winston Churchill, telling him that Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov has expressed to the French chargé d'affaires in Moscow that the Soviet Union is willing to fight over the territorial integrity of Czechoslovakia.Soviet Union source
19382 September – The Hatay Republic was founded, Tayfur Sökmen was elected as the Hatay presidentTurkey source
1938September 5 – Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš invites mid-level representatives of the Sudeten Germans Hradčany Palace, to tell them he will accept whatever demands they care to make, provided the Sudetenland remains part of the Republic of Czechoslovakia.source
1938September 16 – Lord Runciman is recalled to London from Prague, in order to brief the British government on the situation in the Sudetenland.source
1938September 18 – During a meeting between Neville Chamberlain, the recently elected Premier of France, Édouard Daladier, and Daladier's Foreign Minister, Georges Bonnet, it becomes apparent that neither the British nor the French governments are prepared to go to war over the Sudetenland. The Soviet Union declares it will come to the defence of Czechoslovakia only if France honours her commitment to defend Czechoslovak independence.source
1938September 21 – In the early hours of the day, representatives of the French and British governments call on Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš, to tell him France and Britain will not fight Hitler if he decides to annex the Sudetenland by force. Late in the afternoon, the Czechoslovak government capitulates to the French and British demands.source
1938September 24 – At 1:30 AM, Adolf Hitler and Neville Chamberlain conclude their talks on the Sudetenland. Chamberlain agrees to take Hitler's demands, codified in the Godesberg Memorandum, personally to the Czech Government. The Czech Government rejects the demands, as does Chamberlain's own cabinet. The French Government also initially rejects the terms and orders a partial mobilization of the French army.source
1938September 28 – As his self-imposed October 1 deadline for occupation of the Sudetenland approaches, Adolf Hitler invites Italian Duce Benito Mussolini, French Premier Édouard Daladier, and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain to one last conference in Munich. The Czechs themselves are not invited.source
1938September 29 – Munich Agreement: German, Italian, British and French leaders agree to German demands regarding annexation of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak government is largely excluded from the negotiations, and is not a signatory to the agreement.source
193830 September – Munich Agreement is signed by France, Germany, Britain and Italy permitting German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland.France source
1938October 2 – Disgusted with Neville Chamberlain's conduct at Munich, Duff Cooper resigns his post as First Lord of the Admiralty. With his resignation, formal debate begins in the Parliament of the United Kingdom on the Munich Agreement, but with Chamberlain at the peak of his popularity, there can be little doubt His Majesty's Government will receive a vote of confidence.source
1938October 5 – Edvard Beneš, president of Czechoslovakia, resigns.source
1938October 24 – At a "friendly luncheon" in Berchtesgaden, German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop tells Józef Lipski, the Polish ambassador to Germany, that the Free City of Danzig must return to Germany, that the Germans must be given extraterritorial rights in the Polish Corridor, and that Poland must sign the Anti-Comintern Pact.source
1938November 2 – Arising from The Munich Agreement, Hungary is "awarded" the Felvidek region of South Slovakia and Ruthenia.source
1938November 8 to November 11. Polish legislative election,Poland source
1938November 25 – French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet informs Léon Noël, the French Ambassador to Poland, that France should find an excuse for terminating the 1921 Franco-Polish alliance.source
1938November 30 – The Czechoslovak parliament elects Emil Hácha as the new president of Czechoslovakia.source
1938November 30 – Benito Mussolini and his Foreign Minister, Count Galeazzo Ciano, order "spontaneous" demonstrations in the Italian Chamber of Deputies, demanding that France cede Tunisia, Nice, Corsica and French Somaliland to Italy. This begins an acute crisis in Franco-Italian relations, that lasts until March 1939.source
1938December 6 – German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop visits Paris, where he is allegedly informed by French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet that France now recognizes all of Eastern Europe as being in Germany's exclusive sphere of influence. Bonnet's alleged statement (he subsequently always denies making the remark) to Ribbentrop is a major factor in German policy in 1939.source
1938December 24 – The Lima Declaration is approved by 21 American countries, affirming the sovereignty of Latin American states.Peru source
1938December – Adolf Hitler is Time magazine's "Man of the Year", as the most influential person of the year.source
1938In a result, the Austrian electorate in a national referendum approved Anschluss by an 99.73%.Austria source
1939January 1 – Philipp Etter takes over as President of the Swiss Confederation.source
19393 January – Voters in El Salvador voted Maximiliano Hernández Martínez as President of El Salvador for a second term with 210,810 votes in a 100% margin. He was the only candidate. The 1939 Salvadoran Constitutional Assembly election also occurred and the National Pro Patria Party won all 42 seats.El Salvador source
1939January 25 – Refik Saydam forms the new (11th) government of Turkey.source
1939January 26 – In Paris, French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet, in response to rumours (which are true) that he is seeking to end the French alliance system in Eastern Europe, gives a speech highlighting his government's commitment to the cordon sanitaire.source
1939February 6 – British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain states in the House of Commons that any German attack on France will be automatically considered an attack on Britain.source
1939February 6 – In a response to Georges Bonnet's speech of January 26, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, referring to Bonnet's alleged statement of December 6, 1938, accepting Eastern Europe as being in Germany's exclusive sphere of influence, protests that all French security commitments in that region are "now off limits".source
1939March 13 – Adolf Hitler advises Jozef Tiso to declare Slovakia's independence, in order to prevent its partition by Hungary and Poland.source
1939March 14 – The Slovak provincial assembly proclaims independence; priest Jozef Tiso becomes president of the independent Slovak government.source
1939March 15 – German troops occupy the remaining part of Bohemia and Moravia; Czechoslovakia ceases to exist. The Ruthenian region of Czechoslovakia declares independence as Carpatho-Ukraine.source
1939March 17 – The nationalist governments of Spain and Portugal sign the Iberian Pact in Lisbon, pledging mutual defence of the Iberian Peninsula and neutrality in the event of a general European war.source
1939April 3 – Refik Saydam forms the new government in Turkey (12th government; Refik Saydam has served twice as a prime minister).source
1939April 4 – Polish Foreign Minister Colonel Józef Beck, in London, signs a treaty designed to bilateralize Neville Chamberlain's "Polish Guarantee" of March 31.source
1939April 14 – At a meeting in Paris, French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet meets with Soviet Ambassador Jakob Suritz, and suggests that a "peace front" comprising France, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, Poland and Romania would deter Germany from war.source
1939April 18 – Robert Menzies is elected leader of the United Australia Party, and consequently becomes the 12th Prime Minister of Australia, defeating former Prime Minister Billy Hughes. However, he will not be sworn in until April 26, because of the refusal of Earle Page and his Country Party to serve under him.source
193924 April – President Germán Busch dismisses the assembly and declares dictatorial rule.Bolivia source
1939May 3 – Vyacheslav Molotov succeeds Maxim Litvinov, as Soviet Foreign Commissar.source
1939May 6 – German anti-Nazi Carl Friedrich Goerdeler tells the British government that the German and Soviet governments are secretly beginning a rapprochement, with the aim of dividing Eastern Europe between them. Goerdeler also informs the British of German economic problems which he states threaten the survival of the Nazi regime, and advises that if a firm stand is made for Poland, then Hitler will be deterred from war.source
193917 May – The British government issues the White Paper of 1939, following the failure of the London Conference and the continued Arab revolt, which abandons the idea of partitioning, sharply restricts Jewish immigration into Palestine and places severe restrictions on the rights of Jews to buy land from Arabs.Mandatory Palestine source
1939May 23 – The White Paper of 1939 is ratified by the British government, acting as the governing policy for Mandatory Palestine from 1939 to 1948.source
19391 June – With the National Renaissance Front the only party allowed to stand, In the general election, Armand Călinescu is elected prime minister.Romania source
1939June 23 – Talks are completed in Ankara between French Ambassador René Massigli and Turkish Foreign Minister Şükrü Saracoğlu, resolving the Hatay dispute in Turkey's favor. Turkey annexes Hatay.source
1939August 2 – The Einstein–Szilard letter is signed by Albert Einstein, advising President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt of the potential use of uranium to construct an atomic bomb. It is delivered on October 11 and leads to the first meeting on October 21 of the Advisory Committee on Uranium.source
1939August 23 – The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact is signed between Germany and the Soviet Union, a neutrality treaty that also agrees to division of spheres of influence (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, eastern Poland and Bessarabia (modern-day Moldova), north-east province of Romania to the Soviet Union; Lithuania and western Poland to Germany). Its annex reassigns Lithuania to the Soviet Union.source
193923 August – Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was signed, promising mutual non-aggression between Germany and the Soviet Union and agreeing to a division of much of Europe between those two countries.Estonia source
1939August 23 — Molotov–Ribbentrop PactSoviet Union source
1939August 24 – As details of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact become public, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain recalls the Parliament of the United Kingdom several weeks early. In a burst of legislation, the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939 gives full authority to defence regulations, the British Royal Navy is to be put on a war footing, all military leave is to be cancelled, military reserve forces are to be called up, especially coast defence, radar and anti-aircraft units, and Civil Defence workers are placed on alert. In addition, the last British and French private citizens in Germany are advised to return home by their respective Governments.source
1939September 3 – Chamberlain offers the war cabinet post of First Lord of the Admiralty to Winston Churchill, who returns to government for the first time since June 4, 1929.source
1939September 30 – General Władysław Sikorski becomes Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile.source
1939November 4 – WWII: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the United States Customs Service to implement the Neutrality Act of 1939, allowing cash-and-carry purchases of weapons to non-belligerent nations.source
1939December 1 – The Soviet Union establishes the Finnish Democratic Republic puppet state in Terijoki.source
1939Marshall of the Senat – Bogusław MiedzińskiPoland source
193912th government of Turkey (from 3 April)Turkey source
194010 March – General elections are held. Enrique Peñaranda (I-CONC) wins by 85.99%Bolivia source
1940March 12 – Moscow Peace Treaty: The Soviet Union and Finland sign a peace treaty in Moscow, ending the Winter War; Finns, along with the world at large, are shocked by the harsh terms.source
1940March 30 – WWII: Former Kuomintang member and Chinese foreign minister, Wang Jingwei, announces the creation of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China in Nanjing.source
1940April 27 – Mandatory Palestine and Lebanon play an association football friendly; it is Lebanon's first official match, and Mandatory Palestine's last before they become Israel in 1948.source
194027 April – A friendly association football match between the national teams of Mandatory Palestine and Lebanon takes place at the Maccabiah Stadium in Tel Aviv; Mandatory Palestine beats Lebanon 5–1.Mandatory Palestine source
19401 May: President Getúlio Vargas signs a decree, establishing the country's minimum wage.Brazil source
1940May 10 – With the resignation of Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
1940May 13 – Winston Churchill, in his first address as Prime Minister, tells the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, "I have nothing to offer you but blood, toil, tears and sweat."source
1940May 22 – WWII: The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1940, giving the government full control over all persons and property.source
1940June 17 – Occupation of the Baltic states: The Soviet Union occupies Estonia and Latvia.source
1940June 17 – Philippe Pétain becomes Prime Minister of France, and immediately asks Germany for peace terms.source
1940June 28 – General Charles de Gaulle is officially recognized by Britain as the "Leader of all Free Frenchmen, wherever they may be."source
1940July 3 – WWII: Attack on Mers-el-Kébir: British naval units sink or seize ships of the French fleet anchored in the Algerian ports of Mers-el-Kebir and Oran, to prevent them from falling into German hands. The following day, Vichy France breaks off diplomatic relations with Britain.source
19404 July – Taoiseach Éamon de Valera announces that the policy of neutrality adopted the previous September will not be reversed.Northern Ireland source
1940July 11 – Vichy France begins with a constitutional law which only eighty members of the parliament vote against. Philippe Pétain becomes Prime Minister of France.source
1940July 19 – Adolf Hitler makes a peace appeal ("appeal to reason") to Britain, in an address to the Reichstag. BBC German-language broadcaster Sefton Delmer unofficially rejects it at once and Lord Halifax, the British foreign minister, flatly rejects peace terms in a broadcast reply on July 22.source
1940July 21 – After rigged parliamentary elections in the three occupied countries on July 14–15, the parliaments proclaim the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republics.source
194021 July – New Estonian Parliament (loyal to Soviet powers) proclaimed Estonian SSR.Estonia source
1940July 23 – Welles Declaration: United States Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles announces that the U.S. will not accord diplomatic recognition to the Soviet Union's occupation of the Baltic states.source
1940August 3 – The Lithuanian SSR is annexed into the Soviet Union, followed by the Latvian SSR on August 5 and the Estonian SSR August 6, just seven weeks after their occupation. Ethnic Germans will be deported to Germany.source
1940August 18 – The Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor, is installed as Governor of the Bahamas.source
1940August 30 – Second Vienna Award: Germany and Italy compel Romania to cede half of Transylvania to Hungary.source
1940Ortiz, during his leave from work, offers his resignation to the Congress amid a political controversy. The Congress does not accept it.Argentina source
1940September 6 – King Carol II of Romania abdicates and is succeeded by his son Michael.source
1940September 7 – Treaty of Craiova: Romania loses Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria.source
1940September 21 – 1940 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' UAP/Country Coalition Government is re-elected as a minority government, narrowly defeating the Labor Party led by John Curtin. It is the last federal election to result in a minority government until 2010.source
1940September 27 – WWII: Germany, Italy and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact.source
194027 September – World War II: Germany, Italy and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact.Germany source
1940November 5 – 1940 United States presidential election: Democrat incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt decisively defeats Republican challenger Wendell Willkie, and becomes the United States' first and only third-term president.source
1940December 1 – Manuel Ávila Camacho takes office as President of Mexico.source
1940December 29 – Franklin D. Roosevelt, in a fireside chat to the nation, declares that the United States must become "the great arsenal of democracy."source
1940Ruling party – Republican People's Party (CHP)Turkey source
1941January 6 – During his State of the Union address, President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt presents his Four Freedoms, as fundamental global human rights.source
1941January 10 – The Lend-Lease Act is introduced into the United States Congress.source
1941January 23 – Aviator Charles Lindbergh testifies before the U.S. Congress, and recommends that the United States negotiate a neutrality pact with Adolf Hitler.source
1941February 8 – WWII: The U.S. House of Representatives passes the Lend-Lease Act.source
1941March 1 – WWII: Bulgaria signs the Tripartite Pact, thus joining the Axis powers.source
1941March 5 – March 1941 Romanian policy referendumRomania source
1941March 16 – 1941 Colombian parliamentary election: The Liberal Party obtains a majority in the Chamber of Representatives.Colombia source
1941March 30 – San Pablo becomes a city in the province of Laguna through Commonwealth Act 520 which was approved on May 7, 1940.Philippines source
1941April 10 – The Independent State of Croatia, a puppet state of the Axis powers, is established with Ustashe leader Ante Pavelić as head (Poglavnik) of the government.source
1941May 19 – The Viet Minh is formed at Pác Bó in Vietnam, to overthrow French rule of the nation, as an alliance between the Indochina Communist party, led by Ho Chi Minh, and the Nationalist party. It will become the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War.source
194127 May – Speaking in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, Prime Minister Winston Churchill rules out the introduction of conscription in the North.Northern Ireland source
1941June 18 – The German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship is signed between Nazi Germany and Turkey, in Ankara.source
194122 June: Turkey declared neutrality in the recently started Germany-USSR War.Turkey source
1941June 29 – WWII: Hitler's second-in-command, Reichsmarshall Hermann Göring, is appointed as Hitler's successor in a written decree. The decree will come into effect, should Hitler die in the middle of the war. (The decree becomes void in April 1945, after Göring tries to assume power while Hitler is still alive, leading to Göring's expulsion from the Nazi Party.)source
1941July 1 – Germany and Italy recognize the Japanese-sponsored Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China under Wang Jingwei as the legitimate government of China.source
1941July 29 – The Vichy Regime signs the Protocol Concerning Joint Defense and Joint Military Cooperation with the Empire of Japan, giving the Japanese a total of 8 airfields, allowing them greater troop presence, and the use of the Indochinese financial system, in return for continued French autonomy.source
1941August 9 – Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meet on board ship at Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland. The Atlantic Charter (released August 14), setting goals for postwar international cooperation, is created as a result.source
1941August 19 – The Tiraspol Agreement is signed between Germany and Romania.source
1941August 29 – Robert Menzies resigns as Prime Minister of Australia, after losing the support of his party. He will not return to the Prime Ministership until 1949. Arthur Fadden, leader of the Country Party, consequently becomes Prime Minister, while former Prime Minister Billy Hughes replaces Menzies as UAP leader.source
1941August 30 – Germany and Romania sign another treaty, the Tighina Agreement.source
1941September 29 – WWII: The Moscow Conference begins: neutral U.S. representative Averell Harriman and British representative Lord Beaverbrook meet with Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov to arrange urgent assistance for Russia.source
1941September 29: The Moscow Conference; U.S. representative Averell Harriman and British representative Lord Beaverbrook meet with Soviet foreign minister Molotov to arrange assistance.Soviet Union source
1941October 1 – The New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy becomes the Royal New Zealand Navy.source
1941October 7 – John Curtin becomes the 14th Prime Minister of Australia, following the defeat of Arthur Fadden's Country/UAP Coalition government, on the floor of the House of Representatives.source
1941October 18 – General Hideki Tōjō becomes the 40th Prime Minister of Japan.source
1941November 26 – The Hull note (Outline of Proposed Basis for Agreement Between the United States and Japan), named for Secretary of State Cordell Hull, is delivered to the Empire of Japan by the United States.source
1941November 27 – A group of young men stop traffic on U.S. Highway 99 south of Yreka, California, handing out fliers proclaiming the establishment of the State of Jefferson.source
19411 December – Self-government of Estonia, headed by Hjalmar Mäe, is appointed by German military administration.Estonia source
1941December 4 – The State of Jefferson is declared in Yreka, California, with a judge, John Childs, as governor.source
1941December 21 – The Holocaust: The Stanisławów Ghetto is established in German-occupied Poland, initially with 20,000 Jews crowded inside; by Spring 1943 it will be pronounced Judenfrei (free of Jews).source
1941December 26 – WWII: Winston Churchill becomes the first British Prime Minister to address a joint session of the United States Congress.source
19411941 Iranian legislative election.Iran source
1942January 1 – WWII: The Declaration by United Nations is signed by China, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, and 22 other nations, in which they agree "not to make any separate peace with the Axis powers".source
1942January 28 - Brazil breaks diplomatic relations with the Axis countries.Brazil source
19421 February – Chilean presidential election, 1942 is held giving Juan Antonio Rios elected as President of the Republic.Chile source
1942February 8 – António Óscar Carmona is reelected as president of Portugal for a third term.source
19428 February – Presidential election.Portugal source
194212 February – Ehud Barak, the 13th Chief of Staff of the IDF and former Prime Minister of IsraelMandatory Palestine source
1942April 26 – WWII: The Reichstag meets for the last time, dissolving itself and proclaiming Adolf Hitler the "Supreme Judge of the German People", granting him the power of life and death over every German citizen.source
1942May 26 – The Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942, to help establish a military and political alliance between the USSR and the British Empire, is signed in London by foreign Secretary Anthony Eden and Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov.source
1942Philippines adopts Japan Standard Time at 12:00 a.m. moving the clock one hour ahead.Philippines source
1942July 9 – Şükrü Saracoğlu forms the new (13th) government in Turkey.source
1942July 29 – The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union institutes the Order of Suvorov and Order of Kutuzov and reinstates the Order of Alexander Nevsky.source
194228 August – Estonian Legion is starting to form.Estonia source
1942October 9 – The Statute of Westminster Adoption Act, passed by the Parliament of Australia, formalizes Australian autonomy from the United Kingdom.source
1942November 11 – The Turkish parliament passes the Varlık Vergisi, a capital tax mostly levied on non-Muslim citizens with the unofficial aim to inflict financial ruin on them and end their prominence in the country's economy.source
1942December 10 – The Holocaust: The Polish government-in-exile sends copies of The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland, including Raczyński's Note, the first official report on The Holocaust, to 26 governments who signed the Declaration by United Nations.source
1942December 17 – The Allies issue the Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations (as the answer to Raczyński's Note), the first time they publicly acknowledge the Holocaust.source
1942Agustín Pedro Justo announces his intention to run for the presidency.Argentina source
1942Ruling party – Republican People's Party (CHP)Turkey source
1943January 11 – The United States and United Kingdom revise previously unequal treaty relationships with the Republic of China.source
194330 January – Yenice Conference, a meeting between İsmet İnönü and Winston Churchill in which the British side tried to persuade Turkey to join war.Turkey source
19439 February – The Belfast West by-election is won by the Northern Ireland Labour Party candidate Jack BeattieNorthern Ireland source
1943March 9 – Şükrü Saracoğlu forms the new government of Turkey (14th government; Şükrü Saracoğlu had served twice as a prime minister).source
1943May 4 - A general election and constitutional referendum were held. William Tubman was elected president and Charles L. Simpson was elected vice-president.Liberia source
1943May 19 – Winston Churchill addresses a joint session of the United States Congress.source
1943Revolution of '43 – President Ramón Castillo is deposed by a military coup. Arturo Rawson takes the presidency, but he is removed immediately and replaced by Pedro Pablo RamírezArgentina source
1943July 5 – The National Bands Agreement is concluded in Greece.source
1943August 14 – The Quadrant Conference begins in Quebec City; Canadian Prime Minister MacKenzie King meets with Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt.source
1943August 14 – WWII: Rome is declared an open city by the Italian government, with Italy offering to demilitarize the capital, in return for an Allied agreement not to bomb the city further.source
1943August 21 – 1943 Australian federal election: John Curtin's Labor government defeats the Country/UAP Coalition, led by former Prime Minister Arthur Fadden. Labor achieves its greatest ever electoral result, including winning every seat (except one) outside of the eastern states. Notably, this election marked the first time that a woman has been elected to both the Senate and the House of Representatives. Fadden will step down from the Opposition leadership, handing it over to Robert Menzies, who will go on to dissolve the UAP and form the Liberal Party shortly after.source
1943August 24 – Heinrich Himmler is named Reichsminister of the Interior in Germany.source
19438 September – Jürgen Stroop becomes the country's HSSPF.Greece source
1943September 23 – WWII: The Italian Social Republic ("Republic of Salò") is founded in northern Italy as a puppet state of Nazi Germany.source
1943October 14 – José P. Laurel takes the oath of office as President of the Philippines (Second Philippine Republic).source
1943October 14 – Jose P. Laurel elected President of the Philippines by the National Assembly.Philippines source
1943October 18 – Third Moscow Conference: A meeting takes place at the Kremlin between the British, American, and Soviet foreign ministers Anthony Eden, Cordell Hull and Vyacheslav Molotov. The USSR agrees to the full creation of a world peace organization with its Allies.source
1943October 18 – Chiang Kai-shek takes the oath of office as Chairman of the National Government of China.source
1943October 30 – WWII: Signing of Moscow Declarations: the Declaration of the Four Nations on general security, by the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union and Republic of China; and the Declarations on Italy, Austria and Atrocities by the first three governments.source
1943October 30 — World War II: The Moscow Declaration is signed by the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union during the Moscow Conference.Soviet Union source
1943November 9 – An agreement founding the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration is signed by 44 countries in the White House, Washington, D.C.source
1943November 22–26 – WWII: Cairo Conference ("Sextant") – President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Chairman of the National Government of China Chiang Kai-shek meet at Cairo, Egypt, to discuss ways to defeat Japan in the Pacific War.source
1943November 22 – Lebanon gains independence, upon the ending of the French Mandate.source
1943December 16 - WWII: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt is returned to the United States by the USS Iowa after completing his trip to the Cairo and Tehran Conferences.source
1943December 30 – Subhas Chandra Bose sets up a pro-Japanese Indian government at Port Blair, India.source
1943uncertain date in 1943 – Legislative Assembly unanimously passes a concurrent resolution calling for an end to the colonial system of government.Puerto Rico source
1944January 11 – United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposes a Second Bill of Rights for social and economic security, in his State of the Union address.source
1944January 26 – WWII: Argentina gave in to the Allies' pressure, severing diplomatic relations with the Axis.source
1944Pedro Ramírez resigns as president, being replaced by Edelmiro FarrellArgentina source
1944March 12 – WWII: The Political Committee of National Liberation is created in Greece.source
1944March 15 – The Soviet Union introduces a new anthem, replacing The Internationale.source
1944March 15 – Soviet Union introduces new anthem, replacing The Internationale.Soviet Union source
19449 May – Maximiliano Hernández Martínez resigned and fled to Guatemala. Andrés Ignacio Menéndez became Provisional President.El Salvador source
1944May 18 – Crimean Tatars are deported by the Soviet Union.source
1944June 2 – WWII: The Provisional Government of the French Republic is established.source
19444 June – End of Ottoman Public Debt Administration (after 90 years)Turkey source
1944July 22 – The new Polish Committee of National Liberation publishes the PKWN Manifesto in Chełm, calling for a continuation of fighting against Nazi Germany, radical reforms including nationalisation of industry, and a "decent border in the West" (the Oder–Neisse line).source
1944July–October – WWII: Germans are driven out of Lithuania leading to reimposition of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.source
1944August 1 – Sergio Osmena assumes the Office of the President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines after the death of Manuel Quezon.Philippines source
1944August 2 – Turkey ends diplomatic and economic relations with Germany.source
1944August 4 – The Finnish Parliament, by derogation, elects Marshal C. G. E. Mannerheim as President of Finland to replace Risto Ryti, who has resigned.source
1944August 21 – The Dumbarton Oaks Conference (Washington Conversations on International Peace and Security Organization) opens in Washington, D.C.: U.S., British, Chinese, French and Soviet representatives meet to plan the foundation of the United Nations.source
1944September 5 – Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg constitute Benelux as representatives of the exiled governments sign the London Customs Convention.source
1944September 7 – The Belgian government in exile returns to Brussels from London.source
1944September 7 – Members of Vichy France's collaborationist government are relocated to Germany where an enclave is established for them in Sigmaringen Castle.source
194418 September – Jüri Uluots, prime minister in capacity of president of Estonia, asks Otto Tief to form a government on the eve of the withdrawal of German forces; official gazette published proclaiming the Tief government.Estonia source
1944October 6 – The Dumbarton Oaks Conference concludes.source
1944October 9 – WWII: Fourth Moscow Conference: British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin begin a 9-day conference in Moscow, to discuss the future of Europe.source
1944October 11 – The Tuvan People's Republic is annexed into the Soviet Union.source
1944the Afghan ministry of defense informs British India of its intent to purchase 6 to 8 Tiger Moth aircraft.Afghanistan source
1944Communists establish provisional government with Hoxha as Prime Minister.Albania source
1944November 1–December 7 – Delegates of 52 nations meet at the International Civil Aviation Conference in Chicago, to plan for postwar international cooperation, framing the constitution of the International Civil Aviation Organization.source
1944November 7 – 1944 United States presidential election: Franklin D. Roosevelt wins reelection over Republican challenger Thomas E. Dewey, becoming the only U.S. president elected to a fourth term.source
1944December 1 – Edward Stettinius, Jr. becomes the last United States Secretary of State of the Roosevelt administration, filling the seat left by Cordell Hull.source
1944December 7 – The Convention on International Civil Aviation is signed in Chicago, creating the International Civil Aviation Organization.source
1944December 14 – The Soviet government changes Turkish place names to Russian in Crimea.source
1944December 20 – General Dwight D. Eisenhower is promoted to the rank of U.S. Five-Star General.source
1944December 30 – King George II of Greece declares a regency, leaving his throne vacant.source
194514–16 January – Voters in El Salvador voted Salvador Castaneda Castro as President of El Salvador with 312,754 votes in a 99.70% margin. Osmín Aguirre y Salinas heavily rigged the election in favor of Castaneda Castro.El Salvador source
1945February 4–11 – WWII: President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin hold the Yalta Conference.source
19459 February – Ely Palmer, formerly with the foreign service at the Australian embassy, succeeds Cornelius Van H. Engert as U.S. minister at Kabul.Afghanistan source
1945March 1 – President Franklin D. Roosevelt gives what will be his last address to a joint session of the United States Congress, reporting on the Yalta Conference.source
1945March 6 – A Communist-led government is formed in Romania under Petru Groza, following Soviet intervention.source
1945March 8 – Josip Broz Tito forms a Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.source
1945March 11 – The Empire of Japan establishes the Empire of Vietnam, a puppet state which will last only until August 23, with Bảo Đại as its ruler.source
1945April 6 – Sarajevo is liberated from Nazi Germany and the Independent State of Croatia (a fascist puppet state) by Yugoslav Partisans.source
1945April 12 – Vice President Harry S. Truman becomes the 33rd president of the United States upon the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Little White House in Warm Springs, Georgia of an intracerebral hemorrhage.source
1945April 27 – The provisional government of Austria headed by Karl Renner asserts its independence from Germany.source
19458 June – The Progressive Party was established.Thailand source
1945June 29 – Czechoslovakia cedes Carpathian Ruthenia to the Soviet Union.source
1945July 12 – Ben Chifley is elected leader of the Labor Party, and consequently becomes the 16th Prime Minister of Australia, defeating Frank Forde as well as Norman Makin and H.V. Evatt. As a result, Forde becomes the shortest-serving prime minister in Australian history; nevertheless, he retains his post as deputy leader.source
1945July 26 – Winston Churchill resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, after his Conservative Party is soundly defeated by the Labour Party in the 1945 general election. Clement Attlee becomes the new prime minister. It is the first time that Labour has governed Britain with a majority in the House of Commons.source
1945August 8 – The United Nations Charter is ratified by the United States Senate.source
1945August 15 – Transfer of power happens in 9:00 a.m. from the Japanese to Lyuh Woon-hyung, head of the People's Republic of Korea, in Seoul. This decision was rescinded after the Soviets do not go further down all the way to Seoul. Japan takes back control in August 20th.South Korea source
1945August 17 – Proclamation of Indonesian Independence: Indonesian nationalists Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declare the independence of the Republic of Indonesia, with Sukarno as president and Mohammad Hatta as vice-president, igniting the Indonesian National Revolution against the Dutch Empire.source
1945August 17 – Philippines President José P. Laurel issues an Executive Proclamation putting an end to the Second Philippine Republic, thus ending his term as President of the Philippines.source
194517 August – Proclamation of Indonesian IndependenceIndonesia source
1945August 25 – Bảo Đại abdicates as Emperor of Vietnam, ending 2,000 years of dynastic and monarchic rule in the country and 143 years of the Nguyễn dynasty.source
1945August 30 – Liberation of Hong Kong from Japanese control, when the British Royal Navy returns Hong Kong to its interrupted British colonial status (1841–1997).source
1945September 2 – The Democratic Republic of Vietnam is officially established, by Ho Chi Minh.source
1945September 2 – General Douglas MacArthur is given the title of Supreme Commander Allied Powers, and is also tasked with the occupation of Japan.source
1945September 11 – The Batu Lintang camp in Sarawak, Borneo is liberated by Australian forces.source
1945September 16 – The Soviet Civil Administration is officially proclaimed.North Korea source
1945October 22 – Rómulo Betancourt is named provisional president of Venezuela.source
1945October 24 – The United Nations is founded by ratification of its Charter, by 29 nations including the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Canada, Egypt, Brazil, Haiti, Luxembourg, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and others.source
1945October 24 – The International Court of Justice ("World Court") is established by the United Nations Charter.source
194525 October – Republic of China took Taiwan from Japan.Taiwan source
1945November 1 – International Labour Organization's new constitution comes into effect.source
1945November 11 – 1945 Yugoslavian parliamentary election: Marshal Josip Broz Tito and the People's Front win a decisive majority (90%) in the Yugoslavian Assembly.source
1945November 16 – Charles de Gaulle is unanimously elected president of France by the provisional government.source
1945Communist provisional government agrees to restore Kosovo to Yugoslavia as an autonomous regionAlbania source
1946January 7 – The Allies of World War II recognize the Austrian republic with its 1937 borders, and divide the country into four occupation zones.source
1946January 11 – Enver Hoxha declares the People's Republic of Albania, with himself as prime minister. He will remain effectively as a dictator of the country until his death in 1985.source
1946January 11 - The People's Republic of Albania was proclaimed at noon (1100 GMT), with Communist leader Enver Hoxha as the nation's Prime Minister. Two months later, a new constitution proclaimed Hoxha's Albanian Workers Party to be the sole force, and Marxism–Leninism as the ideology, of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania.Albania source
1946January 16 – Charles de Gaulle resigns as head of the French provisional government.source
1946January 22 – Iran crisis of 1946: Qazi Muhammad declares the independent people's Republic of Mahabad, at the Chahar Cheragh Square in the Kurdish city of Mahabad. He is the new president; Haji Baba Sheikh is the prime minister.source
1946January 22 – The report of High Commissioner Paul McNutt to President Harry Truman, which lumps the candidates into 'loyalists' and 'enemy collaborators,' created resentment among congressional leaders.Philippines source
1946January 31 – The last session of the Permanent Court of International Justice occurs.source
1946January 31 – Yugoslavia's new constitution, modeled on the Soviet Union, establishes 6 constituent republics (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia).source
1946February 1 – The Kingdom of Hungary becomes a republic, heavily influenced by the Soviet Union.source
1946March 6 – First Indochina War: Ho Chi Minh signs an agreement with France, which recognizes Vietnam as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the French Union.source
1946March 22 - The United Kingdom grants Transjordan, as it is then known, its independence; 3 years later the country changes its name to Jordan.Jordan source
1946April 1 – The Malayan Union is formed on dissolution of the British Military Administration and Singapore becomes a Crown colony.source
19461 April – The Malayan Union was established, combining the Straits Settlements (except Singapore), Federated Malay States and Unfederated Malay States into a single entity, and replaced British Military Administration (BMA).Malaya source
19461 May - Taiwan Provincial Consultative Council was established.Taiwan source
1946May 9 – King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy abdicates, and is succeeded by his son Umberto II.source
1946June 1 – D'Argenlieu, French High Commissioner for Indo-China, recognizes an autonomous "Republic of Cochin-China" in violation of the March 6 Ho–Sainteny agreement, opening the way for conflict between the Viet Minh and France.source
1946June 2 – 1946 Italian institutional referendum: Italians vote to turn Italy from a monarchy into a republic. In the simultaneous 1946 Italian general election, the first since the end of World War II and also the first in which women are allowed to vote, the Christian Democracy party, led by Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi, wins most seats in the Constituent Assembly of Italy and forms a coalition government. Christian Democracy leads the Italian government continuously until 1981.source
1946June 13 – Umberto II of Italy leaves the country and goes into exile in Portugal; Alcide De Gasperi becomes head of state.source
1946June 17 – Formal ratification of the Treaty of London grants independence to the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan.source
1946July 4 – After more than 48 years of American dominance, the Philippines attains full independence as the 3rd Republic; Manuel A. Roxas is 5th President of the Philippines. It marks the end of nearly 400 years of colonial era when the Viceroyalty of New Spain took control since April 27, 1565.source
1946July 16 – The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) within the Department of the Interior is formed by the merger of the Grazing Service and United States General Land Office.source
194620 July – King Zahir Shah holds a speech at the opening of the sixth session of the National Council, discussing, among other things, Afghan foreign policy. While the section regarding the Soviet Union did not have anything objectionable to the Soviet ambassador, it was noted to be less cordial than the sections about Britain and America.Afghanistan source
1946August 7 – The Soviet Union escalates the Turkish Straits crisis through a diplomatic demand to Turkey.source
1946August 16 – The Kurdistan Democratic Party is founded in South Kurdistan.source
194629 August – In a cabinet reshuffle, the independent Guillaume Konsbruck is replaced by the CSV's Lambert Schaus.Luxembourg source
1946September 2 – The Interim Government of India takes charge, with Jawaharlal Nehru as vice president, as part of the transition from the British Raj to full independence for India and Pakistan.source
1946September 8 – Bulgaria is declared a People's Republic after a referendum; King Simeon II leaves.source
194615 November - Linggadjati AgreementIndonesia source
1946November 19 – 1946 Romanian general election: The Romanian Communist Party wins 79.86% of the vote, through widespread intimidation tactics and electoral fraud.source
1946December 1 – Miguel Alemán Valdés takes office as President of Mexico.source
1946December 2 – The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling is signed in Washington, D.C., to "provide for the proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling industry" through establishment of the International Whaling Commission.source
1946December 14 – The International Labour Organization becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations.source
1946December 14 – Proposed United States purchase of Greenland from Denmark: An offer is made through diplomatic channels.source
1946December 20 – Film It's a Wonderful Life is released in the United States; it becomes an enduring classic.source
1947February 5 – Bolesław Bierut becomes the President of Poland.source
1947February 12 – In Burma, the Panglong Agreement is reached between the Burmese government under its leader, General Aung San, and the Shan, Kachin, and Chin ethnic peoples at the Panglong Conference. U Aung Zan Wai, Pe Khin, Major Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Sein Mya Maung and Myoma U Than Kywe are among the negotiators.source
1947February 25 – The German state of Prussia is officially abolished, by the Allied Control Council.source
1947February - Establishment of SarbupriIndonesia source
19471 March – A centre-right government is formed between the Christian Social People's Party and the Democratic Group under incumbent Prime Minister Pierre Dupong.Luxembourg source
1947April 1 – Paul I becomes King of Greece, aged 45, following the death of his brother, King George II.source
19479 April - United Nations Security Council Resolution 22 recommends that the United Kingdom and Albania take their dispute over the Straits of Corfu to the International Court of Justice.Albania source
1947May 11 – The Kingdom of Laos is officially formed, but is still a French protectorate.source
1947May 22 – To fight the spread of Communism, President Harry S. Truman signs an Act of Congress that implements the Truman Doctrine. This Act grants $400 million in military and economic aid to Turkey and Greece.source
1947May 31 – Alcide de Gasperi forms a new government in Italy, the first postwar Italian government not to include members of the Italian Communist Party.source
1947June 20 – Dagupan becomes a city in the province of Pangasinan through Republic Act 170 and ratified on the same day.Philippines source
1947June 23 – The United States Senate follows the House of Representatives, in overriding President Harry S. Truman's veto of the Taft–Hartley Act.source
1947July 6 – 1947 Sylhet referendum: A referendum is held in Sylhet to decide its fate in the Partition of India.source
1947July 18 – President Harry S. Truman signs the Presidential Succession Act into law, which places the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate next in the line of succession, after the vice president.source
1947July 26 – Cold War: U.S. President Harry S. Truman signs the National Security Act of 1947 into law to create the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the National Security Council.source
1947August 14 – The Muslim majority regions formed by the Partition of India gain independence from the British Empire as the Dominion of Pakistan. While the transition is officially at midnight on this day, Pakistan celebrates its independence on August 14, compared with India on the 15th, because the Pakistan Standard Time is 30 minutes behind the standard time of India.source
1947August 14 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah becomes the first governor-general of Pakistan. Liaquat Ali Khan takes office as the first prime minister of Pakistan.source
194714 August: The Dominion of Pakistan is declared an independent member state of the British Commonwealth.Pakistan source
1947August 15 – The greater Indian subcontinent, with a mixed population of Hindu, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Zoroasters, Jews, Christians, Muslims and others formed by the Partition of India, gains independence from the British Empire, as the Dominion of India. 190 years British rule (1757–1947) in India comes to an end.source
1947August 15 – Jawaharlal Nehru takes office as the first prime minister of India, taking his oath from Louis Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma, Governor-General of India (but no longer viceroy).source
1947August 28 – The United States request the Korean issue to be handled by the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the Republic of China in a four-country conference.South Korea source
1947August 31 – In Hungary, communists fail to gain a majority in the 1947 Hungarian parliamentary election (despite widespread fraud) and turn to direct action as part of the country's transition to Communism (1944–1949).source
1947September 30 – Pakistan and Yemen join the United Nations.source
1947October 20 – A war begins in Kashmir, along the border between India and Pakistan, initiating the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948. Also, Pakistan establishes diplomatic relations with the United States of America.source
1947October 24 – The first Azad Kashmir Government is established within Pakistan, headed by Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan as its first President supported by the government of Pakistan.source
194725 October – Soviet Union asked to annex Kars and Ardahan in the United Nations assemblyTurkey source
1947November 15 – The Universal Postal Union (UPU) becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations (effective July 1 1948).source
1947November 25 – The New Zealand Parliament ratifies the Statute of Westminster, and thus becomes independent of legislative control by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.source
1947November 29 – The United Nations General Assembly votes for the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine which will partition Mandatory Palestine between Arab and Jewish regions, resulting in the creation of the State of Israel.source
1947December 9 – French labor unions call off the general strike, and re-commence negotiations with the French government.source
1947December 22 – The Italian Constituent Assembly votes to accept the new Constitution of Italy.source
19471947 Transjordanian general election - General elections, 20 October.Jordan source
1948January 1 – The current Constitutions of Italy and of New Jersey (both later subject to amendment) go into effect.source
1948January 4 – Burma gains its independence from the United Kingdom, becoming an independent republic, named the 'Union of Burma', with Sao Shwe Thaik as its first President and U Nu its first Prime Minister.source
1948January 22 – British foreign secretary Ernest Bevin proposes the formation of a Western Union between Britain, France and the Benelux countries to stand up against the Soviet Union. The Treaty of Brussels is signed March 17 as a consequence, a predecessor to NATO.source
194829 January – The first conference of Benelux foreign ministers is held, in Luxembourg City.Luxembourg source
19481 February – The Federation of Malaya was established, replacing the Malayan Union.Malaya source
1948February 4 – Ceylon (later known as Sri Lanka) becomes an independent country, within the British Commonwealth adopting King George VI as the King of Ceylon.source
1948February 18 – Éamon de Valera, Irish head of government from 1918 to 1932, loses power to an opposition coalition. John A. Costello is appointed Taoiseach by President Seán T. O'Kelly, until 1960.source
1948February 28 – The 2nd Congress of the Communist Party of India convenes in Calcutta.source
1948March 18 – The Round Table Conference convenes in The Hague, Netherlands, to prepare the decolonization process for the Caribbean island of Aruba and the other Dutch Colonies. Aruba presents the mandate of the Aruban People for Aruba to become an independent country, under the sovereignty of the House of Orange, based on Aruba's first state constitution presented officially since August 1947, and a (4th) member state of the future Dutch Commonwealth.source
1948April 3 – United States President Harry S. Truman signs the Marshall Plan, which authorizes $5 billion in aid for 16 countries.source
1948April 18 – Italian general election, 1948: The first democratic general election with universal suffrage is held in Italy. The Christian Democracy party achieves a majority over the Popular Democratic Front Communist-Socialist coalition.source
1948May 14 – The Israeli Declaration of Independence is made. David Ben-Gurion becomes the first prime minister, a provisional position that will become formalized on February 14, 1949.source
1948May 14 – The Israeli Declaration of Independence is made in Tel Aviv, a few hours before the British Mandate is due to expire. At midnight the British Mandate of Palestine is officially terminated and the State of Israel comes into being.Israel source
1948May 15 – The United States grants de facto recognition to the State of Israel, eleven minutes after it comes into existence, becoming the first country to recognize the Jewish state.Israel source
1948May 26 – The United States Congress passes Public Law 557 which permanently establishes the Civil Air Patrol as the auxiliary of the United States Air Force.source
1948May 10th – First general election held in a democratic manner under the United Nations' "supervision to elect the 198 members of the National Assembly". Legislative elections were held in South Korea in a U.S.-administered territory. In the National Assembly, independent candidates won 85 out of 200 seats. The National Alliance for the Rapid Realization of Korean Independence (NARRKI), led by Syngman Rhee, won 55 seats while the Korea Democratic Party (KDP) won 29 seats. The legislative elections, however, were boycotted by left-wing political groups. About 30 United Nations observers watched the elections from May 7 to May 11, 1948. About 400 U.S. military officers and government officials also watched the elections. There were approximately 600 fatalities in election-related violence between March and May 1948.South Korea source
1948July 20 – President Harry S. Truman issues the second peacetime military draft in the United States, amid increasing tensions with the Soviet Union (the first peacetime draft occurred in 1940 under President Roosevelt)source
1948July 22 – The Dominion of Newfoundland votes to join Canada, after a referendum.source
1948July 26 – U.S. President Truman signs Executive Order 9981, ending racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces.source
194830, Fatima Jinnah is aware of her birthday, and is observed for the first time, since independence; the nation refers her to the titles of "Mother of the Nation" and Khatoon-I-Pakistan.Pakistan source
1948August 10–23 – The Herrenchiemsee convention prepares the draft for the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany.source
1948August 15 – The southern half of Korea is established as the Republic of Korea (South Korea).source
1948August 18 – The Danube Commission is created by the Belgrade Convention (enters into force 11 May 1949).source
1948August 25 - 1948 North Korean parliamentary electionNorth Korea source
1948September 13 – Margaret Chase Smith of Maine is elected United States Senator, becoming the first woman to serve in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the United States Senate.source
1948November 2 – 1948 United States presidential election: Democratic incumbent Harry S. Truman defeats Republican Thomas E. Dewey, "Dixiecrat" Strom Thurmond and Progressive party candidate Henry A. Wallace.source
1948November 15 – Louis Stephen St. Laurent becomes Canada's 12th prime minister.source
194815 November – The Ceylon Citizenship Act becomes law, qualifying only about 5,000 Indian Tamils for citizenship. More than 700,000 people, about 11% of the population, are denied citizenship and rendered stateless.Sri Lanka source
1948December 8 - Costa Rican Constitutional Assembly election, 1948Costa Rica source
1948December 9 – The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Genocide Convention.source
1948December 10 – The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.source
1948December 17 – The Finnish Security Police is established to remove communist leadership from its predecessor, the State Police.source
1948December 20 – Indonesian National Revolution: The Dutch military captures Yogyakarta, the temporary capital of the newly formed Republic of Indonesia.source
1949January 2 – Luis Muñoz Marín becomes the first democratically elected Governor of Puerto Rico.source
1949January 16 – Şemsettin Günaltay forms the new government of Turkey. It is the 18th government, last single party government of the Republican People's Party.source
1949January 25 – The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA or COMECON) is established by the Soviet Union and other communist nations.source
1949January 25 – In the first Israeli elections, David Ben-Gurion becomes Prime Minister.source
194931 January – The United States grants de jure recognition to the State of Israel.Israel source
1949February 13 – António Óscar Carmona is re-elected president of Portugal, for lack of an opposing candidate.source
1949February 17 – Chaim Weizmann begins his term as the first president of Israel.source
19497 March – Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan presented Objectives Resolution in the assembly.Pakistan source
1949March 31 – The former British colony of Newfoundland joins Canada, as its 10th province.source
1949April 4 – The North Atlantic Treaty is signed in Washington, D.C., creating the NATO defense alliance.source
19494 April – Luxembourg signs the North Atlantic Treaty, becoming a founder member of NATO.Luxembourg source
1949April 28 – The 1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference issues the London Declaration, enabling India (and, thereafter, any other nation) to remain in the Commonwealth despite becoming a republic, creating the position of 'Head of the Commonwealth' (held by the ruling British monarch), and renaming the organization, from the 'British Commonwealth' to the 'Commonwealth of Nations'.source
1949May 23 – The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) is officially established (until 1990).source
1949June 5 – Thailand elects Orapin Chaiyakan, the first Thai female member of Thailand's Parliament.source
1949the Communist Party organised a "Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference" (CPPCC) to prepare for the establishment of a "New Democracy" regime to replace the Kuomintang-dominated Republic of China governmentChina source
1949July 27 – Rhodesia beats the New Zealand national rugby union team (the All Blacks) 10–8, in an exhibition match in Bulawayo, the only non-Test nation ever to achieve this feat.source
1949August 8 – Bhutan signs a Treaty of Friendship with newly independent India, agreeing non-interference in internal affairs, but allowing India to "guide" its foreign policy (similar to the previous arrangements with the British administration in India).source
1949August 24 – The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is established.source
1949September 7 – The first Bundestag of the Federal Republic of Germany convenes in Bonn. They will elect Konrad Adenauer as Chancellor while the Federal Convention, a constitutional body consisting of the Bundestag members and a same number of representatives of the States, elect the liberal Theodor Heuss as President of Germany on 12 September.source
1949September 13 - The Soviet Union vetoes United Nations membership for Ceylon, Finland, Iceland, Italy, Jordan and Portugal.Jordan source
1949September 29 – The first plenary session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference approves a design for the flag of the People's Republic of China.source
1949October 6 – The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) established its first diplomatic and friendly relations with newly proclaimed Communist China (PRC) between the two nations.source
1949October 7 – The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) is officially established (until 1990).source
1949November 8 – The first presidential election under the post-colonial republic is held, with a four-year presidency, third of the Senate with a 6-year term, and the 97-seat House of Representatives with a 4-year term, being at stake. Incumbent president Quirino of the LP successfully defends his seat against former president Jose P. Laurel of the Nacionalista Party and former Senate president Avelino who has founded an LP faction; his new term will start on December 30.Philippines source
1949November 26 – The Indian Constituent Assembly adopts India's constitution.source
1949November 28 – Winston Churchill makes a landmark speech in support of the idea of a European Union, at Kingsway Hall, London - but does not see UK as part of it, "The British Government have rightly stated that they cannot commit this country to entering any European Union without the agreement of the other members of the British Commonwealth".source
1949November 30 – 1949 New Zealand general election: The New Zealand National Party, led by Sidney Holland defeats the incumbent New Zealand Labour Party, led by Peter Fraser.source
1949December 7 – The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) is established as a United Nations agency.source
1949December 10 – 1949 Australian federal election: The Liberal/Country Coalition led by Robert Menzies defeats the Labor government, led by Prime Minister Ben Chifley. Menzies is sworn in on December 19, his second stint as prime minister; he will hold the office for over 16 years until his retirement in 1966 and Labor will not win office again until 1972, under Gough Whitlam.source
194921 December – Chen Cheng left as Chairperson of Taiwan Province Provincial Government.Taiwan source
1949December 27 – The Treaty of The Hague ends the Indonesian National Revolution by recognizing transfer of the sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies from Queen Juliana of the Netherlands to the United States of Indonesia; the Susanto Cabinet takes office in the Republic of Indonesia.source
194927 December - Establishment of the Netherlands-Indonesian UnionIndonesia source
1950January 6 – The United Kingdom recognizes the People's Republic of China; the Republic of China severs diplomatic relations with Britain in response.source
1950January 9 – The Israeli government recognizes the People's Republic of China.source
1950January 13 – Finland forms diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China.source
1950January 23 – The Knesset passes a resolution that states Jerusalem is the capital of Israel.source
1950January 26 – India promulgates its constitution, forming a republic, and Rajendra Prasad is sworn in as its first president. The Kingdom of Mysore is merged into the new republic.source
1950February 1 – Chiang Kai-shek is re-elected as president of the Republic of China.source
1950February 6 – In India, the first Cabinet Secretary (N. R. Pillai) is appointed.source
1950February 14 – In an election speech at Edinburgh, Winston Churchill proposes "a parley at the summit" with Soviet leaders, the first use of the term "summit" for such a meeting.source
1950February 15 – Juho Kusti Paasikivi is re-elected president of Finland.source
1950February 19 – Konrad Adenauer tries unsuccessfully to negotiate with East Germany, to begin reunification.source
1950February 23 – 1950 United Kingdom general election: The Labour Party, led by Clement Attlee, remains in office, but the Tories, led by Winston Churchill, increase their seats in the House of Commons.source
1950March 1 – Acting President of the Republic of China Li Zongren ends his term in office and Chiang Kai-shek resumes his duties as president, after moving the government of the Republic to Taipei, Taiwan.source
19501 March – Chiang Kai-shek resumes his duties as Chinese president after moving his government to Taipei, Taiwan.Taiwan source
1950March 12 – Royal question: 1950 Belgian monarchy referendum – In Belgium, a referendum on the monarchy shows 57.7% support the return of King Leopold III from exile to resume exercise of his constitutional powers, 42.3% against. The King has said he would abdicate if he did not receive 55% support, and that the final decision would be for the federal parliament.source
1950March – Estonian Communist Party was gone under Moscow control. Many intellectuals were fired and replaced by "leading workers". These "leading workers" were imported from USSR.Estonia source
19502 April – Liaquat Ali Khan visits Delhi for meetings with Indian Prime Minister Nehru.Pakistan source
1950April 27 – Apartheid: In South Africa, the Group Areas Act is passed, formally segregating the races.source
1950May 9 – Robert Schuman presents his proposal for the creation of a pan-European organisation, which he believes to be indispensable to the maintenance of permanently peaceful relations between the different nations of the continent. This proposal, known as the "Schuman Declaration", is considered to be the beginning of the creation of what becomes the European Union.source
1950May 22 – Celâl Bayar becomes the third president of Turkey and Adnan Menderes of the DP forms the new government of Turkey (19th government).source
195028 May - 1950 Albanian parliamentary election: the Democratic Front won the election with 99.4% of votesAlbania source
1950June 15 – Cagayan de Oro in the province of Misamis Oriental becomes a city through Republic Act 521 and ratified on the same day.Philippines source
195021 June – The port of Eilat on the Red Sea is inaugurated with the arrival a ship from Aden containing Torah scrolls and religious articles transferred from the Jewish community of Yemen to Israel.Israel source
1950July 6 - Treaty of Zgorzelec was signed between the Republic of Poland and East Germany (GDR).Germany source
1950July 17 – The Suppression of Communism Act (passed on June 26 by the Parliament of South Africa) comes into force in South Africa.source
1950August 1 – Royal question: King Leopold III of Belgium publicly announces that he will abdicate in favor of his son, Baudouin.source
19507 August – Laureano Gómez of the Conservative Party becomes the 18th President of Colombia.Colombia source
1950August 8 – Winston Churchill supports the idea of a pan-European army, allied with Canada and the U.S.source
1950August 22 – France announces the introduction of a government-guaranteed minimum wage.source
1950October 3 – Getúlio Vargas is elected president of Brazil for a 5-year term.source
1950November 4 – The United Nations ends the diplomatic isolation of Spain.source
1950November 18 – The United Nations accepts the formation of the Libyan National Council.source
1950November 28 – Greece and Yugoslavia reform diplomatic relations.source
1950Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negri Sembilan : Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku MuhammadMalaya source
1951February 1–2 – The 1951 Nepalese revolution leads to agreement for a democratic constitution.source
1951February 12 – The seven-nation Commonwealth Consultative Committee meets to discuss the Colombo Plan for south and south-east Asia.source
195115 February: The start of the 151 day "1951 Waterfront dispute".New Zealand source
1951February 27 – The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, limiting Presidents to two terms, is ratified.source
195128 February – Pakistan's first recorded census after gaining its independence from British India concludes.Pakistan source
1951February – The Convention People's Party wins national elections in Gold Coast (British colony).source
1951February - Albania and the Soviet Union signs an agreement on mutual economic assistance.Albania source
1951April 11 – U.S. President Harry S. Truman relieves General Douglas MacArthur of his Far Eastern commands.source
1951April 18 – The Treaty of Paris (1951) is adopted, establishing the European Coal and Steel Community.source
1951April 28 – 1951 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a decreased majority, defeating the Labor Party, led by former Prime Minister Ben Chifley. Chifley dies a little over a month after the election; he will be replaced by his deputy H. V. Evatt.source
1951May 3 – The U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services and U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations begin their closed door hearings into the dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur by U.S. President Harry S Truman.source
1951May 23 – The Tibetan government signs the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet with the People's Republic of China.source
19513 June – Elections are held to the Chamber of Deputies in the Centre and Nord constituencies. The Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP) gains 4 seats, taking it to nineteen seats, just behind the Christian Social People's Party (CSV).Luxembourg source
195110 June – 1951 Mongolian parliamentary election.Mongolia source
1951June: Portuguese Cape Verde became an overseas provinceCape Verde source
1951July 10 – A formal peace agreement between Canada and Germany is signed.source
1951July 16 – King Leopold III of Belgium abdicates in favour of his son Baudouin, who on July 17 takes the oath as king of Belgium.source
1951July 28 – Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a multilateral treaty of the United Nations, is signed at a special conference in Geneva, defining the status of refugees and setting out the basis for granting right of asylum, coming into force on 22 April 1954.source
1951August 11 – René Pleven becomes Prime Minister of France.source
195118 August — The National Progressive Party wins 19 out of 39 seats in the Parliament of Laos in the 1951 Laotian parliamentary election.Laos source
1951September 1 – The United States, Australia and New Zealand all sign a mutual defense pact, the ANZUS Treaty.source
1951September 2 – The Sri Lanka Freedom Party is founded by S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike.source
1951September 8 – The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, which allows United States Armed Forces to be stationed in Japan even after the end of the occupation of Japan, is signed by Japan and the United States.source
1951September 8 – Treaty of San Francisco: In San Francisco, 48 representatives out of 51 attending sign a peace treaty with Japan, formally ending the Pacific War; the delegations of the Soviet Union, Poland and Czechoslovakia do not sign the treaty, instead favoring separate treaties.source
1951September 20 – NATO accepts Greece and Turkey as members.source
195122 September – Singapore is proclaimed a City of the British Commonwealth by a royal charter issued by King George VI.Singapore source
1951October 14 – The Organization of Central American States (Organización de Estados Centroamericanos, ODECA) is formed.source
1951October 19 – The state of war between the United States and Germany is officially ended.source
1951October 26 – Winston Churchill is re-elected Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (a month before his 77th birthday) in a general election which sees the defeat of Clement Attlee's Labour government, after 6 years in power.source
1951October 27 – King Farouk I of Egypt declares himself king of the Sudan, with no international recognition or support.source
19515 November – Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez becomes acting President of Colombia.Colombia source
1951November 11 – Juan Perón is re-elected president of Argentina.source
1951December 24 – Libya becomes independent from Britain and France; Idris I is proclaimed King.source
195227 January – Aly Maher Pasha became the Prime Minister of Egypt for the 3rd time.Egypt source
1952February 6 – Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, becomes monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the British Dominions: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan and Ceylon. The princess, who is on a visit to Kenya when she hears of the death of her father, King George VI, aged 56, takes the regnal name Elizabeth II.source
1952February 26 – Vincent Massey is sworn in, becoming the first Canadian-born Governor General of Canada.source
1952March 20 – The United States Senate ratifies a peace treaty with Japan.source
1952March 21 – Kwame Nkrumah is elected Prime Minister of the Gold Coast.source
1952March 27 – A legislative Assembly election is held in Coorg.source
1952April 18 – West Germany and Japan form diplomatic relations.source
1952April 28 – The Treaty of San Francisco goes into effect, formally ending the war between Japan and the Allies, and simultaneously ending the occupation of the four main Japanese islands by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.source
195228 April – The signing of Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty in Taipei between Japan and the Republic of China.Taiwan source
1952May 13 – Pandit Nehru forms his first government in India.source
1952May 15 – Diplomatic relations are established between Israel and Japan at the level of legations.source
195212 June – A law is reforming the organisation of the Luxembourg Army is passed.Luxembourg source
1952June 27 – Decree 900 in Guatemala orders the redistribution of uncultivated land.source
1952July 13 – East Germany announces the formation of its National People's Army.source
1952July 26 – King Farouk of Egypt abdicates, nominally in favour of his infant son Fuad II.source
1952August 5 – The Treaty of Taipei between Japan and the Republic of China goes into effect, officially ending the Second Sino-Japanese War.source
1952August 11 – The Jordanian Parliament forces King Talal of Jordan to abdicate due to mental illness; he is succeeded by his son King Hussein.source
1952August 27 – Reparation negotiations between West Germany and Israel end in Luxembourg: Germany will pay 3 billion Deutsche Marks.source
1952August 30 – The last Finnish war reparations are sent to the Soviet Union.source
1952September 10 – The European Parliamentary Assembly (from March 1962, the European Parliament) opens.source
195210 September – The Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany is signed. According to the Agreement, West Germany was to pay Israel for the slave labor and persecution of Jews during the Holocaust, and to compensate for Jewish property that was stolen by the Nazis.Israel source
1952October 23 – The West German Federal Constitutional Court bans the Socialist Reich Party as unconstitutional for being a Nazi Party successor organization.source
1952November 4 – 1952 United States presidential election: Republican General Dwight D. Eisenhower defeats Democratic Governor of Illinois Adlai Stevenson (correctly predicted by the UNIVAC computer).source
1952November 4 – Pace-Finletter MOU 1952: A Memorandum of understanding is signed between "...Air Force Secretary Finletter and Army Secretary Pace that established a fixed wing weight limit [for the Army] of five thousand pounds empty, but weight restrictions on helicopters were eliminated..."source
195222 November – Colombia officially recognizes Venezuelan sovereignty over Los Monjes Archipelago.Colombia source
195223 November – Basic Principles Committee (BPC) presents the second revised report to the Constituent Assembly. The report called for a parity of representation between East and West Pakistan in parliament elected on the basis of separate balloting for minorities.Pakistan source
1952November 29 – Korean War: U.S. President-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower fulfills a political campaign promise, by traveling to Korea to find out what can be done to end the conflict.source
1952December 1 – Adolfo Ruiz Cortines takes office as President of Mexico.source
1952December 10 – Albert Schweitzer is given the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize.source
195216 December – Independent candidate Madai Puthan Damodaran Nair was sworn in as legislative councillor for Seletar Constituency in an uncontested walkover.Singapore source
1952December 26 – Joseph Ivor Linton, the first Israeli Minister Plenipotentiary in Japan, presents his credentials to the Emperor of Japan.source
1952until 1953 – Estonian SSR is reorganized into three oblasts: Tallinn, Tartu, and Pärnu.Estonia source
1953February 11 – The Soviet Union breaks diplomatic relations with Israel, after a bomb explodes at the Soviet Embassy, in reaction to the 'Doctors' plot'.source
195311 February – The Soviet Union breaks diplomatic relations with Israel after an explosion occurs in the Soviet embassy building in Tel Aviv, which was planted by the Tzrifin Underground.Israel source
1953February 28 – Greece, Turkey, and Yugoslavia sign the Balkan Pact.source
1953March 6 – Georgy Malenkov succeeds Joseph Stalin, as Premier and First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.source
1953April 7 – Dag Hammarskjöld is elected Secretary-General of the United Nations.source
1953April 17 – Governor General Ghulam Muhammad sacked Prime Minister Khawaja Nazimuddin, although he enjoyed the confidence of the parliament, and appointed Mohammad Ali Bogra to form a government on April 17.Pakistan source
1953May 9 – Australian Senate election, 1953: The Liberal/Country Coalition Government, led by Prime Minister Robert Menzies, holds their Senate majority, despite gains made by the Labor Party, led by H. V. Evatt. This is the first occasion where a Senate election is held without an accompanying House of Representatives election.source
1953May 9 – France agrees to the provisional independence of Cambodia, with King Norodom Sihanouk.source
195311 May – The Governments of Singapore and British Malaya appointed a joint committee, headed by Commissioner-General Malcolm MacDonald, to make recommendations for unification.Singapore source
1953June 7 – Italian general election: the Christian Democracy party wins a plurality in both legislative houses.source
1953June 13 – Hungarian Prime Minister Mátyás Rákosi is replaced by Imre Nagy.source
1953June 18 – Egypt declares itself a republic.source
1953July 10 – The Soviet official newspaper Pravda announces that Lavrentiy Beria has been deposed as head of the NKVD.source
19531 August - Haxhi Lleshi takes office as the de jure Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly.Albania source
19532 August – President Víctor Paz Estenssoro signs Supreme Decree N° 3464 into law, passing sweeping agrarian reform and declaring peasants the owners of their own lands.Bolivia source
1953August 22 – The last prisoners are repatriated from Devil's Island to France.source
1953September 7 – Nikita Khrushchev becomes head of the Soviet Central Committee.source
1953September 23 – The Pact of Madrid is signed by Francoist Spain and the United States of America, ending a period of virtual isolation for Spain.source
1953September 25 – The first German prisoners of war return from the Soviet Union to West Germany.source
1953October 1 – The Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea is concluded in Washington, D.C.source
19531 October – The Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–South Korea) was signed,South Korea source
1953October 5 – Earl Warren is appointed Chief Justice of the United States, by President Dwight D. Eisenhower.source
1953October 9 – West German federal election, 1953: Konrad Adenauer is re-elected as German chancellor.source
195325 October – The Cristo Rey is inaugurated in Cali.Colombia source
1953October 30 – Cold War: U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally approves the top secret document of the United States National Security Council NSC 162/2, which states that the United States' arsenal of nuclear weapons must be maintained and expanded to counter the communist threat.source
1953November 5 – David Ben-Gurion resigns as prime minister of Israel.source
1953November 9 – Cambodia becomes independent from France.source
1953November 9 - The Khmer Issarak begins to fight the French Army and Cambodia joins the First Indochina War but the Kingdom of Cambodia is established.Cambodia source
1953December 2 – The United Kingdom and Iran reform diplomatic relations.source
1953December 8 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower delivers his Atoms for Peace address, to the United Nations General Assembly.source
1953December 25 – The Amami Islands are returned to Japan, after 8 years of United States military occupation.source
1953December 30 – Ramon Magsaysay becomes the 7th President of the Philippines.source
1954January 17 – In Yugoslavia, Milovan Đilas, one of the leading members of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, is relieved of his duties.source
1954January 25 – The foreign ministers of the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union meet at the Berlin Conference.source
195426 January – Moshe Sharett presents his cabinet for a Knesset "Vote of Confidence". The 5th Government is approved that day and the members were sworn in.Israel source
1954February 19 – 1954 transfer of Crimea: The Soviet Politburo of the Soviet Union orders the transfer of the Crimean Oblast from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR.source
195422 February – Rendel Commission's recommendations were unveiled to the public. It proposed changes to the constitution, which took effect on 8 February 1955.Singapore source
1954February 25 – Lt. Col. Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes premier of Egypt.source
19542 April – Pakistan forms an alliance with Turkey which, although not including military cooperation, opens the way to the Middle-East alliance due to its allowance of the entry of other nations.Pakistan source
1954April 11 – In a general election in Belgium, the dominant Christian Social Party wins 95 of the 212 seats in the Chamber of Representatives, and 49 of the 106 seats in the Senate. The government led by Jean Van Houtte loses their majority in parliament. The two other main parties, the Socialist and Liberal Party, subsequently form a rare "purple" government, with Achille Van Acker as Prime Minister.source
1954April 22 – The 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees comes into force, defining the status of refugees and setting out the basis for granting right of asylum.source
1954May 15 – The Latin Union (Unión Latina) is created by the Convention of Madrid. Its member countries use the five Romance languages: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian. It suspended operations in 2012.source
1954May 17 – Brown v. Board of Education (347 US 483 1954): The Supreme Court of the United States rules unanimously that segregated schools are unconstitutional.source
1954May 17 – Adnan Menderes of the Democrat Party forms the new (21st) government of Turkey.source
1954May 20 – Chiang Kai-shek is re-elected as the president of the Republic of China, by the National Assembly.source
195420 May – Elections are held to the Chamber of Deputies. The Christian Social People's Party gains 5 seats, while the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party and Democratic Party lose two each.Luxembourg source
1954May 29 – 1954 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a decreased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by H.V. Evatt. The election has come shortly after the Petrov Affair, arguably helping the Government survive what was initially predicted to be a defeat.source
1954June 18 – Pierre Mendès France becomes prime minister of France.source
1954July 21 – The Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty is signed in Manila, creating the South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO).Philippines source
1954September 6 – The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) treaty is signed in Manila, Philippines.source
1954September 18 – Finnish president J. K. Paasikivi is the first Western head of state to be awarded the highest honor of the Soviet Union, the Order of Lenin.source
1954September 24 – The Cochabamba–Santa Cruz highway connecting western and eastern Bolivia is inaugurated.source
1954September 25 – Footscray Football Club wins their first Australian Football League Grand Final.source
1954October 23 – Paris Agreement sets up the Western European Union to implement the Treaty of Brussels (1948), providing for mutual self-defence and other collaboration between Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Germany is granted admission to the NATO which becomes effective in 1955.source
1954November 5 – Japan and Burma sign a peace treaty in Rangoon, to end their long-extinct state of war.source
1954November 14 – Egyptian president Muhammad Naguib is deposed, and Gamal Abdel Nasser replaces him.source
1954November 21 – People's Action Party, an eventual dominative political party in Singapore, was established.source
19542 December – Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty.Taiwan source
19549 December - The Pogradec Agreement is signed by Dušan Mugoša and Mehmet Shehu, officially marking an end to the Albanian–Yugoslav border conflict.Albania source
1954December 15 – The Netherlands Antilles is created out of the Dutch Caribbean nations. It is dissolved between 1986 and 2010.source
1954December 24 – Laos gains full independence from France.source
1954In South Vietnam, the Viet Minh is reorganised into the Viet Cong.source
1954After the death of Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Union starts releasing political prisoners and deportees from its Gulag prison camps.source
1955January 3 – José Ramón Guizado becomes president of Panama.source
195512 January – A law is passed granting amnesty for crimes committed against the state and laxening denazification.Luxembourg source
1955February 19 – The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) is established, at a meeting in Bangkok.source
1955February 24 – The Baghdad Pact (CENTO), originally known as Middle East Treaty Organization (METO), is signed between Iraq and Turkey.source
1955April 6 – Anthony Eden becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
1955April 16 – The Burma–Japan Peace Treaty, signed in Rangoon on November 5, 1954, comes into effect, formally ending a state of war between the two countries.source
19551 May – The end of First Taiwan Strait Crisis.Taiwan source
1955May 6 – The Western European Union Charter becomes effective.source
1955May 9 – West Germany joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).source
1955May 14 – Eight Communist Bloc countries, including the Soviet Union, sign a mutual defence treaty in Warsaw, Poland, that is called the Warsaw Pact (it will be dissolved in 1991).source
1955May 15 – The Austrian State Treaty, which restores Austria's national sovereignty, is concluded between the 4 occupying powers following World War II (the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, and France) and Austria, setting it up as a neutral country.source
195512 June – The 1955 Vuelta a Colombia ends, Ramón Hoyos comes in first place overall.Colombia source
1955June 26 – The Freedom Charter of the anti-apartheid South African Congress Alliance is adopted, at a Congress of the People in Kliptown.source
1955June 30 – The Simonstown Agreement provides for control of the naval base at Simon's Town in the Union of South Africa to transfer from the British Royal Navy to the South African Navy.source
1955July 18–23 – Geneva Summit between the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom and France.source
1955July 18 – Illinois Governor William Stratton signs the Loyalty Oath Act, that mandates all public employees take a loyalty oath to the State of Illinois and the United States or lose their jobs.source
195527 July – First General Elections in Malaya. Alliance Party (Parti Perikatan) won 51 parliament seats of 52.Malaya source
1955August 18 – The first meeting of the Organization of Central American States (Organización de Estados Centroamericanos, ODECA) is held, in Antigua Guatemala.source
1955September 18 – The United Kingdom formally annexes the uninhabited Atlantic island of Rockall.source
1955September 18-Democratic Party was founded.South Korea source
1955September 23 – "Baghdad Pact": Military treaty among Iraq, Turkey, the U.K., Pakistan, and Iran is ratified by Pakistan.Pakistan source
1955September 24 – Dwight D. Eisenhower, president of the United States, suffers a coronary thrombosis while on vacation in Denver, Colorado. Vice President Nixon assumed administrative duties and presided over Cabinet and National Security Council meetings while Eisenhower recovers.source
1955October 14 – The Organization of Central American States secretariat is inaugurated.source
1955October 26 – After the last Allied troops have left Austria, and following the provisions of the Austrian Independence Treaty, the country declares its permanent neutrality.source
1955October 26 – Ngô Đình Diệm proclaims Vietnam to be a republic, with himself as its President (following the State of Vietnam referendum on October 23), and forms the Army of the Republic of Vietnam.source
1955November 15 – The Democratic Party of Japan and Japan Liberal Party merge to form the Japan Liberal Democratic Party, beginning the "1955 System".source
1955November 23 – The Cocos Islands in the Indian Ocean are transferred from British to Australian control.source
195523 November – The administration of Cocos (Keeling) Islands is transferred to Australia after several delays.Singapore source
1955December 9 – Adnan Menderes of DP forms the new government of Turkey (22nd government).source
1955December 10 – 1955 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a substantially increased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by H. V. Evatt. This election comes in the immediate aftermath of the devastating split in the Labor Party, which leads to the formation of the Democratic Labor Party. The DLP will preference against Labor, and keep the Coalition in office until 1972.source
195514 December - Laos is admitted to the United Nations under United Nations Security Council Resolution 109.Laos source
1955December 20 – Cardiff is declared by the British Government as the capital of Wales.source
1955December 31 – Austria becomes independent, under terms of the May 15 Austrian State Treaty.source
1956January 1 – The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium ends in Sudan after 57 years.source
1956January 16 – Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser vows to Liberate Palestine.source
195626 January – The Administrative Department of the Presidency of the Republic is formed.Colombia source
195620 February – Tunku Abdul Rahman announced in Malacca Town after he returned from London that Malaya would become independent on 31 August 1957.Malaya source
1956March 2 – Morocco declares its independence from France.source
1956March 20 – Tunisia gains independence from France.source
1956April 9 – Habib Bourguiba is elected President of the National Constituent Assembly of the Kingdom of Tunisia; on April 15 he becomes prime minister.source
1956April 18 – Maria Desylla-Kapodistria is elected mayor of Corfu, becoming the first female mayor in Greece.source
1956May 8 – The constitutional union between Indonesia and the Netherlands is dissolved.source
19568 May – Israel and Austria establish diplomatic relations.Israel source
1956May 25 – India announces the institution of diplomatic relations with Francoist Spain.source
1956June 1 – Vyacheslav Molotov resigns as foreign minister of the Soviet Union; he later becomes ambassador to Mongolia.source
1956June 6 – In Singapore, chief minister David Marshall resigns a little over a year into his chief ministership, after the breakdown of talks regarding internal self-government in London.source
19568 June — Lim Yew Hock became the second Chief Minister of Singapore.Singapore source
1956June 23 – Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes the 2nd president of Egypt, a post he holds until his death in 1970.source
1956July 10 – The British House of Lords defeats the abolition of the death penalty.source
1956July 30 – A joint resolution of Congress is signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, authorizing "In God we trust" as the U.S. national motto.source
1956August 17 – West Germany bans the Communist Party of Germany.source
1956August 1956 – Maj. Gen. Iskander Mirza, the president of Pakistan, stays four days in the Afghan capital. It is believed that both Menderes and Mirza discussed at Kabul the possibility of Afghanistan's joining the Baghdad Pact, the problems of the Pathan or Pakhtu tribesmen, and their aspiration for a "Pakhtunistan" state.Afghanistan source
1956date unknown – A coalition government between the Pathet Lao and National Progressive Party (Laos) is formed.Laos source
1956October 19 – The Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 is signed in Moscow, ending the legal state of war between the Soviet Union and Japan (with effect from December 12) and making possible the restoration of diplomatic relations between the two nations.source
195625 October - The Constitution of Luxembourg is amended in two places to allow for the delegation of constitutional powers to international organisations, in preparation for the creation of the European Economic Community.Luxembourg source
1956October 29 – Tangier Protocol: The international city Tangier is reintegrated into Morocco.source
1956November 1 – The States Reorganisation Act of India reforms the boundaries and names of Indian states. Three new states, Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, are formed.source
1956November 6 – 1956 United States presidential election: Republican incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower defeats Democratic challenger Adlai Stevenson, in a rematch of their contest 4 years earlier.source
1956November 12 – Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia join the United Nations.source
1956December 12 – Japan becomes a member of the United Nations.source
195611-12 February: 1956 Maltese United Kingdom integration referendumMalta source
1957January 1 – The Saarland joins West Germany.source
1957January 10 – Harold Macmillan becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
1957January 11 – The African Convention is founded in Dakar.source
1957January 20 – Israel withdraws from the Sinai Peninsula (captured from Egypt on October 29, 1956).source
195722 January – Israel withdraws from the Sinai Peninsula (captured from Egypt on 29 October 1956 during the Suez Crisis), keeping forces in the Gaza Strip and along the eastern shore of the peninsula.Israel source
1957January 26 – The Ibirapuera Planetarium (the first in the Southern Hemisphere) is inaugurated in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.source
1957February 15 – Andrei Gromyko becomes foreign minister of the Soviet Union.source
1957February 23 – The founding congress of the Senegalese Popular Bloc opens in Dakar.source
1957March 1 – U Nu becomes Prime Minister of Burma.source
1957March 6 – United Kingdom colonies Gold Coast and British Togoland become the independent nation of Ghana.source
1957March 25 – The Treaty of Rome (Patto di Roma) establishes the European Economic Community (EEC; predecessor of the European Union) between Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg.source
195725 March – Luxembourg is one of the six founder signatories of the Treaty of Rome, creating the European Economic Community.Luxembourg source
1957April 5 – The Communist Party of India wins the elections in Kerala, making E. M. S. Namboodiripad its first chief minister.source
1957April 15 – White Rock secedes from Surrey, British Columbia, following a referendum.source
195711 May - Laos withdraws from the French Union.Laos source
1957May 16 – Paul-Henri Spaak becomes the new Secretary General of NATO.source
1957June 21 – John Diefenbaker becomes the 13th Prime Minister of Canada.source
1957July 14 – Rawya Ateya takes her seat in the National Assembly of Egypt, thereby becoming the first female parliamentarian in the Arab world.source
1957July 25 – Tunisia becomes a republic, with Habib Bourguiba as its first president.source
1957August 31 – The Federation of Malaya gains independence from the United Kingdom, subsequently celebrated as Malaysia's National Day. Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan, Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan, becomes the first Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaya. The country's new Constitution had come into force on August 27. The Alliance Party and its successor are the ruling coalition until 2018.source
1957September 9 – The Civil Rights Act of 1957 is enacted, establishing the United States Commission on Civil Rights.source
1957September 21 – Olav V becomes King of Norway on the death of his father Haakon VII.source
195720 October – A new Central Executive Committee of the PAP is formed with Toh Chin Chye as chairman and Lee Kuan Yew as Secretary-General.Singapore source
1957October 27 – Celâl Bayar is re-elected president of Turkey.source
195730 October – The Alliance (the predecessor of the Barisan Nasional political coalition in Malaysia) was officially registered as a political organization.Malaya source
1957November 14 – Carlos P. Garcia is elected president in the presidential elections.Philippines source
1957November 15 – Yugoslavia announces the end of an economic boycott of Francoist Spain (although it does not reinstitute diplomatic relations).source
1957November 16 – Adnan Menderes of the Democrat Party forms the new government of Turkey (23rd government, last government formed by DP and Menderes).source
1957November 30 – 1957 New Zealand general election: The Labour Party defeats the governing National Party, with Walter Nash succeeding Keith Holyoake as Prime Minister.source
1957December 10 – Canadian diplomat Lester B. Pearson receives the Nobel Peace Prize, for his peacekeeping efforts in the United Nations.source
1957Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar, having served as Prime Minister for only 56 days, is forced to resign. Feroz Khan Noon succeeds Chundrigar as Prime Minister. He is the seventh Prime Minister in 10 years.Pakistan source
19571957 North Korean parliamentary electionNorth Korea source
1958January 3 – The West Indies Federation is formed.source
1958January 27 – A Soviet-American executive agreement on cultural, educational and scientific exchanges, also known as the "Lacy–Zarubin Agreement", is signed in Washington, D.C.source
1958February 1 – Egypt and Syria unite to form the United Arab Republic.source
19583 February – Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands sign a treaty creating the Benelux Economic Union.Luxembourg source
1958February 11 – Marshal Chen Yi succeeds Zhou Enlai as Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs.source
195812 February – Israel's Knesset passes the Basic Knesset Law (חוק יסוד: הכנסת).Israel source
1958February 14 – The Hashemite Kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan unite in the Arab Federation, with King Faisal II of Iraq as head of state.source
1958February 23 – Arturo Frondizi is elected president of Argentina.source
1958April 1 – The Treaty of Angra de Cintra is signed by Spain and Morocco, ending the Spanish protectorate in Morocco.source
1958May 1 – The Nordic Passport Union comes into force.source
1958May 1 – Arturo Frondizi becomes President of Argentina.source
19584 May - 1958 Laotian parliamentary electionLaos source
1958May 10 – Interviewed in the Chave d'Ouro café, when asked about his rival António de Oliveira Salazar, Humberto Delgado utters one of the most famous comments in Portuguese political history: "Obviamente, demito-o! (Obviously, I'll sack him!)".source
1958May 12 – A formal North American Aerospace Defense Command agreement is signed between the United States and Canada.source
195813 May – The third Merdeka Talks took place, which concluded with the same agreement from 1957.Singapore source
1958June 1 – Charles de Gaulle is brought out of retirement at Colombey-les-Deux-Églises to lead France by decree for 6 months.source
19581 June - 1958 Albanian parliamentary electionAlbania source
195814 June - The colony celebrated the centennial of Praia being given city status; celebrations include the dedication of a statue of Diogo Gomes, proclaiming him the discoverer of the islands.Cape Verde source
1958July 12 – Henri Cornelis becomes Governor-General of the Belgian Congo, the last Belgian governor prior to independence.source
1958September 2 – Hendrik Verwoerd becomes the 6th Prime Minister of South Africa.source
1958September 4 – Jorge Alessandri is the winner of Chile's presidential election.source
1958September 28 – In the 1958 French constitutional referendum, a majority of 79% says yes to the constitution of the Fifth Republic.source
1958October 1 – Tunisia and Morocco join the Arab League.source
1958October 1 – The United Kingdom transfers sovereignty of Christmas Island from Singapore to Australia.source
1958October 4 – The new Constitution of France is signed into law, establishing the French Fifth Republic.source
1958October 27 – Ayub and his Cabinet takes oaths. In a dramatic turn of events late night, President Iskander Mirza resigned, giving over his office to Gen Ayub Khan, who had taken oath as Prime Minister just this morning. Ayub now becomes the country's 2nd President, though without a constitution. He remained Prime Minister for around 13 hours only, thus becoming the shortest-serving Premier in the history of the country so far. The press release declares it a voluntary transfer of power but, behind the curtains, the transfer letter had actually been wrung from the ambitious Mirza on gun point, by the 3 military members of Ayub's cabinet. General Ayub Khan, who was nominated Prime Minister by President Mirza on 24th, has taken the oath today. He has also announced his cabinet: three military officials including Lt General Azam Khan, and eight civilians including Md. Hafizur Rahman, A. K. Khan, Muhammad Ibrahim and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.Pakistan source
1958November 3 – The new UNESCO building, World Heritage Centre, is inaugurated in Paris.source
1958November 3 – Jorge Alessandri is sworn in as President of Chile.source
1958November 25 – French Sudan gains autonomy as a self-governing member of the French colonial empire.source
1958November 28 – Chad, the Republic of the Congo and Gabon become autonomous republics within the French colonial empire.source
1958November 30 – Gaullists win the French parliamentary election.source
1958December 1 – Adolfo López Mateos takes office as President of Mexico.source
19586 December – The Indian President Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the first foreign leader to visit Malaya.Malaya source
1959January 2 - As Castro's rebel forces rolled into Havana, the 32-year-old leader named Dr. Manuel Urrutia Lleo as President of Cuba.Cuba source
1959January 3 – Alaska is admitted as the 49th U.S. state.source
1959January 3 – The southernmost island of the Maldives archipelago, Addu Atoll, declares its independence from the Kingdom of the Maldives, initiating the United Suvadive Republic.source
1959January 6 – The International Maritime Organization is inaugurated.source
1959January 7 – The United States recognizes the new Cuban government of Fidel Castro.source
1959January 8 – Charles de Gaulle is inaugurated as the first president of the French Fifth Republic.source
1959January 10 – The Soviet government recognizes the new Castro government of Cuba.source
1959January 21 – The European Court of Human Rights is established.source
19591 February – Elections are held to the Chamber of Deputies. The Christian Social People's Party loses 5 seats, while the Democratic Party gains five.Luxembourg source
1959February 9 – Yugoslavia and Spain set trade relations (not diplomatic ones).source
1959February 16 – Fidel Castro becomes Premier of Cuba.source
1959February 18 – Women in Nepal vote for the first time.source
1959February 18 - Elections were held in Nepal for the first time its history, as voters chose candidates for 18 of the 109 lower house seats, with the remainder to be chosen on eight other days.Nepal source
1959February 19 – First of the London and Zürich Agreements under which the United Kingdom agrees to grant independence to Cyprus.source
1959March 18 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Hawaii Admission Act, granting statehood to Hawaii.source
1959March 19 – The other two southern islands of the Maldives, Huvadhu Atoll and Fuvahmulah, join Addu Atoll in forming the United Suvadive Republic (abolished September 1963).source
1959April 27 – National People's Congress elects Liu Shaoqi as Chairman of the People's Republic of China, as a successor of Mao Zedong.source
1959May 24 – British Empire Day is renamed Commonwealth Day.source
195930 May – The 1959 General Elections was held. Lee Kuan Yew was elected as Prime Minister of Singapore.Singapore source
1959June 3 – Singapore becomes a self-governing crown colony of Britain with Lee Kuan Yew as Prime Minister.source
1959June 23 – Seán Lemass becomes the third Taoiseach of Ireland.source
1959August 19 – The Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) is established.source
1959August 19 – The Baghdad Pact, which had been kicked out of Baghdad after Iraq withdrew from the alliance, changed its name to the CENTO, the Central Treaty Organization, with the United Kingdom, Turkey, Pakistan and Iran.Iraq source
195919 August – The 1959 General Elections was held for the first time since independence on 31 August 1957.Malaya source
1959August 30 – 1959 South Vietnamese legislative election: South Vietnamese opposition figure Phan Quang Dan is elected to the National Assembly despite soldiers being bussed in to vote for President Ngo Dinh Diem's candidate.source
1959September 15–28 – USSR Premier Nikita Khrushchev and his wife tour the United States, at the invitation of U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower.source
1959September 30 – Soviet Union leader Nikita Khrushchev meets Mao Zedong in Beijing.source
19593 November – Mapai leader David Ben-Gurion wins the fourth Israeli legislative elections, capturing 47 of the 120 seats, but still 13 short of a majority.Israel source
1959November 20 – The Declaration of the Rights of the Child is adopted by the United Nations.source
1959December 1 – Cold War: Antarctic Treaty – 12 countries, including the United States and the Soviet Union, sign a landmark treaty that sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve and bans military activity on the continent (the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War).source
1959December 14 – Makarios III is selected as the first president of Cyprus.source
1959First step of elections to the Basic Democrat units in both parts of the country.Pakistan source
1960January 19 – A revised version of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan ("U.S.-Japan Security Treaty" or "Anpo (jōyaku)"), which allows U.S. troops to be based on Japanese soil, is signed in Washington, D.C. by Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi and President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The new treaty is opposed by the massive Anpo protests in Japan.source
1960February 13 – Gerboise Bleue: France tests its first atomic bomb, in the Sahara Desert of Algeria.source
1960March 6 – The Canton of Geneva in Switzerland gives women the right to vote.source
1960April 21 – In Brazil, the country's capital (Federal District) is relocated from the city of Rio de Janeiro to the new city, Brasília, in the highlands. The former Federal District, in which the city of Rio de Janeiro was situated, becomes the State of Guanabara.source
196024 April - 1960 Laotian parliamentary electionLaos source
1960April 27 – Togo gains independence from France, with the French-administered United Nations Trust Territory being terminated.source
1960May 6 – United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act of 1960 into law.source
1960June 20 – The short-lived Mali Federation, consisting of the Sudanese Republic (modern-day Republic of Mali) and Senegal, gains independence from France.source
1960June 24 – Joseph Kasa-Vubu is elected as the first President of the independent Democratic Republic of the Congo.source
1960June 26 – The State of Somaliland (the former British Somaliland protectorate) receives its independence from the United Kingdom. Five days later, it unites as scheduled with the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland), to form the Somali Republic.source
1960June 30 – The Belgian Congo receives its independence from Belgium, as the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville). A civil war follows shortly.source
1960July 1 – The Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former Italian Somaliland) gains its independence from Italy. Concurrently, it unites as scheduled with the five-day-old State of Somaliland (the former British Somaliland) to form the Somali Republic.source
1960July 1 - Italian Somaliland gained its independence from Italy, five days after British Somaliland, and merged into the Somali Republic. Aden Abdullah Othman, leader of the Italian Somaliland legislature, was elected president, and Abdirashid Ali Shermake became prime minister.Somalia source
1960July 10 - The Eritrean Liberation Front was founded, with the goal of liberating Eritrea from the rule of Ethiopia.Ethiopia source
1960July 11 – Congo Crisis: Moise Tshombe declares the Congolese province of Katanga independent. He requests and receives help from Belgium.source
1960July 11 - Moise Tshombe declared the Congolese province of Katanga independent, and, taking advantage of the Congo's dismissal of Belgian officers from the Congolese Army, asked for military aid from Belgium. The Congo's prime minister Patrice Lumumba asked the United Nations to intervene in the crisis.Democratic Republic of the Congo source
1960July 20 – Ceylon elects Mrs. Sirimavo Bandaranaike as its Prime Minister, the world's first elected female head of government (she takes office the following day).source
196031 July – The House of Representatives was elected, with a victory for the Patriotic Front, which gained 30 seats. Of the 50 seats, Greek Cypriots won 35 and Turkish Cypriots won 15.Cyprus source
1960July 1960 - Adesoji Aderemi became 1st African to be appointed governor in the CommonwealthNigeria source
1960August 6 – In the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) (later the Democratic Republic of the Congo), Albert Kalonji declares the independence of the Autonomous State of South Kasai.source
1960August 20 – Senegal breaks away from the Mali Federation, declaring its independence.source
1960September 2 – The first elections of the Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration (in exile in India) are held. The Tibetan community observes this date as Democracy Day.source
1960September 5 – Poet Léopold Sédar Senghor is the first elected President of Senegal.source
196019 September – Pakistan and India sign the Indus Waters Treaty, brokered by the World Bank.Pakistan source
1960October 1 – Nigeria becomes independent from the United Kingdom, and Nnamdi Azikiwe becomes its first native-born Governor General.source
1960November 8 – 1960 United States presidential election: In a close race, Democratic U. S. Senator John F. Kennedy is elected over Republican U. S. Vice President Richard Nixon, to become (at 43) the second youngest man to serve as President of the United States, and the youngest man elected to this position.source
1960November 22 – The United Nations supports the government of Joseph Kasavubu and Joseph Mobutu in the Republic of the Congo.source
1960November 26 – 1960 New Zealand general election: The National Party defeats the governing Labour Party after only three years in office. National leader Keith Holyoake becomes Prime Minister of New Zealand for a second time.source
1960December 4 - The Islamic Republic of Mauritania had applied to be the 100th member of the United Nations, but the request was vetoed in the Security Council by the Soviet Union, on grounds that Mongolia had been denied admission.Mauritania source
1960December 13 – The countries of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua announce the formation of the Central American Common Market.source
1960December 14 – Antoine Gizenga proclaims in the Democratic Republic of the Congo that he has taken over as the country's premier.source
1960December 15 – King Mahendra of Nepal deposes the democratic government in his country and takes direct control himself.source
1960December 16 – Secretary of State Christian Herter announces that the United States will commit five nuclear submarines and eighty Polaris missiles to the defense of the NATO countries by the end of 1963.source
1961January 3 – United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower announces that the United States has severed diplomatic and consular relations with Cuba (Cuba–United States relations are restored in 2015).source
1961January 5 – After the 1960 military coup, General Cemal Gürsel forms the new government of Turkey (25th government).source
1961January 7 – Following a four-day conference in Casablanca, five African chiefs of state announce plans for a NATO-type African organization to ensure common defense. The Charter of Casablanca involves the Casablanca Group: Morocco, the United Arab Republic, Ghana, Guinea, and Mali.source
1961January 17 – President Dwight Eisenhower gives his final State of the Union Address to Congress. In a Farewell Address the same day, he warns of the increasing power of a "military–industrial complex."source
1961January 20 – John F. Kennedy is inaugurated as the 35th President of the United States, becoming the second-youngest president to be sworn in.source
1961January 25 – Acting to halt 'leftist excesses', a junta composed of two army officers and four civilians takes over El Salvador, ousting another junta that had ruled for three months.source
1961January 30 – President John F. Kennedy delivers his first State of the Union Address.source
1961February 15 – United States President John F. Kennedy warns the Soviet Union to avoid interfering with the United Nations' pacification of the Congo.source
196127 February – The border between Romania and the Soviet Union is agreed, including passing Snake Island to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.Romania source
1961February 1961 - British Cameroons referendumNigeria source
1961March 13 – United States President John F. Kennedy proposes a long-term "Alliance for Progress", between the United States and Latin America.source
1961March 29 – The Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, allowing residents of Washington, D.C. to vote in presidential elections.source
196129 March - 1960-61 Balkans Cup: Albania defeats Bulgaria 2-0 at Selman Stërmasi Stadium, TiranaAlbania source
1961April 12 – Albert Kalonji takes the title Emperor Albert I Kalonji of South Kasai.source
1961April 18: The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations is signed.Austria source
1961April 27 - Sierra Leone gains its independence from Britain as a Commonwealth realm with Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Sierra Leone.Sierra Leone source
19616 May – Constitution Commission, appointed by President Ayub Khan, presents its report, specifying pinpoints the failures of parliamentary government in Pakistan.Pakistan source
1961May 27 – Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaya, holds a press conference in Singapore, announcing his idea to form the Federation of Malaysia, comprising Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, Brunei and North Borneo (Sabah).source
1961June 4 – Vienna summit: John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev meet during two days in Vienna. They discuss nuclear tests, disarmament and Germany.source
1961June 17 – The New Democratic Party of Canada is founded, with the merger of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and the Canadian Labour Congress.source
1961June 25 – Iraqi president Abd al-Karim Qasim announces his intention to annex newly independent Kuwait (such an annexation will occur in 1990).source
1961July 11 - Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship TreatyNorth Korea source
1961August 25 – João Goulart replaces Jânio Quadros as President of Brazil (he is ousted in 1964).source
1961October 1 – Unification Day (Cameroon): The formerly British Southern Cameroons gains independence from the United Kingdom by vote of the UN General Assembly and joins with formerly French Cameroun to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon.source
1961November 24 – The World Food Programme (WFP) is formed as a temporary United Nations program.source
1961December 1 – Netherlands New Guinea raises the new Morning Star flag, and changes its name to West Papua.source
1961December 2 – Cold War: In a nationally broadcast speech, Cuban leader Fidel Castro announces he is a Marxist–Leninist, and that Cuba will adopt socialism.source
1961December 9 – 1961 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a one-seat majority, narrowly defeating the Labor Party led by Arthur Calwell. One of the closest election results in Australian history, such a result will not be replicated again until 2016. Notably, former Prime Minister Earle Page loses his seat, although he dies a few days later, never knowing the result.source
1961December 9 – Tanganyika gains independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth realm, with Julius Nyerere as its first Prime Minister, with Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Tanganyika, and represented locally by the Governor-General of Tanganyika.source
1961December 10 – Albania–Soviet relations: The Soviet Union severs diplomatic relations with Albania.source
1961December 18 – 1961 Indian annexation of Goa: India opens hostilities in its annexation of Portuguese India, the colonies of Goa, Damao and Diu.source
1961Ahmad Lozi elected to the House of Representatives for the district of Amman.Jordan source
1961Kuwaiti Premier League was formed.Kuwait source
1962January 13 – Albania allies itself with the People's Republic of China.source
1962February 15 – Urho Kekkonen is re-elected president of Finland.source
1962March 1 – President Ayub Khan promulgates a constitution which sought to reinforce his authority in the absence of martial law.Pakistan source
1962March 8–12 – In Geneva, France and the Algerian FLN begin negotiations.source
1962March 18 – Évian Accords: France and Algeria sign an agreement in Évian-les-Bains, ending the Algerian War.source
1962March 23 – The Scandinavian States of the Nordic Council sign the Helsinki Convention on Nordic Co-operation.source
1962April 3 – Jawaharlal Nehru is elected de facto Prime Minister of India, for the fourth time.source
1962April 8 – In France, the Évian Accords are adopted in a referendum, with a majority of 90%.source
1962May 6 – Antonio Segni is elected President of the Italian Republic.source
1962May 31 – The British West Indies Federation is officially wound up (under terms of the U.K. West Indies Act of 18 April) due to internal dissention.source
19622 June – A law is passed encouraging foreign direct investment in Luxembourg by giving the government the power to grant tax breaks for foreign firms making capital investment.Luxembourg source
1962June 15 – Students for a Democratic Society in the United States complete the Port Huron Statement.source
1962June 17 – The OAS signs a truce with the FLN in Algeria, but a day later announces that it will continue the fight on behalf of French Algerians.source
196221 June - 1961-63 Balkans Cup: Albania ties with Bulgaria 0-0 at Selman Stërmasi Stadium, TiranaAlbania source
1962June 25 – İsmet İnönü of the CHP forms the new government of Turkey (27th government, coalition partners; YTP and CKMP).source
1962July 1 – 1962 Algerian independence referendum in French Algeria: Supporters of Algerian independence win a 99% majority in a referendum.source
19621 July: the Algerian Évian Accords referendum, 1962Algeria source
1962July 1 - Rwanda gains its independence from Belgium.Rwanda source
196223 July - The International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos is signed.Laos source
1962July 25 – The International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos is signed in Geneva.source
1962July 31 – Algeria proclaims independence; Ahmed Ben Bella is the first President.source
1962August 15 – The New York Agreement is signed, transferring the Dutch West New Guinea colony to Indonesia.source
1962August 31 – The Caribbean island nation of Trinidad and Tobago becomes fully independent of the United Kingdom's British Empire.source
1962September 1 – A referendum in Singapore supports the Malayan Federation.source
1962October 5 – The French National Assembly censures the proposed referendum to sanction presidential elections by popular mandate; Prime Minister Georges Pompidou resigns, but President de Gaulle asks him to stay in office.source
1962November 30 – The United Nations General Assembly elects U Thant of Burma, as the new Secretary-General of the United Nations.source
1962Slavery in Saudi Arabia is abolished.source
1962December 7 – Rainier III, Prince of Monaco revises the principality's constitution, devolving some of his formerly autocratic power to several advisory and legislative councils.source
1962December 9 – Tanganyika (modern-day Tanzania) becomes a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, with Julius Nyerere as president.source
1962December 19 – Britain acknowledges the right of Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi) to secede from the Central African Federation.source
19621962 North Korean parliamentary electionNorth Korea source
1962Park Chung-hee became president of the country.South Korea source
1963January 19 – Soviet spy Gheorghe Pintilie is removed from his position as Deputy Interior Minister of the Romanian People's Republic, as a step in ensuring Romania's political independence; the Workers' Party Politburo discusses way of neutralizing "Soviet intelligence networks [...] which Gheorghe Pintilie had coordinated."source
1963February 5 – The European Court of Justice's ruling in Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen establishes the principle of direct effect, one of the basic tenets of European Union law.source
1963February 27 – Juan Bosch takes office as the 41st president of the Dominican Republic.source
19632 March – The Sino-Pakistan Agreement is signed, resolving border disputes between the two countries in Kashmir.Pakistan source
196325 March – Terence O'Neill succeeds Viscount Brookeborough as Prime Minister of Northern Ireland.Northern Ireland source
1963March 30 – Indigenous Australians are legally allowed to drink alcohol in New South Wales.source
1963April 7 – Yugoslavia is proclaimed to be a socialist republic, and Josip Broz Tito is named President for Life.source
1963April 22 – Lester Bowles Pearson becomes the 14th Prime Minister of Canada.source
1963April 28 – 1963 general election is held in Italy.source
1963June 26 – David Ben-Gurion is replaced by Levi Eshkol as prime minister of Israel.source
196326 June – Levi Eshkol is elected Prime Minister of Israel. The 11th Government is approved that day and the members are sworn in.Israel source
1963July 30 – The Soviet newspaper Izvestia reports that British diplomat and double agent Kim Philby has been given asylum in Moscow.source
1963August 5 – The United States, United Kingdom and Soviet Union sign the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.source
1963August 30 – The Moscow–Washington hotline (a direct teleprinter link) is inaugurated by U.S. President John F. Kennedy.source
1963September 1 – Establishment of language areas and facilities in Belgium comes into effect. This will become the foundation for further state reform in Belgium.source
1963September 16 – Malaysia is formed through the merging of the Federation of Malaya and the British crown colony of Singapore, North Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak.source
196316 September – The Federation of Malaysia was formed through the merging of the Federation of Malaya and the British crown colonies of North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore.Malaysia source
196316 September – Malaysia is formed from Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore.Singapore source
1963September 24 – The United States Senate ratifies the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.source
19631 October 1963 - the former Governor-General Nnamdi Azikiwe became the first President of Nigeria.Nigeria source
1963October 2 – Nigeria becomes a republic; The 1st Republican Constitution is established.source
1963October 2 – The Presidential Commission on the Status of Women in the United States issues its final reports to President Kennedy.source
1963October 10 – Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, signed on August 5, takes effect.source
1963October 16 – Ludwig Erhard replaces Konrad Adenauer as Chancellor of West Germany.source
196317 October - 1963–64 Balkans Cup: Albania defeats Turkey 2-0 at Selman Stërmasi Stadium, TiranaAlbania source
1963October 19 – Alec Douglas-Home succeeds Harold Macmillan as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
1963November 12 – Angeles becomes a city in the province of Pampanga through ratification of Republic Act 3700.Philippines source
1963November 25 – State funeral of John F. Kennedy: President Kennedy is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Schools around the nation cancel classes that day; millions watch the funeral on live international television. Lee Harvey Oswald's funeral takes place on the same day.source
1963November 30 – 1963 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with an increased majority to an unprecedented eighth term in office, defeating the Labor Party led by Arthur Calwell. (This would be the final lower house election won by Menzies, who would retire from office during the term as the longest-serving Prime Minister in Australian history; he would be replaced by Harold Holt.)source
1963December 10 – Zanzibar gains independence from the United Kingdom, as a constitutional monarchy under Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah.source
1963December 12 – Kenya gains independence from the United Kingdom, with Jomo Kenyatta as prime minister.source
1963December 31 – Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland dissolves.source
1964January 1 – The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is dissolved.source
1964January 22 – Kenneth Kaunda is inaugurated as the first Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia.source
1964February 4 – The Government of the United States authorizes the Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, outlawing the poll tax.source
1964February 5 – India backs out of its promise to hold a plebiscite in the disputed territory of Kashmir. In 1948, India had taken the issue of Kashmir to the United Nations Security Council and offered to hold a plebiscite in the held Kashmir under UN supervision.source
1964March 6 – Constantine II becomes King of Greece, upon the death of his father King Paul.source
1964March 28 – King Saud of Saudi Arabia abdicates. His brother, Prince Faisal, does not officially assume the throne until November.source
19648 April - 1963–64 Balkans Cup: Albania ties with Bulgaria 1-1 at Selman Stërmasi Stadium, TiranaAlbania source
1964April 11 – The Brazilian Congress elects Field Marshal Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco as President of Brazil.source
1964April 26 – Tanganyika and Zanzibar merge to form Tanzania.source
1964May 28 – The Charter of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is released by the Arab League.source
196431 May – General elections are held. President Paz Estenssoro is reelected two a second consecutive and third overall term.Bolivia source
1964June 21 – Spain beats the Soviet Union 2–1 to win the 1964 European Nations Cup.source
1964June 26 – Moise Tshombe returns to the Democratic Republic of the Congo from exile in Spain.source
1964July 2 – The United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 is enacted.source
1964July 2 – President Lyndon Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, abolishing racial segregation in the United States.United States source
1964July 20 – The National Movement of the Revolution is established in the Republic of the Congo, becoming the country's sole legal political party.source
196422 July – The heads of state of Iran, Pakistan and Turkey issue a joint communique from Istanbul, establishing the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD).Pakistan source
1964August 24–27 – The Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City nominates incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson for a full term, and U.S. Senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota as his running mate.source
1964October 1 – The Shinkansen high-speed rail system, the world's first such system, is inaugurated in Japan, for the first sector between Tokyo and Osaka.source
1964October 5 – Elizabeth II and The Duke of Edinburgh begin an 8-day visit to Canada.source
196410 October – Eleanor Roosevelt was commemorated on a Malaysian stamp.Malaysia source
1964October 14–15 – Nikita Khrushchev is deposed as leader of the Soviet Union; Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin assume power.source
1964October 15 – 1964 United Kingdom general election: The Labour Party wins a narrow victory over Sir Alec Douglas-Home's Conservative Party, which has been in power for 13 years. The new prime minister is Harold Wilson.source
1964October 22 – Canada: A Federal Multi-Party Parliamentary Committee selects a design to become the new official Flag of Canada.source
1964November 3 – 1964 United States presidential election: Incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson defeats Republican challenger Barry Goldwater with over 60 percent of the popular vote.source
196411 November - Establishment of Mauritania–North Korea relations.North Korea source
196412 November – Grand Duchesse Charlotte abdicates and is succeeded by her son, Jean.Luxembourg source
1964December 1 – Gustavo Díaz Ordaz takes office as President of Mexico.source
1964December 5 – Australian Senate election, 1964: The Liberal/Country Coalition Government led by Prime Minister Robert Menzies hold their status quo, while the Labor Party led by Arthur Calwell lose one seat to the Democratic Labor Party, who hold the balance of power in the Senate alongside independent Reg Turnbull.source
1964December 12 – Jamhuri Day: Kenya becomes a republic, with Jomo Kenyatta as its first President.source
1964December 30 – The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is established as a permanent organ of the UN General Assembly.source
1964December - the Nigerian parliamentary election starts and continues into 1965Nigeria source
1964Prime Minister – Mohammad YusufAfghanistan source
19652 January – Incumbent Ayub Khan defeats Fatima Jinnah in the 1965 Pakistani presidential election.Pakistan source
1965January 20 – Lyndon B. Johnson is sworn in for a full term as President of the United States.source
1965February 12 – The African and Malagasy Common Organization (Organization Commune Africaine et Malgache; OCAM) is formed as successor to the Afro-Malagasy Union for Economic Cooperation (Union Africaine et Malgache de Cooperation Economique; UAMCE), formerly the African and Malagasy Union (Union Africaine et Malgache; UAM).source
1965February 18 – The Gambia becomes independent from the United Kingdom.source
1965February 20 – Suat Hayri Ürgüplü forms the new (interim) government of Turkey (29th government).source
19652 March – Luxembourg City is agreed to remain one of the seats of the European Union as part of the negotiations over the Merger Treaty.Luxembourg source
1965March 17 – In response to the events of March 7 and 9 in Selma, Alabama, President Johnson sends a bill to Congress that forms the basis for the Voting Rights Act of 1965. It is passed by the Senate on May 26, the House on July 10, and signed into law by President Johnson on August 6.United States source
1965March 30 – The second ODECA charter, signed by Central American states on December 12, 1962, becomes effective.source
1965April 9 – The West German parliament extends the statute of limitations on Nazi war crimes.source
1965May 1 – Bob Askin replaces Jack Renshaw as Premier of New South Wales.source
1965June 22 – The Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea is signed in Tokyo.source
196514 July – The Israeli left-wing political party Rafi is founded by David Ben-Gurion, who breaks with Mapai, the ruling party, and leads a breakaway group of eight members of the Knesset, including Moshe Dayan, Shimon Peres, Chaim Herzog, and Teddy Kollek, amongst others.Israel source
1965July 15 – Greek Prime minister Georgios Papandreou and his government are dismissed by King Constantine II.source
196518 July - 1965 Laotian parliamentary electionLaos source
1965July 27 – Edward Heath becomes Leader of the British Conservative Party.source
1965August 6 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act into law, outlawing literacy tests and other discriminatory voting practices that have been responsible for widespread disfranchisement of African Americans.source
1965August 7 – Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia, recommends the expulsion of Singapore from the Federation of Malaysia following a deterioration of PAP–UMNO relations, negotiating its separation with Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore.source
1965August 9 – Proclamation of Singapore: Singapore is expelled from the Federation of Malaysia, which recognises it as a sovereign nation. Lee Kuan Yew announces Singapore's independence and assumes the position of Prime Minister of the new island nation – a position he holds until 1990.source
1965September 9 – U.N. Secretary General U Thant negotiates with Pakistan President Ayub Khan.source
1965September 21 – Gambia, Maldives and Singapore are admitted as members of the United Nations.source
196521 September – Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah of Terengganu was elected as the fourth Yang di-Pertuan AgongMalaysia source
1965October 4 – Prime minister Ian Smith of Rhodesia and Arthur Bottomley of the Commonwealth of Nations begin negotiations in London.source
1965October 13 – Congo President Joseph Kasavubu fires Prime Minister Moise Tshombe and forms a provisional government, with Évariste Kimba in a leading position.source
1965October 27 – Brazilian president Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco removes power from parliament, legal courts and opposition parties.source
1965November 9 – Ferdinand Marcos is elected president during the presidential elections.Philippines source
1965November 11 – In Rhodesia (modern-day Zimbabwe), the white-minority government of Ian Smith unilaterally declares de facto independence ('UDI').source
1965November 22 – The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is established as a specialized agency of the United Nations.source
1965November 24 – Congolese lieutenant general Mobutu ousts Joseph Kasavubu and declares himself president.source
196526 November - 1964–66 Balkans Cup: Albania defeats Turkey 2–0 at Selman Stërmasi Stadium, TiranaAlbania source
1965December 5 – Charles de Gaulle is re-elected as French president with 10,828,421 votes.source
1965December 20 – The World Food Programme is made a permanent agency of the United Nations.source
196522 December – Constitutional Amendment Act is passed and Yusof bin Ishak becomes the first President of Singapore.Singapore source
1965December 31 – Bokassa takes power in the Central African Republic.source
196610 January – Ayub Khan and Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri sign the Tashkent Declaration to resolve the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.Pakistan source
1966January 21 – Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro resigns due to a power struggle in his party.source
1966January 26 – 1966 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election: Harold Holt is elected leader of the Liberal Party of Australia unopposed when Sir Robert Menzies retires after an unprecedented 16 years in office; consequently Holt becomes Prime Minister of Australia six days later.source
1966January 27 – Britain's Labour Party unexpectedly retains the parliamentary seat of Hull North in a by-election, with a swing of 4.5% to their candidate from the opposition Conservatives, and a majority up from 1,181 at the 1964 General Election to 5,351.source
196629 January – The Luxembourg Compromise is reached to resolve an impasse in the European Union.Luxembourg source
1966February 1 – Around 2,600 political prisoners are released by East Germany, in return for "donations" worth approximately $10,000 a head from West Germany.source
1966February 7 – Lyndon B. Johnson of the United States and Nguyễn Cao Kỳ of South Vietnam convene with other officials in a summit in Honolulu, Hawaii to discuss the course of the Vietnam War.source
196615 February – President of South Korea Park Chung-hee visited Taiwan.Taiwan source
1966February 20 – While Soviet author and translator Valery Tarsis is abroad, the Soviet Union negates his citizenship.source
1966March 11 – Transition to the New Order in Indonesia: President Sukarno gives all executive powers to General Suharto by signing the Supersemar order.source
1966March 31 – The British Labour Party led by Harold Wilson wins the 1966 United Kingdom general election, gaining a 96-seat majority (compared with a single seat majority when the election was called on February 28).source
1966April 26 – A new government is formed in the Republic of the Congo, led by Ambroise Noumazalaye.source
1966May 28 – The Indonesian and Malaysian governments declare that the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation is over (a treaty is signed on August 11).source
196628 May – The Malaysian and Indonesian governments declared that the confrontation was over. The peace treaty was signed in Bangkok, Thailand.Malaysia source
1966June 2 – Joaquín Balaguer is elected president of the Dominican Republic.source
1966June 18 – CIA chief William Raborn resigns; Richard Helms becomes his successor.source
1966July 1 – Joaquín Balaguer becomes president of the Dominican Republic.source
1966July 4 – Philippine Republic DayPhilippines source
196610 July - 1966 Albanian parliamentary electionAlbania source
1966July 14 – Gwynfor Evans, President of Plaid Cymru, the Welsh nationalist party, becomes Member of the United Kingdom Parliament for Carmarthen, taking the previously Labour-held Welsh seat at a by-election with a majority of 2,435 on an 18% swing and giving his party its first representation at Westminster in its forty-one year history.source
1966July 26 – Lord Gardiner issues the Practice Statement in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom, stating that the House, when acting in a judicial capacity, is not bound to follow its own previous precedent.source
1966August 11 – Indonesia and Malaysia issue a joint peace declaration, formally ending the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation which began in 1963.source
196623 August – The sea curfew is lifted after the end of Confrontation, a decision widely applauded by villagers.Singapore source
1966August 30 – France offers independence to French Somaliland (Djibouti from 1977).source
1966September 12 – B. J. Vorster becomes the new Prime Minister of South Africa.source
1966September 30 – The Bechuanaland Protectorate in Africa achieves independence from the United Kingdom as Botswana, with Seretse Khama as its first President.source
1966October 4 – Basutoland becomes independent of the United Kingdom and takes the name Lesotho.source
1966November 10 – Seán Lemass retires as Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland, to be replaced in the role by fellow Fianna Fáil member Jack Lynch.source
1966November 26 – 1966 Australian federal election: Harold Holt's Liberal/Country Coalition government is re-elected with a significantly increased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by Arthur Calwell. Calwell resigns as Labor leader shortly after; he will be replaced by his deputy and future Prime Minister Gough Whitlam.source
1966December 16 – The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights are adopted by the General Assembly, as Resolution 2200 A (XXI).source
1966December 19 - South Vietnam becomes one of the founding members of the Asian Development Bank.Vietnam source
1966December 31 – East German Premier Walter Ulbricht discusses negotiations about German reunification.source
19671 January - 1967 Laotian parliamentary electionLaos source
19673 January – The coalition agreement between the CSV and LSAP is renewed and a cabinet reshuffle performed. Madeleine Frieden-Kinnen becomes the first woman in the cabinet.Luxembourg source
1967January 23 – Milton Keynes in England is founded as a new town by Order in Council, with a planning brief to become a city of 250,000 people. Its initial designated area encloses three existing towns and twenty one villages. The area to be developed is largely farmland, with evidence of permanent settlement dating back to the Bronze Age.source
1967January 27 – The United States, Soviet Union and United Kingdom sign the Outer Space Treaty (ratified by USSR May 19; comes into force October 10), prohibiting weapons of mass destruction from space.source
1967February 10 – The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution (presidential succession and disability) is ratified.source
1967February 22 – Donald Sangster becomes the new prime minister of Jamaica, succeeding Alexander Bustamante.source
1967February 22 – Suharto takes power from Sukarno in Indonesia (see Transition to the New Order and Supersemar).source
1967February 23 – The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution is enacted.source
1967February 24 – Moscow forbids its satellite states to form diplomatic relations with West Germany.source
1967March 14 – The body of U.S. President John F. Kennedy is moved to a permanent burial place at Arlington National Cemetery.source
1967May 6 – Zakir Husain is the first Muslim to become president of India.source
1967May 27 – The Australian referendum, 1967 passes with an overwhelming 90% support, removing, from the Australian Constitution, 2 discriminatory sentences referring to Indigenous Australians. It signifies Australia's first step in recognising Indigenous rights.source
1967May 30 – Biafra, in eastern Nigeria, announces its independence, which is not recognized.source
1967June 8 – Egypt severs diplomatic relations with the United States.source
19676-29- King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit visits the United States for a second time.Thailand source
1967July 1 – The EEC joins with the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Atomic Community, to form the European Communities (from the 1980s usually known as European Community [EC]).source
1967July 24 – During an official state visit to Canada, French President Charles de Gaulle declares to a crowd of over 100,000 in Montreal: Vive le Québec libre! (Long live free Quebec!). The statement, interpreted as support for Quebec independence, delights many Quebecers but angers the Canadian government and many English Canadians.source
1967August 8 – The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is founded in Bangkok, Thailand.source
196726 August — 1966–67 Balkans Cup: Albania defeats Turkey 2-0 at Selman Stërmasi Stadium, TiranaAlbania source
1967August 30 – Thurgood Marshall is confirmed as Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He is the first African American to hold the position.source
19671 September – Bahasa Malaysia (Malay Language) became the National Language of Malaysia. The National Language Act 1967 was gazetted.Malaysia source
1967September 10 – In a Gibraltar sovereignty referendum, only 44 voters out of 12,182 in the British Crown colony of Gibraltar support union with Spain.source
196719 September - Republic of Benin establishedNigeria source
1967October 4 – Omar Ali Saifuddin III of Brunei abdicates in favour of his son, His Majesty Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah.source
1967October 14 – Quebec Nationalism: René Lévesque leaves the Liberal Party.source
1967October 25 – The Abortion Act 1967 passes in the British Parliament and receives royal assent two days later.source
1967November 22 – UN Security Council Resolution 242 is adopted by the UN Security Council, establishing a set of principles aimed at guiding negotiations for an Arab–Israeli peace settlement.source
1967November 25 – 1967 Australian Senate election: The Liberal/Country Coalition government led by Prime Minister Harold Holt lost two seats, while the Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam failed to make any gains. The Democratic Labor Party won the two seats from the Liberals and gained the sole balance of power in the Senate.source
1967November 30 – Zulfikar Ali Bhutto founds the Pakistan People's Party and becomes its first chairman. It has gone on to become one of Pakistan's major political parties (alongside the Pakistan Muslim League) that is broken into many factions, bearing the same name under different leaders, such as the Pakistan's Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP).source
196730 November – The Pakistan People's Party is founded in Lahore, and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto is chosen as its chairman.Pakistan source
1967December 9 – Nicolae Ceaușescu becomes the Chairman of the Romanian State Council, making him the de facto leader of Romania.source
19671967 North Korean parliamentary electionNorth Korea source
1968January 5 – Prague Spring: Alexander Dubček is chosen as leader of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.source
1968January 10 – John Gorton is sworn in as 19th Prime Minister of Australia, taking over from John McEwen after being elected leader of the Liberal Party the previous day, following the disappearance of Harold Holt. Gorton becomes the only Senator to become Prime Minister, though he immediately transfers to the House of Representatives through the 1968 Higgins by-election in Holt's vacant seat.source
1968January 31 – Nauru president Hammer DeRoburt declares independence from Australia, Britain and New Zealand.source
196825 February – Incumbent President Makarios III won the presidential elections with 96.3% of the vote. Voter turnout was 93.5%.Cyprus source
1968March 12 – Mauritius achieves independence from British rule.source
1968March 16 – U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy enters the race for the Democratic Party presidential nomination.source
196821 March — Rwanda signs the International Coffee Agreement of 1968.Rwanda source
196813 April – The PAP wins the 1968 General Election.Singapore source
1968April 20 – Pierre Elliott Trudeau becomes the 15th Prime Minister of Canada.source
1968April 23 – President Mobutu releases captured mercenaries in the Congo.source
19682 June — 1967-68 Balkans Cup: Albania ties with Turkey 1-1 at Ankara 19 Mayıs Stadium, AnkaraAlbania source
1968June 23–30 – 1968 French legislative election: The Gaullist Union pour la défense de la République becomes the first party in French political history to obtain an absolute majority in the National Assembly. George Pompidou leads the party through the campaign but resigns as prime minister afterwards. The public unrest of May 68 subsides.source
1968June 26 – The Bonin Islands are returned to Japan after 23 years of occupation by the United States Navy.source
1968July 1 – The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty opens for signature.source
1968September 6 – Swaziland (later known as Eswatini) becomes independent of the United Kingdom.source
1968September 27 – Marcelo Caetano becomes prime minister of Portugal.source
1968September 29 – A referendum in Greece gives more power to the military junta.source
19685 October – A law changing the criteria for eligibility to sit in the Chamber of Deputies is passed.Luxembourg source
1968October 12 – Equatorial Guinea receives its independence from Spain.source
1968November 5 – Luis A. Ferré of the newly formed New Progressive Party is elected Governor of Puerto Rico by beating incumbent governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella of the People's Party, Luis Negrón López of the Popular Democratic Party and Antonio J. Gonzalez of the Puerto Rican Independence Party; he also becomes the first "statehooder" governor of the Island.source
1968November 5 – 1968 United States presidential election: Republican candidate Richard Nixon defeats the Democratic candidate, Vice President Hubert Humphrey, and American Independent Party candidate George Wallace.source
1968November 11 – A second republic is declared in the Maldives.source
1968December 23 - Crew of USS Pueblo released at Panmunjom.South Korea source
1968December 26 – The CPP is founded under the guidance of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism by Joma Sison.Philippines source
1968Sultan of Kedah: Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah (Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong)Malaysia source
1969January 20 – Richard Nixon is sworn in as the 37th president of the United States of America.source
1969February 4 – In Cairo, Yasser Arafat is elected Palestine Liberation Organization leader at the Palestinian National Congress.source
1969March 17 – Golda Meir becomes the first female prime minister of Israel.source
1969March 25 - Ayub Khan resigns as President of Pakistan and transfers the power to Yahya Khan.source
1969March 30 – The body of former United States General and President Dwight D. Eisenhower is brought by caisson to the United States Capitol to lie in state in the Capitol Rotunda; Eisenhower had died two days earlier, after a long illness, in the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C.source
1969April 28 – Charles de Gaulle steps down as president of France after suffering defeat in a referendum the day before.source
19697 May — 1969 Balkans Cup: Albania defeats Romania 2-0 at Selman Stërmasi Stadium, TiranaAlbania source
196916 May – The Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah declared a state of emergency and dissolved parliament.Malaysia source
1969May 26 – The Andean Pact (Andean Group) is established.source
1969June 8 – U.S. President Richard Nixon and South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu meet at Midway Island. Nixon announces that 25,000 U.S. troops will be withdrawn by September.source
1969June 15 – Georges Pompidou is elected President of France.source
1969June 24 – The United Kingdom and Rhodesia sever diplomatic relations, after the Rhodesian constitutional referendum.source
1969July 7 – French is made equal to English throughout the Canadian national government.source
1969July 14 – The Act of Free Choice for West Irian commences in Merauke, Indonesia.source
1969August 2 – U.S. President Richard Nixon visits Romania, becoming the first incumbent U.S. president to visit a communist state since the start of the Cold War.source
1969September 28 – 1969 West German federal election: The Social Democrats, led by Vice Chancellor Willy Brandt, and the Free Democrats led by Walter Scheel, formed a coalition government with Brandt as Chancellor, after the Social Democrats severed their relationship with Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger's Christian Democratic Union.source
1969October 1 – In Sweden, Olof Palme is elected Leader of the Social Democratic Worker's Party, replacing Tage Erlander as Prime Minister on October 14.source
1969October 21 – Willy Brandt becomes Chancellor of West Germany.source
1969October 25 – 1969 Australian federal election: John Gorton's Liberal/Country Coalition government is narrowly re-elected with a sharply reduced majority, defeating a resurgent Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam. Prime Minister Gorton survived a leadership challenge by his deputy William McMahon as well as David Fairbairn in the immediate aftermath of the election.source
1969November 3 – Süleyman Demirel of AP forms the new government of Turkey (31st government).source
1969November 11 – In the nationwide general elections held, incumbents Pres. Marcos and Vice Pres. Lopez are reelected in their respective positions, with the former as the first (and the last in electoral history) to win for a second full term as president in the presidential elections and the latter elected to a third full term as Vice President of the Philippines. The administration party, the Nacionalista Party, won 6 out of 8 seats in the Philippine Senate and 88 out of 110 seats in the House of Representatives.Philippines source
1969November 17 – Cold War: Negotiators from the Soviet Union and the United States meet in Helsinki, to begin the SALT I negotiations aimed at limiting the number of strategic weapons on both sides.source
1969November 21 – U.S. President Richard Nixon and Japanese Premier Eisaku Satō agree in Washington, D.C. to the return of Okinawa to Japanese control in 1972. Under the terms of the agreement, the U.S. retains rights to military bases on the island, but they must be nuclear-free.source
19693 December – End of Korean DMZ ConflictNorth Korea source
1969December 3 – End of Korean DMZ ConflictSouth Korea source
196920 December – 1969 Republic of China National Assembly and legislative election.Taiwan source
1969December 27 – The Liberal Democratic Party wins 47.6% of the votes in the 1969 Japanese general election. Future prime ministers Yoshirō Mori and Tsutomu Hata and future kingmaker Ichirō Ozawa are elected for the first time.source
1969December – Prime Minister Pierre Werner presents the Werner Plan on economic and monetary union in the European Union.Luxembourg source
1969International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, a maritime treaty, is adopted.source
196928-30 June - King Bhumibol Adulyadej welcomed and met US President Richard Nixon for a visit.Thailand source
1970March 5 – The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty goes into effect, after ratification by 56 nations.source
1970March 6 – Süleyman Demirel of AP forms the new government of Turkey (32nd government).source
1970March 19 – Ostpolitik: The leaders of West Germany and East Germany meet at a summit for the first time since Germany's division into two republics. West German Chancellor Willy Brandt is greeted by cheering East German crowds as he arrives in Erfurt for a summit with his counterpart, East German Ministerpräsident Willi Stoph.source
197015 April – 1970 Balkans Cup: Albania ties with Yugoslavia 1-1Albania source
197028 May - Luxembourg and Yugoslavia sign a treaty governing the migration of Yugoslavs to Luxembourg.Luxembourg source
1970May 31 – The 1970 FIFA World Cup in association football is inaugurated in Mexico. Tactical substitutes are first permitted.source
19705 July – Eniaion won 15 of the 35 seats in parliament following parliamentary elections. However, AKEL receiving a far larger share of the vote.Cyprus source
1970September 4 – Chilean Socialist Senator Salvador Allende wins 36.2% of the vote in his run for presidency defeating former right-wing President Jorge Alessandri with 34.9% of the votes and Christian Democrat Radomiro Tomic with 27.8% of the votes.source
1970September 15 – King Hussein of Jordan forms a military government with Muhammad Daoud as the prime minister.source
1970September 22 – Tunku Abdul Rahman resigns as prime minister of Malaysia, and is succeeded by his deputy Tun Abdul Razak.source
197022 September – Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj resigned as prime minister.Malaysia source
1970September 28 – Vice President Anwar Sadat is named temporary president of Egypt following the death of Gamal Abdel Nasser.source
1970October 6 – Bolivian President Alfredo Ovando Candía resigns; General Rogelio Miranda takes over but resigns soon after.source
1970October 7 – General Juan José Torres becomes the new President of Bolivia.source
1970October 9 - The Khmer Republic was formally declared as the government of Cambodia.Cambodia source
1970October 13 – Saeb Salam forms a government in Lebanon.source
1970October 20 – New Egyptian president Anwar Sadat names Mahmoud Fawzi as his prime minister.source
1970October 24 – Salvador Allende is elected President of Chile by a run-off vote in the National Congresssource
1970October 28 – In Jordan, the government of Ahmad Toukan resigns; the next prime minister is Wasfi al-Tal.source
1970November 3 – Salvador Allende takes office as president of Chile.source
1970November 13 – Hafez al-Assad comes to power in Syria, following a military coup within the Ba'ath Party.source
1970November 19 – The six European Economic Community nation prime ministers meet in Munich to begin the new programme of European Political Cooperation (EPC), a unified foreign policy for a future European Union.source
1970November 21 – Syrian Prime Minister Hafez al-Assad forms a new government but retains the post of defense minister.source
1970November 21 – 1970 Australian Senate election: The Liberal/Country Coalition government led by Prime Minister John Gorton and the Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam each end up with 26 seats, both suffering a swing against them. The Democratic Labor Party wins an additional seat and holds the balance of power in the Senate. This is the last occasion on which a Senate election is held without an accompanying House of Representatives election.source
1970December 1 – Luis Echeverría becomes president of Mexico.source
1970December 7 – Pakistan's general elections are held.source
19707 December – 1970 Pakistani general election. Awami League gained majority and won the election.Pakistan source
197020 December – General Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party, Władysław Gomułka, resigns, and is replaced by Edward Gierek.Poland source
1970December 23 – Law 70-001 is enacted in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, amending article 4 of the constitution and making the country a one-party state.source
1970December 23 – The Bolivian government releases Régis Debray.source
1970December 27 – President of India V. V. Giri declares new elections.source
1970On 21 October, Barre declared Somalia a Socialist state run according to the principles of Scientific socialism, and banned diyya blood moneySomalia source
1971January 5 – The first ever One Day International cricket match is played between Australia and England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.source
1971January 19 – Representatives of 23 western oil companies begin negotiations with OPEC in Tehran to stabilize oil prices; February 14 they sign a treaty with 6 Arab states of the Persian Gulf.source
1971January 25 – Himachal Pradesh becomes the 18th Indian state.source
1971February 11 – The US, UK, USSR and others sign the Seabed Treaty, outlawing nuclear weapons on the ocean floor.source
1971February 16 – In Italy, a local parliament elects the city of Catanzaro as the capital of Calabria; residents of Reggio di Calabria riot for 5 days because of the decision.source
197120 February – Tuanku Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah of Kedah was installed as the fifth Yang di-Pertuan Agong.Malaysia source
1971March 1 – Canadian John Robarts ends his term of office as the 17th Premier of Ontario.source
1971March 26 – Nihat Erim (a former CHP member) forms the new government of Turkey (33rd government, composed mostly of technocrats).source
1971March 27 – East Pakistan's independence is declared by army major (later president of Bangladesh) Ziaur Rahman from Kalurghat Radio Station.source
1971April 17 – The People's Republic of Bangladesh forms under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman at Mujibnagor.source
1971April 21 – Siaka Stevens is sworn in as the first president of Sierra Leone.source
1971April 27 – Presidential election, Park Chung-hee reelected.South Korea source
1971May 9 – Arsenal FC beats Liverpool F.C. 2–1 to win the English FA Cup, thus completing the league and cup 'double'.source
197112 May - UEFA Euro 1972 qualifying: Albania ties with Poland 1-1 at Qemal Stafa Stadium, TiranaAlbania source
1971May 18 – The U.S. Congress formally votes to end funding for the American Supersonic Transport program.source
1971June 11 – Neville Bonner becomes the first Indigenous Australian to sit in the Australian Parliament.source
1971July 5 – Right to vote: The Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, formally certified by President Richard Nixon, lowers the voting age from 21 to 18.source
1971July 11 – The nationalization of all large copper mines in Chile is completed.source
1971July 14 – Libya severs its diplomatic ties with Morocco.source
1971July 15 – American President Richard Nixon announces his 1972 visit to China.source
1971August 30 – The Progressive Conservatives under Peter Lougheed defeat the Social Credit government under Harry E. Strom in a general election, ending 36 years of uninterrupted power for Social Credit in Alberta.source
19711 September: 1971 Syrian Federation of Arab Republics referendumSyria source
1971September 2 – The United Arab Republic is renamed to the Arab Republic of Egyptsource
1971October 21 – U.S. President Richard Nixon nominates Lewis Franklin Powell Jr. and William H. Rehnquist to the U.S. Supreme Court.source
1971October 25 – The United Nations General Assembly admits the People's Republic of China and expels the Republic of China (or Taiwan).source
1971November 23 – The People's Republic of China takes the Republic of China's seat on the United Nations Security Council (see China and the United Nations).source
1971December 2 - Six of the emirates of the Trucial States form the United Arab Emirates.United Arab Emirates source
19719 December – Chandpur and Daudkandi liberated.Bangladesh source
1971December 11 – Nihat Erim forms the new government of Turkey (34th government; Nihat Erim has served two times as prime minister).source
197120 December – Yahya Khan resigns and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto becomes new president.Pakistan source
1971December 24 – Giovanni Leone is elected President of the Italian Republic.source
1971Greece resumed diplomatic relations with Albania.Greece source
19721 January – Future President of Austria Kurt Waldheim becomes Secretary-General of the United Nations.Austria source
19722 January - 1972 Laotian parliamentary electionLaos source
1972January 10 – Independence leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman returns to Bangladesh after spending over nine months in prison in Pakistan.source
1972January 18 – Members of the Mukti Bahini lay down their arms to the government of the newly independent Bangladesh, 33 days after winning the war against the occupying Pakistan Army.source
1972January 19 – The Libertarian enclave Minerva on a platform in the South Pacific, sponsored by the Phoenix Foundation, declares independence. Soon neighboring Tonga annexes the area and dismantles the platform.source
1972January 21 – Tripura, part of the former independent Twipra Kingdom, becomes a full state of India.source
1972January 26 – The Aboriginal Tent Embassy is set up on the lawn of Parliament House in Canberra.source
1972February 9 - The seventh sheikhdom, Ras al-Khaimah, joins the United Arab Emirates.United Arab Emirates source
1972February 15 – President of Ecuador José María Velasco Ibarra is deposed for the fourth time.source
1972February 21–28 – U.S. President Richard Nixon makes an unprecedented 8-day visit to the People's Republic of China and meets with Mao Zedong.source
1972March 4 – Libya and the Soviet Union sign a cooperation treaty.source
197217 March - Lon Nol proclaimed himself to be the first President of the Khmer Republic, an office that had been vacant for the first two years of the republic's existence.Cambodia source
1972March 19 – India and Bangladesh sign the Indo-Bangladeshi Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace.source
1972March 22 – The 92nd U.S. Congress votes to send the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the states for ratification.source
19724 April – The United States of America officially recognized Bangladesh.Bangladesh source
19729 April – The Iraqi-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation was signed in Baghdad, for a term of 15 years, after which the USSR supplied increased military aid to Iraq, as part of an agreement "to develop their cooperation in the matter of strengthening their defence capacity".Iraq source
1972April 10 – The U.S. and the Soviet Union join some 70 nations in signing the Biological Weapons Convention, an agreement to ban biological warfare.source
1972April 13 – The Universal Postal Union decides to recognize the People's Republic of China as the only legitimate Chinese representative, effectively expelling the Republic of China administering Taiwan.source
1972May 1 - Hutu rebels set up their own short-lived, "People's Republic of Martyazo", at the Bururi Province. The Tutsi-dominated Burundian Army ended the secession movement within two weeks, before beginning the slaughter of thousands of Hutus.Burundi source
1972May 7 – General elections are held in Italy.source
1972May 22 – Ferit Melen forms the new (interim) government of Turkey (35th government)source
1972May 22 – The Dominion of Ceylon becomes the republic of Sri Lanka under prime minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike, when its new constitution is ratified.source
1972May 26 – Richard Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev sign the SALT I treaty in Moscow, as well as the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and other agreements.source
1972June 17 – Chilean president Salvador Allende forms a new government.source
1972June 18 – West Germany beats the Soviet Union 3–0 in the final to win Euro '72.source
1972July 4th North–South Korea Joint StatementNorth Korea source
1972September 28 – The Canada men's national ice hockey team defeats the Soviet national ice hockey team in the eighth and final game of the 1972 Summit Series 6–5 to win the series 4–3–1.source
1972September 29 – China–Japan relations: The Joint Communiqué of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China is signed in Beijing, which normalizes Japanese diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China after breaking official ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan).source
1972October 8 – A major breakthrough occurs in the Paris peace talks between Henry Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ.source
1972October – In Somalia, the government of President Siad Barre formally introduces the Somali alphabet as the country's official writing script.source
1972December 2 – 1972 Australian federal election: The Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam defeats the Liberal/Country Coalition government led by Prime Minister William McMahon. Consequently, Whitlam becomes the first Labor Prime Minister of Australia since the defeat of Ben Chifley in 1949. Whitlam will be sworn in on December 5; his first action using executive power is to withdraw all Australian personnel from the Vietnam War. McMahon resigns from the Liberal leadership almost immediately; he will be replaced by outgoing Treasurer Billy Snedden.source
1972December 16 – The Constitution of Bangladesh comes into effect.source
1973January 17 – Ferdinand Marcos becomes President for Life of the Philippines.source
1973January 27 – U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War ends with the signing of the Paris Peace Accords.source
197318 February – Presidential elections were scheduled to be held but, as incumbent President Makarios III was the only candidate, the elections were not held and Makarios III was automatically declared the winner. A separate election for the vice president also took place. Rauf Denktaş stood unopposed and was elected.Cyprus source
197321 February - The Vientiane Treaty is signed.Laos source
1973February 28 – The Republic of Ireland general election is held. Liam Cosgrave becomes the new Taoiseach.source
1973March 20 – A British government White Paper on Northern Ireland proposes the re-establishment of an Assembly elected by proportional representation, with a possible All-Ireland council.source
1973March: The only legislative assembly election took placeCape Verde source
1973April 5 – Fahri Korutürk becomes the sixth president of Turkey.source
1973April 10 – The Islamic Republic of Pakistan introduced its new constitution, its supreme law.source
1973April 15 – Naim Talu, a former civil servant, forms the new government of Turkey (36th government).source
1973May 10 – The Polisario Front, a Sahrawi movement dedicated to the independence of Spanish Sahara, is formed.source
1973May 25 – Héctor José Cámpora becomes democratic president of the Argentine Republic ending the 1966 to 1973 Revolución Argentina military dictatorship.source
197330 May – 1973 Balkans Cup: Albania defeats Romania 2-0 at Ruzhdi Bizhuta, ElbasanAlbania source
1973June 1 – The Greek military junta abolishes the monarchy and proclaims a republic.source
1973June 25 – Erskine Hamilton Childers is elected the 4th President of Ireland.source
1973June 28 – Elections are held for the Northern Ireland Assembly, which will lead to power-sharing between unionists and nationalists in Northern Ireland for the first time.source
1973July 10 – The Bahamas gains full independence within the Commonwealth of Nations.source
1973July 29: Republic referendum held. Abolition of monarchy confirmed.Greece source
1973August 1 – Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) is inaugurated.source
197328 August: India, Pakistan and Bangladesh signed a trilateral agreement, termed the Delhi Agreement, allowing the repatriation of prisoners of war and interned officials held in the three countries after the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.Bangladesh source
1973September 18 – The two German Republics, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), are admitted to the United Nations.source
1973September 27 – Luís Cabral declares the independence of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau from the Estado Novo regime in Portugal. It is later granted in September 1974.source
1973October 10 – Spiro Agnew resigns as Vice President of the United States.source
197321 October – A peace declaration was signed between the Malaysian government and the North Kalimantan Communist Party (NKCP) at Simanggang, Sarawak. After the signing, the district and division of Simanggang were later renamed Sri Aman ("town of peace").Malaysia source
1973October 25 – The Yom Kippur War ends.source
1973October 26 – The United Nations recognizes the independence of Guinea-Bissau.source
1973November 7 – The Congress of the United States overrides President Richard Nixon's veto of the War Powers Resolution, which limits presidential power to wage war without congressional approval.source
1973November 27 – The United States Senate votes 92–3 to confirm Gerald Ford as Vice President of the United States.source
1973December 1 – Papua New Guinea gains self-government from Australia.source
1973December 6 – The United States House of Representatives votes 387–35 to confirm Gerald Ford as Vice President of the United States; he is sworn in the same day.source
1973December – Chile breaks diplomatic contacts with Sweden.source
1973Hafez al-Assad met King Hussein.Jordan source
1974January 25 – Bülent Ecevit of CHP forms the new government of Turkey (37th government, partner MSP).source
1974January 31 – The South Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong announced that they would resume prisoner of war exchanges on February 8, after a suspension of seven months.source
1974February 1 – Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia, is declared a Federal Territory.source
1974February 28 – The British election ended in a hung parliament after the Jeremy Thorpe-led Liberal Party achieves its biggest vote.source
1974March 4 – Following a hung parliament in the United Kingdom general election, Conservative prime minister Edward Heath resigns and is succeeded by Labour's Harold Wilson, who previously led the country from 1964 to 1970.source
19746 March - 1974 Balkans Cup: Albania defeats Yugoslavia 2-1 at Dinamo Stadium, TiranaAlbania source
1974March 18 – In West Germany, the Bundestag passes the Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz ("Federal Emission Control Act").source
1974April 25: the Carnation Revolution took place in Portugal, the Estado Novo regime collapsed, Cape Verde became an autonomous provinceCape Verde source
197428 April – by order of Haile Selassie asked Prime Minister Aklilu Habte-Wold to resign from office and instead installed liberal aristocrat Endelkachew Mekonnen as the new prime minister.Ethiopia source
1974May 7 – West German chancellor Willy Brandt, resigns after four years in office.source
1974May 16 – Helmut Schmidt becomes the new Chancellor of West Germany.source
1974May 18 – 1974 Australian federal election: Gough Whitlam's Labor government is re-elected with a reduced majority, defeating the Liberal/Country Coalition led by Billy Snedden. Whitlam consequently becomes the first Labor Prime Minister to be re-elected in his own right. The Democratic Labor Party meanwhile loses all five of their Senate seats, effectively wiping them out as a political force.source
197428 May – Malaysia established diplomatic ties with the People's Republic of China. Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak visited China for the first time and met Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Zhou Enlai in Beijing.Malaysia source
197415 June - A new government, under Gaston Thorn of the Democratic Party in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party takes office. The Christian Social People's Party goes into opposition for the first time since its formation.Luxembourg source
1974June 27 – The head of the Chilean Military Junta, Army General Augusto Pinochet, assumes the office of "Supreme Chief of the Nation". On December 17, via a Supreme Decree amendment, he will be formally designated President of Chile.source
1974July 23 – The Greek military junta is replaced by a civilian government, the metapolitefsi.source
1974August 8 – U.S. President Richard Nixon announces his resignation on August 8, effective at noon on August 9.source
1974August 9 – Vice President Gerald Ford becomes the 38th president of the United States upon Nixon's resignation.source
1974August 9 – Richard Nixon becomes the first president of the United States to resign from office, an action taken to avoid being removed by impeachment and conviction in response to his role in the Watergate scandal. Vice President Gerald R. Ford becomes the 38th president upon Nixon's resignation, taking the oath of office in the East Room of the White House.United States source
1974September 10 – The Portuguese military junta grants independence to Guinea-Bissau.source
1974October 11 – The UK Labour government of Harold Wilson wins the second general election of the year, forming a three-seat majority. Wilson, who has led the party for a total of 11 years, has now won four of the five general elections he has contested.source
1974November 5 – The Democratic Party makes big gains nationwide in House, Senate, and Gubernatorial elections.source
1974November 17 – The 1974 Greek legislative election, the first election since the fall of the Greek junta of 1967–1974, is held and the newly formed New Democracy party wins 220 of 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament.source
197428 November – Third Amendment to the Constitution of Bangladesh was passed bringing changes in Article 2 of the constitution. An agreement was made between Bangladesh and India in respect of exchange of certain enclaves and fixation of boundary lines between the countries.Bangladesh source
1974December 8 – 1974 Greek republic referendum: Greeks vote in a 2 to 1 margin to reject the monarchy, solidifying the country's republican form of government.source
19748 December: Republic referendum held, resulting in establishing a constitutional republic.Greece source
1974December 9 – The Paris summit, reuniting the European Communities' heads of state and government, commences.source
1974December 13 – Malta becomes a republic.source
1974Three years after the secession of East Pakistan, Pakistan recognised Bangladesh.Pakistan source
1975January 15 – Alvor Agreement: Portugal announces that it will grant independence to Angola on November 11.source
197526 January - 1975 Thai general electionThailand source
1975February 11 – Margaret Thatcher defeats Edward Heath for the leadership of the opposition UK Conservative Party. Thatcher, 49, is Britain's first female leader of any political party.source
197525 February: Establishment of Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (BAKSAL) led by Mujib as the single legitimate political party.Bangladesh source
1975February 28 – In Lomé, Togo, the European Economic Community and 46 African, Caribbean and Pacific countries sign a financial and economic treaty, known as the first Lomé Convention.source
1975March 6 – Algiers Agreement: Iran and Iraq announce a settlement in their border dispute.source
1975March 6 - Iran and Iraq announced a settlement in their border dispute, at a meeting of the OPEC nations in Algiers. The Shah of Iran signed on behalf of his nation, while Iraq was represented by Saddam Hussein, an aide to President Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr and future President of Iraq. The meeting was overseen by Algerian President Houari Boumediene. Iraq agreed to drop claims to half of the Shatt al-Arab, while Iran agreed not to supply weapons to Kurdish separatists in northern Iraq.Iraq source
1975April 19 - Two days after the fall of Phnom Penh, the new Khmer Rouge regime announced that all former government employees, including soldiers, military officers, and policemen, would be required to register with the new local authorities. Those who complied with the order were told that they would be sent for "reeducation" at a camp in Battambang on April 28.Cambodia source
1975May 16 – Sikkim accedes to India after a referendum and abolishes the Chogyal, its monarchy.source
1975June 6 – The Georgetown Agreement, formally creating the ACP Group, is signed.source
1975June 11 – After a referendum and seven years of military rule, modern-day Greece is established as the Hellenic Republic.source
1975July 5 - Cape Verde gained independence after over 500 years of Portuguese rule. The National Assembly elected Aristides Pereira as President and Pedro Pires as Prime Minister.Cape Verde source
1975July 21 – The Parliament of India votes to approve Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's declaration of a state of emergency, with a 301–76 vote in the lower house and a 147–32 vote in the upper house.source
1975August 1 – The Helsinki Accords, which officially recognize Europe's national borders and respect for human rights, are signed in Finland.source
1975September 16 – Cape Verde, Mozambique and São Tomé and Príncipe join the United Nations.source
1975October 30 – Juan Carlos I of Spain becomes acting head of state after General Francisco Franco concedes that he is too ill to govern. His death on November 20 effectively marks the end of the dictatorship established following the Spanish Civil War and the beginning of the Spanish transition to democracy.source
1975October 31 – Tun Mustapha resigns as Chief Minister of Sabah, a state in Malaysia, bringing to an end speculation that he would attempt to lead secession for Sabah to become an independent nation.source
1975November 9 - When Spain announced it will not fight for Western Sahara, Morocco's Green March was called off. Moroccan King Hassan II said, "Spain is not only a friendly country, it also is a neighborly and fraternal nation."Morocco source
1975November 10 – The Treaty of Osimo is signed between Italy and Yugoslavia, resolving their dispute over Trieste. Under the agreement, a majority of the land area and residents go to Italy.source
1975November 11 – Australian constitutional crisis of 1975: Governor-General of Australia Sir John Kerr controversially dismisses the Whitlam Labor government and commissions Malcolm Fraser of the Liberal/National Country Coalition as caretaker Prime Minister.source
1975November 14 – Madrid Accords: Spain agrees to hand over power of the Spanish Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania by the end of February 1976.source
1975November 15 – The "Group of 6" industrialized nations (G-6) is formed and holds its 1st summit at the Château de Rambouillet in France.source
1975November 19 – The United States Congress approves the Clark Amendment, ending aid to the FNLA and UNITA.source
1975November 22 – Juan Carlos is declared King of Spain following the death of General Francisco Franco; he will reign until his abdication in 2014.source
1975November 25 – Suriname gains independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands.source
1975November 28 – Portuguese Timor declares its independence from Portugal as East Timor.source
1975November 29 – 1975 New Zealand general election: The New Zealand National Party led by Robert Muldoon defeats the incumbent New Zealand Labour Party led by Prime Minister Bill Rowling.source
1975December 2 – In Laos, the Second Indochina War ends, when the communist party of the Pathet Lao takes over Vientiane and defeats the Kingdom of Laos, forcing King Sisavang Vatthana to abdicate and creating the Lao People's Democratic Republic. This ends the Laotian Civil War, with mass evacuation of American troops and Laotian civilians, but effectively begins the Insurgency in Laos with the Pathet Lao fighting the Hmong people, Royalist-in-exile and the Right-wings.source
1975December 2 – In Laos, the communist party of the Pathet Lao takes over Vientiane and defeats the Kingdom of Laos, forcing King Sisavang Vatthana to abdicate and creating the Lao People's Democratic Republic. This ends the Laotian Civil War, with mass evacuation of American troops and Laotian civilians, but effectively begins the Insurgency in Laos with the Pathet Lao fighting the Hmong people, Royalist-in-exile and the Right-wings. The Insurgency in Laos wouldn't end until March 30, 2022, when the last unorganized resistance against the Lao People's Army was finally put down.Laos source
1975December 13 – 1975 Australian federal election: The Liberal/National Country Coalition led by Malcolm Fraser defeats the recently dismissed Labor government led by Gough Whitlam. The Fraser government achieves what is so far the largest parliamentary majority in federal Australian political history. Whitlam would subsequently survive a leadership challenge against him.source
1975December 13 – The United Nations Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness (1961) comes into effect.source
1975Portuguesa FC win the 1975 Venezuelan Primera División season.Venezuela source
1976January 2 – The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enters into force.source
1976January 5 – The Pol Pot regime proclaims a new constitution for Democratic Kampuchea.source
1976January 5 - The government of Democratic Kampuchea was proclaimed and constituted as a Communist People's Republic, and a 250-member Assembly of the Representatives of the People of Kampuchea (PRA) was selected in March to choose the collective leadership of a State Presidium, the chairman of which became the head of state within the CPK, the Paris-educated leadership of Saloth Sâr (Pol Pot) was in control over Cambodia which had become Southeast Asia's secretive and most isolated totalitarian country from the rest of the world after North Korea which proceeded to implement the policy of Year Zero led by Angkar and its Khmer Rouge cadres, with these relationships were based on shared Marxist-Leninist and Maoist ideology, Democratic Kampuchea had very close ties with North Korea and China, while Burma (Myanmar) recognized the government.Cambodia source
1976January 27 – The United States vetoes a United Nations resolution that calls for an independent Palestinian state.source
1976February 9 – The Australian Defence Force is formed by unification of the Australian Army, the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force.source
1976February 16 - Henry Kissinger, Secretary of State of the United States, visits the country on an official diplomatic tour.Venezuela source
1976February 27 – The Polisario Front, Western Sahara's national liberation movement, declares independence of the territory under the name "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic".source
197628 February – Yahya Petra of Kelantan was installed as the sixth Yang di-Pertuan Agong.Malaysia source
1976March 4 – The Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention is formally dissolved in Northern Ireland, resulting in Direct rule over Northern Ireland by the Government of the United Kingdom in London.source
1976June 1 – The United Kingdom and Iceland end the Third Cod War, with the UK accepting Iceland's extension of its territorial waters to 200 nautical miles in exchange for defined fishing rights.source
1976June 2 – The Philippine government opens relations with the Soviet Union.source
1976June 12 – Alberto Demicheli, a jurist, is inaugurated as a civilian de facto President of Uruguay after Juan María Bordaberry is deposed by the military.source
1976June 27 – G-6 is renamed "Group of 7" (G-7) with the inclusion of Canada.source
1976July 2 – North Vietnam dissolves the Provisional Government of South Vietnam and unites the two countries to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.source
1976July 7 – David Steel becomes leader of the UK's Liberal Party in the aftermath of the scandal which forced out Jeremy Thorpe.source
1976July 17 – East Timor is declared the 27th province of Indonesia.source
1976July 26 – In Los Angeles, Ronald Reagan announces his choice of liberal U.S. Senator Richard Schweiker as his vice presidential running mate, in an effort to woo moderate Republican delegates away from President Gerald Ford.source
1976July 27 – The United Kingdom breaks diplomatic relations with its former colony Uganda in response to the hijacking of Air France Flight 139.source
1976August 14 – The Senegalese political party PAI-Rénovation is legally recognized, becoming the third legal party in the country.source
1976August 25 – Jacques Chirac resigns as Prime Minister of France; he is succeeded by Raymond Barre.source
19765 September – The Democratic Front won 21 of the 35 seats in the parliament following parliamentary elections. Voter turnout was 85.3%.Cyprus source
1976October 12 – The People's Republic of China announces that Hua Guofeng is the successor to Mao Zedong as Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party following the latter's death on September 9 from a heart attack.source
1976November 2 – 1976 United States presidential election: Jimmy Carter narrowly defeats incumbent Gerald Ford, becoming the first candidate from the Deep South to win since the Civil War.source
197619 November - General Zia took over the powers of Chief Martial Law Administrator, leaving President Sayem with only ceremonial function.Bangladesh source
1976November 26 – The Warsaw Treaty Organization joint secretariat is established.source
1976December 1 – Sir Douglas Nicholls is appointed the 28th Governor of South Australia, the first Australian Aboriginal appointed to vice-regal office.source
1976December 1 – José López Portillo takes office as President of Mexico.source
1976December 3 – Patrick Hillery is sworn in after being elected unopposed as the 6th President of Ireland.source
1976December 8 – The Congressional Hispanic Caucus is established by the five Latinos in the United States Congress: Herman Badillo of the Bronx, E. de la Garza and Henry B. Gonzalez of Texas, Edward R. Roybal of California, and the nonvoting Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, Baltasar Corrada del Río.source
197628 December - promulgation of the Constitution of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania.Albania source
1976Henry Kissinger visits Afghanistan. He was the last US Secretary of State to visit the country until 2002 which is when Colin Powell visited the country.Afghanistan source
1976Five years after the secession of East Pakistan, Pakistan begins diplomatic relations with Bangladesh.Pakistan source
1977January 6 - The first anniversary of the establishment of Democratic Kampuchea as the totalitarian society since the Fall of Phnom Penh after the Cambodian Civil War had ended, China and North Korea provided a significant support to Angkar and the Khmer Rouge, with China as the main backer while North Korea became lesser extent by its diplomatic relations with a very strong support of Communist allies who learned the same lines with Marxist-Leninist ideology in the Far East.Cambodia source
1977January 20 - Jimmy Carter is sworn in as the 39th President of the United States after defeating Gerald Ford in the 1976 election.source
1977February 2 – The Congress Party of India, led by Indira Gandhi, splits with Jagjivan Ram and other senior leaders, forming Congress for Democracy. This party later merges with the Janata Party.source
19777 March – Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's political party Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) wins elections. PPP wins 155, PNA 35 seats out of 200. Soon afterwards riots erupt over allegations of vote-rigging by the PPP.Pakistan source
1977March 19 – Results of elections to the Indian Parliament are declared. Indira Gandhi's Congress Party is routed by the opposition Janata alliance.source
1977March 21 – Prime Minister Indira Gandhi withdraws the state of emergency which was implemented on June 25, 1975.source
1977April 9 – Spain legalizes the Communist Party of Spain, which had been outlawed since 1939.source
1977April 17 – Belgian prime minister Leo Tindemans' Christian Social Party gains eight seats in the lower house in parliamentary elections.source
1977May 12 – Portugal and Israel establish diplomatic relations.source
1977May 17 – The Likud Party, led by Menachem Begin, wins the national elections in Israel.source
1977June 15 – Spain has its first democratic elections, after 41 years of Francoist Spain.source
1977June 21 – Bülent Ecevit, of CHP forms the new government of Turkey (40th government since the founding of the Turkish republic, but fails to receive the vote of confidence).source
1977June 23 – Venezuela ratifies the American Convention on Human Rights.Venezuela source
1977June 27 – Djibouti receives its independence from France.source
1977June 27 – Constitution for the Federation of Earth is adopted by the second session of the World Constituent Assembly, held at Innsbruck, Austria.source
1977June 30 – The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization is permanently disbanded.source
1977July 5 – General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq overthrows Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan.source
197718 July - Laos signs a friendship treaty with Vietnam, providing for Vietnamese aid loans and reconstruction projects.Laos source
1977August 4 – U.S. president Jimmy Carter signs legislation creating the United States Department of Energy.source
1977August 9 – The military-controlled government of Uruguay announces that it will return the nation to civilian rule through general elections in 1981 for a president and Congress.source
1977August 26 – The National Assembly of Quebec passes the Charter of the French Language (Law 101, La charte de la langue française) making French the official language of the Canadian province of Quebec.source
1977September 7 – Torrijos-Carter treaties: Treaties between Panama and the United States on the status of the Panama Canal are signed. The U.S. agrees to transfer control of the canal to Panama at the end of the 20th century.source
1977October 7 – The Soviet Union adopts its third Constitution. The Soviet National Anthem's lyrics are returned after a 24-year period, with Joseph Stalin's name omitted.source
1977October 23 – The president of Catalonia, Josep Tarradellas, returns to Barcelona from exile and the autonomous government of Catalonia, the Generalitat, is restored.source
1977November 19 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat becomes the first Arab leader to make an official visit to Israel, when he meets with Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin, seeking a permanent peace settlement.source
1977November – 1977 Greek legislative electionGreece source
1977Libya officially leaves the Federation of Arab RepublicsLibya source
1977The Israeli settlement of Beit El is established.Palestine source
1977December 6 – South Africa grants independence to Bophuthatswana, although it is not recognized by any other country.source
1977December 10 – 1977 Australian federal election: Malcolm Fraser's Liberal/National Country Coalition government is re-elected with a slightly reduced majority, defeating the Labor Party led by former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. Consequently, Whitlam resigns as ALP leader after holding the job for nearly 11 years; he is replaced by former treasurer Bill Hayden.source
1977December 20 – Djibouti and Vietnam join the United Nations.source
1977Bangladesh became an Associate member of the International Cricket CouncilBangladesh source
1978January 5 – Bülent Ecevit, of CHP, forms the new government of Turkey (42nd government).source
1978January 22 – Ethiopia declares the ambassador of West Germany persona non grata.source
1978February 14 - Both leaders from North Korea and Communist China had sided with Cambodia to maintain its own independent standing within the "communist world" and to support its "revolutionary comrade-in-arms", with Kim Il Sung and Deng Xiaoping provided critical support to Angkar and the Khmer Rouge, as their motivations and the nature of their relationships with Pol Pot as "Brother Number One" that implemented an extremist form of Maoism, drawing direct inspiration from China's Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution especially Red August to Cambodia's Super Great Leap Forward ("Moha Lout Plaoh").Cambodia source
1978February 15 – Rhodesia, one of only two remaining white-ruled African nations (the other being South Africa), announces that it will accept multiracial democracy within 2 years.source
1978February 25 – The first Legislative Assembly election is held in Arunachal Pradesh, India.source
1978March 15 – Somalia and Ethiopia sign a truce to end the Ethio-Somali War.source
197822 April – Representing Luxembourg, Baccara finishes seventh in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 with the song Parlez-vous français?.Luxembourg source
1978April 30 – The "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" is proclaimed, under pro-communist leader Nur Muhammad Taraki.source
1978May 22 – Exiled leaders Ahmed Abdallah and Muhammad Ahmad return to the Comoros.source
19783 June - Ziaur Rahman wins the presidential election and secures his position for a five-year term.Bangladesh source
1978July 1 – Australia's Northern Territory is granted self-government.source
19781 July – Finland establishes diplomatic relations with Botswana.Finland source
1978Libya and India signs a memorandum of understanding to cooperate in peaceful applications of nuclear energy as part of India's Atom of Peace policy.Libya source
1978September 5 – Camp David Accords: Hosted by U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Israel's Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egypt's President Anwar Sadat met at Camp David in Maryland to discuss a peace agreement between the two nations.source
1978September 16 – General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq officially assumes the post of President of Pakistan.source
1978September 17 – The Camp David Accords are signed between Israel and Egypt.source
197817 September – The Camp David Accords are signed between Israel and Egypt. The Accords lead directly to the 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty.Israel source
1978September 20 – General Rahimuddin Khan assumes the post of martial law Governor of Balochistan.source
1978October 1 – Tuvalu becomes independent from the United Kingdom.source
1978October 7 – Wranslide in New South Wales: the Wran government is re-elected with an increased majority.source
1978October 9 – P.W. Botha succeeds John Vorster as Prime Minister of South Africa.source
1978October 10 – Daniel arap Moi becomes president of Kenya.source
1978October 10 – John Vorster becomes State President of South Africa.source
1978October 10 – United States President Jimmy Carter signs a bill that authorizes the minting of the Susan B. Anthony dollar.source
1978October 14 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs a bill into law which allows homebrewing of beer in the United States.source
1978October 18 – Thorbjörn Fälldin steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden, and is succeeded by Ola Ullsten, the Leader of the liberal People's Party ("Folkpartiet").source
1978October 27 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin win the Nobel Peace Prize for their progress toward achieving a Middle East accord.source
1978December 6 – Spanish transition to democracy: The Spanish Constitution officially restores the country's democratic government.source
1978December 12 – 1978 South Korean legislative electionSouth Korea source
1978December 16 – The Mystery of Mamo is released in cinemas in Japan.source
1978December 27 – The Constitution of Spain is approved in a referendum, officially ending 40 years of military dictatorship.source
1978The Tinkhundla governance system is established.Eswatini source
1978Sultan of Pahang: Sultan Ahmad Shah (Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong)Malaysia source
1979January 1 – The United States and the People's Republic of China establish full diplomatic relations.source
1979January 8 -The Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the dissident rebels declare an end to Democratic Kampuchea, replacing it with the People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK), a Vietnamese puppet state. Heng Samrin was installed as the head of the new PRK government.Cambodia source
1979January 28 – Deng Xiaoping arrives in Washington, D.C., for the first visit of a paramount leader of the People's Republic of China to the United States.source
1979February 18 – The Khomeini government in Iran cuts diplomatic relations with Israel.source
197918 February – Second National Parliamentary Elections were held. The result was a victory for the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, which won 207 of the 300 seats.Bangladesh source
1979March 1 – Scottish devolution referendum: Scotland votes in favour of a Scottish Assembly, which is not implemented due to failing a condition that at least 40% of the electorate must support the proposal; in a Welsh devolution referendum, Wales votes against devolution.source
1979March 26 – In a ceremony at the White House, President Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel sign an Egypt–Israel peace treaty.source
197926 March – In a ceremony at the White House, President Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel sign a peace treaty. Egypt thus becomes the first Arab country to officially recognize Israel.Israel source
1979March 28 – In Britain, James Callaghan's minority Labour government loses a motion of confidence by one vote, forcing a general election which is to be held on 3 May.source
1979March 31 – The last British soldier (belonging to the Royal Navy) leaves the Maltese Islands, after 179 years of presence. Malta declares its Freedom Day (Jum il-Helsien).source
1979the General People's Congress declares that the "vesting of power in the masses" and the "separation of the state from the revolution" is complete. The government is divided between the "Jamahiriya sector" and the "revolutionary sector". The "Jamahiriya sector" is composed of the General People's Congress, the General People's Committee, and the local Basic People's Congresses. Muammar Gaddafi relinquishes his position as general secretary of the General People's Congress, as which he was succeeded by Abdul Ati al-Obeidi, but remains supreme commander of the armed forces. The "Jamahiriya sector" is overseen by the "revolutionary sector", headed by Gaddafi as "Leader of the Revolution" .Libya source
1979April 1 – Iran's government becomes an Islamic Republic by a 98% vote, overthrowing the Shah officially.source
1979May 1 – Greenland is granted limited autonomy from Denmark, with its own Parliament sitting in Nuuk.source
1979May 3 – The 1979 United Kingdom general election for the House of Commons takes place, giving the Conservatives a majority, and designating Margaret Thatcher the nation's first woman prime minister, ending the rule of James Callaghan's Labour government.source
19796 May – In the Austrian legislative election, the country's Socialist Party won a fourth consecutive term in government.Austria source
1979June 1 – The first black-led government of Rhodesia in 90 years takes power, in succession to Ian Smith and under his power-sharing deal, in the unrecognized republic of Zimbabwe Rhodesia.source
1979June 4 – Following the "Muldergate" Information Scandal, John Vorster resigns as State President of South Africa.source
1979June 4 – Joe Clark becomes Canada's 16th and youngest Prime Minister.source
1979June 7 – 1979 European Parliament election: The first direct elections to the European Parliament begin, allowing citizens from across all nine (at this time) member states of the European Communities to elect 410 MEPs. It is also the first international election in history.source
1979June 18 – Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev sign the SALT II agreement in Vienna.source
1979July 16 – Iraqi President Hasan al-Bakr resigns and Vice President Saddam al-Tikriti, more commonly referred to in the Western press as "Saddam Hussein", assumes the presidency.source
1979July 21 – Nicaraguan Revolution: The Sandinista National Liberation Front concludes a successful revolutionary campaign against the Somoza dynasty and assumes power in Nicaragua.source
1979July 28 – Morarji Desai resigns as India's prime minister and Charan Singh succeeds him.source
1979August 5 – The Polisario Front signs a peace treaty with Mauritania. Mauritania withdraws from the Western Sahara territory it had occupied, and cedes it to the SADR.source
1979October 1 – Nigeria terminates military rule, and the Second Nigerian Republic is established.source
1979October 3 - Security chief Kim Jae-kyu meets democrat politician Kim Young-sam to discuss the country's future.South Korea source
1979October 12 – Thorbjörn Fälldin returns as Prime Minister of Sweden, replacing Ola Ullsten who is named Foreign Minister of Sweden.source
19793 December – Ministers from France, Germany, and Luxembourg meet in Bonn. Germany and Luxembourg protest against France's plans to allow the construction of a nuclear power plant at Cattenom, but in vain.Luxembourg source
1979December 5 – Jack Lynch resigns as Taoiseach of Ireland; he is succeeded by Charles Haughey.source
197910 December – Abdus Salam wins the first Nobel Prize for the country.Pakistan source
1979December 12 – The unrecognised state of Zimbabwe Rhodesia returns to British control and resumes using the name Southern Rhodesia.source
1979December 12 – The NATO Double-Track Decision: is the decision of NATO from December 12, 1979, to offer the Warsaw Pact a mutual limitation of medium-range ballistic missiles and intermediate-range ballistic missiles combined with the threat that in case of disagreement NATO would deploy more middle-range nuclear weapons in Western Europe, following the so-called "Euromissile Crisis".source
1979December 13 – The Canadian Progressive Conservative minority government of Prime Minister Joe Clark, falls in a non-confidence motion.source
1979Cape Verde ratified the UN treaties of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of ApartheidCape Verde source
1980January 14 – Indian National Congress party leader Indira Gandhi returns to power as the Prime Minister of India.source
1980February 4 – Abolhassan Banisadr is sworn in as the first President of Iran after winning the January 25 presidential election.source
1980February 15 – In Vanuatu, followers of John Frum's cargo cult on the island of Tanna declare secession as the nation of Tafea.source
1980February 22 – The US upset the USSR in the Olympics, a hockey game known as the Miracle on Ice. They then proceeded to defeat Finland to secure their first of two gold medals since 1960.source
1980February 23 – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini states that Iran's parliament will decide the fate of the American embassy hostages.source
1980March 1 – The Commonwealth Trade Union Council is established.source
1980March 3 – Pierre Trudeau returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada.source
1980March 4 – Robert Mugabe is elected Prime Minister of Zimbabwe.source
1980April 14 – The People's Redemption Council is established, with Samuel Doe as its chairman and head of state of Liberia.Liberia source
1980April 15 – Libya recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.Libya source
1980April 15 - Syria recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.Syria source
1980April 18 – Zimbabwe gains de jure independence from the United Kingdom with Robert Mugabe as its first Prime Minister.source
1980April 30 – Queen Juliana of the Netherlands abdicates and her daughter Beatrix accedes to the throne.source
198030: The abdication of Queen Juliana in favor of her oldest daughter Beatrix. The inauguration of Beatrix as Queen of the Netherlands is marred by large riots known as the Kroningsoproer (see Amsterdam coronation riots).Netherlands source
1980May 2 – Referendum on system of government held in Nepal.source
198018 May – In the 1980 Austrian presidential election, Rudolf Kirchschläger is re-elected with the support of both major parties and 80% of the vote.Austria source
1980May 20 – 1980 Quebec referendum: Voters in Quebec reject, by a vote of 60%, a proposal to seek independence from Canada.source
1980May 20 - Chun Doo-hwan and Roh Tae-woo order the National Assembly of Korea to be dissolved, using troops to enforce the order.South Korea source
1980May - The village level administrative bodies were formed for the first time under the title of "Swanirvar Gram Sarkar" (Self-sufficient village Government).Bangladesh source
1980June 29 – Vigdís Finnbogadóttir is elected President of Iceland, making her the first woman democratically elected as head of state.source
19801 July: Cornelius Cloete, a member of the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), becomes the first leader of the newly founded Namaland.Namibia source
1980July 30 – Vanuatu gains independence.source
1980July 30 – Israel's Knesset passes the Jerusalem Law.source
1980August 1 – Vigdís Finnbogadóttir becomes the 4th President of Iceland, the world's first democratically directly elected female president.source
1980September 21 – Bülent Ulusu, ex admiral, forms the new government of Turkey (44th government, composed mostly of technocrats).source
1980October 14 – The 6th Congress of the Workers' Party ends, having anointed North Korean President Kim Il Sung's son Kim Jong Il as his successor.source
1980October 15 – James Callaghan announces his resignation as leader of the British Labour Party.source
1980October 18 – 1980 Australian federal election: Malcolm Fraser's Liberal/National Country Coalition government is re-elected with a substantially reduced majority, defeating the Labor Party led by Bill Hayden. The Government also loses control of the Senate, with the Australian Democrats winning the balance of power.source
1980October 30 – El Salvador and Honduras sign a peace treaty to put the border dispute fought over in 1969's Football War before the International Court of Justice.source
1980October 31 – The Polish government recognizes Solidarity.source
1980October 31 – Reza Pahlavi, eldest son of the Shah of Iran, proclaims himself the rightful successor to the Peacock Throne.source
1980November 4 – 1980 United States presidential election: Republican challenger and former Governor Ronald Reagan of California defeats incumbent Democratic President Jimmy Carter and is elected the 40th President of the United States.source
1981January 1 – Palau becomes a self-governing territory.source
19811 January – Greece joins European Communities.Greece source
1981January 20 – Iran releases the 52 Americans held for 444 days, minutes after Ronald Reagan is sworn in as the 40th President of the United States, ending the Iran hostage crisis.source
1981February 4 – Gro Harlem Brundtland becomes Prime Minister of Norway.source
1981February 9 – Polish Prime Minister Józef Pińkowski resigns and is replaced by General Wojciech Jaruzelski.source
1981March 11 – Chilean military dictator Augusto Pinochet is sworn in as President of Chile for another 8-year term.source
198113 March: The Israeli government expropriates several hundred acres of land in the West Bank for the purposes of expanding the settlement of Shavei Shomron.Palestine source
1981April 12 – The National Constitution Drafting Commission is formed, chaired by Amos Sawyer, with the goal of producing a new constitution.Liberia source
1981April 26 – French presidential election: A first-round runoff results between Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and François Mitterrand.source
1981May 6 - Citing Libya's support of international terrorism, the United States ordered the closure of the Libyan Embassy in Washington, D.C. Ambassador Ali Houderi was summoned to the U.S. State Department, and told to withdraw the 27 diplomats and their families within one week. The U.S. Embassy in Libya had closed in 1980. Diplomatic relations were restored in 2004.Libya source
1981May 21 – François Mitterrand becomes the first socialist President of the French Fifth Republic.source
198124 May – AKEL and the Democratic Rally both won 12 of the 35 seats in the parliament in parliamentary elections. Voter turnout was 95.7%.Cyprus source
1981May 25 – In Riyadh, the Gulf Cooperation Council is created among Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.source
1981June 18 – The Organization of Eastern Caribbean States is founded.source
1981June 22 – Iranian president Abolhassan Banisadr is deposed.source
1981July 7 – United States President Ronald Reagan nominates the first woman, Sandra Day O'Connor, to the Supreme Court of the United States.source
1981July 10 – Mahathir Mohamad becomes the 4th Prime Minister of Malaysia.source
1981September 1 – Gregorio Conrado Álvarez is inaugurated as a military de facto President of Uruguay.source
1981September 18 – France's National Assembly votes to abolish Capital punishment in France.source
1981September 21 – Belize, formerly British Honduras, gains its independence from the United Kingdom.source
1981September 25 – Sandra Day O'Connor takes her seat as the first female justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.source
1981October 5 – Raoul Wallenberg posthumously becomes an honorary citizen of the United States.source
1981October 21 – Andreas Papandreou becomes Prime Minister of Greece.source
1981October 22 – The founding congress of the Nepal Workers and Peasants Organization faction led by Hareram Sharma and D. P. Singh begins.source
1981October 26 – Urho Kekkonen, the 8th President of Finland, resigns after being the longest-serving Finnish president since 1956.source
1981November 1 – Antigua and Barbuda gains independence from the United Kingdom.source
1981November 9 – Slavery in Mauritania is abolished by Edict No. 81-234.source
1981Cambodia by Kim Wilde was releasedCambodia source
1981December 4 – South Africa grants Ciskei independence, not recognized outside South Africa.source
1981December 10 – During the Ministerial Session of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels, Spain signs the Protocol of Accession to NATO.source
1981December 28 – Rwandan parliamentary election, 1981Rwanda source
1981Sri Lanka obtains Full Member status of the International Cricket Council (ICC) in 1981, making them the eighth Test playing nation.Sri Lanka source
1982January 26 – Mauno Koivisto is elected President of Finland.source
1982January 27 – The government of Garret FitzGerald in Ireland is defeated 82–81 on its budget; the 22nd Dáil is dissolved.source
1982February 1 – Senegal and The Gambia form a loose Senegambia Confederation.source
1982February 7 – Iraqi club Al-Shorta win the 1982 Arab Club Champions Cup with a 4–2 aggregate win over Al-Nejmeh in the final.source
1982February 18 – The Ireland general election gives a boost to Fianna Fáil.source
1982February 24 – In South Africa, 22 National Party MPs, led by Andries Treurnicht, vote for no confidence in P. W. Botha.source
1982March 2 – Decentralisation in France: the Law of Decentralisation creates the administrative regions of France (régions).source
19828 March – A “Political Information System” seminar convenes in Nairobi, bringing together representatives from single-party states (Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania, Uganda) to discuss the viability of one-party democracy in post-colonial Africa.Kenya source
1982March 19 – Argentine scrap metal workers (infiltrated by marines) raise the flag of Argentina on South Georgia and the Falkland Islands, two British overseas territories.source
1982March 29 – Royal Assent is given to the Canada Act 1982, setting the stage for the repatriation of the Canadian Constitution on April 17.source
1982Libya hosted the 1982 African Cup of NationsLibya source
1982April 16: VVD leader Hans Wiegel accepts the position of Queens Commissioner in the province of Friesland. Ed Nijpels is elected as the next VVD Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives.Netherlands source
1982April 17 – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: By Proclamation of the Queen of Canada on Parliament Hill, Canada patriates its constitution, gaining full political independence from the United Kingdom; included is the country's first entrenched bill of rights.source
1982April 25 – Israel completes its withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula in accordance with the Egypt–Israel peace treaty of 1979.source
19822 May – The Government affirmed its neutrality in the Falklands war between the United Kingdom and Argentina, and opposed European Economic Community sanctions against Argentina (as did Italy).Ireland source
1982June 20 – Falklands War ends with British forces retaking the South Sandwich Islands.source
198219 July – President Celso Torrelio resigns from office; the presidency is entrusted to a Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces while a new executive is selected.Bolivia source
1982September 21 – The first International Day of Peace is proclaimed by the United Nations.source
1982September 23 – Amine Gemayel, brother of Bachir, is elected president of Lebanon.source
1982October 1 – Helmut Kohl replaces Helmut Schmidt as Chancellor of Germany through a constructive vote of no confidence.source
19824 October - Bangladesh signs with India a memorandum of understanding on water sharing for two years.Bangladesh source
1982October 26 - 20 Members of parliament signed a partition which urges the Prime-minister to use his emergency powers against Communist insurgents.Thailand source
1982October 27 – In Canada, the July 1 holiday, Dominion Day, is officially renamed Canada Day.source
1982October 28 – The Socialist Party wins the election in Spain; Felipe González is elected Prime Minister.source
1982November 6 – Paul Biya becomes the second president of Cameroon following the resignation of Ahmadou Ahidjo.source
1982November 8 – Kenan Evren becomes the seventh president of Turkey as a result of the constitution referendum. His former title was "head of state".source
1982November 27 – Yasuhiro Nakasone becomes Prime Minister of Japan.source
1982December 1 – Miguel de la Madrid takes office as President of Mexico.source
1982December 4 – The People's Republic of China adopts its current constitution.source
1982December 10 – United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea signed at Montego Bay; it becomes fully effective on November 16, 1994, on receiving 60 signatures.source
198221 December – Ernest Mühlen is appointed in Camille Ney's place as minister, whilst Jean-Claude Juncker is promoted to secretary of state.Luxembourg source
1982December 22 – The Indian Ocean Commission (Commission de l'Océan Indien, COI) is created by the Port Louis Agreement.source
198222 December – 1982 Sri Lankan national referendum: A national referendum was held, giving the people of Sri Lanka the option to extend the life of the current parliament by another 6 years, effectively cancelling the general elections which were due to be held before 1983. 54% of votes were cast in favour of the extension. The referendum was described as a dictatorial move by opposition parties, and was the first and so far only national referendum to be held in Sri Lanka.Sri Lanka source
1983February 3 – Prime Minister of Australia Malcolm Fraser is granted a double dissolution of both houses of parliament, for elections on March 5, 1983. As Fraser is being granted the dissolution, Bill Hayden resigns as leader of the Australian Labor Party, and in the subsequent leadership spill Bob Hawke is elected as Hayden's successor unopposed.source
198313 February – Spyros Kyprianou of the Democratic Party (and also supported by AKEL) won presidential elections, receiving 56.5% of the vote. Voter turnout was 95.0%.Cyprus source
1983March 1 – The Balearic Islands and Madrid become Autonomous communities of Spain.source
1983March 5 – Australian federal election: The Labor Party led by Bob Hawke defeats the Liberal/National Coalition government led by Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser. Hawke is to be sworn in on March 11. As soon as the results become clear, Fraser resigns from the Liberal leadership; he is replaced by outgoing Minister for Industry and Commerce Andrew Peacock.source
1983March 21 – Yamoussoukro officially becomes the Ivorian political capital after transfer from Abidjan.source
1983March 29 – Germany's first elected Green Party representatives take their seats in the West German Bundestag, dressed in jeans and sweaters and accompanied by bongo drums.source
198324 April – In the 1983 Austrian legislative election, the Socialist Party wins 90 out of a possible 183 seats to secure a fifth term in government, prompting Bruno Kreisky to stand down as SPÖ leader.Austria source
1983May 17 – Lebanon, Israel, and the United States sign an agreement on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon.source
198328 May – The Green Party of Switzerland is established.Switzerland source
1983July 4 – Filipino-American Friendship DayPhilippines source
1983July 20 – The government of Poland announces the end of martial law and amnesty for political prisoners.source
1983August 4 – Thomas Sankara becomes President of Upper Volta.source
1983August 4 – Bettino Craxi is sworn in as Italy's first prime minister from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI).source
1983August 24 – South Africa announces "all outstanding issues" preventing independence for South West Africa (present-day Namibia) have been resolved, except for the continuing presence of 23,000 Cuban troops in neighboring Angola.source
1983September 19 – Saint Kitts and Nevis becomes an independent state.source
198321 September – King Carl Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden make an official state visit to Luxembourg.Luxembourg source
1983October 2 – Neil Kinnock is elected leader of the British Labour Party.source
1983October 30 – Argentine general election: The first democratic elections in Argentina after seven years of military rule are held.source
1983November 2 – South Africa approves a new constitution granting limited political rights to Coloureds and Asians as part of a series of reforms to apartheid.source
1983November 11 – Ronald Reagan becomes the first U.S. president to address the National Diet, Japan's national legislature.source
1983November 15 – The Turkish part of Cyprus declares independence.source
1983November 17 – The Zapatista Army of National Liberation is founded in Mexico.source
19833 December – 1983 Republic of China legislative election.Taiwan source
1983December 4 – General elections are celebrated in Venezuela in which the opposition party, Democratic Action, wins a majority in both chambers of the Venezuelan Congress and the presidency for the 1984–1989 period under Jaime Lusinchi. Voter turnout is 87.3% and Lusinchi obtains 58.4% of the votes.source
1983December 10 – Military rule ends and democracy is restored in Argentina, with the beginning of Raúl Alfonsín's first term as President of Argentina.source
198311 December - Hussain Muhammad Ershad takes charge as the President of Bangladesh.Bangladesh source
1983December 13 – Turgut Özal, of ANAP forms the new government of Turkey (45th government); beginning a new civilian regime.source
1983Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan: Tuanku Jaafar (Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong)Malaysia source
1984January 1 – The Bornean Sultanate of Brunei gains full independence from the United Kingdom, having become a British protectorate in 1888.source
1984January 7 – Brunei becomes the sixth member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).source
19847 January - Brunei becomes the sixth member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.Brunei source
1984January 10 – The United States and the Vatican (Holy See) restore full diplomatic relations.source
1984January 10 – The Victoria Agreement is signed, institutionalising the Indian Ocean Commission.source
1984February 13 – Konstantin Chernenko succeeds the late Yuri Andropov as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.source
1984February 29 – Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau announces his retirement.source
1984April 26 – Sultan Iskandar of Johor becomes Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, in succession to Sultan Ahmad Shah, whose term ended the previous day.source
198426 April – Sultan Iskandar of Johor was elected as the eighth Yang di-Pertuan Agong, replacing Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang.Malaysia source
1984June 14–16 – voting days for the European Parliament electionsource
198417 June – Legislative and European elections are held. The LSAP increases its representation in the Chamber of Deputies by half.Luxembourg source
1984June 27 – France beats Spain 2–0 to win Euro 84.source
1984June 30 – John Turner becomes the 17th Prime Minister of Canada.source
1984July 1 – Liechtenstein becomes the last country in Europe to grant women the right to vote.source
1984August 4 – The African republic Upper Volta changes its name to Burkina Faso.source
198413 August - The Oujda Treaty is signed, in Oujda, Morocco. It aims to establish the "Arab-African Union of States" between Libya and Morocco. Morocco will end up cancelling the treaty two years later, before any union is actually established.Libya source
1984September 4 – The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, led by Brian Mulroney, wins 211 seats in the House of Commons of Canada, forming the largest majority government in Canadian history.source
1984September 5 – Western Australia becomes the last Australian state to abolish capital punishment.source
1984September 14 – P. W. Botha is inaugurated as the first executive State President of South Africa.source
1984September 17 – Brian Mulroney is sworn in as Prime Minister of Canada.source
1984September 26 – The United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China sign the initial agreement to return Hong Kong to China in 1997.source
1984November 1: Abortion is legalized through a new law.Netherlands source
1984November 4 – The Sandinista Front wins the Nicaraguan general elections.source
1984November 6 – 1984 United States presidential election: Republican President Ronald Reagan defeats Democratic former Vice President Walter F. Mondale with 59% of the popular vote, the highest since Richard Nixon's 61% popular vote victory in 1972. Reagan carries 49 states in the electoral College; Mondale wins only his home state of Minnesota (by a mere 3,761 vote margin) and the District of Columbia.source
1984November 25 – 1984 Uruguayan presidential election: Julio María Sanguinetti is democratically elected President of Uruguay after 12 years of military dictatorship.source
1984December 1 – A peace agreement between Kenya and Somalia is signed in the Egyptian capital Cairo. With this agreement, in which Somalia officially renounces its historical territorial claims, relations between the two countries begin to improve.source
1984December 2 – 1984 Australian federal election: Bob Hawke's Labor government is re-elected with a reduced majority, defeating the Liberal/National Coalition led by Andrew Peacock.source
198414 December – U.N. Security Council resolution 559 was adopted unanimously.Cyprus source
1984December 19 – The People's Republic of China and the United Kingdom sign the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the future of Hong Kong.source
1984December 22 – In Malta, Prime Minister Dom Mintoff resigns.source
1984The First South-East Asian Cricket Tournament was held in Dhaka in January. Two teams from the host country were joined by teams from Singapore and Hong Kong. The Bangladesh national team won the trophy, and thus qualified for the 1986 Asia Cup in Sri Lanka.Bangladesh source
1984A referendum on the Islamisation policy of President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq was held in Pakistan on 19 December 1984. Voters were asked whether they supported Zia-ul-Haq's proposals for amending several laws in accordance with the Quran and Sunnah, whether they wanted this process to continue, and whether they supported the Islamist ideology of Pakistan.[1] The referendum also served as way of extending Zia-ul-Haq's presidential term by five years.[2] Official results declared it approved by 98.5% of voters, with a turnout of 62.2%.[1] Independent observers questioned whether voter participation had reached 30% and noted that there had been "widespread irregularities".[3]Pakistan source
1985January 14 – Hun Sen is confirmed as prime minister, having been acting PM since the death of his predecessor Chan Sy.Cambodia source
1985January 15 – Tancredo Neves is elected president of Brazil by the Congress, ending the 21-year military rule.source
1985January 27 – The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) is formed, in Tehran.source
198511 February – PLO chairman Yasser Arafat and King Hussein of Jordan sign the Palestinian-Jordanian Joint Action Agreement.Palestine source
198524 February – 1985 North Korean local electionsNorth Korea source
198527 February – Colombia officially recognizes the Shawari Arab Democratic Republic.Colombia source
1985March 1 – After a 12-year-long dictatorship, Julio María Sanguinetti is sworn in as the first democratically elected President of Uruguay.source
1985March 6 – Greek Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou instigated a constitutional crisis to divert voter's attention from the deterioration of the Greek economy, by suddenly not supporting Konstantinos Karamanlis for a second term as President of Greece and violating constitutional voting protocol to get his presidential candidate to power. At the same time, he proposed a constitutional reforms to remove constitutional checks and balances constraining his position.source
1985March 10 - Karamanlis resigns from the Presidency after the surprising political gamble of Andreas Papandreou for not supporting Karamanlis for a second term, leading to a constitutional crisis.Greece source
1985March 11 – Mikhail Gorbachev becomes General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party and de facto leader of the Soviet Union.source
1985March 15 – Vice-president José Sarney, upon becoming vice president, assumes the duties of president of Brazil, as the new president Tancredo Neves had become severely ill the day before. Sarney would later become Brazil's first civilian president in 21 years, upon Neves' death on April 21.source
198531 March – Salvadoran legislative election, 1985El Salvador source
1985April 28 – The Australian Nuclear Disarmament Party (NDP) splits.source
1985May 15 – Argentine President Raúl Alfonsín terminates Argentine administration of the Falkland Islands but does not relinquish Argentina's claim to the islands.source
1985June 14 – The Schengen Agreement is signed between certain member states of the European Economic Community, creating the Schengen Area, a bloc of (at the time) 5 states with no internal border controls.source
1985June 26 – The iconic U.S. Route 66 is officially decommissioned.source
1985September 22 – The Plaza Accord is signed by five nations.source
1985November 19 – Cold War: In Geneva, U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet for the first time.source
1985December 8 – The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is established.source
19858 December – Democratic Rally won 19 of the 56 seats in the parliament following parliamentary elections. Voter turnout was 94.6%.Cyprus source
1985December – President Saddam Hussain visits Moscow to meet Mikhail Gorbachev in an attempt to improve relations between Iraq and the Soviet union.Iraq source
1986January 1 – Spain and Portugal enter the European Community, which becomes the European Union in 1993.source
1986January 1 – Aruba gains increased autonomy from the Netherlands by separating from the Netherlands Antilles.source
19861 January – President H. M. Ershad founded his own political party named Jatiya Party.Bangladesh source
1986January 29 – Yoweri Museveni is sworn in as President of Uganda.source
1986January – President Barre and the Ethiopian president Mengistu Haile Mariam meet in Djibouti to normalise relations between the two countries.Somalia source
1986February 16 – Mário Soares wins the second round of the Portuguese presidential election.source
1986February 17 – The Single European Act is signed.source
1986February 19 – The United States Senate approves a treaty outlawing genocide.source
198619 February: King Hussein of Jordan declares the failure of the Palestinian-Jordanian Joint Action Agreement signed in 1985. In his declaration, Hussein accuses the PLO of breaking their promise to recognise United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 and United Nations Security Council Resolution 338.Palestine source
1986February 25 – People Power Revolution: President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines is ousted from power and goes into exile in Hawaii after 20 years of dictatorial rule; Corazon Aquino becomes the first Filipino woman president and forms an interim government with Salvador Laurel becoming her Vice-president and Prime Minister.source
1986March 1 – Olof Palme's deputy Ingvar Carlsson becomes acting Prime Minister of Sweden. He is elected Prime Minister by the Swedish Riksdag on March 15.source
1986March 3 – Full independence of Australia - Australia Act 1986: This law formally severed all legal ties between Australia and the United Kingdom.source
1986April 16 – The United Kingdom and the Kingdom of the Netherlands sign a peace treaty, thus ending the Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War, one of the longest wars in human history.source
1986April 17 – An alleged state of war lasting 335 years between the Netherlands and the Isles of Scilly declared peace, bringing an end to any hypothetical war that may have existed.source
1986May 8 – Óscar Arias is inaugurated into his first term as President of Costa Rica.source
198621 May - 1986 Dutch general election.Netherlands source
198625 May – The 1986 Colombian presidential election is held.Colombia source
1986June 8 – Former United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim is elected president of Austria.source
1986July 4 – The Statue of Liberty is reopened to the public after celebrating its centennial and an extensive refurbishment.source
198612 July - The Emir issues a decree for the formation of a 13th government.Kuwait source
198629 July: Argentine President Raúl Alfonsín and Brazilian President José Sarney sign economic agreements in Buenos Aires for mutual integration; the basis for the future creation of the Southern Common Market (Mercosur).Argentina source
1986August 6 – Australian Democrats leader Don Chipp retires from federal parliament and is succeeded by Janine Haines, the first woman to lead a political party in Australia.source
1986September 28 – The Democratic Progressive Party is founded. It was part of the Tangwai movement in the new generation to challenge Kuomintang in Taiwan's one-party politics, and is currently one of only two parties to win presidential elections in Taiwan.source
1986October 1 – U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the Goldwater–Nichols Act into law, making official the largest reorganization of the United States Department of Defense since the Air Force was made a separate branch of service in 1947.source
1986October 9 – United States District Court Judge Harry E. Claiborne becomes the fifth federal official to be removed from office through impeachment.source
1986October 11–12 – Cold War: Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Reykjavík, Iceland, to continue discussions about scaling back their intermediate missile arsenals in Europe, which end in failure.source
1986October 21 – The Marshall Islands became an associated state under the Compact of Free Association.source
1986October 26 – The state funeral of President Samora Machel of Mozambique takes place in Maputo.source
1986November 1 – Queensland, Australia: Joh Bjelke-Petersen wins his final election as Premier of Queensland with 38.6% of the vote. He resigns on December 1, 1987, following revelations of his involvement with corruption released in the Fitzgerald Inquiry.source
1986November 3 – The Northern Mariana Islands enter in a political union with the United States. The island's government adopted its own constitution in 1977, and the constitutional government took office in January 1978. The covenant was fully implemented November 3, 1986, pursuant to Presidential Proclamation no. 5564, which conferred United States citizenship on legally qualified island residents.source
1986November 6 – Alex Ferguson is appointed as the new manager of Manchester United.source
1986Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's daughter Benazir returns from exile to lead the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) in a campaign for fresh elections.Pakistan source
1987January 15 – Hu Yaobang, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, is forced into retirement by political conservatives.source
198722 January: Birzeit University student elections are held. The leftist-nationalist bloc wins 41.5% of the vote, the Islamist bloc 34%, and the Marxist bloc 24.5%.Palestine source
1987February 11 – The new Constitution of the Philippines goes into effect. This new constitution adds Spanish and Arabic as optional languages of the Philippines.source
1987February 25 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules in United States v. Paradise that affirmative action is lawful if the organization in question has a history of pervasive racial discrimination in hiring practices; in this case, police departments in the state of Alabama. Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. rules that the government is "justified by a compelling governmental interest in eradicating the Department's pervasive, systematic, and obstinate discriminatory exclusion of blacks."source
1987March 4 – U.S. President Ronald Reagan addresses the American people on the Iran–Contra affair, acknowledging that his overtures to Iran had "deteriorated" into an arms-for-hostages deal.source
1987April 13 – The governments of the Portuguese Republic and the People's Republic of China sign an agreement in which Macau will be returned to China in 1999.source
1987April 27 – The United States Department of Justice declares incumbent Austrian president Kurt Waldheim an "undesirable alien".source
1987April 30 – Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the Provincial Premiers agree in principle to the Meech Lake Accord which would bring Quebec into the constitution.source
198725-27 May – Mikhail Gorbachev visits Romania.Romania source
1987June 11 – The Conservative Party of the United Kingdom, led by Margaret Thatcher, is re-elected for a third term at the 1987 general election.source
1987June 27: Egbert Streuer and Bernard Schnieders are victorious in the sidecar class of the Dutch TT.Netherlands source
1987July 1 – The Single European Act is passed by the European Community.source
1987July 11 – 1987 Australian federal election: Bob Hawke's Labor government is re-elected with an increased majority, defeating the Liberal Party led by John Howard and the National Party led by Ian Sinclair.source
198711 July – The Colombia national football team plays Argentina in the third place play off leading up to the 1987 Copa América. Colombia wins 2–1.Colombia source
1987July 15 – Martial law in Taiwan ends after 38 years.source
198729 July – The Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord is signed in Colombo between Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Sri Lankan President J. R. Jayewardene, thus bringing an end to the first phase of the Sri Lankan Civil War.Sri Lanka source
198714 August – Pakistan celebrates 40 years of independence.Pakistan source
1987August 22 – The Parliament of Zimbabwe votes to eliminate the 20 seats reserved for the white minority.source
1987August 23 – The Hirvepark meeting is organized as the first unsanctioned political meeting in Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, in commemoration of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.source
1987September 23 – The United States and Poland agree to exchange ambassadors after a four-year break in relations.source
1987October 7 – Sikh nationalists declare the independence of Khalistan from India.source
1987October 7 - Algeria and Libya announce a tentative agreement to form a political union. Algeria backed out of the planned union in November, well before it was implemented.Libya source
1987October 8 – Gaddafi announces that Algeria and Libya have "agreed in principle" to a proposed union of the two states, which Gaddafi suggests should be named "Algibya."source
1987October 23 – On a vote of 58–42, the United States Senate rejects President Ronald Reagan's nomination of Robert Bork to the Supreme Court.source
1987November 7 – Zine El Abidine Ben Ali assumes the Presidency of Tunisia.source
1987November 16 – The Parlatino Treaty of Institutionalization is signed.source
19877 December – Hussain Muhammad Ershad dissolves parliament under the pressure of opposition.Bangladesh source
1987December 8 – The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty is signed in Washington, D.C. by U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. It expired in 2019.source
1987December 9 – General Rahimuddin Khan retires from the Pakistan Army, along with the cabinet of the country's military dictatorship.source
1987December 17 – Gustáv Husák resigns as General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.source
1987December 21 – Turgut Özal of ANAP forms the new government of Turkey (46th government).source
1987December 22 – In Zimbabwe, the political parties ZANU and ZAPU reach an agreement that ends the violence in the Matabeleland region known as the Gukurahundi.source
1988January 13 – Vice-president Lee Teng-hui takes over as President of the Republic of China and Chairman of the Kuomintang following the death of Chiang Ching-kuo.source
198814 February – George Vassiliou, an independent candidate supported by AKEL, defeated Glafcos Clerides of the Democratic Rally in presidential elections. They were the first presidential elections in the country's history to go to a second round. Voter turnout was 94.3% in both rounds.Cyprus source
1988February 25 – The constitution of the Sixth Republic of Korea comes into effect.source
1988March 9 – Gorbachev meets with the leaders of Armenia and Azerbaijan Karen Demirchyan and Kamran Baghirov in Moscow to discuss the public demands of unification of Armenia and Karabakh.Armenia source
1988April 14 – In the Geneva Accords, the Soviet Union commits itself to withdrawal of its forces from Afghanistan.source
1988May 8 – François Mitterrand is re-elected as President of France for 7 years.source
1988May 29–June 3 – The Moscow Summit meeting between U.S. President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev takes place, where the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) was finalized.source
198825 June - Dutch national soccer team wins UEFA Euro 1988 in West Germany.Netherlands source
198824 July – 1988 Thai general election – victory for the Thai Nation Party, which won 87 of the 357 seats. Voter turnout was 63.6%.Thailand source
1988October 3 - Chad and Libya reestablish diplomatic relations after the years-long Chadian–Libyan War.Libya source
1988October 5 – Promulgation of the 1988 Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil.source
1988October 5 – Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet loses a national plebiscite on his rule; he relinquishes power in 1990.source
1988October 29 – Pakistan's General Rahimuddin Khan resigns from his post as the governor of Sindh, following attempts by the President of Pakistan, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, to limit the powers Rahimuddin had accumulated.source
1988November 8 – The United States Vice-president and Republican nominee George H. W. Bush defeats the Democratic nominee and Governor of Massachusetts, Michael Dukakis, in the 1988 United States Presidential Election.source
1988November 15 – Israeli–Palestinian conflict: An independent State of Palestine is proclaimed at the Palestinian National Council meeting in Algiers, by a vote of 253–46.source
1988November 16 – In the first open election in more than a decade, voters in Pakistan choose populist candidate Benazir Bhutto to be Prime Minister. Elections are held as planned despite head of state Zia-ul-Haq's death earlier in August.source
1988November 16 – Singing Revolution: The Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR adopts the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration in which the laws of the Estonian SSR are declared supreme over those of the Soviet Union. The USSR declares it unconstitutional on November 26. It is the first declaration of sovereignty from the Soviet Union of any Soviet or Eastern Bloc entity.source
198818 November – Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Gambia, India, Nigeria, Seychelles, and Sri Lanka recognizes the State of Palestine. The Czech Republic and Slovakia continue this recognition following the 1992 dissolution of Czechoslovakia.Palestine source
1988November 23 – Former Korean president Chun Doo-hwan makes a formal apology for corruption during his presidency, announcing he will go into exile.source
1988December 1 – Carlos Salinas de Gortari takes office as President of Mexico.source
1988December 2 – Benazir Bhutto is sworn in as Prime Minister of Pakistan, becoming the first woman to head the government of an Islam-dominated state.source
1988December 4 – In the 1988 Venezuelan general election, Carlos Andrés Pérez of Democratic Action is elected president with 52.9% of the vote, while Democratic Action win the most seats in the Chamber of Deputies and Senate, on a turnout of 81.9% in the presidential election and 81.7% in the Congressional elections.Venezuela source
1988December 6 – The Australian Capital Territory is granted self-government by the Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988.source
198819 December – 1988 Sri Lankan presidential election: Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa of the ruling United National Party is elected President of Sri Lanka, receiving 50.4% of all votes cast and defeating Sri Lanka Freedom Party candidate Sirimavo Bandaranaike.Sri Lanka source
1988December 20 – The United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances is signed at Vienna.source
1989February 3 – After a stroke, State President of South Africa P. W. Botha resigns as Leader of the National Party.source
1989February 6 – The Government of the People's Republic of Poland holds formal talks with representatives of Solidarity movement for the first time since 1981.source
198915 February – 1989 Sri Lankan parliamentary election: Sri Lanka holds their 9th parliamentary elections, with the ruling United National Party winning with a total of 125 seats.Sri Lanka source
1989February 20 – In Canada's Yukon Territory, the ruling New Democrats narrowly maintain control of the Yukon Legislative Assembly, winning 9 seats vs. the Progressive Conservative Party's 7.source
1989February 23 - The Muslim rebels set up an interim government in Pakistan. After three weeks of fractious debate, an assembly of 440 delegates elects an interim government with Sibghatullah Mojadedi, considered a moderate, as president. Rasul Sayaf, a hard-line fundamentalist from the Ittehad-i-Islami rebel group, is elected prime minister. Afghan Shi`ite guerrillas, most of whom are in Iran, boycott the assembly after the Pakistan-based rebels, the majority of whom are Sunnites, refused to give them the representation they sought. The Shi`ites constitute only 17% of the Afghan population but make up 40% of the refugees, who provide many of the guerrillas. The rebel government is officially recognized by Saudi Arabia on March 9, and Bahrain, Malaysia, and The Sudan also announce their recognition. The U.S. and Pakistan, the rebels' main backers, withhold recognition until a functioning administration is established, but the U.S. names a special presidential envoy to the Afghanistan resistance, with the rank of ambassador.Afghanistan source
1989March 1 – The Berne Convention, an international treaty on copyrights, is ratified by the United States.source
1989March 7 – Iran breaks off diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom over Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses.source
1989March 15 – Israel hands over Taba to Egypt, ending a seven-year territorial dispute.source
19891 April – Iraqi parliamentary election are held, as a result the Ba'ath Party won 207 of the 250 seats.Iraq source
1989April 5 – The Polish Government and the Solidarity trade union sign an agreement restoring Solidarity to legal status, and agreeing to hold democratic elections on June 4 (Polish Round Table Agreement), which initiates the 1989 revolution and the overthrow of communism in Central Europe.source
19891 May: 1989 Paraguayan general electionParaguay source
1989June 4 – 1989 Polish legislative election: Solidarity's victory in the first round is the first of many anti-communist revolutions of 1989 in Central and Eastern Europe.source
1989June 18 – In the first Greek legislative election of the year, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement, led by Prime Minister of Greece Andreas Papandreou, loses control of the Hellenic Parliament.source
1989July 12 – In the Republic of Ireland, the Taoiseach Charles Haughey returns to power after Fianna Fáil forms a coalition with the Progressive Democrats.source
1989July 28 – At the Iranian presidential election, electors overwhelmingly elect Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani as President of Iran and endorse changes to the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, increasing the powers of the president.source
1989August 7 – The presidents of five Central American countries agree that the U.S.-backed contras fighting the government of Nicaragua should be disbanded and evicted from their bases in Honduras by December 5.source
1989August 23 – Singing Revolution: Two million indigenous people of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania join hands to demand freedom and independence from Soviet occupation, forming an uninterrupted 600 km human chain called the Baltic Way.source
198931 August - The separatist group Patani Malays People's Consultative Council is founded.Thailand source
1989September 6 – 1989 South African general election, the last held under the apartheid system, returns the National Party to power with a much-reduced majority.source
1989September 6 – In the 1989 Dutch general election, the Christian Democratic Appeal, led by Ruud Lubbers wins 54 seats, and is ultimately able to form a government on November 7 after entering into coalition with the Labour Party.source
1989September 20 – F. W. de Klerk is sworn in as the seventh and last State President of South Africa. Soon afterwards he determines to suspend the South African nuclear weapons program.source
198921 September – Palestinian president Yasser Arafat holds a press conference with Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak, after having a meeting with him, where he endorses open talks with Israel, urges citizens to resist the most recent crackdown on Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and answers and debates with Israeli journalists.Palestine source
1989September 28 – The Parliament of Greece indicted former Prime Minister of Greece Andreas Papandreou and four of his ministers in connection to the Koskotas scandal.source
1989October 1 – Civil union between partners in a same-sex relationship becomes legal in Denmark under a law enacted on June 7, the world's first such legislation.source
1989October 13 – Gro Harlem Brundtland, leader of the Labour Party, resigns as Prime Minister of Norway. She is succeeded by Jan P. Syse, Leader of the Conservative Party, on October 16.source
1989October 17 - Egypt and Libya re-establish diplomatic relations that had been cut off in 1977.Libya source
198919 November – 1989 North Korean local electionsNorth Korea source
1989November 28 – Cold War: Velvet Revolution – The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announces they will give up their monopoly on political power (elections held in December bring the first non-Communist government to Czechoslovakia in more than forty years).source
1989December 10 – Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj announces the establishment of Mongolia's democratic movement, that peacefully changes the second-oldest Communist country into a democracy.source
1989December 14 – Chile holds its first free election in sixteen years, electing Patricio Aylwin as president. This marks the first time that all Ibero-American nations, except Cuba, have elected constitutional governments simultaneously.source
1989December 17 – Brazil holds the second round of its first free election in 29 years; Fernando Collor de Mello is elected to serve as president from 1990.source
1989December 31 – Poland's president signs the Balcerowicz Plan, ending the Communist system in Poland in favor of a capitalist system, leading to abandonment of the Warsaw Pact.source
1990January 15 – The National Assembly of Bulgaria votes to end one party rule by the Bulgarian Communist Party.source
1990February 12 – Representatives of NATO and the Warsaw Pact meet in Ottawa for an "Open Skies" conference. The conference results in agreements about superpower troop levels in Europe and on German reunification.source
1990February 15 – In Cartagena, Colombia, a summit is held between President of the United States George H. W. Bush, President of Bolivia Jaime Paz Zamora, President of Colombia Virgilio Barco Vargas, and President of Peru Alan García. The leaders pledge additional cooperation in fighting international drug trafficking.source
1990February 15 – The United Kingdom and Argentina restore diplomatic relations after 8 years. The UK had severed ties in response to Argentina's invasion of the Falkland Islands, a British Dependent Territory, in 1982.source
1990February 25 – The Sandinistas are defeated in the Nicaraguan elections, with Violeta Chamorro elected as the new president of Nicaragua (the first elected woman president in the Americas), replacing Daniel Ortega.source
1990March 11 – Augusto Pinochet hands over power to the elected president Patricio Aylwin, marking the beginning of the Chilean transition to democracy after 17 years of the military dictatorship of Chile.source
199021 March - Namibia is officially independent. Sam Nujoma is sworn in as the first President of Namibia, in a ceremony attended by representatives of 147 countries, including 20 heads of state. Sam Nujoma was sworn in as the first President of Namibia watched by Nelson Mandela (who had been released from prison shortly beforehand) and representatives from 147 countries, including 20 heads of state.Namibia source
1990March 24 – 1990 Australian federal election: Bob Hawke's Labor government is re-elected with a reduced majority, narrowly defeating the Liberal/National Coalition led by Andrew Peacock.source
1990April 25 – Violeta Chamorro is sworn in as President of Nicaragua, the first woman elected (February 25) in her own right as a head of state in the Americas.source
1990May 4 – Singing Revolution: The Latvian SSR declares independence from the Soviet Union.source
1990May 18 – German reunification: East Germany and West Germany sign a treaty to merge their economic and social systems, effective July 1.source
1990May 20 – Cold War: The first post-Communist presidential and parliamentary elections are held in Romania.source
1990May 22 – Cold War: The leaders of the Yemen Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen announce the unification of their countries as the Republic of Yemen.source
1990June 1 – Cold War: U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev sign a treaty to end chemical weapon production and begin destroying their respective stocks.source
1990June 15 – Dublin Regulation on treatment of applications for right of asylum under European Union law agreed (comes into force 1997).source
1990June 24 - Jordan re-opens diplomatic relations with Libya. Jordan had cut off relations in 1984 after a violent protest at the Jordanian embassy in Tripoli.Libya source
1990July 12 – Foster v British Gas plc decided in the European Court of Justice, a leading case on the definition of the "state" under European Union law.source
1990July 26 – U.S. President George H. W. Bush signs the Americans with Disabilities Act, designed to protect disabled Americans from discrimination.source
1990July 27 – Cold War: Belarus declares its sovereignty, a key step toward independence from the Soviet Union.source
1990August 24 – The Armenian SSR declares its independence from the Soviet Union.source
19909 September - Joint news conference of President Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev in Helsinki, Finland.Finland source
1990September 27 – David Souter is confirmed to serve on the Supreme Court, replacing retiring Justice William J. Brennan Jr..source
1990October 22 – Nizhny Novgorod restores its official name from Gorky, Volga Federal District, Russia.source
1990November 6 – Nawaz Sharif is sworn in as the Prime Minister of Pakistan.source
1990November 7 – Indian Prime Minister Singh resigns over losing a confidence vote in the Parliament of India, having lost the support of Hindus who want a Muslim mosque in Ayodhya torn down to build a Hindu temple.source
1990November 25 – Lech Wałęsa and Stanisław Tymiński win the first round of the first Polish presidential election.source
1990December 3 – Mary Robinson begins her term as President of Ireland, becoming the first female to hold this office.source
19906 December – Iraq announces the release of thousands of foreign nationals being held in the Gulf since the fall of Kuwait.Iraq source
1990December 9 – Slobodan Milošević elected President of Serbia in first round, general elections won by his Socialist Party.source
1990Opposition parties are made legal.Gabon source
1990National Commission for Democracy, is asked by the PNDC to organise forums in all the 10 regions to seek Ghanaians views on what they want from government. The views obtained showed that Ghanaians wanted multi-party system of government.Ghana source
1990Jordanian Democratic Popular Unity Party.Jordan source
199022–29 June – 1990 Mongolian parliamentary election: The MPRP won 357 seats in the Great Khural and 31 of 53 seats in the Small Khural.Mongolia source
1991January 26 – President Siad Barre is overthrown, and Somalia enters a civil war. Three days later, Ali Mahdi Muhammad is inaugurated as the next president.source
1991January 29 – In South Africa, Nelson Mandela of the African National Congress and Mangosuthu Buthelezi of the Inkatha Freedom Party agree to end violence between the two organizations.source
1991January 29 - Siad Barre is succeeded by Ali Mahdi Muhammad as President of Somalia.Somalia source
1991February 7 – 1991 Haitian coup d'état: Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in. He is ousted on September 30 and later reinstated in 1994. In response to the coup and in an effort to encourage the coup leaders to restore democracy, the U.S. expands trade sanctions on Haiti to include all goods except food and medicine on October 29.source
1991February 15 – The Visegrád Group, establishing cooperation to move toward free-market systems, is established by the leaders of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland.source
1991March 15 – Germany formally regains complete independence after the four post-World War II occupying powers (France, the U.K., the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.) relinquish all remaining rights to the country.source
1991March 26 – Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay sign the Treaty of Asunción, establishing Mercosur.source
1991March 31 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Georgia votes for independence from the Soviet Union while on April 9, the Supreme Council declares the independent Republic of Georgia.source
199126 April – Sadou Hayatou becomes Prime Minister.Cameroon source
1991May 16 – Elizabeth II becomes the first British monarch to address the U.S. Congress during a 13-day royal visit in Washington, D.C.source
1991May 18 – Somaliland secedes from Somalia; its independence is not recognised by the international community.source
1991May 19 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: In the Croatian independence referendum, voters in the Socialist Republic of Croatia vote to leave SFR Yugoslavia.source
199119 May – Democratic Rally won 20 of the 56 seats in the parliament following parliamentary elections. Voter turnout was 93%.Cyprus source
1991July 4 – The Constituent Assembly of Colombia proclaims a new constitution, allowing the President of Colombia César Gaviria to lift the country's seven-year-long state of siege.source
1991July 9 – End of Apartheid: The International Olympic Committee readmits South Africa to the Olympics. The following day, U.S. President Bush terminates 1986-enacted U.S. sanctions on South Africa.source
1991July 31 – The United States and the Soviet Union sign the START I treaty in Moscow limiting strategic nuclear weapons.United States source
1991September 4 – Sverdlovsk's name is restored to its pre-communist–era name Yekaterinburg. Two days later, Leningrad is renamed St. Petersburg.source
1991September 8 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Republic of Macedonia becomes independent, beginning a name dispute with Greece.source
1991October 13 – In the Bulgarian parliamentary election, the Union of Democratic Forces defeats the Bulgarian Socialist Party, leaving no remaining Communist governments in Eastern Europe.source
1991October 15 – The leaders of the Baltic States—Arnold Rüütel of Estonia, Anatolijs Gorbunovs of Latvia, and the Vytautas Landsbergis of Lithuania—sign the OSCE Final Act in Helsinki, Finland.source
1991October 15 – Clarence Thomas is confirmed as the new U.S. Supreme Court Justice following Thurgood Marshall's retirement.source
1991October 17 - The first ever presidential election is held in Armenia, the result was a victory for Levon Ter-Petrosyan.Armenia source
1991October 18 – The Soviet Union restores its diplomatic relations with Israel, which have been suspended since the 1967 Six-Day War.source
1991October 23 – In Paris, the Vietnam-backed government of the state of Cambodia signs an agreement with the Khmer Rouge to end the civil war and bring the Khmer Rouge into power despite its role in the Cambodian genocide. The deal ends the Cambodian–Vietnamese War and results in the creation of the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia.source
1991November 5 – China and Vietnam restore diplomatic relations after a 13-year rift which followed the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War.source
1991December 1 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukrainians vote overwhelmingly for independence from the Soviet Union in a referendum.source
19911 December – Presidential elections were held in the country.Burkina Faso source
1991December 8 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: In the Białowieża Forest Nature Reserve in Belarus, the leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine sign an agreement officially ending the Soviet Union and establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place.source
1991December 8 – In the Białowieża Forest Nature Reserve in Belarus, the leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine sign an agreement officially ending the Soviet Union and establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place.Ukraine source
1991December 12 – Ukraine becomes the first post-Soviet republic to decriminalize homosexuality.source
1991December 12 – The government of Nigeria moves the capital from Lagos to Abuja.source
1991December 21 — Alma-Ata Protocol signed by 11 of 15 former union republics except Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Georgia, declared USSR had effectively ceased to exist and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).source
1991The country switches to multiparty elections following the adoption of a new constitution by the parliament.Gabon source
1992January 6 – The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic is proclaimed by the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh.source
1992January 9 – Bosnian Serbs declare their own republic within Bosnia and Herzegovina, in protest at the decision by Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats to seek recognition by the European Communities.source
1992January 15 – The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia begins to break up; Slovenia and Croatia gain independence and international recognition in some Western countries.source
1992January 16 – El Salvador officials and rebel leaders sign the Chapultepec Peace Accords in Mexico City, ending the 12-year Salvadoran Civil War that claimed at least 75,000 lives.source
199228 January – The blue and yellow flag of Ukraine was officially restored by the Verkhovna Rada.Ukraine source
1992February 3 – South African State President F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela, African National Congress leader, are jointly awarded the Felix Houphouet-Boigny Peace Prize at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris.source
1992February 7 – The Maastricht Treaty is signed, founding the European Union.source
19922 March – Kazakhstan becomes a member of the United Nations.Kazakhstan source
1992April 5 – The Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina (without the presence of Serb political delegates) proclaims independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.source
1992April 6 – The Republic of Ilirida is proclaimed by Albanian Macedonian activists in Struga, Republic of Macedonia.source
1992April 7 – The United States recognizes the independence of Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The European Communities also recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina.source
1992April 7 - The United States and the European Community recognize the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina.Bosnia and Herzegovina source
19927 April – The government issues a proclamation for a referendum to be held.Eritrea source
1992April 9 – In the United Kingdom general election the Conservative Party led by Prime Minister of the United Kingdom John Major narrowly retains power.source
1992April 27 – Betty Boothroyd becomes the first woman elected Speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.source
1992April 28 – The two remaining constituent republics of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia – Serbia and Montenegro – form a new state, named the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (which in 2003 becomes Serbia and Montenegro), bringing to an end the official state union of Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Montenegrins, Bosniaks and Macedonians that has existed since 1918 (with the exception of a brief occupation period during World War II).source
1992May 13 – Falun Gong is introduced by Li Hongzhi in China.source
1992May 15 – The Collective Security Treaty Organization is established by six post-Soviet states belonging to the Commonwealth of Independent States (effective April 20, 1994).source
199224 May – Burkinabe parliamentary election, 1992Burkina Faso source
19928th - Jerry Rawlings Chairman of the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) accepts oaths to be sworn by government officials.Ghana source
1992June 18 – Ireland votes for the Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland to accept the Maastricht Treaty with a popular vote of over 69%.source
1992June 23 – The Israeli legislative election is won by the Israeli Labor Party under the leadership of Yitzhak Rabin, ousting a Likud government.source
1992July 19 – The Cabinet of Israel approves a freeze on new Israeli settlement in the occupied territories, a move expected to reinvigorate the Middle East Peace Process.source
1992July 31 – Georgia becomes the 179th member of the United Nations after seceding from the Soviet Union the previous year.source
1992August 24 – China and South Korea establish diplomatic relations.source
1992August 27 - abolition of the People's Republic of Angola and creation of the Republic of AngolaAngola source
1992October 4 – The government of Mozambique signs the Rome General Peace Accords with leaders of RENAMO, ending the 16-year-old Mozambican Civil War.source
1992October 25 – Lithuania holds a referendum on its first constitution after declaring independence from the Soviet Union in 1990.source
1992October 28 – Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein threatens to dissolve the Landtag of Liechtenstein and dismiss the government over disagreements regarding a referendum on Liechtenstein's accession to the European Economic Area.source
1992November 3 – In the 1992 United States presidential election, Democratic Arkansas governor Bill Clinton defeats Republican president George H. W. Bush and Independent Ross Perot.source
1992November 25 – In a national referendum related to abortion, voters in Ireland reject the proposed Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1992 but approve the Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland and the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland.source
1992December 21 – In Yugoslavia, President of Serbia Slobodan Milošević defeats Milan Panić in the Serbian presidential election.source
1992December 29 – Brazil's president Fernando Collor de Mello is found guilty on charges that he stole more than $32 million from the government, preventing him from holding any elected office for eight years. Collor resigns the presidency hours before the sentence to be passed by the Supreme Federal Court.source
1992The African Forum for Reconstruction was founded.Gabon source
1993January 1 – Czechoslovakia ceases to exist, as the Czech Republic and Slovakia separate in the Dissolution of Czechoslovakia.source
1993January 7 – The Fourth Republic of Ghana is inaugurated, with Jerry Rawlings as president.source
1993January 13 – The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is signed by President George H. W. Bush.source
1993January 20 – Bill Clinton and Al Gore are inaugurated as US President and Vice President.source
1993January 25 – Social Democrat Poul Nyrup Rasmussen succeeds Conservative Poul Schlüter as Prime Minister of Denmark.source
1993February 4 – Members of the right-wing Austrian Freedom Party of Austria split to form the Liberal Forum in protest against the increasing nationalistic bent of the party.source
1993February 7: the delimitation treaty between Senegal and Cape Verde was signedSenegal source
199323 February - The Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan is established by decree of Chairman Rahmon and February 23 is declared a national holiday.Tajikistan source
1993March 13 – 1993 Australian federal election: Paul Keating's Labor government is re-elected with an increased majority, defeating the Liberal/National Coalition led by John Hewson.source
1993March 27 – Following a rash of integrist murders (including those of foreigners), Algeria breaks diplomatic relations with Iran, accusing the country of interfering in its interior affairs.source
1993March 28 – 1993 French legislative election: Rally for the Republic (Gaullist party) wins a majority and Édouard Balladur becomes Prime Minister.source
199322nd - first nonpartisan district level elections held in 13 districts.Ghana source
1993April 8 – The Republic of Macedonia is admitted to the United Nations under a provisional reference "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia".source
199327 April – The country declared its independence from Ethiopia.Eritrea source
1993June 5 – The National Assembly of Venezuela designates Ramón José Velásquez as successor of suspended President Carlos Andrés Pérez.source
1993June 25 – Kim Campbell becomes the 19th, and first female, Prime Minister of Canada.source
1993August 4 - The Arusha Accords are signed between President Juvénal Habyarimana and leaders of the RPF in Arusha, Tanzania, ending the Rwandan Civil War.Rwanda source
199320 August – The first agreement in the Oslo Accords is signed in Oslo, between by Foreign Minister Shimon Peres for Israel, Mahmoud Abbas for the Palestine Liberation Organization and Secretary of State Warren Christopher for the United States.Palestine source
199327 August – The Party for Democracy and Rally was founded by Daouda Bayili of the African Independence Party.Burkina Faso source
1993August 28 – Ong Teng Cheong becomes the first President of Singapore elected by the population.source
19933 September – The Massandra Accords were signed between Ukraine and the Russian Federation as result of negotiations that took place in the Massandra Palace at Yalta.Ukraine source
1993September 13 – Oslo I Accord: Following initially secret talks from earlier in the year, PLO leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin shake hands in Washington, D.C. after signing a peace accord.source
1993September 19 – 1993 Polish parliamentary election: A coalition of the Democratic Left Alliance and the Polish People's Party led by Waldemar Pawlak comes into power.source
1993October 25 – 1993 Canadian federal election: Jean Chrétien and his Liberal Party defeat the governing Progressive Conservative Party, which falls to a historic low of two seats.source
1993November 1 – The Maastricht Treaty takes effect, formally establishing the European Union.source
1993November 4 – Jean Chrétien becomes the 20th Prime Minister of Canada.source
1993December 5 – Rafael Caldera Rodríguez is elected President of Venezuela for the second time, succeeding interim president Ramón José Velásquez.source
1993December 5 – Omar Bongo is re-elected as President of Gabon in the country's first multiparty elections.source
19935 December – Omar Bongo wins the country's presidential election.Gabon source
1993December 13 – Former Prime Minister of Canada Kim Campbell resigns as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party and is succeeded as leader by Jean Charest.source
1993December 13 – The Majilis of Kazakhstan approves the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and agrees to dismantle the more than 100 missiles left on its territory by the fall of the USSR.source
1993December 17 – Brazil's Supreme Court rules that former President Fernando Collor de Mello may not hold elected office again until 2000 due to political corruption.source
1993December 30 – Representatives of Israel and the Holy See sign the Fundamental Agreement Between the Holy See and the State of Israel, preparing for the establishment of diplomatic relations.source
1994January 14 – U.S. president Bill Clinton and Russian president Boris Yeltsin sign the Kremlin accords, which stop the preprogrammed aiming of nuclear missiles toward each country's targets, and also provide for the dismantling of the nuclear arsenal in Ukraine.source
1994February 9 – The Vance–Owen peace plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina is announced.source
1994February – The People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) was founded.Eritrea source
1994March 6 – A referendum in Moldova results in the electorate voting against possible reunification with Romania.source
1994March 27 – TV tycoon Silvio Berlusconi's right-wing coalition wins the Italian general election.source
1994April 2 – The National Convention of New Sudan of the SPLA/M opens in Chukudum.source
1994April 27 – South Africa holds its first fully multiracial elections, marking the final end of the last vestiges of apartheid. Nelson Mandela wins the elections and is sworn in as the first democratically elected president the following month.source
1994May 5 – The Bishkek Protocol between Armenia and Azerbaijan is signed in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, effectively freezing the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.source
1994May 10 – Nelson Mandela is inaugurated as South Africa's first black president.source
1994June 15 – Israel and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations.source
1994June 19 – Ernesto Samper is elected President of Colombia.source
1994June 30 – The Liberal Democratic Party in Japan regains power after spending 11 months in opposition, in coalition with the Japan Socialist Party.source
1994July 4 – The Hutu government is finally defeated by the Rwandan Patriotic Front, thus ending the genocide.Rwanda source
1994July 18 – Rwandan Patriotic Front troops capture Gisenyi, forcing the interim government into Zaire and ending the Rwandan genocide.source
1994July 25 – Israel and Jordan sign the Washington Declaration as a preliminary to signature on October 25 of the Israel–Jordan peace treaty, which formally ends the state of war that has existed between the nations since 1948.source
199416 August – 1994 Sri Lankan parliamentary election: The People's Alliance led by Chandrika Kumaratunga wins 105 seats, thus making it the largest party in the Parliament and bringing a decisive end to 17 years of United National Party rule.Sri Lanka source
1994Emmanuel Aboki Essien, representing the Grand Lodge of Ghana becomes the first black and African Imperial Grand President of the Orange Order.Ghana source
1994October 1 – Palau gains independence from the United Nations Trusteeship Council.source
1994October 1 – In Slovakia, populist leader Vladimír Mečiar wins the general election.source
1994October 1994: Signing of the Agreed Framework between North Korea and the United States;North Korea source
1994November 8 – "Republican Revolution": Georgia Representative Newt Gingrich leads the United States Republican Party in taking control of both the House of Representatives and the Senate in midterm congressional elections, the first time in 40 years the Republicans secure control of both houses of Congress. George W. Bush is elected Governor of Texas.source
199410 November – Iraq recognizes the Sovereignty of Kuwait and accepts its UN recognized borders in a bid to have the sanctions lifted.Iraq source
1994November 13 – Voters in Sweden decide to join the European Union in a referendum.source
1994November 15 – 1994 Nepalese general election The CPN (UML) is elected with a minority government, becoming the first democratically elected Communist party in Asia.source
1994November 20 – The Angolan government and UNITA rebels sign the Lusaka Protocol.source
1994November 28 – Voters in Norway decide not to join the European Union in a referendum.source
1994December 1 – Ernesto Zedillo takes office as President of Mexico.source
1994December 2 – The Australian government agrees to pay reparations to indigenous Australians who were displaced during the nuclear tests at Maralinga in the 1950s and 1960s.source
1994December 3 – Taiwan holds its first full local elections: James Soong is elected as the first and only directly elected Governor of Taiwan; Chen Shui-bian becomes the first direct elected Mayor of Taipei; Wu Den-yih becomes the first directly elected Mayor of Kaohsiung.source
19945 December – The Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances was signed at the OSCE conference in Budapest, Hungary.Ukraine source
1994December 19 – Civil unions between same-sex couples are legalized in Sweden.source
19944 & 5 December – General elections were held in the country.Namibia source
1995January 1 – Austria, Finland and Sweden join the European Union.source
1995February 25 – The Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO) (Organización del Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica [OTCA]) is formed.source
1995March 1 – Julio María Sanguinetti is sworn in as President of Uruguay for his second term.source
1995March 1 – Polish Prime Minister Waldemar Pawlak resigns from Parliament and is replaced by ex-communist Józef Oleksy.source
1995March 10 – Konstantinos Stephanopoulos was sworn in as President in the Hellenic Parliament and succeeding Konstantinos Karamanlis.Greece source
1995May 7 – Jacques Chirac is elected president of France.source
1995May 11 – More than 170 countries agree to extend the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty indefinitely and without conditions.source
1995May 14 – The Dalai Lama proclaims 6-year-old Gedhun Choekyi Nyima as the 11th reincarnation of the Panchen Lama, but 3 days later the boy is detained by Chinese authorities and not seen again.source
1995May 20 – English football team Everton win the FA Cup, beating reigning champions Manchester United with a score of 1 – 0. A goal at 30 minutes by Paul Rideout secured the win for Everton their first major trophy in 8 years and also constituted their last title ever since.source
1995July 4 – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom John Major is re-elected as leader of the Conservative Party, ending an internal challenge to his position.source
1995July 11 – President Clinton announces the restoration of United States–Vietnam relations twenty years after the Vietnam War.source
199523 July – A constitutional referendum was held in the country.Gabon source
199517 September - 1995 Hong Kong legislative election is held.Hong Kong source
199528 September – The Oslo II Accord is officially signed at a public ceremony in Washington, DC by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestinian President Yasser Arafat and witnessed by US President Bill Clinton, which includes provision for the transfer of control of Bethlehem, Jenin, Nablus, Qalqilya, Ramallah, Tulkarm and some 450 villages to the Palestinian Authority.Palestine source
1995September – The European Parliament elects the first European Ombudsman, Jacob Söderman, who takes up office this month.source
1995October 5 – Tansu Çiller of DYP forms the new government of Turkey (51st government), a minority government which lasts for less than a month.source
199515 October – The first Iraqi presidential referendum is held, asking Iraqis to vote on their approval of the government.Iraq source
1995October 30 – Tansu Çiller of DYP forms the new government (52nd government) of Turkey.source
1995October 30 – Quebec independentists narrowly lose a referendum for a mandate to negotiate independence from Canada.source
199512 November - Adoption of Constitution of AzerbaijanAzerbaijan source
1995November 21 – The Dayton Agreement to end the Bosnian War is reached at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio, United States (signed December 14).source
1995November 28 – Twenty-seven nations sign the Barcelona Treaty, creating the Union for the Mediterranean.source
1995November – The Indian government officially renames the city of Bombay, restoring the name Mumbai.source
1995December 14 – The Dayton Agreement is signed in Paris, officially ending the Bosnian War.source
19957th - Presidential and parliamentary elections held.Ghana source
1995Mekong River Commission created with Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand as the membersLaos source
1996February 5 – The Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP) was founded.Burkina Faso source
1996March 2 – 1996 Australian federal election: The Liberal/National Coalition led by John Howard defeats the Labor government led by Prime Minister Paul Keating. Howard was sworn in on March 11.source
1996March 3 – José María Aznar, leader of the Popular Party, is elected as Prime Minister of Spain, replacing Felipe González.source
1996March 6 – Mesut Yılmaz of ANAP forms the new government of Turkey (53rd government).source
1996March 22 – Sweden's Finance Minister Göran Persson becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden.source
1996April 9 – In a common statement, the European Union officially recognises the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.source
1996April 21 – A general election in Italy proclaims a new center-left government headed by Romano Prodi, replacing Silvio Berlusconi.source
1996April 24 – At the urging of Yasser Arafat, the Palestine Liberation Organization drops its clause in Palestinian National Covenant calling for the removal of Israel (→ Legitimacy of the State of Israel). The Israeli government responds by dropping a similar clause concerning the existence of Palestine.source
1996April 26 – Shanghai Five group, predecessor of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, is created with the signing of the Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in Border Regions in Shanghai by the heads of states of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan.source
1996May 9 – South Africa's National Party pulls out of the coalition government formed two years earlier, and the African National Congress assumes full political control.source
199626 May – Democratic Rally won 20 of the 56 seats in the parliament following parliamentary elections. Voter turnout was 92.9%.Cyprus source
1996May 28 – Albania's general election of May 26 is declared unfair by international monitors, and the ruling Democratic Party under President Muhannad Ibrahim is charged by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe with rigging the elections. Several hundred protestors gather in Tirana to demonstrate against the election result.source
1996May 30 – The Likud Party, led by Benjamin Netanyahu, wins a narrow victory in the Israeli general election.source
1996June 1–3 – The Czech Republic's first general election ends inconclusively. Prime Minister Václav Klaus and his incumbent Civic Democratic Party emerge as the winners, but are unable to form a majority government. President Václav Havel refuses to invite Klaus to form a coalition.source
1996June 28 – A new government is formed in Turkey, with Necmettin Erbakan of Refah Partisi becoming Prime Minister of the coalition government, and Deputy/Foreign Minister Tansu Çiller of the True Path Party succeeding him after two years.source
1996June 30 – Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadžić relinquishes power to his deputy, Biljana Plavšić.source
1996June 30 – Costas Simitis is elected president of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement of Greece.source
1996July 3 – Boris Yeltsin is re-elected as President of Russia after the second round of elections.source
1996July 19 – Bosnian Serb President Radovan Karadžić resigns from public office in Republika Srpska after being indicted for war crimes.source
1996The Indian government officially renames the city of Madras, restoring the name Chennai.source
1996September 13 – Alija Izetbegović is elected President of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the country's first election since the Bosnian War.source
1996September 14 – 1996 Bosnian general election took place.Bosnia and Herzegovina source
1996September 22 – The Panhellenic Socialist Movement under the leadership of Costas Simitis succeeds in the 1996 Greek legislative election.source
1996September 22: Levon Ter-Petrosyan wins the presidential elections in Armenia.Armenia source
1996September 24 – U.S. president Bill Clinton signs the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty at the United Nations.source
1996October 4 – In Almaty, Kazakhstan, Russia and four other Central Asian countries adopted a declaration expressing concern regarding the conflict in Afghanistan, assessing it as a direct threat to the Commonwealth of Independent States.Afghanistan source
1996November 5 – 1996 United States presidential election: Incumbent Democratic President Bill Clinton defeats his Republican challenger, Bob Dole and Reform Party candidate Ross Perot.source
1996November 18 – 1996 Zambian general election: Frederick Chiluba is re-elected President.Zambia source
1996December 11 – Tung Chee-hwa is appointed to become the new leader of Hong Kong after it reverts to Chinese rule on July 1, 1997, at the end of a 99-year lease to the United Kingdom.source
1996December 29 – Guatemala and the leaders of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity sign a peace accord that ends the 36-year Guatemalan Civil War.source
19967th - Presidential and parliamentary elections held.Ghana source
199615 & 29 December – Parliamentary elections were held in the country.Gabon source
19977 January - John Atta Mills is sworn in as Vice President of Ghana.Ghana source
1997January 19 – Yasser Arafat returns to Hebron after more than 30 years, and joins celebrations over the handover of the last Israeli-controlled West Bank city. (→ Hebron Agreement)source
1997January 23 – Madeleine Albright becomes the first female Secretary of State of the United States, after confirmation by the United States Senate.source
1997February 2 – 1997 Liechtenstein general election: The Patriotic Union remains the largest party and wins a majority of 13 seats in the Landtag.source
1997March 21 – In Zaire, Étienne Tshisekedi is appointed prime minister; he ejects supporters of Mobutu Sese Seko from his cabinet.source
1997April 29 – The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), CWC treaty enters into force.source
1997May 1 – Tony Blair becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, as the Labour Party wins the 1997 United Kingdom general election and returns to government for the first time in 18 years.source
199711 May: Burkinabe parliamentary election, 1997Burkina Faso source
1997May 16 – First Congo War ends when president Mobutu Sese Seko is exiled from Zaire.source
1997May 23 – Mohammad Khatami wins the 1997 Iranian presidential election and becomes the first Iranian Reformist president.source
199728 May – The Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet was signed between Russia and Ukraine.Ukraine source
199729 May – Legislative electionsIndonesia source
1997June 1 – Socialist Party-led Centre-left coalition won the second-round in 1997 French legislative elections, began with the third Cohabitation (1997–2002).source
1997June 5 – Algerian legislative elections, 1997Algeria source
1997June 11 – In the United Kingdom, the House of Commons votes for a total ban on handguns.source
1997June 26 – Bertie Ahern is appointed as the 10th Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland and Mary Harney is appointed as the 16th, and first female, Tánaiste, after their parties, Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats respectively, win the 1997 General Election.source
1997July 1 – The United Kingdom hands sovereignty of the British colony in Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China.source
1997July 8 – NATO invites the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland to join the alliance in 1999.source
1997July 9–12: President Glafcos Clerides and his Turkish counterpart Rauf Denktaş held face-to-face talks with each other under U.N. auspices at Troutbeck, New York.Cyprus source
1997July 25 – K. R. Narayanan is sworn in as India's 10th president and the first member of the Dalit caste to hold this office.source
1997August 3–11 – Two of the three islands of the Union of the Comoros – Anjouan and Mohéli – attempt to revert to colonial rule by France. The plan fails when the French government of President Jacques Chirac refuses to recolonize them, resulting in the two islands being reintegrated into the Comoros over the next two years.source
1997August 26 – The Independent International Commission on Decommissioning is set up in Northern Ireland, as part of a peace process.source
1997September 11 – Scotland votes in favour of a devolved Parliament, forming the Scottish Parliament less than two years later.source
1997September 15 – The Norwegian parliamentary election is held in Norway.source
1997September 18 – Wales votes in favour of devolution and the formation of a National Assembly for Wales.source
1997November 12 – Mary McAleese is elected the eighth President of Ireland in succession to Mary Robinson, the first time in the world that one woman has succeeded another as elected head of state.source
1997December 3 – In Ottawa (Canada) representatives from 121 countries sign a treaty prohibiting the manufacture and deployment of anti-personnel land mines. However, the United States, the People's Republic of China, Russia, South Korea and 32 other nations do not ratify the treaty.source
1997December 10 – The capital of Kazakhstan is moved from Almaty to Astana.source
1997December 11 – The Kyoto Protocol is adopted by a United Nations committee.source
1997December 19 – Janet Jagan (widow of Cheddi Jagan) takes office in Guyana.source
1997December 25 - Hussein Mohamed Aidid and Former President Ali Mahdi Mohamed sign a power sharing pact to discuss forming Somalia's first central government for six years in the next two months.Somalia source
1997A revised version of the Constitution of Eritrea was introduced to the National Assembly.Eritrea source
199829 January – 1998 Sri Lankan local elections: Local government elections are held in Sri Lanka for 17 local authorities in the Jaffna Peninsula, in the north of the country.Sri Lanka source
1998February 20 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraqi President Saddam Hussein negotiates a deal with U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan, allowing weapons inspectors to return to Baghdad, preventing military action by the United States and United Kingdom.source
1998March 11 – 1998 Danish general election: Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen is re-elected.source
1998March 21 – The European Union announces an arms embargo against Serbia and Montenegro.source
1998March 29 – 1998 Ukrainian parliamentary electionUkraine source
1998March 30 – Hungary begins European Union accession talks.source
1998March 31 – Quett Masire voluntarily steps down as President of Botswana after 18 years in office.source
1998April 10 – Good Friday Agreement: An hour after the end of the talks deadline, the Belfast Agreement is signed between the Irish and British governments and most Northern Ireland political parties, with the notable exception of the Democratic Unionist Party. This would mostly put an end to the conflict known as The Troubles.source
1998May 21 – Suharto (elected 1967) resigns after 31 years as President of Indonesia, effectively ending the New Order period. It is his 7th consecutive re-election by the Indonesian Parliament (MPR). Suharto's hand-picked Vice President, B. J. Habibie, becomes Indonesia's third president.source
199821 May – Fall of Suharto: Suharto resigns as president.Indonesia source
1998June 18 - President of the Republic Arpad Göncz asks Viktor Orban to form the new Government.Hungary source
1998June 30 – Philippine Vice President Joseph Estrada is sworn in as the 13th President of the Philippines.source
1998July 17 – Rome Statute: at a conference in Rome, 120 countries vote to create a permanent International Criminal Court to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.source
1998August 1 – Puntland State leaders in Somalia declare the territory an autonomous state; the capital is the city of Garoowe in the Nugal region.source
199829 September – The Kurdish civil war officially ends with the signing of the Washington agreement.Iraq source
1998October 1 – Europol is established when the Europol Convention signed by all of its member states comes into force.source
1998October 3 – 1998 Australian federal election: John Howard's Liberal/National Coalition government is re-elected with a substantially reduced majority, defeating the Labor Party led by Kim Beazley.source
1998October 13 - Rebels say they have taken the government stronghold of Kindu.Democratic Republic of the Congo source
1998October 20 – Boris Yeltsin announces he will not seek reelection in 2000.source
1998December 1 – Ireland formally relinquishes its territorial claim over Northern Ireland and recognizes the United Kingdom's sovereignty there.source
1998December 6 – Hugo Chávez, politician and former officer of the Venezuelan army, is elected President of Venezuela.source
19986 December – Presidential elections were held in the country.Gabon source
1998December 19 – The U.S. House of Representatives forwards articles of impeachment against President Clinton to the Senate, making him the second president to be impeached in U.S. history.source
1998December 19 – Lewinsky scandal: President Bill Clinton is impeached by the United States House of Representatives. (He was later acquitted.)United States source
1998The UN and the Taliban movement sign an agreement paving the way for the return of UN international staff to Afghanistan.Afghanistan source
1999January 1: Fernando Henrique Cardoso begins his second term as president of Brazil.Brazil source
1999January 1 - ECOMOG succeeds in the battle with rebels in Port Loko.Sierra Leone source
1999January 10 – Nursultan Nazarbayev was sworn in for another term following a victory in the presidential election.Kazakhstan source
199929 January – United Nations Security Council resolution 1226 was adopted unanimously and strongly urged the country to accept an agreement proposed by the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) to resolve the conflict between the country and Ethiopia.Eritrea source
1999February 10 — Former Head of State, Olusegun Obasanjo wins the presidential election.Nigeria source
1999March 12 – Former Warsaw Pact members Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic join NATO.source
1999April 1 – Nunavut, an Inuit homeland, is created from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories to become Canada's third territory.source
19997 April – President Spyros Kyprianou flew to Belgrade to help with the negotiations for the release of the three American soldiers detained by Serbia.Cyprus source
1999April 26 – Sultan Salahuddin of Selangor becomes the 11th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.source
1999April 30 – Cambodia joins the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), bringing the total members to 10.source
1999May 12 – David Steel becomes the first Presiding Officer (Speaker) of the modern Scottish Parliament.source
1999May 13 – Carlo Azeglio Ciampi is elected President of Italy.source
1999May 17 – Ehud Barak is elected prime minister of Israel.source
1999May 23 - A nationwide constitutional referendum; Local elections take place.Moldova source
1999May 29 – Nigeria terminates military rule, and the Fourth Nigerian Republic is established with Olusegun Obasanjo as president.source
1999May – General elections were held from 3 to 17 May.Nepal source
1999June 9 – Kosovo War: Yugoslavia and NATO sign a peace treaty to end their hostilities.source
1999June 16 – Thabo Mbeki is inaugurated as the second president of South Africa, marking the first peaceful transfer of executive power in the country's post-democratization history.source
1999July 23 – Mohammed VI of Morocco becomes king upon the death of his father Hassan II.source
1999September 12 – Under international pressure to allow an international peacekeeping force, Indonesian president BJ Habibie announces that he will do so.source
1999September 14 – Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga join the United Nations.source
199931 October – The first round of presidential elections were held in the country, with a second round held on 14 November. The result was a victory for Leonid Kuchma, who defeated Petro Symonenko in the run-off.Ukraine source
1999November 6 – Australians defeat a referendum proposing the replacement of the Queen and the Governor General with a President to make Australia a republic.source
1999November 23 – The National Assembly of Kuwait revokes a 1985 law that granted women's suffrage.source
1999November 27 – The centre-left Labour Party takes control of the New Zealand Government, with leader Helen Clark becoming the second female Prime Minister in New Zealand's history.source
1999December 20 – Handover of Macau: the Portuguese Republic transfers administration of Macau to the People's Republic of China after 442 years of Portuguese rule in the settlement.source
1999December 31 – With the Torrijos–Carter Treaties being put into effect on this day, Panama gains full control of the Canal.source
1999December 31 – Boris Yeltsin resigns as President of Russia, leaving Prime Minister Vladimir Putin as the acting president until a new election can be held.source