1519 CE

The Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his conquistadores depart from Cuba toward the island of Cozumel in Mexico to begin a mission of conquest. King Charles of Spain issues a royal order prohibiting navigator Rui Faleiro from participating in the Magellan expedition, after Portugal's ambassador to Spain reports that Faleiro is suffering from a nervous breakdown. Hernán Cortés and his men, accompanied by 3,000 Tlaxcalans, enter Cholula.

In the 1510s, the 16th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • February 18 – Because of the large population of Jews included converts to Christianity ("New Christians") in the colony of Portuguese India at Goa, King Manuel I of Portugal announces that there will be no further appointment of New Christians to government offices, but affirms that those already in office are not to be dismissedsource
  • August 15 – Panama City is founded by Spanish conquistador Pedro Arias Dávila.source

Conflict & Security

  • July 10 – The Prince of Ning rebellion begins, after Zhu Chenhao declares the Ming dynasty's Zhengde Emperor a usurper, and leads his army north in an attempt to capture Nanjing.source
  • August 20 – Ming Dynasty Chinese philosopher and general Wang Yangming, governor of Jiangxi, defeats Zhu Chenhao, ending the Prince of Ning rebellion. Wang has expressed the intention of using fo–lang–ji cannons in suppressing the rebellion, probably the earliest reference in China to the breech-loading Frankish culverin.source
  • October 12 – Hernán Cortés and his men, accompanied by 3,000 Tlaxcalans, enter Cholula.source
  • November 8 – Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire, and appears at the court of Aztec ruler Moctezuma II.source
  • December 11 – At Toruń, the members of the Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland vote to approve a war against the Teutonic Knights and to assess new taxes to recruit mercenary troops.source
  • The Mexican Indian Wars begin.source
  • The first civil revolt in Anatolia takes place, led by Alevi preacher Celâl.source
  • Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah become ruler of the Sultanate of Bengal following his father's (Alauddin Husain Shah) deathIndiasource

Exploration & Expansion

  • February 10 – The Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his conquistadores depart from Cuba toward the island of Cozumel in Mexico to begin a mission of conquest.source
  • April 21 (Maundy Thursday) – Hernán Cortés reaches San Juan de Ulúa, and sets foot the next day (Good Friday) on the beach of modern-day Veracruz.source
  • July 26 – King Charles of Spain issues a royal order prohibiting navigator Rui Faleiro from participating in the Magellan expedition, after Portugal's ambassador to Spain reports that Faleiro is suffering from a nervous breakdown.source
  • August 10 – The Magellan expedition departs from Seville in Spain.source
  • September 20 – Ferdinand Magellan departs from Spain with a fleet of five ships and a crew of 270 men, to sail westbound to the Spice Islands.source
  • December 6 – The Magellan expedition reaches the South American coast.source
  • Spanish conquistador and founder of Panama City, Gaspar de Espinosa, sails up the Pacific coast from Panama to Nicaragua, landing at the Gulf of Nicoya.source
  • Havana moves from the southern to the northern part of Cuba.source

Religion & Belief

  • January 1 – Ulrich Zwingli preaches for the first time, as people's priest of the Great Minister in Zurich.source
  • May 4 – Giulio de' Medici, who will later become Pope Clement VII becomes the Duke of the Florentine Republic upon the death of his father, Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino.source
  • July 4 – Martin Luther joins the debate regarding papal authority, against Johann Eck at Leipzig.source
  • King Francis I loses the empirical election for the Holy Roman Emperor title to Charles V.Francesource

Science & Discovery

  • March 4 – Hernán Cortés and his conquistadores land in Mexico.source

Health & Medicine

  • Central Mexico Amerindians' population reaches 25.3 million.source
  • A large pandemic spreads from the Greater Antilles into Central America, and perhaps as far as Peru in South America. This widespread epidemic kills off much of the indigenous populations in these areas (the first widely documented epidemic in the New World).source

Crime & Justice

  • The first recorded fatal accident involving a gun in England is recorded at Welton, East Riding of Yorkshire.source
  • Richard Mór Burke, became 9th lord of ClanricardeIrelandsource

Culture & Society

  • June 27 – The Leipzig Debate begins at the Pleissenburg lecture hall in the German city of Leipzig in Saxony, as Martin Luther defends his ideas on the Protestant Reformation against challenges by Johann Eck, the German leader of the anti-Reformation movement. While there, he is challenged to a theological debate by Johann Eck, the German leader of the anti-Reformation movement. The debate lasts until July 15 and gains new followers to Luther's theology.source
  • St. Olaf's Church, Tallinn is completed in Estonia.source
  • University of Auvergne establishedFrancesource

Births

  • January 18 – Isabella Jagiellon, queen consort of Hungary (died 1559)source
  • February 15 – Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, first Spanish Governor of Florida (died 1574)source
  • February 16 – Gaspard de Coligny, French Huguenot leader (died 1572)source
  • February 17 – François, Duke of Guise, French soldier and politician (died 1563)source
  • March 4 – Hindal Mirza, Mughal Emperor (died 1551)source
  • March 22 – Catherine Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk, English noblewoman (died 1580)source
  • March 31 – King Henry II of France (died 1559)source
  • March 31-Henry II of France, King of France (d.1559)Francesource
  • April 13 – Catherine de' Medici, Italian noblewoman, queen consort of Henry II of France and regent of France (died 1589)source
  • April 13 - Catherine de' Medici, queen of France (d.1589).Francesource
  • June 6 – Andrea Cesalpino, Italian philosopher, physician, and botanist (died 1603)source
  • June 12 – Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (died 1574)source
  • June 15 – Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset, illegitimate son of King Henry VIII of England (died 1536)source
  • June 24 – Theodore Beza, French theologian (died 1605)source
  • September 23 – Francis, Count of Enghien, French military leader (died 1546)source
  • Catherine Howard, fifth Queen of Henry VIII of England (born between 1518 and 1524; d. 1542)source
  • Gaspard II de Coligny, soldier and Huguenot leader.(d.1572)Francesource
  • Hindal Mirza Mughal prince and youngest son of Emperor Babur is born (dies 1551)Indiasource

Deaths

  • January 12 – Vasco Núñez de Balboa, Spanish explorer (born 1475)source
  • January 12 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1459)source
  • February 6 – Lorenz von Bibra, Prince-Bishop of the Bishopric of Würzburg (born 1459)source
  • March 29 – Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua (born 1466)source
  • April 15 – Henry, Count of Württemberg-Montbéliard (1473–1482) (born 1448)source
  • April 18 – Sibylle of Bavaria, Electress Palatine consort (born 1489)source
  • May 2 – Leonardo da Vinci, Italian inventor and artist (born 1452)source
  • May 2 – Leonardo da Vinci, Italian painter and scientist, who worked in the court of King Francis I (b.1452)Francesource
  • May 4 – Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino (born 1492)source
  • May 13 – Artus Gouffier, Lord of Boissy, French nobleman and politician (born 1475)source
  • June 2 – Philippe de Luxembourg, French Catholic cardinal (born 1445)source
  • June 24 – Lucrezia Borgia, Duchess of Ferrara (born 1480)source
  • July 13 – Zhu Youyuan, Ming dynasty politician (born 1476)source
  • August 11 – Johann Tetzel, German opponent of the Reformation (born 1465)source
  • September 9 – René de Prie, French bishop and Cardinal (b.1451)Francesource
  • September – John Colet, English churchman and educator (born 1467)source
  • Alauddin Husain Shah, sultan of BengalIndiasource
  • Richard Óge Burke, 7th lord of ClanricardeIrelandsource