1935 CE

The Second Italo-Ethiopian War begins as Italy invades Ethiopia, signaling growing tensions in Europe and Africa; the Nuremberg Laws are enacted in Nazi Germany, depriving Jews of citizenship and basic rights and cementing the regime’s racial policies; the 1935 Greek coup attempt unfolds in March but is swiftly suppressed, highlighting political instability in Greece; the 1935 Yangtze flood devastates large parts of China, killing tens of thousands and displacing millions; the Harlem riot of 1935 breaks out in New York City, the city’s first modern race riot, reflecting deep social and racial tensions; and the 1935 Labor Day hurricane strikes the Florida Keys with unprecedented force, becoming one of the most intense hurricanes in U.S. history.

In the 1930s, the 20th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • January 7 – Italian premier Benito Mussolini and French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval conclude an agreement, in which each power agrees not to oppose the other's colonial claims.source
  • January 13 – A referendum in the Territory of the Saar Basin shows that 90.3% of those voting wish to join Germany.source
  • 13–15 January – Voters in El Salvador voted Maximiliano Hernández Martínez as President of El Salvador with 329,555 votes in a 100% margin. He was the only candidate.El Salvadorsource
  • February 26 – In Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler orders reinstatement of the air force, the Luftwaffe, in violation of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.source
  • March 1 – İsmet İnönü forms the new government in Turkey (the 8th government; during Atatürk's presidency, İnönü has served seven times as a prime minister).source
  • March 2 – King Prajadhipok (Rama VII) of Siam abdicates the throne; he is succeeded by his 9-year-old-nephew Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII).source
  • March 16 – Adolf Hitler announces German re-armament in violation of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.source
  • March 21 – Reza Shah of Iran asks the international community to formally adopt the name "Iran" to refer to the country, in place of the name "Persia".source
  • April 15 – The Roerich Pact, a Pan-American treaty on the protection of cultural artefacts, is signed in Washington, D.C.source
  • April – Palestine Arab Party established.Mandatory Palestinesource
  • May 7 - Liberian constitutional referendum, 1935Liberiasource
  • May 21 – In Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler announces the reintroduction of conscription to the Wehrmacht, in violation of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.source
  • June 18 – Anglo-German Naval Agreement: Britain agrees to a German navy equal to 35% of her own naval tonnage.source
  • July 25–August 20 – The seventh and last congress of the Comintern is held.source
  • August 2 – The Government of India Act is passed by the British Parliament, making provision for the establishment of a "Federation of India" and a degree of autonomy.source
  • 25 August – The Treaty of Establishment, Commerce and Navigation is signed between Iran and the USSR.Soviet Unionsource
  • September 16 – Senate president Manuel L. Quezon is elected president in the country's first national election.Philippinessource
  • September 17 – Manuel L. Quezon is elected 2nd President of the Philippines.source
  • 10 October – The Taiwan Exposition: In Commemoration of the First Forty Years of Colonial Rule opensTaiwansource
  • October 14 – 1935 Canadian federal election: The Liberal Party of William Lyon Mackenzie King wins a majority government, defeating the Conservative Party of Prime Minister R. B. Bennett.source
  • October 22 – The Chinese Communist Party settles in Shaanxi after the Long March.source
  • November 3 – A Greek monarchy referendum is held by self-proclaimed Regent Georgios Kondylis. Almost 98% of the votes favor restoration of the monarchy, although the referendum's integrity is dubious.source
  • November 14 – 1935 United Kingdom general election: Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin returns to office at the head of a National Government led by the Conservative Party, with a large but reduced majority.source
  • 14 November – United Kingdom general election.Northern Irelandsource
  • November 25 – After 11 years in exile, George II returns to Greek soil as King of Greece at Corfu, from London.source
  • December 18 – The socialist party of Sri Lanka, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, is founded.source
  • December 18 – Samuel Hoare resigns as British foreign secretary, and is replaced by Anthony Eden.source
  • 8th government of Turkey (from 1 March)Turkeysource

Conflict & Security

  • January 8 - Battle of Khalkhyn TempleJapansource
  • 8 January – Battle of Khalkhyn Temple.Soviet Unionsource
  • March 1 – 1935 Greek coup d'état attempt: Nikolaos Plastiras, Anastasios Papoulas and other Venizelists lead a coup against the People's Party government in Greece. The attempt is suppressed by March 11, and the leaders condemned to death for treason.source
  • March 19 – Harlem riot of 1935: A race riot breaks out in Harlem (New York City), after a rumor circulates that a teenage Puerto Rican shoplifter in the S. H. Kress & Co. department store has been brutally beaten.source
  • April 27 – Sheffield Wednesday beat West Bromwich Albion 4–2 at Wembley Stadium in England to win the FA Cup final.source
  • May 2 – The Sakdalista uprising.Philippinessource
  • May 13 – T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia") is involved in a motorcycle accident, near his home in Dorset, England, resulting in his death a few days later.source
  • June 9 – He–Umezu Agreement: China's Kuomintang government concedes Japanese military control of north-eastern China.source
  • June 12 – The Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia ends.source
  • June 12 - ceasefire with Paraguay ending the Chaco WarBoliviasource
  • 12 July – Rioting breaks out in Belfast following Orange Order parades. By 21 July nine people have been shot dead and scores injured. Rioting continues to the end of August, by which time eight Protestants and five Catholics have been killed, hundreds injured and over 2,000 homes destroyed (almost all Catholic).Northern Irelandsource
  • August 16 – Representatives of France, Britain and Italy meet in Paris in an unsuccessful attempt to negotiate a solution to the Abyssinia Crisis.source
  • October 2–3 – The Second Italo-Ethiopian War begins, as Italian General Emilio De Bono invades Ethiopia.source
  • 16 October – Discovery of a Zionist arms shipment at the port of Jaffa leads to unrest throughout Palestine.Mandatory Palestinesource
  • 19 October – A group of assassins aiming to assassinate Atatürk were arrested.Turkeysource
  • November – A Communist insurrection, the "Red Revolt of 35", fails to unseat President Vargas. Olga Benário Prestes and her husband Luís Carlos Prestes are among the conspirators arrested.Brazilsource
  • December 27 – In China, Mao Zedong issues the Wayaobu Manifesto, On Tactics Against Japanese Imperialism, calling for a National United Front against the Japanese invasion.source

Exploration & Expansion

  • 27 April to 6 November – Brussels International Exposition (1935) held in Heysel, near Brussels.Belgiumsource
  • May 29 – The French Compagnie Générale Transatlantique ocean liner SS Normandie sets out on her maiden voyage from Le Havre to New York, which she will reach in 4 days, 3 hours and 14 minutes, taking the Blue Riband; she gains the eastbound record on her return passage.source
  • June 5 – The On-to-Ottawa Trek beginsCanadasource
  • July 1 – RMS Mauretania sails from Southampton to Rosyth to be broken up.source
  • August 2 – The USS Philadelphia is raised from Lake Champlain.United Statessource
  • October 6 – The wreckage of the RMS Lusitania is discovered.source
  • 19 October – Transvaal – Springs to Kaydale, 19 mi 68 ch.South Africasource
  • November 22 – The flying boat China Clipper takes off from Alameda, California, United States, to deliver the first airmail cargo across the Pacific Ocean; on November 29 the aircraft reaches its final destination, Manila, and delivers over 110,000 pieces of mail.source
  • December 12 – The De La Warr Pavilion at Bexhill-on-Sea, designed by Erich Mendelsohn and Serge Chermayeff, a pioneering example of International Style architecture, opens in England.source
  • 12 December – opening of The De La Warr Pavilion at Bexhill on Sea in East Sussex, designed by Erich Mendelsohn and Serge Chermayeff in the International style.United Kingdomsource
  • Unknown date – Yakult founded in Fukuoka City.Japansource
  • Auckland Trotting Cup – Graham DirectNew Zealandsource
  • Edwin Muir publishes Scottish JourneyScotlandsource

Religion & Belief

  • April 17 – Sun Myung Moon, a teenage Presbyterian convert in Korea under Japanese rule, claims to have a revelation from Jesus, telling him to complete his mission from almost 2,000 years ago.source
  • 19 May – canonization of Cardinal John Fisher and Sir Thomas More by Pope Pius XI. This year also, Bede is sanctified by the Catholic Church.United Kingdomsource
  • 16 July – The antisemitic and authoritarian National Christian Party is founded by the merger of the National Agrarian Party and the National-Christian Defense League.Romaniasource
  • 26 October – Lord Edward Carson, the Dublin-born unionist leader and barrister, is buried in St Anne's Cathedral, Belfast.Northern Irelandsource
  • December 5 – Mary McLeod Bethune founds the National Council of Negro Women.United Statessource
  • December 27 – In Germany, Regina Jonas becomes the first woman ever to receive semikhah (ordination) as a rabbi within Judaism. She will be killed in Auschwitz concentration camp in 1944 and the next such ordination will be in 1972.source
  • Érico Veríssimo – A Vida de Joana D'ArcBrazilsource
  • A split occurred between traditional Zionists and Revisionists, who endorsed the use of violence to establish a Zionist state.Mandatory Palestinesource
  • Nordahl Grieg – Vår ære og vår maktNorwaysource
  • Ivor Novello – Glamorous NightWalessource

Economy & Finance

  • January 24 – The first canned beer is sold in Richmond, Virginia, United States, by Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company.source
  • 2 February - A trade agreement between the United States and Brazil is signed in Washington, D.C.Brazilsource
  • 10 February – Nahariya is founded.Mandatory Palestinesource
  • February 11 – Tosoh was founded in Tokuyama (now Shunan) Yamaguchi Prefecture, as predecessor name was Toyo Soda.Japansource
  • 29 March – The Romanian Front, a moderate fascist political party, is founded.Romaniasource
  • 16 May – Thomas Mackay Cooper becomes Solicitor General for Scotland, replacing Douglas JamiesonScotlandsource
  • May 27 – Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (the "Sick Chicken Case"): The Supreme Court of the United States declares that the National Industrial Recovery Act, a major component of the New Deal, is unconstitutional.source
  • May 31 – Twentieth Century Pictures and Fox Film Corporation merge to form Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation.source
  • 3 December – Felinfoel Brewery in Llanelli becomes the first in the UK to sell beer in cans.Walessource
  • Increase since previous 31 December 1934: 11,300 (0.73%).New Zealandsource
  • 4 million members of trade unions in the U.S.United Statessource

Technology & Infrastructure

  • 4 January – The British open the Mosul–Haifa oil pipeline, a major oil pipeline between the Mosul oil fields in Iraq and the Mediterranean port of Haifa in Palestine.Mandatory Palestinesource
  • February 6 – Parker Brothers begins selling the board game Monopoly in the United States.source
  • March 22 – The world's first regular television program (by Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow) is transmitted from the Funkturm in Berlin, Germany.source
  • April 29 – The first edition of the Vuelta a España is raced, and goes on to become one of the 3 Grand Tours of road bicycle racing.source
  • 1 May – Proletarul, the newspaper of the Socialist Workers Party of Romania, ceases publishing.Romaniasource
  • May 15 – Joseph Stalin opens the Moscow Metro to the public.source
  • 15 May – Joseph Stalin opens the Moscow Metro to the public.Soviet Unionsource
  • July 22 – Inauguration of the Brazilian radiophonic program A Voz do Brasil.source
  • 4 August – Launch of Rádio e Televisão de PortugalPortugalsource
  • September 3 – English driver Sir Malcolm Campbell becomes the first person to drive an automobile at 300 miles per hour in Blue Bird, establishing a new absolute land speed record of 301.337 mph on the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah.source
  • September 13 – American aviator Howard Hughes, flying the Hughes H-1 Racer, sets an airspeed record of 352 mph (566 km/h).source
  • September 24 – Earl W. Bascom and his brother Weldon produce the first night rodeo held outdoors under electric lights, at Columbia, Mississippi.source
  • September 27 - opening of Tōbu-Izumi Station.Japansource
  • September 29 – The London and North Eastern Railway's first A4 Class streamlined steam locomotive A4 2509 Silver Link makes her inaugural journey, from London King's Cross.source
  • September 30 – The London and North Eastern Railway commences the Silver Jubilee, Britain's first streamline train service.source
  • September 30 – U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicates the Hoover Dam.source
  • 7 December – The Strand Cinema is opened in Belfast.Northern Irelandsource
  • December 17 – The Douglas DST, prototype of the Douglas DC-3 airliner, first flies in the United States. More than 16,000 of the model will eventually be produced.source
  • The chemical company Nitro Química is established.Brazilsource
  • Azienda Italiana Petroli AlbanesiItalysource

Science & Discovery

  • January 12 – Amelia Earhart becomes the first person to successfully complete a solo flight from Hawaii to California, a distance of 2,408 mi.source
  • February 26 – Robert Watson-Watt first demonstrates the use of radar to detect aircraft, at Daventry in the UK.source
  • May 7 – David Dunlap Observatory opensCanadasource
  • 11 May – Rugby league: St. George beats Canterbury 91 points to 6 for the highest score and biggest win in NRL history.Australiasource
  • 26 June – The balloon USSR-1 ascends to an altitude of 16,000 meters and is forced into descent by a release of hydrogen.Soviet Unionsource
  • November 22 – The China Clipper takes off from Alameda, California to deliver the first airmail cargo across the Pacific Ocean; the aircraft reaches its destination, Manila, and delivers over 110,000 pieces of mail.United Statessource
  • 10 December – James Chadwick wins the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of the neutron."United Kingdomsource
  • Willy Hansen (DEN) and Viktor Rausch (GER) win the second Six Days of Copenhagen six-day track cycling race.Denmarksource
  • New Zealand Trotting Cup – Indianapolis (2nd win)New Zealandsource
  • Bertrand Russell – Religion and ScienceWalessource

Health & Medicine

  • January 28 – Iceland made abortions legal.Icelandsource
  • 29 June – first portion of Swanscombe skull, belonging to a woman from 400,000 years past, is discovered in north Kent.United Kingdomsource
  • August 14 – United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Social Security Act into law.source
  • August 14 – U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Social Security Act into law.United Statessource
  • October 14 – The Turkish government had all Masonic lodges in the country abolished on the ground that Masonic principles are incompatible with nationalistic policy and their property transferred to the state.source
  • 20 October – Census (Population 16,158,018)Turkeysource
  • November 23 – Jacques and Thérèse Tréfouël, Daniel Bovet and Federico Nitti, in the laboratory of Ernest Fourneau at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, discover that sulfanilamide is the active component of Prontosil.source
  • 31 December – The cane toad is introduced to Queensland.Australiasource
  • Dr. BR. Ambedkar ended all 3 temple entry movement in 1935.Indiasource
  • The Chatham Cup is won by Hospital of Wellington who beat Western of Christchurch 3–1 in the final.New Zealandsource
  • The Eternal Mask, an Austrian-Swiss drama, is releasedSwitzerlandsource

Crime & Justice

  • February 13 – Richard Hauptmann is convicted and sentenced to death for the kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh Jr. in the United States.source
  • March 11 – The Bank of Canada issues a $500 banknote with Sir John A. Macdonald's portrait and a $1,000 note with Sir Wilfrid Laurier's portraitCanadasource
  • June 10 – Alcoholics Anonymous is founded in Akron, Ohio, United States, by William G. Wilson and Dr. Robert Smith.source
  • September 8 – Carl Weiss fatally wounds Huey Long, U.S. Senator from Louisiana ("The Kingfish"), in a shooting at the Louisiana Capitol Building in Baton Rouge.United Statessource
  • September 15 – The Nuremberg Laws go into effect in Germany, removing citizenship from Jews.source
  • 15 September — The Nuremberg Laws go into effect in Germany. Following an incident of vandalism on the SS Bremen in New York City, the Nazi Party flag emblazoned with the swastika is made the German National Flag on Hitler's orders.Germanysource
  • 2 December – Albert Russell becomes Solicitor General for Scotland, replacing Thomas Mackay CooperScotlandsource
  • John Longstaff wins the Archibald Prize with his portrait of Banjo PatersonAustraliasource
  • Michel Polak's art deco Eastman Building in BrusselsBelgiumsource
  • Men's singles champion – Arthur Engebretsen (Napier Bowling Club)New Zealandsource
  • The Berne Trial, which began in 1933, endsSwitzerlandsource

Disasters & Accidents

  • 28 July – Tour de France ends, won by Romain Maes of BelgiumFrancesource
  • 12 September – an underground explosion at North Gawber (Lidgett) colliery, Barnsley, South Yorkshire, kills nineteen.United Kingdomsource
  • October – At Nine Mile Point Colliery in Cwmfelinfach 164 miners take part in a "stay-down" strike action lasting 177 hours over the use of non-union labour.Walessource
  • Six Class 16E 4-6-2 Pacific type passenger steam locomotives.South Africasource
  • Penallta Colliery takes the European record for amount of coal wound in a 24-hour period.Walessource

Climate & Environment

  • 4 January – The 6.4 Mw Erdek–Marmara Islands earthquake affected the area with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), leaving five people dead and thirty injured.Turkeysource
  • 29 March – 141 people drown when a cyclone strikes the pearling fleet off the coast of Broome, Western Australia.Australiasource
  • April 14 – Dust Bowl: "Black Sunday", the great dust storm in the United States hits eastern New Mexico and Colorado, and western Oklahoma the hardest (it will be made famous by Woody Guthrie, in his "dust bowl ballads").source
  • 21 April – The magnitude 7.1 Shinchiku-Taichū earthquake struck western TaiwanTaiwansource
  • May 31 – 1935 Quetta earthquake: A 7.1 magnitude earthquake destroys Quetta in modern-day Pakistan, killing 40,000.source
  • 31 May – The 7.7 Mw Quetta earthquake shook British India with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), killing 30,000–60,000.Indiasource
  • July 24 – The Dust Bowl heat wave reaches its peak, sending temperatures in Chicago to a record-high 109 °FUnited Statessource
  • August 9 - establishment of Mineokasankei Prefectural Natural Park, Kujūkuri Prefectural Natural Park, Takagoyama Prefectural Natural Park and Yōrō Keikoku Okukiyosumi Prefectural Natural Park.Japansource
  • September 2 – 1935 Labor Day hurricane: The strongest hurricane ever to strike the United States landfalls in the Upper Florida Keys as a Category 5 storm with 185 mph winds, killing 423.source
  • October 10 – A tornado destroys the 160 m wooden radio tower in Langenberg, Germany. As a result of this catastrophe, wooden radio towers are phased out.source
  • 10 October — A tornado destroys the 160 m wooden radio tower in Langenberg, Germany. As a result, wooden radio towers are phased out.Germanysource
  • November 1 – The magnitude 6.2 Timiskaming earthquake shakes western QuebecCanadasource

Culture & Society

  • 1 February – Hagia Sophia is converted into a museum.Turkeysource
  • February 15 – The discovery and clinical development of Prontosil, the first broadly effective antibiotic, is published in a series of articles by Gerhard Domagk and others in Germany's pre-eminent medical journal, Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift.source
  • 16 March – Maximiliano Hernández Martínez opened the 1935 Central American and Caribbean Games in San Salvador.El Salvadorsource
  • 1 April – The National Athletics and Cycling Association is suspended from the International Amateur Athletic Federation for refusing to confine its activities to the Free State side of the border.Northern Irelandsource
  • April 11 – The 1935 Danish general election is held, resulting in Thorvald Stauning becoming the first Social Democratic Prime Minister of Denmark.source
  • April 24 – William Christian Bullitt Jr., the United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union, hosts the elaborately prepared Spring Ball of the Full Moon, which is said to have surpassed all other embassy parties in Moscow's history.source
  • 24 April – William Christian Bullitt Jr., the United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union, hosts the elaborately prepared Spring Ball of the Full Moon, which is said to have surpassed all other embassy parties in Moscow's history.Soviet Unionsource
  • May 14 – Northamptonshire County Cricket Club gains (over Somerset at Taunton by 48 runs) what proves to be their last victory for 99 matches, easily a record in the County Championship. Their next Championship win is not until May 29, 1939.source
  • May 27 - founding of Club AuroraBoliviasource
  • June 13 – James J. Braddock defeats Max Baer at Madison Square Garden Bowl, to win the heavyweight boxing championship of the world.source
  • July 6-7. Polish Track and Field Championships take placePolandsource
  • October 21 – Grant v Australian Knitting Mills, a landmark case in consumer law, is decided on appeal in the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the U.K.source
  • December 10 – Hanshin Tigers, a well known professional baseball club of Japan, is founded in Osaka.source
  • December 12 – The Lebensborn program in support of Nazi eugenics is founded by Heinrich Himmler in Germany.source
  • December 28 – Pravda publishes a letter from Pavel Postyshev, who revives the New Year tree tradition in the Soviet Union.source
  • Estonian Maritime Museum is founded.Estoniasource
  • 5–6 May – Renowned Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum performs in the Mugrabi Theater in Tel Aviv, continuing after to Jerusalem and Haifa.Mandatory Palestinesource

Births

Deaths

  • February 8 – Max Liebermann, German painter (born 1847)source
  • March 6 – Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., U.S. Supreme Court Justice (born 1841)source
  • April 14 – Emmy Noether, German mathematician (born 1882)source
  • May 12 – Józef Piłsudski, Polish politician, 2-time Prime Minister of Poland (born 1867)source
  • May 14 – Magnus Hirschfeld, German sex researcher, gay rights advocate (born 1868)source
  • May 15 – Kazimir Malevich, Polish-Russian painter, art theoretician (born 1879)source
  • May 19 – T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia), English soldier, diplomat and writer (born 1888)source
  • May 21 – Jane Addams, American social worker, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (born 1860)source
  • June 24 – Ten people, including musician Carlos Gardel, are killed in a collision between two Ford Trimotor airplanes at Olaya Herrera Airport in Medellín, Colombia.source
  • July 17 - Daniel Salamanca Urey, former PresidentBoliviasource
  • August 15 – Will Rogers, American humorist and actor (born 1879)source
  • August 17 – Charlotte Perkins Gilman, American feminist and writer (born 1860)source
  • September 10 – Huey Long, American politician (assassinated 2 days before) (born 1893)source
  • September 20 - Julio Nalundasan, Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Ilocos Norte's Second District (born 1894)Philippinessource
  • 22 October – Edward Carson, Irish Unionist leader, barrister and judge (born 1854).Northern Irelandsource
  • November 8 – Sir Charles Kingsford Smith, Australian aviator (born 1897)source
  • November 30 – Fernando Pessoa, Portuguese writer (born 1888)source
  • 10 December – Pío Romero Bosque, politician (born 1860)El Salvadorsource