1513 CE

Italian Wars: Battle of Novara – Swiss mercenaries supporting the Milanese defeat the French under Louis II de la Trémoille, forcing the French to abandon the Duchy of Milan and Italy. Battle of Dubica (part of the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War): Croatian troops under Petar Berislavić, Ban (Viceroy) of Croatia, defeat an Ottoman army under Sanjak-bey Junuz-aga. Battle of the Spurs (or Battle of Guinegate, part of the War of the League of Cambrai): English and allied troops under Henry VIII defeat French cavalry under Marshal La Palice.

In the 1510s, the 16th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

March 23 – At Blois, king Louis XII concludes a new alliance with the Republic of Venice, while the doge Leonardo Loredan ratifies the same Franco-Venetian treaty on April 12.source
June 20 – Ottaviano Fregoso becomes the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa, replacing Giano II di Campofregoso.source
October 17 – At Edirne, the Ottoman sultan Selim II confirms the renewal of peace treaties with Venice, under terms that are accepted by the Venetian government on December 3.source
November – Gazapati, becomes the new King of Burma as his father, King Raza, abdicates the throne at the capital of Arakan, Mrauk U.source
December 17 – The Canton of Appenzell becomes a member of the Swiss Confederacy.source
December – Louis attempts to make peace with Spain by offering King Ferdinand the hand of his daughter Renée for one of his grandsons along with renouncing his claims on Naples. The proposal is never accepted.source
William Rokeby, Primate of Ireland appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland.Ireland source

Conflict & Security

March 15 – In the Taino Rebellion on the island of Puerto Rico, Spanish conquistador Diego Guilarte de Salazar attacks the Taino towns of Yauco and Coxiguex.source
March 26 – On Easter Sunday, Afonso de Albuquerque, Governor of Portuguese India, makes an unsuccessful attempt to capture the port city of Aden, on the Arabian Peninsula, from the Mamluk Sultanate, using 20 ships and 2,500 soldiers. The 1,700 Portuguese, along with 800 mercenaries from Malabar, lose at least 100 killed during the attack and retreat.source
May 25 – Giano II di Campofregoso resigns as Doge of the Republic of Genoa as plots by two opposing families restore the influence of France. Campogregoso leaves the city on a ship to serve the Republic of Venice in its war against the Duchy of Milan.source
June 6 – Italian Wars: Battle of Novara – Swiss mercenaries supporting the Milanese defeat the French under Louis II de la Trémoille, forcing the French to abandon the Duchy of Milan and Italy.source
6 June - The French suffer defeat at the Battle of Novara during the War of the League of Cambrai.France source
August 5 – A force of 7,000 Scottish border troops, commanded by Lord Home, invades England and begins the destruction and pillaging of villages in Northumberland.source
August 16 – Battle of Dubica (part of the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War): Croatian troops under Petar Berislavić, Ban (Viceroy) of Croatia, defeat an Ottoman army under Sanjak-bey Junuz-aga.source
August 16 – Battle of the Spurs (or Battle of Guinegate, part of the War of the League of Cambrai): English and allied troops under Henry VIII defeat French cavalry under Marshal La Palice.source
16 August -Henry VIII of England defeated the French at the Battle of the Spurs.France source
August 23 – Thérouanne in the north of France is given to Henry VIII of England after a treaty is concluded in the aftermath of the Battle of the Spurs.source
September 9 – Battle of Flodden: King James IV of Scotland is defeated and killed by an English army under Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey. James's infant son, the Duke of Rothesay, becomes James V, King of Scots. At least 5,000 Scots and 1,500 English troops are killed.source
October 7 – Battle of La Motta (War of the League of Cambrai): Spanish and imperial troops under Ramón de Cardona decisively defeat those of the Republic of Venice under Bartolomeo d'Alviano in Schio.source
Leo Africanus visits Timbuktu, second city of the Songhai Empire.source
Bakht Mal becomes king of Nurpur, succeeding Bhil Pal on the latter's death (reigns until 1557 or 1558)India source
Late – Irish chiefs ravage part of The Pale.Ireland source

Exploration & Expansion

March 27 – Juan Ponce de León becomes the first European definitely known to sight Florida, mistaking it for another island.source
April 2 – Juan Ponce de León and his expedition become the first Europeans known to visit Florida, landing somewhere on the east coast. One of the expedition, Juan Garrido, becomes the first African known to visit North America.source
May – Portuguese explorer Jorge Álvares and his crew land on Lintin Island, in the Pearl River estuary, near Guangzhou, becoming the first Europeans to arrive in China by sea.source
July 25 – Scotland's Earl of Arran departs from the Firth of Forth with 22 ships on a plan to join France in cutting off England's communications with the rest of Europe.source
September 25 – Vasco Núñez de Balboa first sees what will become known as the Pacific Ocean from the Isthimus of Darién. This moment is later referenced in a poem by John Keats called "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer" with the line "silent upon a peak in Darién" although he mistakenly references Hernán Cortés as the one who saw the Pacific from Darién.source
Unknown - Louis XII commissions the Tour Royale in ToulonFrance source

Religion & Belief

February 18 – Pope Julius II issues the papal bull Exigit contumaciam, declaring queen Catherine of Navarre and king John III of Navarre to be heretics for their refusal to participate with other Roman Catholic nations in the anti-French Holy League of 1511.source
March 4 – The conclave of the Roman Catholic Cardinals begins at the Niccoline Chapel in the Apostolic Palace in Rome, with 25 of the 31 Cardinals participating. In the first round of balloting, none of the Cardinals receives the required 17 votes necessary for a three-fourth's majority, though Cardinal Jaime Serra I Cau of Spain, Bishop of Albano, receives 13.source
March 9 – Cardinal Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, the Apostolic Administrator of Amalfi but not ordained as a priest, is selected to succeed the late Pope Julius II as the 217th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. After two days, the selection is announced to the public and Medici takes the name of Pope Leo X, despite a strong challenge by Italian cardinal Raffaele Riario and his group of seniors, or cardinals that were elected by Sixtus IV and Innocent VIII, who are opposed to the relatively newer juniors that includes Medici.source
June 28 – Pope Leo X sends a letter to Scotland's King James IV, threatening him with ecclesiastical censure or excommunication for breaking his peace treaties with England.source
September 9 – Johann Reuchlin is summoned for an inquisition trial, initiated by Jacob van Hoogstraaten. The verdict of the trial is never revealed, as when it is about to be announced on October 12, the archbishop of Mainz orders the court to go into recess on threat of resigning the court, and the trial never continues. Eventually, in March 1514, an ecclesiastical court presided over by George, Bishop of Speyer clears Reuchlin of any charges and orders Hoogstraten to pay the cost of 111 guldens, although this is overturned by Leo X in a papal decision in 1520.source
September 19 – Upon confirming that King James IV of Scotland has been killed in battle, the 35 Lords of Council of the Realm meet at Stirling Castle and agree to rule Scotland in the name of James's widow, Margaret Tudor, and his son, the infant James V.source
September – The dispute between Johann Reuchlin and Johannes Pfefferkorn concerning the Talmud and other Jewish books, is referred to Pope Leo X.source
November 5 – Pope Leo X issues the decree Dum suavissimos, reviving Sapienza University of Rome.source
December 17 – Louis XII makes peace with the Papal States by issuing a decree disavowing the Council of Pisa and promising his future adherence to the Lateran Council.source
c. September – Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare becomes Earl, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and Lord Justice following the death of his father Gearóid Mór FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare.Ireland source

Technology & Infrastructure

Jain temples are built at Achalgarh FortIndia source
Construction of Jama Masjid, Champaner beginsIndia source

Science & Discovery

Paracelsus begins studying at Ferrara University.source

Health & Medicine

January 20 – Spanish conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa writes a letter to King Ferdinand II of Aragon advocating genocide against the native peoples of the Caribbean islands, and begins the killing of hundreds of residents of Caribbean villages.source

Crime & Justice

Kilberry castle is destroyed by an English pirate.Scotland source

Climate & Environment

September 30 – A major rock avalanche occurs in the Southern side of the Swiss Alps at Monte Crenone, which destroys the village of Biasca, floods Bellinzona, and forms a lake of 390 m.a.s.l.source

Culture & Society

July 22 – Christian II becomes King of Denmark-Norway.source
21 September – James V is crowned in the Chapel Royal at Stirling Castle.Scotland source
October 21 – The coronation of James V, 17 months old, as King of Scotland takes place in the Chapel Royal at Stirling Castle.source
Niccolò Machiavelli is suspected of trying to overthrow the House of Medici and is arrested and tortured. He is soon after released and moves to his farm in San Casciano, and writes The Prince.source

Births

February 14 – Domenico Ferrabosco, Italian composer (died 1573)source
March 15 – Hedwig Jagiellon, Electress of Brandenburg (died 1573)source
April 22 – Tachibana Dōsetsu, Japanese Daimyō (died 1585)source
June 10 – Louis, Duke of Montpensier (1561–1582) (died 1582)source
August 3 – John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Küstrin (died 1571)source
September 23 – Hans Buser, Swiss noble (died 1544)source
September 24 – Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (died 1535)source
October 30 – Jacques Amyot, French writer (died 1593)source
October 30 - Jacques Amyot, French bishop and writer (d.1593)France source
December 3 – Lorenzo Strozzi, Italian Catholic cardinal (died 1571)source
December 23 – Thomas Smith, English scholar and diplomat (died 1577)source
George Cassander, Flemish theologian (died 1566)source
Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare (died 1537)source
Michael Baius, Belgian theologian (died 1589)source
Elisabeth Plainacher, Austrian alleged witch (died 1583)source
Jiva Goswami, writer of philosophical works on the theology and practice of Bhakti yoga, Vaishnava Vedanta and associated disciplines is born in Ramakeli in the district of Maldah, West Bengal (dies 1596 or 1598)India source
unknown date – Archibald Douglas of Glenbervie, nobleman (died 1570)Scotland source

Deaths

January 20 – Helena of Moscow, Grand Duchess consort of Lithuania and queen consort of Poland (born 1476)source
January – Hans Folz, German author (born c. 1437)source
February 20 – Hans, King of Denmark (also king of Norway and former king of Sweden) (born 1455)source
February 21 – Pope Julius II (born 1443)source
March 10 – John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, English general (born 1443)source
April 24 – Şehzade Ahmet, oldest son of Sultan Bayezid II (executed) (born 1465)source
April 30 – Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, Duke of Suffolk (born 1471)source
August 3 – Ernst II of Saxony, Archbishop of Magdeburg (1476–1513) and Administrator of Halberstadt (born 1464)source
September 9 – Alexander Lauder of Blyth, Scottish politician — killed at the Battle of Floddensource
September 9 – William Graham, 1st Earl of Montrose, Scottish politician (born 1464) — killed at the Battle of Floddensource
September 9 – Alexander Stewart, Scottish archbishop (born 1493) — killed at the Battle of Floddensource
September 9 – James IV of Scotland (born 1473) — killed at the Battle of Floddensource
September 9 – George Douglas, Master of Angus (born 1469) — killed at the Battle of Floddensource
9 September – James IV of Scotland, monarch, killed at Battle of Flodden (born 1473)Scotland source
9 September – Battle of Flodden in Northumberland: heavy defeat of the Scottish army by the English; King James IV and many nobles are killed in battle.Scotland source
October 27 – George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros, English noblemansource
Bhil Pal, king of Nurpur (born 1473)India source
c. September – Gearóid Mór FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, peer and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.Ireland source