/year

July 1 in history

403 sourced entries recorded on July 1, from 24 CE to 2024 CE. Every line is quoted from the revision it came from.

Events

  • 24Midway through the Roman year 777 A.U.C., Gaius Calpurnius Aviola and Publius Lentulus Scipio begin the new consular year as the new suffect consuls.source
  • 69two legions in Egypt, a legion in Syria, and a legion in Judea declare Vespasian emperorsource
  • 69Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as emperor.source
  • 251Battle of Abritus: The Goths defeat Emperor Decius and his son Herennius Etruscus, on swampy ground in the Dobruja (Moesia).source
  • 552Battle of Taginae: Narses crosses the Apennines with a Byzantine army (25,000 men). He is blocked by a Gothic force under King Totila near Taginae (Central Italy). In a narrow mountain valley, Narses deploys his army in a "crescent shaped" formation. He dismounts his Lombard and Heruli cavalry mercenaries, placing them as a phalanx in the center. On his left flank he sends out a mixed force of foot and horse archers to seize a dominant height. The Goths open the battle with a determined cavalry charge. Halted by enfilading fire from both sides, the attackers are thrown back in confusion on the infantry behind them. The Byzantine cataphracts (Clibanarii) sweep into the milling mass. More than 6,000 Goths, including Totila, are killed. The remnants flee, and Narses proceeds to Rome, where he captures the city after a brief siege.source
  • 1097Battle of Dorylaeum: The Crusaders defeat a Seljuk army led by Kilij Arslan I, ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, who wants revenge for the capture of Nicaea. During the battle many Crusaders are killed but the Seljuk Turks are forced to flee and abandon their tents and treasure after being surprised by the arrival of a second Crusader army.source
  • 1109Urraca of León becomes queen of León, Castile and Galicia after the death of her father, King Alfonso VI, making her the first European queen regnant. She marries Alfonso I.source
  • 1143Battle of Wilton: Earl Robert of Gloucester (illegitimate son of the late King Henry I) defeats the English forces of King Stephen during a surprise attack at Wilton Abbey. In the darkness, Stephen escapes, while his steward William Martel fights a rearguard action to delay the pursuers.source
  • 1147October 25 – Siege of Lisbon: King Afonso I of Portugal conquers Lisbon from the Taifa of Badajoz after a four-month siege, with support of English, Flemish and German Crusaders. The garrison surrenders on the guarantee that their lives will be spared. The Crusaders break the terms and take part in a bloody massacre. Afonso rules from his capital at Coimbra, takes Sintra and Santarém, and sacks Palmela.source
  • 1251Möngke Khan is elected as the fourth great Khan of the Mongol Empire.source
  • 1310The Citadel of Erbil, headquarters of a rebellion by 10,000 Eastern Christians and located in what is now Iraq, is captured after a siege by the Mongol Ilkhanate, and the defenders are massacred.source
  • 1322Al-Nasir Muhammad, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, asks for aid from the Ikhanate Mongol ruler of Iran, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, for help in modern-day southern Turkey. Al-Nasir has started a campaign against the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, led by King Oshin, and Pope John XXII has recently dispatched troops to aid the Armenians. By the time the Ikhanate troops arrive, a ceasefire has been negotiated between the Muslims and the Christians.source
  • 1331Irish Parliament meets at Dublinsource
  • 1336prohibition against holding of lands by officials in areas where they hold officesource
  • 1373Marquard of Randeck, Prince-Bishop of Augsburg, who had joined an alliance in a war against the Republic of Venice, is defeated in the Battle of Fossa Nuova, near Treviso, after the Doge of Venice, Andrea Contarini, hired Turkish mercenaries. Randeck is forced to negotiate surrender terms and sign a peace treaty.source
  • 1379Forces of the Republic of Venice and Ottoman Turks, having invaded Constantinople, restore John V Palaiologos as Byzantine co-emperor. Andronikos IV Palaiologos is allowed to remain as co-emperor, but is confined to the city of Silivri for the remainder of his life.source
  • 1390The Barbary Crusade begins as the Kingdom of France and the Republic of Genoa attempt to stop the raids of the Barbary pirates by invading the North African region of Ifriqiya and laying siege to Mahdia in what is now Tunisia. Louis II, Duke of Bourbon and Giacomo Fregoso of Genoa bring 6,000 knights and soldiers on 60 ships against 40,000 Muslim defenders led by the Caliph Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II of the Hafsid Sultanate and the Sultan Abu Tashufin II of Tlemcen.source
  • 1392King Charles VI of France, outraged at an attempt to assassinate his advisor Olivier V de Clisson, leads an invasion against the Duchy of Brittany and Duke Jean V for harboring the perpetrator, Pierre de Craon.source
  • 1416Henry Chichele, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury and Primate of All England, begins the first of his semiannual inquisitions, directing the archdeacons to seek out heretics and bring them to trial.source
  • 1419Portuguese explorers João Gonçalves Zarco, Tristão Vaz Teixeira and Bartolomeu Perestrello, at the service of Prince Henry the Navigator, discover Madeira Island, a year after Zarco and Tristão had discovered Porto Santo Island.source
  • 1431Reconquista: In Spain, the army of the Crown of Castile, led by Álvaro de Luna, defeats the Moors of the Emirate of Granada, led by the Sultan Muhammad IX, in the Battle of La Higueruela, fought at Vega de Granada.source
  • 1502A powerful hurricane sweeps through the Caribbean Sea near Puerto Rico and the island of Hispaniola, two days after Christopher Columbus was denied permission to land at Santo Domingo. An estimated 500 people are killed when the winds wreck 20 of the 31 ships brought from Spain by the new Viceroy, Nicolás de Ovando, including Ovando's flagship, El Dorado. Former Viceroy Francisco de Bobadilla and administrator Francisco Roldán are among the people killed. A ship provided by Bobadilla for Columbus to transport the gold owed to him, the Aguja, is one of the 11 to survive the hurricane and accusations are made that Columbus magically invoked the storm as an act of vengeance.source
  • 1517In an unprecedented move, Pope Leo X increases the number of Roman Catholic cardinals, naming 31 people to the cardinalate including the Dutch-born Adriaan van Utrecht, bishop of Tortosa, who will later become Pope Adrian VI.source
  • 1520La Noche Triste (Night of Sorrow): The forces of Cuitláhuac, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, gain a major victory against the forces of conquistador Hernán Cortés. This results in the death of about 400 conquistadors, and some 2,000 of their Native American allies. However, Cortés and the most skilled of his men manage to escape and later regroup.source
  • 1523Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos become the first Lutheran martyrs, burned at the stake in Brussels at the Grote Markt. In response to the executions, Martin Luther composed a hymn called "A New Song Be By Us Begun".source
  • 1530The two French Princess the Dauphin François and Henri, are finally released from captivity and returned to France as part of the Treaty of Cambrai.source
  • 1543The Treaty of Greenwich is signed between representatives of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland as part of a plan to eventually unify the two nations under one monarch. As part of the treaty, the two nations agree to avoid war during the reign of King Henry VIII in England or Mary, Queen of Scots in Scotland and for another year after both are gone. The second part of the Treaty provides that Mary, Queen of Scots (six months old at the time) will eventually become the wife of Crown Prince Edward (then 5 years old), son of King Henry VIII. The Scottish Parliament repudiates the treaty five months later.source
  • 1543Ulick na gCeann Burke is created 1st Baron of Dunkellin and 1st Earl of Clanricarde in the Peerage of Ireland.source
  • 1543Regent Arran signs the Treaty of Greenwich (ratified 25 August). The treaty included the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Prince Edward.source
  • 1543Murrough O'Brien surrenders his Irish royalty to King Henry VIII of England and in the same year becomes a member of the Privy Council of England and is raised to the Peerage of Ireland as 1st Earl of Thomond and 1st Baron Inchiquin and may have reconstructed Dromoland Castle.source
  • 1560The dying king makes his formal farewell to the public.source
  • 1569The Union of Lublin unites the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, following votes in the Assemblies of three Lithuanian provinces (Volhynia, Ukraine and Podlasie) in favour of the incorporation.source
  • 1579Maastricht surrenders to Spanish troops after a surprise attack by the Duke of Parma, who had besieged the city for more than three months.source
  • 1589The English Armada, commanded by Sir Francis Drake, returns to Portsmouth after almost three months of pillaging the Spanish kingdoms.source
  • 1590July 1 (13th waning of 1st Ashadha, 952 CS) – Naresuan Maharat becomes the new ruler of Thailand as Sanphet II of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, upon the death of his father, Sanphet I.source
  • 1594Anglo-Spanish War: Action of Atacames Bay – English privateer Richard Hawkins in the Dainty is attacked and captured by a Spanish squadron off Esmeraldas (now in Ecuador).source
  • 1606Scottish minister Patrick Simson and 44 other ministers of the Church of Scotland sign Simson's Protest to the Scottish Parliament against the introduction to Scotland of a hierarchy of bishops.source
  • 1617Willem Schouten and the crew of the Dutch ship Eendracht return to the Netherlands after sailing around the world in two years and 17 days, in what is only the fourth circumnavigation of the globe, and the first since 1588. The expedition had departed from Texel on June 14, 1615 under the command of Jacob Le Maire, who died on December 22, 1616, slightly more than six months before the return to the Netherlands.source
  • 1618Ferdinand II, a proponent of the Counter-Reformation, is crowned as King of Hungary at a meeting of the Bohemian diet at Pressburg.source
  • 1625The Safavid Empire in Iran defeats an invasion from the Kingdom of Georgia in the Battle of Marabda with heavy losses on both sides, including the Georgian commander, Teimuraz I, Prince of Mukhrani. when the Iranian Safavid army defeated a Georgian force.source
  • 1639Parthenius I becomes the new leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian church as he is selected as Patriarch of Constantinople, succeeding Cyril II.source
  • 1643The Westminster Assembly of theologians ("divines") and parliamentarians is convened at Westminster Abbey with the aim of restructuring the Church of England.source
  • 1643the Westminster Assembly of theologians ("divines") and parliamentarians is convened at Westminster Abbey with the aim of restructuring the Church of England.source
  • 1644Torstenson War: Battle of Colberger Heide – The Dano-Norwegian and Swedish fleets fight a naval battle off the coast of Schleswig-Holstein. The battle is indecisive but represents a minor success for the Dano-Norwegian fleet.source
  • 1644Battle of Colberger Heidesource
  • 1650Einkommende Zeitungen, the first daily printed newspaper, begins publication in Leipzig (ceases 1918).source
  • 1661The war between the empires of Russia and Sweden is ended with the signing of the Treaty of Cardis in what is now the Estonian city of Kärde. Russia returns those portions of Livonia and Ingria that it had taken earlier from Sweden.source
  • 1666During the Portuguese Restoration War between Portugal and Spain, the Battle of the Berlengas ends after four days as a fleet of 15 Spanish warships obtains the surrender of Fort of São João Baptista.source
  • 1677July 1 – July 2 - Battle of Køge Bay.source
  • 1681Oliver Plunkett, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, falsely convicted in June of treason, is hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn, London, the last Catholic martyr to die in England; he is canonised in 1975.source
  • 1681Oliver Plunkett, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, falsely convicted of treason, is hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn, London, the last Catholic martyr to die in England. Catholic intriguer Edward Fitzharris is executed on the same day.source
  • 16901 July (O.S.) – Battle of the Boyne in Ireland: William III defeats the deposed James II who returns to exile in France.source
  • 16901 July (O.S.) – Battle of the Boyne: William III defeats the deposed James II of England, who returns to exile in France from Kinsale.source
  • 1692The siege of the Belgian city of Namur in the Spanish Netherlands ends as Dutch General Menno van Coehoorn capitulates to King Louis XIV of France after five weeks. The siege, a battle in the ongoing Nine Years War, had begun on May 24.source
  • 1698Den Københavnske Post-Rytter, a weekly newspaper, is published for the first time.source
  • 1701an equestrian statue of King William III by Grinling Gibbons is unveiled by Dublin Corporation on College Green on the 11th anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne.source
  • 1708Tewoflos becomes Emperor of Ethiopia.source
  • 1709Treason Act 1708 comes into force, harmonising the law of high treason in Scotland with that of England.source
  • 1712The children of the theologian and landowner Hector Gottfried Masius are ennobled by letters patent with the name von der Maase.source
  • 1717Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford, is acquitted of conspiracy with the French to put the Pretender on the throne.source
  • 1727In India, Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan becomes the new Nawab of Bengal after the death of his father-in-law, Murshid Quli Khan. At the time, Bengal consists of what is now the nation of Bangladesh and the southeast Indian state of West Bengal and is subservient to the Mughal Empire.source
  • 1732Charles Hanbury Williams marries Frances, the daughter of earl Coningsby.source
  • 1736Russo-Turkish War (1735–39): Russian forces under Peter Lacy storm the Ottoman fortress of Azov.source
  • 1738English metallurgist William Champion is granted a patent for his process of extracting zinc from other materials in a furnace.source
  • 1738William Champion of Bristol patents a process to distill zinc from calamine using charcoal in a smelter.source
  • 1751The Cameronians, at this time serving in Ireland, are formally ranked as the 26th Regiment of Foot.source
  • 1752In Istanbul, Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha is dismissed from his position as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire by the Ottoman Sultan, Mahmud I. The Sultan appoints Çorlulu Ali Pasha as the new Grand Vizier.source
  • 1766establishment of the first Volunteers of Ireland corps.source
  • 1766François-Jean de la Barre, a young French nobleman, is tortured and beheaded, before his body is burnt on a pyre, along with a copy of Voltaire's Dictionnaire philosophique nailed to his torso, supposedly for the crime of not saluting a Roman Catholic religious procession in Abbeville, and for other sacrileges, including desecrating a crucifix.source
  • 1768July 1–3 – Louis Antoine de Bougainville, on his circumnavigation westbound, sails through the Bougainville Strait and along the north shore of Bougainville Island in the Solomons.source
  • 1770Lexell's Comet (D/1770 L1) passes the Earth at a distance of 2,184,129 km, the closest approach by a comet in recorded history.source
  • 1773Parliament passes the Inclosure Act 1773 (13 Geo. 3. c. 81).source
  • 1780Anthony Bacon acquires the lease of the Hirwaun ironworks.source
  • 1782Raid on Lunenburg: American privateers attack the British settlement at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.source
  • 1782American privateers attack Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.source
  • 1782Act of Proscription 1746 (including Dress Act) repealed, permitting wearing of Highland dress and arms.source
  • 1784Alliance treaty between Sweden and France: Sweden are given Saint-Barthélemy as a colony.source
  • 1789The comic ballet La fille mal gardée, choreographed by Jean Dauberval, is first presented under the title Le ballet de la paille, at the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux, at Bordeaux, France.source
  • 1798Egyptian Campaign: Napoleon Bonaparte disembarks his French army in Marabout Bay near Alexandria.source
  • 1818After a war that began on November 5, 1817, the forces of the East India Company defeat Baji Rao II in battle and acquire control over the Maratha Empire.source
  • 1819German astronomer Johann Georg Tralles discovers what will be called the Great Comet of 1819.source
  • 1819German astronomer Johann Georg Tralles discovers what will be called the Great Comet of 1819source
  • 1822July 1–3 – U.S. House of Representatives elections begin in Louisiana and continue until the last elections are held in North Carolina on August 14, 1823.source
  • 1822Mumbai Samachar, a Gujarati daily newspaper, is establishedsource
  • 1823The Congress of Central America declares absolute independence from Spain, Mexico and any other foreign nation, including North America, and a republican system of government is established.source
  • 1828Offences against the Person Act 1828 ("Lord Lansdowne's Act") comes into force in England and Wales as one of "Peel's Acts", consolidating and simplifying the law related to cases of violent offence against the person, repealing clause XXXVI of Magna Carta and abolishing the crime of petty treason.source
  • 1832Global conglomerate Jardine Matheson is founded in Canton (modern day Guangzhou) in Qing dynasty China by Scottish merchants.source
  • 1836North of Scotland Bank (a constituent of Clydesdale Bank) established in Aberdeen by Alexander Anderson and others.source
  • 1837Isle of May disaster: A rowing boat carrying an excursion party from Cellardyke capsizes with the loss of 13 lives.source
  • 1839Slaves aboard the Amistad rebel, and capture the ship.source
  • 1839Abdülmecid I (1839–1861) succeeds Mahmud II (1808–1839) as Ottoman Emperor.source
  • 1840Establishment of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of La Serena and the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Carlos de Ancudsource
  • 1841The convict assignment system was abolished in New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land and was replaced by the probation gang system.source
  • 1841The Colony of New Zealand comes into existence, a separate Crown colony from New South Wales.source
  • 1845The first Consultative assembly finally met on 1 July 1845 in Reykjavík.source
  • 1846William Westwood, a bushranger, leads the Cooking Pot Uprising in the penal colony of Norfolk Island in response to the confiscation of convicts' cooking vessels under the orders of the Commandant of the penal settlement, Major Joseph Childs.source
  • 1847The United States issues its first postage stamps.source
  • 1847Opening of the Exposition des produits de l'industrie nationale in Brussels.source
  • 1847"Treachery of the Blue Books": Publication of a government report ("blue book") on education in Wales containing opinions hostile to Welsh culture.source
  • 1849First Belgian postage stamp issued.source
  • 1850St. Mary School for Boys (the future University of Dayton) opens its doors in Dayton, Ohio.source
  • 1851Port Phillip District separates from New South Wales to become the Colony of Victoria (Australia).source
  • 1851Battle of Ras Tanoura, a collision occurs between the Bahrain blockading force off Kateef and the Arab fugitives at Kenn Island, who surprised and attacked the Bahrain fleet. Mubarak bin Abdulla bin Ahmed, along with his brother Rashid and Busher bin Rahma Al Jalahma were all killed in the battle.source
  • 1851Serial poisoner Hélène Jégado is arrested in Rennes, France. Her trial opens on December 6; she is eventually sentenced to death and executed by guillotine.source
  • 1852American statesman Henry Clay is the first to receive the honor of lying in state in the United States Capitol rotunda.source
  • 1853The Swiss watch company Tissot is founded.source
  • 1855The Quinault Treaty, in which the Quinault and Quileute tribes cede their land to the United States, is signed.source
  • 1857November 19 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: Siege of Lucknow.source
  • 1858A joint presentation of papers by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, announcing a theory of evolution by natural selection, are read at London's Linnean Society.source
  • 1858Papers by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace announcing a theory of evolution by natural selection read at the Linnean Society of London.source
  • 1859The first intercollegiate baseball game is played, between Amherst and Williams Colleges.source
  • 1861Taiping Rebellion: Battle of Shanghai – French and Imperial Chinese troops defeat Taiping forces.source
  • 1861The first issue of the Vatican's newspaper L'Osservatore Romano is published.source
  • 1861In Cologne, the Wallraf–Richartz Museum of art opens.source
  • 1862U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs into law the Pacific Railroad Acts, authorizing construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad.source
  • 1862The first telegraph transmission in New Zealand is made from Lyttelton Post Office to Christchurch.source
  • 1862President Abraham Lincoln signs into law the Pacific Railway Acts, authorizing construction of the first transcontinental railroad.source
  • 1862The Russian State Library is founded, as The Library of the Moscow Public Museum.source
  • 1862Princess Alice, the second daughter of Queen Victoria, marries Prince Ludwig of Hesse and by Rhine.source
  • 1862The Bureau of Internal Revenue, the forerunner of the Internal Revenue Service, is established in the United States.source
  • 1863Slavery is abolished in the Dutch colonies of Suriname (independent from 1975) and Curaçao and Dependencies.source
  • 1863July 1–3 – Battle of Gettysburg – Union forces under George G. Meade turn back a Confederate invasion by Robert E. Lee in the largest battle of the war (28,000 Confederate casualties, 23,000 Union).source
  • 1863The Kingston loop line of the London and South Western Railway opens.source
  • 1865Stamp duty is introduced in New South Wales with the Stamp Duties Act of 1865.source
  • 1867Canadian Confederation: The British North America Act of 29 March comes into force, creating the Dominion of Canada, the first independent dominion in the British Empire.source
  • 1867The Constitution of the North German Confederation comes into effect, creating a confederation of states, under the leadership of Prussia and Otto von Bismarck.source
  • 1868The cable-operated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway in Manhattan becomes the first elevated railway in the United States.source
  • 1869June 30–July 2 – The first Estonian Song Festival takes place in Tartu.source
  • 1872Thomas François Burgers becomes State President of the South African Republic.source
  • 1872Schenker, predecessor of DB Schenker, the worldwide logistics and freight operator, is founded in Vienna, Austria.source
  • 1873Prince Edward Island joins the Canadian Confederation.source
  • 1874The Sholes and Glidden typewriter, with cylindrical platen and QWERTY keyboard, is first marketed in the United States.source
  • 1874The Bank of Spain issues the first peseta banknotes.source
  • 1874The Sholes and Glidden typewriter, with cylindrical platen and QWERTY keyboard, is first marketed.source
  • 1874Four-year-old Charley Ross, America's first major kidnapping for ransom victim, is taken from his home in Philadelphia.source
  • 1874The Universal Postal Union is established.source
  • 1874The Philadelphia Zoo opens, the first public zoo in the United States.source
  • 1875The General Postal Union is established.source
  • 1875July 1–7 – Third Carlist War: Battle of Treviño – Advancing on the key city of Vitoria, in Navarre, Spanish Republican commander General Jenardo de Quesada sends General Tello to attack the Carlist lines just to the southwest, at Treviño. The newly appointed Carlist commander General José Pérula is heavily defeated and withdraws, and soon afterwards Quesada enters Vitoria in triumph.source
  • 1876Serbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.source
  • 1876The Intercolonial Railway connecting central Canada to the Maritimes is completedsource
  • 1877An F4 tornado touches down near Gap, Pennsylvania, and moves towards Chester County. A woman is killed near Ercildoun; a man is killed near Parkesburg; and possibly a third person dies. 4 homes are destroyed at Parkesburg and 20 buildings are destroyed at Ercildoun. 10 or more homes are leveled in Chester County.source
  • 1879Law secularising primary education passes, triggering First School Warsource
  • 1879The Daily Telegraph newspaper is first published in Sydney.source
  • 1879American Restorationist Charles Taze Russell publishes the first issue of the monthly Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence which, as The Watchtower, will become the most widely circulated magazine in the world.source
  • 1879Restorationist Charles Taze Russell publishes the first issue of the monthly Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence which, as The Watchtower, will become the most widely circulated magazine in the world.source
  • 1879An 8.0 earthquake shakes southern Gansu, killing 22,000 people.source
  • 1881General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell–Childers reforms of the British Army's organization, comes into effect.source
  • 1881formation, under the Childers Reforms of the British Army, of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, Cameronians (Scottish Rifles), Gordon Highlanders, Highland Light Infantry and Seaforth Highlanders.source
  • 1882Last stone laid of Palais de Justice, Brussels (formally opened 1883)source
  • 1884First International Forestry Exhibition opens in Edinburgh, Scotland.source
  • 1886The national bank (Landsbanki) begins operations.source
  • 1887Construction of the iron structure of the Eiffel Tower starts in Paris, France.source
  • 1888"The Dawn: A Journal for Australian Women" first published by Louisa Lawson, in Sydney.source
  • 18901890 Japanese general election: In the first general election for the House of Representatives of Japan, about 5% of the adult male population elect a lower house of the Diet of Japan, in accordance with the new Meiji Constitution of 1889.source
  • 1890Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty: Britain cedes the Heligoland islands (in the German Bight) to Germany, in return for protectorates over Wituland and the Sultanate of Zanzibar (the islands of Pemba and Unguja) in east Africa.source
  • 1890Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty. Germany receives Heligoland and the Caprivi Strip from the United Kingdom and a free hand to control and acquire the coast of Dar es Salaam. In return, Germany renounces its protectorate over Wituland (part of modern-day Kenya) and pledges not to interfere in the actions of the UK vis-à-vis the Sultanate of Zanzibar. The U.K. cedes sovereignty of the Heligoland archipelago to Germany.source
  • 18901890 Japanese general election; Empire of Japan’s first general election for members of the House of Representatives of the Diet of Japan. It was the first example of a popularly elected national assembly in Asiasource
  • 1890The Ouija board is first released by Elijah Bond.source
  • 1893U.S. President Grover Cleveland is operated on in secret.source
  • 1893U.S. President Grover Cleveland has a secret operation to remove cancer in his mouth.source
  • 1894June 28 – July 9 – Colonial Conference of 1894 held in Ottawa.source
  • 1897Workmen's Compensation Act introduces a form of no-fault workman's compensation in dangerous trades.source
  • 1898Spanish–American War: Battle of San Juan Hill – United States troops (including Buffalo Soldiers and Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders) take a strategic position close to Santiago de Cuba from the Spanish.source
  • 1898Filipino revolutionaries began the Siege of Baler in part of the offensive against Spanish troops.source
  • 1899The International Council of Nurses is founded in London.source
  • 1900Gen. Artemio Ricarte and his companion are arrested by the civil guards in Manila following reports of his planned insurgency. Ricarte would be deported to Guam the following year.source
  • 1900Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria makes a morganatic marriage with Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg.source
  • 1901The Bureau of Chemistry is established within the United States Department of Agriculture.source
  • 1901The first United Kingdom Fingerprint Bureau is established at Scotland Yard, the Metropolitan Police headquarters in London, by Edward Henry.source
  • 1902Philippine Organic Act enacted into law.source
  • 1902Ray Knight stages the first Raymond Stampede in Raymond, Alberta. This was the first use of the word stampede in the name of a rodeo. The Raymond Stampede is now Canada's oldest rodeosource
  • 1902The Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding opens in Mykolayiv, Ukraine, under the name of Mykolayiv Industrial Technical School.source
  • 1903July 1–19 – The first Tour de France is held; Maurice Garin wins it.source
  • 1903Shanghai Municipal Police transferred six people, including Zhang Binglin, to the public for review. (:zh:蘇報案)source
  • 1903Ray Knight builds the Raymond Stampede rodeo arena and rodeo grandstands in Raymond, District of Alberta, North-West Territories, which are the first ever built in the world.source
  • 1904The third Modern Olympic Games open in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, as part of the World's Fair.source
  • 1905Hundreds of people die in the flooding of Guanajuato in Mexico.source
  • 1907The Orange River Colony gains autonomy, as the Orange Free State.source
  • 1908SOS comes into force internationally as a distress signal (originally for ship-to-shore wireless telegraphy).source
  • 1908Carson National Forest is established.source
  • 1909In London, Indian nationalist student Madan Lal Dhingra assassinates Curzon Wyllie, political aide to the Secretary of State for India.source
  • 1911The presence of the German warship SMS Panther in the Moroccan port of Agadir triggers the Agadir Crisis.source
  • 1911The Agadir Crisis is triggered when Germany's Ambassador to France, Wilhelm von Schoen, delivers a diplomatic note to France's Foreign Minister Justin de Selves, announcing that Germany has sent the gunboat SMS Panther and troops, to occupy Agadir, at that time a part of the protectorate of French Morocco. Tsource
  • 1912Brig Gen Henry Lukin appointed Inspector-General of the Permanent Force.source
  • 1914The Royal Naval Air Service, a forerunner of the Royal Air Force, is established in the United Kingdom.source
  • 1915June 23 – July 7 – The First Battle of the Isonzo between the Armies of Italy and Austria-Hungary on the Italian Front in World War I. The aim of the Italian Army, under the command of Luigi Cadorna, was to drive the Austrians away from its defensive positions along the Soča (Isonzo) and on the nearby mountains.source
  • 1915WWI: In aerial warfare, German fighter pilot Kurt Wintgens becomes the first person to shoot down another plane, using a machine gun equipped with synchronization gear.source
  • 1916November 18 – WWI: Battle of the Somme, opening with explosion of the British Y Sap and Lochnagar mines and the Battle of Albert: More than one million soldiers die, with 57,470 British Empire casualties on the first day, 19,240 of them killed, the British Army's bloodiest day. The immediate result is tactically inconclusive.source
  • 1916Prohibition of alcohol introduced in Albertasource
  • 1916July 1–12 – Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916: At least one shark attacks 5 swimmers along 80 mi of New Jersey coastline, resulting in 4 deaths and the survival of one youth, who requires limb amputation. This event is the inspiration for author Peter Benchley, over half a century later, to write Jaws.source
  • 1916July 1–12 – At least one shark mauls five swimmers along 80 mi of New Jersey coastline during the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916, resulting in four deaths and the survival of one youth who required limb amputation. This event is the inspiration for author Peter Benchley, over half a century later, to write Jaws.source
  • 1917WWI: Russian General Brusilov begins the major Kerensky offensive in Galicia, initially advancing towards Lemberg.source
  • 1919Russian Civil War: Perm Operation (1918–19) begins on the Siberian Front: The 2nd and 3rd armies of Soviet Russia recapture the city of Perm.source
  • 1921The first BCG vaccination against tuberculosis is given, in Paris, France; the recipient is a newborn child.source
  • 1923The Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 comes into effect, banning all Chinese from entering Canada except for businessmen, diplomats, foreign students, and "special circumstances"source
  • 1925The New Cape Central Railway and its 204 mi 69 ch long line between Worcester and Voorbaai is incorporated into the South African Railways (SAR).source
  • 1926Icelandic parliamentary election, 1926source
  • 1926The Kuomintang begins the Northern Expedition, a military unification campaign in northern China.source
  • 1926The Icelandic Coast Guard formally foundedsource
  • 1927June 29–July 1 – Commander Richard E. Byrd, Bernt Balchen, George Noville and Bert Acosta take off from Roosevelt Field, New York, in the Fokker Trimotor airplane America, and cross the Atlantic to the coast of France, having to ditch there because of bad weather; all four men survive the emergency landing.source
  • 1927The Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration (FDIA) is established as a United States federal agency.source
  • 1931Natal – Greyville Cabin to Berea Road, 1 mi 36 ch.source
  • 1931Natal – Chailey to Mount Alida, 25 mi 33 ch.source
  • 1931June 23–July 1 – Wiley Post and Harold Gatty accomplish the first round-the-world flight in a single-engine plane, flying eastabout from Roosevelt Field, New York, in 8 days, 15 hours, 51 minutes.source
  • 1931The rebuilt Milano Centrale railway station officially opens in Italy.source
  • 1933Business Plot: Smedley Butler becomes involved in a coup attempt led by Gerald MacGuire against the President of the United States Franklin Delano Roosevelt which fails (according to his testimony in 1934).source
  • 1933The London Passenger Transport Board begins operation.source
  • 1934The Hays Code begins to be strictly enforced in the Hollywood film industry, lasting until 1968.source
  • 1934June 30 – July 2 – Night of the Long Knives in Germany: Nazis purge the Sturmabteilung (SA), the left-wing Strasserist faction of the Nazi Party, and prominent conservative anti-Nazis, in a series of political murders.source
  • 1935RMS Mauretania sails from Southampton to Rosyth to be broken up.source
  • 1936Australian National Airways is registered as a company.source
  • 1937In a referendum the people of the Irish Free State accept the new Constitution by 685,105 votes to 527,945.source
  • 1937The Gestapo arrests pastor Martin Niemöller in Germany.source
  • 1938The new town of Wolfsburg in Lower Saxony is set up to serve the Volkswagen car factory, where production of the Beetle people's car had begun the previous year.source
  • 1938The South African Press Association is established, with offices in Cape Town, Johannesburg, Durban, Bloemfontein and Pretoria.source
  • 1940June 28–July 4 – Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovinasource
  • 1940The first Tacoma Narrows Bridge opens for business, built with an 8 ft girder and 190 ft above the water, as the third-longest suspension bridge in the world.source
  • 1941Germany and Italy recognize the Japanese-sponsored Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China under Wang Jingwei as the legitimate government of China.source
  • 1941NBC Television begins commercial operation on WNBT, on Channel 1. The world's first legal TV commercial, for Bulova watches, occurs at 2:29 PM over WNBT, before a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies. The 10-second spot displays a picture of a clock superimposed on a map of the United States, accompanied by the voice-over "America runs on Bulova time." As a one-off special, the first quiz show called "Uncle Bee" is telecast on WNBT's inaugural broadcast day, followed later the same day by Ralph Edwards hosting the second game show broadcast on U.S. television, Truth or Consequences, as simulcast on radio and TV and sponsored by Ivory Soap. Weekly broadcasts of the show commence in 1956, with Bob Barker.source
  • 1941Commercial television is authorized by the Federal Communications Commission in the United States.source
  • 1941CBS Television begins commercial operation on New York station WCBW (modern-day WCBS-TV), on Channel 2.source
  • 1942July 1–27 – WWII: First Battle of El Alamein: British forces prevent a second advance by Axis forces into Egypt. The 15th and 21st Panzer Divisions are halted and Erwin Rommel orders his forces to regroup. The panzer strength of the German Afrika Korps has been reduced to only 26 vehicles.source
  • 1944The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference begins at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States.source
  • 1946Nuclear testing: Operation Crossroads, a series of nuclear weapon tests conducted by the United States at Bikini Atoll in Micronesia, is initiated by the detonation of Able at an altitude of 520 feet (158 m).source
  • 1947The United States begins the National Malaria Eradication Program, successfully eradicating malaria in 1951.source
  • 1948The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme is introduced.source
  • 19481948 Keerbergen Fiat G.212 crashsource
  • 1949The Royal Lao Army is founded to defend against Viet Minh attacks.source
  • 1949The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India is established.source
  • 1952The Portuguese Air Force foundedsource
  • 1954The Common Nordic Labor Market Act comes into effect.source
  • 1954The United States officially begins using the international unit of the nautical mile, equal to 6,076.11549 ft. or 1,852 meters.source
  • 1957Production of the Citroën Traction Avant automobile, begun in 1934, ceases.source
  • 1957The Berita Harian is launched.source
  • 1957The International Geophysical Year begins.source
  • 1957Hugh Everett III publishes the first scientifically founded many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.source
  • 1957The University of Waterloo is founded in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.source
  • 1960The Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former Italian Somaliland) gains its independence from Italy. Concurrently, it unites as scheduled with the five-day-old State of Somaliland (the former British Somaliland) to form the Somali Republic.source
  • 1960Italian Somaliland gained its independence from Italy, five days after British Somaliland, and merged into the Somali Republic. Aden Abdullah Othman, leader of the Italian Somaliland legislature, was elected president, and Abdirashid Ali Shermake became prime minister.source
  • 1960Cold War: A Soviet Air Force MiG-19 fighter plane flying north of Murmansk, Russia, over the Barents Sea, shoots down a six-man RB-47 Stratojet reconnaissance plane of the U.S. Air Force. Four of the U.S. Air Force officers are killed, and the two survivors are held prisoner in the Soviet Union.source
  • 19621962 Algerian independence referendum in French Algeria: Supporters of Algerian independence win a 99% majority in a referendum.source
  • 1962the Algerian Évian Accords referendum, 1962source
  • 1962Rwanda gains its independence from Belgium.source
  • 1962DZTM-TV Channel 5 of the Associated Broadcasting Corporation (now TV5), the country's television station owned by Chino Roces is launched.source
  • 1962Taça de Portugal Finalsource
  • 1962A heavy smog develops over London.source
  • 1963ZIP codes are introduced by the United States Postal Service.source
  • 1964The establishment of Yunlin District Prosecutors Office in Yunlin County.source
  • 1965Road Water Electricity General Directorate was founded.source
  • 1966Joaquín Balaguer becomes president of the Dominican Republic.source
  • 1967The EEC joins with the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Atomic Community, to form the European Communities (from the 1980s usually known as European Community [EC]).source
  • 1967Seaboard Air Line Railroad merges with Atlantic Coast Line Railroad to become Seaboard Coast Line Railroad, first step to today's CSX Transportation.source
  • 1967Full immigration control at Malaysia-Singapore border imposed.source
  • 1967Canada celebrates its first one hundred years of Confederation.source
  • 1967The first UK colour television broadcasts begin on BBC2. The first one is from the Wimbledon tennis championships. A full colour service begins on BBC2 on December 2.source
  • 1968The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty opens for signature.source
  • 1968The Islamic Religious Council of Singapore (known as MUIS) is established.source
  • 1969Maurice Sevenig is appointed President of the Council of State, replacing Félix Welter, who resigned the position the previous day.source
  • 1969The first SAF Day was commemorated.source
  • 1970Xerox PARC computer laboratory opens in Palo Alto, California, United States.source
  • 1972The Canadian ketch Vega, flying the Greenpeace III banner, collides with the French naval minesweeper La Paimpolaise while in international waters to protest French nuclear weapon tests in the South Pacific.source
  • 1975The Postmaster-General's Department is disaggregated into the Australian Telecommunications Commission (trading as Telecom Australia) and the Australian Postal Commission (trading as Australia Post).source
  • 1977The East African Community is dissolved.source
  • 1977The Championships, Wimbledon (tennis) – Virginia Wade wins the women's singles title in the centenary year of the tournament, Wade's first and only Wimbledon title and her third and final Grand Slam title overall; she remains the last British woman to win the singles title at Wimbledon.source
  • 1978Australia's Northern Territory is granted self-government.source
  • 1978Finland establishes diplomatic relations with Botswana.source
  • 1979The Sony Walkman goes on sale for the first time in Japan.source
  • 1979Sweden becomes the first country to outlaw corporal punishment in the home.source
  • 1979Upgrade of Kaohsiung City from provincial city to special municipality.source
  • 1980Cornelius Cloete, a member of the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), becomes the first leader of the newly founded Namaland.source
  • 1980Footballer Robby Langers transfers from Union Luxembourg to German club Borussia Mönchengladbach.source
  • 1981Wonderland murders: The Wonderland Gang of cocaine dealers is brutally murdered in Los Angeles. Eddie Nash is suspected of involvement, but will never be convicted.source
  • 1982Official opening of the East–West Highway from Gerik, Perak to Jeli, Kelantan.source
  • 1983Bank Islam Malaysia (BIMB), Malaysia's first Islamic bank was founded.source
  • 1983The Official Information Act 1982 replaces the 1951 Official Secrets Act.source
  • 1983A North Korean Ilyushin Il-62M jet, en route to Conakry Airport in Guinea, crashes into the Fouta Djall Mountains of Guinea, killing all 23 people on board.source
  • 1983A technical failure causes the release of iodine-131 from the Philippsburg Nuclear Power Plant, Germany.source
  • 1983Chosonminhang Ilyushin Il-62 crashsource
  • 1984Liechtenstein becomes the last country in Europe to grant women the right to vote.source
  • 1984Moshé Feldenkrais (born 1904), Russian (Ukraine)-born Israeli physicist and the founder of the Feldenkrais Method.source
  • 1984Argentinian footballer Diego Maradona is sold by FC Barcelona (Spain) to S.S.C. Napoli (Italy) for a world record fee at this date of $10.48M (£6.9M).source
  • 1985The Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons enters into force.source
  • 1987The Single European Act is passed by the European Community.source
  • 1988The Soviet Union votes to end the CPSU's monopoly on economic and other non-political power and to further economic changes towards a less rigidly Marxist-Leninist economy.source
  • 1990German reunification: East Germany and West Germany merge their economies, the West German Deutsche Mark becoming the official currency of the East also. The Inner German border (constructed 1945) also ceases to function.source
  • 1990Argentina announces the sale of its state-owned airline, Aerolineas Argentinas, to Spanish airline Iberia. The sale will be completed in November.source
  • 1990Republic day celebrations held across the country.source
  • 1991The world's first GSM telephone call is made in Finland.source
  • 1991In the U.S., telephone services go down in Washington, D.C., Pittsburgh, Los Angeles and San Francisco as a result of a software bug, affecting nearly 12 million customers.source
  • 1991The maiden flight of EVA Air.source
  • 1991Lucas Vázquez, footballersource
  • 1994Palestinian President Yasser Arafat returns to Palestine after 27 years of exile by crossing the border from Egypt to the Gaza Strip, arriving first in Rafah and then Gaza City.source
  • 1995Iraq disarmament crisis: In response to UNSCOM's evidence, Iraq admits for first time the existence of an offensive biological weapons program, but denies weaponization.source
  • 1996German orthography reform of 1996 agreed internationally.source
  • 1996The Northern Territory in Australia legalises voluntary euthanasia.source
  • 1997The United Kingdom hands sovereignty of the British colony in Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China.source
  • 1997Luxembourg assumes the rotating Presidency of the Council of the European Union for the following six months.source
  • 1998Republic day celebrations held across the country.source
  • 1999The establishment of Centers for Disease Control.source
  • 1999Europol (short for European Police Office) the European Union's criminal intelligence agency becomes fully operational.source
  • 2000The Øresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden is officially opened for traffic.source
  • 2000Republic day celebrations held across the country.source
  • 2002The Rome Statute comes into force, thereby establishing the International Criminal Court.source
  • 2003The Migrant Workers Convention comes into effect.source
  • 2003In a major development in football, English footballer David Beckham is transferred from Manchester United F.C. to Real Madrid CF for £17.25 million.source
  • 2003The annual 1 July Marches in Hong Kong see hundreds of thousands of participants in response to the National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill.source
  • 2004The Cassini–Huygens orbiter reaches the orbit of Saturn.source
  • 2004Saddam Hussein appears in court for his charges to be read.source
  • 2006Finland receives the presidency of the Council of the European Union.source
  • 2006The Qinghai–Tibet railway begins operation, making Tibet the final province-level entity of China to establish a conventional railway.source
  • 2006A man is arrested after crashing a car into the gates of King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV's residence in Auckland, New Zealand.source
  • 2008Riots erupt in Mongolia in response to allegations of fraud surrounding the 2008 legislative elections.source
  • 2008A court in Oran overturned the 2006 defamation conviction of a reporter and her newspaper supervisor. Salima Tiemcani and Omar Belhouchet were each fined approximately $790 after an investigation into drug trafficking in the western region of Algeria, which was considered defamatory. The overturning of their sentence after an appeal filed on June 7 is a first in the annals of Algerian justice.source
  • 2011Poland takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union from Hungary for a six-month term.source
  • 2012The final match of the UEFA Euro 2012 takes place in Kyiv between Spain and Italy. Spain wins 4–0, achieving victorious from the third international tournament in a row, after winning UEFA Euro 2008 and the 2010 FIFA World Cup.source
  • 2013Croatia becomes the 28th member of the European Union.source
  • 2014The United States imposes a record $9 billion fine on BNP Paribas for helping clients bypass sanctions against Cuba, Iran, and Sudan. The bank is also barred from certain US dollar dominated transactions for one year.source
  • 2015Greek government-debt crisis: Greece becomes the first advanced economy to miss a payment to the International Monetary Fund in the 71-year history of the IMF.source
  • 2016Latvia becomes the 35th member of the OECD.source
  • 2018The 2018 Mexican general election is held to elect the president of Mexico, all 128 members of the Senate of the Republic and all 500 members of the Chamber of Deputies.The presidential candidate of the Juntos Haremos Historia coalition, Andrés Manuel López Obrador is elected president and the Juntos Haremos Historia coalition wins a majority of 69 out of 128 out of seats in the Senate and 312 out of 500 seats in the Chamber of Deputies.source
  • 2018Austria takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, after the Bulgarian presidency.source
  • 2018June 22–July 1 – The 2018 Mediterranean Games are held in Tarragona, Spain.source
  • 2019Japan announces tightening high-tech exports to South Korea, thus beginning the trade dispute between the two countries.source
  • 2019Finland takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, after the Romanian presidency.source
  • 20192019–2020 Hong Kong protests: During the annual July 1 protests that mark the anniversary of the British handover of the city to China, a group of a few hundred protesters stormed the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, defacing various portraits and destroying furniture before being dispersed by police using tear gas.source
  • 2019Japan resumes commercial whaling after a 30-year moratorium, following its withdrawal from the International Whaling Commission.source
  • 2019The International Atomic Energy Agency confirms that Iran has breached the limit on its stockpile of enriched uranium.source
  • 2019A fire on the Russian deep-diving submarine Losharik kills 14 crew members. Submarine commander Denis Dolonsky is among those killed.source
  • 2022Yair Lapid succeeds Naftali Bennett as Prime Minister of Israel, while Bennett succeeds Lapid as Alternate Prime Minister of Israel; this arrangement had been created after the 2021 Israeli legislative election, in which no party won an outright majority.source
  • 2022the Czech Republic takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, after the French presidency.source
  • 20232023 East Timorese parliamentary election: Xanana Gusmão is sworn in as prime minister of Timor-Leste.source
  • 2024Ketikoti (Emancipation Day – end of slavery)source
  • 2024Hurricane Beryl becomes the earliest Category 5 hurricane on record after devastating the island of Carriacou, Grenada.source

Births

  • 1311Liu Bowen, Chinese statesman and politician (died 1375)source
  • 1464Clara Gonzaga, Italian noble (died 1503)source
  • 1481King Christian II of Denmark, Scandinavian monarch under the Kalmar Union (died 1559)source
  • 1500Federico Cesi (cardinal), Italian cardinal (died 1565)source
  • 1506Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia (died 1526)source
  • 1534King Frederick II of Denmark (died 1588)source
  • 1553Peter Street, English carpenter (died 1609)source
  • 1560Charles III de Croÿ, Belgian noble (died 1612)source
  • 1574Joseph Hall, English bishop and satirist (died 1656)source
  • 1646Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, German philosopher, scientist, and mathematician (died 1716)source
  • 1654Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme, French military commander (died 1712)source
  • 1723Pedro Rodríguez, Count of Campomanes, Spanish statesman, writer (died 1802)source
  • 1804George Sand, French novelist (died 1876)source
  • 1818Ignaz Semmelweis, Hungarian physician, obstetrician (died 1865)source
  • 1824Casto Méndez Núñez, Spanish admiral (died 1869)source
  • 1916Olivia de Havilland, British-American film actress (died 2020)source
  • 1946Mireya Moscoso, former presidentsource
  • 1961Diana, Princess of Wales, born The Hon. Diana Spencer, English princess consort as first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales (died 1997)source
  • 2020Teodoro Zedillo de la Vega, tenth grandchild of former president Ernesto Zedillo.source

Deaths

  • 552Totila, king of the Ostrogothssource
  • 992Heonjeong, queen of Goryeo (Korea) (born 961)source
  • 1109Alfonso VI, king of León and Castilesource
  • 1175Reginald de Dunstanville, English nobleman (born 1110)source
  • 1180Stephanie (the Unfortunate), Spanish noblewomansource
  • 1224Hōjō Yoshitoki, Japanese regent (shikken; b. 1163)source
  • 1242Chagatai Khan, son of Genghis Khan (born 1183)source
  • 1271Bartholomew of Braganca, Italian friar and bishopsource
  • 1277Baibars (or Abu al-Futuh), Mamluk sultansource
  • 1287Narathihapate (or Sithu IV), Burmese ruler (born 1238)source
  • 1287Ananda Pyissi, Burmese chief minister and generalsource
  • 1321María de Molina, queen of Castile and León (born 1265)source
  • 1321María de Molina, grandmother of and regent for 12-year-old King Alfonso XI of Castile, dies at the age of 56, two relatives assume the regency and split Castile between themselves while chaos exists inside the Spanish kingdom. Alfonso's uncle, Don Juan Manuel de Ivrea, and cousin Juan de Castilla y Haro (called Juan el Tuerto or Juan the One-Eyed) remain in power until Alfonso XI reaches majority on 13 August 1325.source
  • 1348Joan of England, princess (Black Death) (born 1333/34)source
  • 1589Lady Saigō, Japanese concubine (born 1552)source
  • 1614Isaac Casaubon, French-born classical scholar (born 1559)source
  • 1622William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle, British politician (born 1575)source
  • 1681Oliver Plunkett, Irish saint (born 1629)source
  • 1685Nalan Xingde (born 1655), Chinese Qing Dynasty poet most famous for his ci poetrysource
  • 1694Justin McCarthy, Viscount Mountcashel, General in the Williamite War in Ireland (born 1638)source
  • 1717Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark, daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark (born 1647)source
  • 1736Ahmed III, Ottoman Sultan (born 1673)source
  • 1749William Jones, Welsh mathematician (born 1675)source
  • 1756Giambattista Nolli, Italian architect (born 1701)source
  • 1774Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland, British politician (born 1705)source
  • 1782Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, British statesman, 2-time Prime Minister of Great Britain (born 1730)source
  • 1784Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, German composer (born 1710)source
  • 1819the Public Universal Friend, American preacher (born 1752)source
  • 1839Mahmud II, Ottoman sultan (born 1785)source
  • 1845George Phillpotts, naval officersource
  • 1860Charles Goodyear, American inventor (born 1800)source
  • 1863John F. Reynolds, American general (killed in action) (born 1820)source
  • 1867Thomas Francis Meagher, American Civil War general (born 1823)source
  • 1876Mikhail Bakunin, Russian revolutionary, anarchist (born 1814)source
  • 1884Allan Pinkerton, American detective (born 1819)source
  • 1891Mihail Kogălniceanu, 3rd Prime Minister of Romania (born 1817)source
  • 1896Harriet Beecher Stowe, American author (born 1811)source
  • 1897Ropata Wahawaha, New Zealand Māori military leader (born c.1820)source
  • 1898Joaquín Vara del Rey y Rubiosource
  • 1905John Hay, American diplomat, private secretary to Abraham Lincoln (born 1838)source
  • 1912Harriet Quimby, who set the record as the first woman to fly the English Channel two months previously, dies in Squantum, Massachusetts, after her brand-new two-seat Bleriot monoplane crashes, killing both Quimby and her passenger.source
  • 1916First Day on the Somme (killed in action)source
  • 1925Erik Satie, French composer (born 1866)source
  • 1964Pierre Monteux, French conductor (born 1875)source
  • 1965Wally Hammond, English cricketer (born 1903)source
  • 1974Juan Perón, Argentine army general and politician, 2-time President of Argentina (born 1895)source
  • 1997Robert Mitchum, 79, American actor (The Story of G.I. Joe, Cape Fear, The Night of the Hunter), complications from lung cancer and emphysema.source
  • 2004Marlon Brando, 80, American actor (The Godfather, On the Waterfront, A Streetcar Named Desire), Oscar winner (1954, 1973), pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory failure.source
  • 2010Don Coryell, 85, American football coach (San Diego Chargers, St. Louis Cardinals).source
  • 2024Eighty-nine people are killed after a migrant boat sink near Ndiago.source