1532 CE

The democratic government of the Republic of Florence in Italy, in existence for more than 400 years since its founding in 1115, is abolished by order of Pope Clement VII in order for a hereditary, and absolute, monarchy to be established. Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, the illegitimate son of Pope Clement, is given full power and the Republic's parliament (the Signoria) and the rule of the executive officer, the Gonfaloniere, come to an end. Battle of Quipaipan in Peru: Atahualpa wins the civil war in the Inca Empire, defeating his brother Huáscar. A fire strikes the cathedral in Chambéry, now a part of France, but at the time a part of Italy's Duchy of Savoy. The fire burns several holes in the Shroud of Turin, believed by some Roman Catholics to be the burial shroud of Jesus of Nazareth after the crucifixion, and to have a miraculous imprint of Jesus, but the shroud is repaired by nuns at the cathedral.

In the 1530s, the 16th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • March 18 – The Supplication against the Ordinaries is presented to Henry VIII by Thomas More the Speaker of the House of Commons. Henry responds by stating that the Commons could hardly expect such consideration after they refused to assent to the government's proposals. Shortly afterwards, Parliament is prorogued until April 10.source
  • May 16 – Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England.source
  • August 13 – Union of Brittany and France: The Duchy of Brittany is absorbed into the Kingdom of France.source
  • October 21 – King Francis I meets with Henry VIII of England for the first time in 12 years at Saint-Inglevert, where they agreed to form an alliance against their common enemies.Francesource
  • Henry VIII of England grants the Thorne brothers a Royal Charter to found Bristol Grammar School.source
  • Sevappa Nayak governor of Thanjavur founds the Thanjavur Nayak kingdom and reigns (until 1560)Indiasource

Conflict & Security

  • April – Battle of Quipaipan in Peru: Atahualpa wins the civil war in the Inca Empire, defeating his brother Huáscar.source
  • June 25 – Suleiman the Magnificent leads another invasion of Hungary.source
  • August 5 – The siege of Güns in the Austrian Empire begins as the Ottoman army, under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, attempts to take the city of Güns (now Kőszeg in Hungary) with 100,000 troops in order to mount a larger invasion of the Austrian city of Vienna, capital of the Holy Roman Empire. The defenders, less than 800 Croatian soldiers commanded by Nikola Jurišić, puts up a successful resistance despite being outnumbered by more than 100 to 1.source
  • August 30 – The siege of Güns fails as heavy rains and the arrival of reinforcements from Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to supplement the Croatian defenders, causes Suleiman to retreat.source
  • October 7 – (9th waxing of Tazaungmon 894 ME) The Burmese monarch Min Bin, King of Arrakan, leads a combined invasion force of 12,000 people (three armies of 11,000 men in a three-pronged attack, and a flotilla of war boats carrying 1,000 troops) in an invasion of Bengal in India.source
  • December 1 – (5th waxing of Pyatho 894 ME) The Burmese Army under Min Bin marches into Dhaka, capital of Bengal without any resistance.source
  • Possible date for the Battle of the Maule between Incas and Mapuches, according to historian Osvaldo Silva.source

Exploration & Expansion

  • January 22 – São Vicente is established as the first permanent Portuguese settlement in Brazil.source
  • May 13 – Francisco Pizarro lands on the northern coast of Peru.source

Religion & Belief

  • February 24 – William Warham, the 81-year-old Roman Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury, publicly declares that he is disassociating himself from all acts of the English Parliament that are prejudicial to papal authority.source
  • April 27 – The democratic government of the Republic of Florence in Italy, in existence for more than 400 years since its founding in 1115, is abolished by order of Pope Clement VII in order for a hereditary, and absolute, monarchy to be established. Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, the illegitimate son of Pope Clement, is given full power and the Republic's parliament (the Signoria) and the rule of the executive officer, the Gonfaloniere, come to an end.source
  • July 23 – The Nuremberg Religious Peace is granted to members of the Schmalkaldic League, granting them religious liberty.source
  • December 4 – A fire strikes the cathedral in Chambéry, now a part of France, but at the time a part of Italy's Duchy of Savoy. The fire burns several holes in the Shroud of Turin, believed by some Roman Catholics to be the burial shroud of Jesus of Nazareth after the crucifixion, and to have a miraculous imprint of Jesus, but the shroud is repaired by nuns at the cathedral.source
  • Church of Royal Monastery of Brou completed.Francesource

Technology & Infrastructure

  • The Paris Parlement has the city's beggars arrested "to force them to work in the sewers, chained together in pairs".source

Crime & Justice

  • November 16 – Francisco Pizarro and his men capture Inca emperor Atahualpa at Cajamarca, ambushing and slaughtering a large number of his followers, without loss to themselves. He subsequently offers a ransom of approximately $50 million in gold.source
  • December 20 – The first payment for Atahualpa's ransom from the Spaniards is made as gold is delivered to Cuzco to fill up a room.source

Culture & Society

  • February 12 – The Deceived Ones (Gl'ingannati), a stage comedy written collectively by the Accademia degli Intronati in Siena, makes its debut as part of the festivities of the Italian city's annual carnival.source
  • September 1 – Anne Boleyn is created Marquess of Pembroke by her fiancé, King Henry VIII of England.source
  • Pantagruel is published by François Rabelais.source
  • The Prince is published, five years after the death of the author, Niccolò Machiavelli.source
  • Stamford School is founded in England by William Radcliffe.source

Births

  • January 21 – Ludwig Helmbold, German classical singer (died 1598)source
  • February 14 – Richard Lowther, English soldier and official (died 1607)source
  • February 19 – Jean-Antoine de Baïf, French poet and member of the Pléiade (died 1589)source
  • February 19 – Jean-Antoine de Baïf, poet and member of La Pléiade (d.1589)Francesource
  • March 20 – Juan de Ribera, Spanish Catholic archbishop (died 1611)source
  • June 6 – Giulio Antonio Santorio, Italian Catholic cardinal (died 1602)source
  • June 7 – Amy Robsart, wife of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (died 1560)source
  • June 24 – William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, German Protestant leader (died 1592)source
  • June 24 – Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, English politician (probable; d. 1588)source
  • July 25 – Alphonsus Rodriguez, Spanish Jesuit lay brother and saint (died 1617)source
  • August 14 – Archduchess Magdalena of Austria, Member of the House of Habsburg (died 1590)source
  • October 4 – Francisco de Toledo, Spanish Jesuit cardinal (died 1596)source
  • November 22 – Anne of Denmark, Electress of Saxony (died 1585)source
  • December 7 – Louis I, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein (died 1605)source
  • Tulsidas, medieval Hindi poet and philosopher (died 1623)source
  • Étienne Jodelle, dramatist and poet associated with La Pléiade (d.1573)Francesource
  • Tulsidas, poet author of Ramcharitmanas (died 1623)Indiasource
  • Nicholas White, lawyer (born circa 1532)Irelandsource

Deaths

  • May – Elizabeth Stafford, Countess of Sussexsource
  • June 28 – Pompeo Colonna, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (born 1479)source
  • June – Bernardino Luini, Italian painter (born 1482)source
  • July 8 – Andrea Riccio, Italian sculptor and architect (born 1470)source
  • August 11 – John of Denmark, Danish prince (born 1518)source
  • August 16 – John, Elector of Saxony (born 1468)source
  • August 19 – Caritas Pirckheimer, German nun (born 1467)source
  • August 22 – William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury (born 1450)source
  • August 27- Gilbert Nicolas, Catholic priest and member of the Order of Friars Minor (born c. 1462)Francesource
  • September – Vlad VI Înecatul, Prince of Wallachiasource
  • October 1 – Jan Mabuse, Flemish paintersource
  • December 3 – Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, Duke of Zweibrücken from 1514 to 1532 (born 1502)source
  • December 12 – Pietro Accolti, Italian Catholic cardinal (born 1455)source
  • December 13 – Solomon Molcho, Portuguese mystic (born 1500)source
  • December 30 – Krzysztof Szydłowiecki, Polish noble (born 1467)source
  • Jeanne de la Font, poet and patron of culture (b.1500)Francesource
  • Raja Shiladitya, a Tomar Rajput chieftain of northeast Malwa dies (year of birth unknown)Indiasource