1914 CE
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip triggers the July Crisis, leading to the outbreak of World War I; The Serbian campaign begins as Austria-Hungary invades Serbia, facing fierce resistance; The Battle of Liège sees German forces delayed by Belgian defenders, disrupting the Schlieffen Plan; The Battle of Tannenberg results in a decisive German victory over the Russian Second Army on the Eastern Front; The Siege of Tsingtao marks Japan’s entry into the war as Allied forces capture the German port in China; The First Battle of the Marne halts the German advance into France, beginning the prolonged stalemate of trench warfare on the Western Front.
In the 1910s, the 20th century.
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
- January 29 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia dismisses his 4th Prime Minister, Vladimir Kokovtsov due to his "lack of control over the press", he is succeeded by Ivan Goremykin for his second termsource
- February 28 – The Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus is proclaimed by ethnic Greeks.source
- 1 March - In the presidential election, incumbent Vice-President Venceslau Brás, of the Mineiro Republican Party, receives 91.6% of the vote.Brazilsource
- March 22 – Argentine legislative election, 1914Argentinasource
- May 17 – The Protocol of Corfu provides for the provinces of Korçë and Gjirokastër, constituting Northern Epirus, to be granted autonomy under the nominal sovereignty of Albania.source
- May 25 – The House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes the Government of Ireland Act 1914, the "Irish Home Rule Bill".source
- June 1 – Woodrow Wilson's envoy, Edward Mandell House, meets Kaiser Wilhelm II.source
- July 5 – A council is held at Potsdam: leaders within Austria-Hungary and Germany meet to discuss the possibilities of war with Serbia, Russia and France.source
- July 15 – Mexican Revolution: Victoriano Huerta resigns from the presidency of Mexico.source
- July 19 – George V summons a conference to discuss the Irish Home Rule problem. It meets from July 21–24, without reaching consensus.source
- July 23 – July Ultimatum: Austria-Hungary presents Serbia with an unconditional ultimatum.source
- August 2 – A secret treaty between the Ottoman Empire and German Empires secures Ottoman neutrality.source
- August 7 – The United Kingdom (Japan's ally since 1902) officially asked Japan for assistance in destroying the raiders from the Imperial German Navy in and around Chinese waters.Japansource
- August 13 – The Teoloyucan Treaties are signed in the State of Mexico.source
- August 26 – The Togoland Campaign ends with the German West African colony of Togoland (Togo from 1960) surrendering to Britain and France.source
- 29 August – Carlos Meléndez Ramírez resigned as Provisional President and Alfonso Quiñónez Molina succeeded him as Provisional President.El Salvadorsource
- September 1 – The province of Cotabato is founded.Philippinessource
- September 5 – London Agreement: No member of the Triple Entente (Britain, France, or Russia) may seek a separate peace with the Central Powers.source
- October 19 – The Race to the Sea effectively ends, with the Western Front reaching the Belgian coast.source
- November 6 – Eulalio Gutiérrez is declared President of Mexico during the Convention of AguascalientesMexicosource
- 20 December — The Taiwan Assimilation Association was established.Taiwansource
- 1914 Persian legislative election.Iransource
Conflict & Security
- April 20 – Colorado Coalfield War: Ludlow Massacre – The Colorado National Guard attacks a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners in Ludlow, Colorado, killing 21 people.source
- 17 May – The Truku War broke out.Taiwansource
- June 12–18 – Greek genocide: Ottoman Greeks in Phocaea are massacred by Turkish irregular troops.source
- June 28 – Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria: Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip, 19, assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Duchess Sophie, in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, triggering the July Crisis overnight and eventually World War I. Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo and Zagreb break out.source
- June 28 – Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg in Sarajevo. The assassination led directly to the First World War when Austria-Hungary subsequently issued an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia, which was partially rejected. Austria-Hungary then declared war.Italysource
- June 29 – Khioniya Guseva attempts and fails to assassinate Grigori Rasputin at his hometown in Siberia.source
- July 9 – The Emperor of Austria-Hungary receives the report of the Austro-Hungarian investigation into the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria at Sarajevo. The Times of London publishes an account of the Austro-Hungarian press campaign against the Serbians (who are described as "pestilent rats").source
- July 26 – Howth gun-running: former British civil servant and novelist Erskine Childers and his wife Molly sail into Howth in Ireland and land 2,500 guns for the nationalist Irish Volunteers from a German dealer. British Army troops of the King's Own Scottish Borderers, returning to Dublin having been called out to assist police in attempting to prevent the Volunteers from moving the arms to the city, perpetrate the Bachelor's Walk massacre, firing on a crowd of protestors at Bachelors Walk, killing three; a fourth man dies later from bayonet wounds and more than 37 others are injured.source
- July 28 – Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia after Serbia rejects the conditions of an ultimatum sent by Austria on July 23 following the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Yugoslav nationalist movement Young Bosnia.Croatiasource
- July 29 – World War I: Austro-Hungarian Navy river monitor SMS Bodrog fires the first shots of the war, opening the bombardment of the defenses of Belgrade, Serbia's capital.source
- August 1 – The German Empire declares war on the Russian Empire, following Russia's military mobilisation in support of Serbia; Germany also begins mobilisation.source
- August 2 – German troops occupy Luxembourg, in accordance with the Schlieffen Plan.source
- August 4 – World War I: German invasion of Belgium – At 08:02 (local time) Imperial German Army troops enter Belgium, bringing the July Crisis to a climax. At 23:00 (GMT) the British entry into World War I takes place when King George V in London declares war on Germany for this violation of Belgian neutrality (protected by the Treaty of London (1839)) and especially to defend France. This means a declaration of war by the whole British Empire against the German Empire. The United States declares neutrality.source
- August 5 – The guns of Point Nepean fort at Port Phillip Heads in Victoria (Australia) fire across the bows of the Norddeutscher Lloyd steamer SS Pfalz, which is attempting to leave the Port of Melbourne in ignorance of the declaration of war, and she is detained; this is said to be the first Allied shot of the war.source
- August 7 – Battle of Mulhouse: France launches its first attack of the war, in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the province of Alsace from Germany, beginning the Battle of the Frontiers.source
- August 16 – German warships SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau (both commissioned in 1912), which reached Constantinople on August 10, are transferred to the Ottoman Navy, Goeben becoming its flagship, Yavuz Sultan Selim.source
- August 25 – Japan declares war on Austria-Hungary, after Vienna refused to withdraw the Austro-Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth from Qingdao.Japansource
- August 26–30 – Battle of Tannenberg: The Russian Second Army is surrounded and defeated.source
- August 26–27 – Battle of Le Cateau: British, French, and Belgian forces make a successful tactical retreat from the German advance.source
- 9 September - Allied forces halt German advance into France during First Battle of the Marne.Russiasource
- 14 September - The British Royal Navy auxiliary cruiser HMS Carmania fought the German SMS Cap Trafalgar off Trindade in the Battle of Trindade. Carmania sank Cap Trafalgar, but sustained severe damage herself.Brazilsource
- September 22 – German light cruiser SMS Emden bombards Madras, the only Indian city to be attacked by the Central Powers in the War.source
- October 9 – World War I: Siege of Antwerp: Antwerp (Belgium) falls to German troops.source
- 19 October – 22 November – World War I: First Battle of Ypres fought between British, French and German forces in Ypres in Belgium.Germanysource
- October 27 – The Greek army occupies Northern Epirus with the approval of the Allies.source
- October 28 – Participants in the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria are sentenced at Sarajevo. Gavrilo Princip, being under 20 years of age at the time of the assassination, cannot be given the death penalty, and is given a 20-year prison sentence instead.source
- November 1 – World War I: Battle of Coronel – A British Royal Navy squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock is met in the eastern Pacific and defeated by superior German forces led by Vice-Admiral Maximilian von Spee in the first British naval defeat of the war, resulting in the loss of HMS Good Hope and HMS Monmouth.source
- 1 November – World War I: Battle of CoronelChilesource
- November 5 – The Battle of Tanga ends, with the British Indian Expeditionary Force B failing to capture German East Africa defences.source
- November 7 – Siege of Tsingtao: The Japanese and British seize Jiaozhou Bay in China, the base of the German East Asia Squadron.source
- November 9 – World War I: Battle of Cocos – The German cruiser Emden, the last active warship of the Central Powers in the Indian Ocean, is sunk by the Australian cruiser Sydney.source
- November 13 – Zaian War: Battle of El Herri – Zayanes (Berbers) in Morocco overpower French forces.source
- December 8 – World War I: Battle of the Falkland Islands: A superior British Royal Navy squadron under Doveton Sturdee defeats ships of the Imperial German Navy under Maximilian von Spee (who goes down with his ship).source
- December 19 – Serbian Campaign (World War I): The Battle of Kolubara ends, resulting in a decisive Serbian victory over Austria-Hungary.source
- December 24 – World War I: An unofficial and temporary Christmas truce begins between British and German soldiers on the Western Front.source
- December – Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata occupy Mexico CityMexicosource
Exploration & Expansion
- January 1 – The St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line in the United States starts services between St. Petersburg and Tampa, Florida, becoming the first airline to provide scheduled regular commercial passenger services with heavier-than-air aircraft.source
- March 29 – Katherine Routledge and her husband arrive on Easter Island, to make the first true study of it (they depart in August 1915).source
- 29 March – Mana Expedition to Easter IslandChilesource
- May 1–November 1 – The Exposition Internationale is held at Lyon, France.source
- May 30 – Ocean liner RMS Aquitania makes her maiden voyage.source
- June 29 – The International Exhibition opens at the "White City", Ashton Gate, Bristol. It closes on August 15, and the site is used as a military depot.source
- July 18 – Mahatma Gandhi leaves South Africa for the last time, sailing out of Cape Town for England, on board the S.S. Kinfauns Castle.source
- July 18 – Mahatma Gandhi leaves South Africa for the last time, sailing out of Cape Town for England on board the SS Kinfauns Castle.South Africasource
- August 8 – Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition sets sail on the Endurance from Britain, in an attempt to cross Antarctica.source
- October 25 – The Italian rider Lauro Bordin wins the 10th Giro di Lombardia bicycle race.Italysource
- October – The Imperial Japanese Navy seized several of Germany's island colonies in the Pacific – the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands - with virtually no resistance. The Japanese Navy conducted the world's first naval-launched air raids against German-held land targets in Shandong province and ships in Qiaozhou Bay from Wakamiya.Japansource
- 1 November – The 38 ships carrying the NZEF (10 ships) and the AIF (28 ships) leave Perth, Western Australia. Although expecting to sail to England, they will receive orders to land in Egypt while crossing the Indian Ocean.New Zealandsource
- 22 November — Itagaki Taisuke visited Taiwan.Taiwansource
- November – Venustiano Carranza leaves Mexico City for VeracruzMexicosource
- December 5 – The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition begins its attempt to make the first land crossing of Antarctica.source
- December 19 – Mohandas Gandhi leaves England, sailing for India on this date (accompanied by his wife Kasturba). He begins to learn the Bengali language whilst on board.source
- Netherlands Naval Aviation ServiceNetherlandssource
Religion & Belief
- March 31 – Octavio Paz, writer, poet, and diplomat, and the winner of the 1990 Nobel Prize in LiteratureMexicosource
- April 6 — Establishment of the Vicariate Apostolic of Kiaotsu, in GuangdongChinasource
- April 23 – The Afrikaans language receives official recognition, when Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven addresses the English caucus of the Cape Provincial Council.source
- July 2 – The German Kaiser announces that he will not attend the funeral of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.source
- 5 July – The German Kaiser announces that he will not attend the Archduke's funeral.Germanysource
- July 7 – Austria-Hungary convenes a Council of Ministers, including Ministers for Foreign Affairs and War, the Chief of the General Staff, and Naval Commander-in-Chief; the Council lasts from 11:30 am until 6:15 pm.source
- July 27 – Felix Ysagun Manalo registers the Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) with the government of the Philippines.source
- July 27 – Iglesia ni Cristo is registered to the government by Felix Manalo.Philippinessource
- September 3 – Pope Benedict XV (Giacomo della Chiesa) succeeds Pope Pius X.source
- 18 September - Welsh Church Act, disestablishing the Church in Wales, receives Royal Assent, but simultaneously with the Suspensory Act which delays its coming into effect.Walessource
- Monarch – Victor Emmanuel III (1900–1946)Italysource
- St Andrew's Cathedral, Aberdeen, raised to the status of cathedral within the Episcopal Church.Scotlandsource
Economy & Finance
- April 14 – The city of Irving, Texas, is incorporated.United Statessource
- 24 July – The Buckingham Palace conference ended in failure. Nationalists and Unionists present could not agree in principle or in detail.Irelandsource
- 31 July – London Stock Exchange closes until 4 January 1915.United Kingdomsource
- August 1 – The New York Stock Exchange is closed because of the outbreak of the war in Europe, where nearly all stock exchanges are already closed.source
- 6 August – Currency and Bank Notes Act gives wartime powers of banknote issue to HM Treasury; the first notes, with the signature of John Bradbury, are issued on 7 August. The sovereign rapidly vanishes from circulation.United Kingdomsource
- September 26 – The United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is established, by the Federal Trade Commission Act.source
- September 26 – The U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is established by the Federal Trade Commission Act.United Statessource
- South Africa's government agree to many of the Indians' demands. Discriminatory taxes on Indian traders are abolished, the legality of non-Christian marriages is recognized and the continued immigration of free Indians is permitted.South Africasource
- November 24 – Benito Mussolini is expelled from the Italian Socialist Party.source
- November 28 – World War I: Following a war-induced closure in July, the New York Stock Exchange re-opens for bond trading.source
- December 12 – The New York Stock Exchange re-opens fully, having been closed since August 1, except for bond trading.source
- Fashion and perfumes company Puig is founded in Barcelona.source
- Canada suspends the convertibility of the dollar into goldCanadasource
- A. & R. Scott introduce the brand name Scott's Porage Oats.Scotlandsource
Technology & Infrastructure
- 1 January at 12:00 a.m. Local Mean Time States and territories now observe the four standard time zones, moving clocks forward or backward by a few minutes and seconds according to the then civil time by law since 18 June, 1913.Brazilsource
- January 8 – A railway strike is declared in the Transvaal and Orange River Colony.South Africasource
- 21 March – Nojima Ginzo piloted the double-propeller compound-blade aircraft "Falcon" at 10:37 and took off to an altitude of 100 meters and hovered for four minutes before landing. This day was designated by the Taiwan Governor-General's Office as Taiwan Airlines Memorial DayTaiwansource
- May 9 – J. T. Hearne in England becomes the first bowler to take 3,000 first-class wickets.source
- 10 May - opening of Yevpatoria tramRussiasource
- June 7 – Red Week after the killing of three anti-militarist demonstrators in Ancona. Many elements of the left protest and the Italian Socialist Party declare a general strike. Various acts of civil disobedience occur in major cities and small towns such as seizing railway stations, cutting telephone wires, and burning tax-registers. Two days later the strike was officially called off, but the civil strife continued. Militarist nationalists and anti-militarist leftists fought on the streets until the Italian Royal Army forcefully restored calm after having used thousands of men to put down the various protesting forces.Italysource
- June 9 – Pittsburgh Pirate Honus Wagner becomes the first baseball player in the twentieth century with 3,000 career hits.source
- June 23 – After it had been closed so that it could be deepened, the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Kanal is reopened by the Kaiser; the British Fleet under Sir George Warrender visits; the Kaiser inspects the Dreadnought HMS King George V.source
- July 1 – The Royal Naval Air Service, a forerunner of the Royal Air Force, is established in the United Kingdom.source
- July 11 – USS Nevada, the United States Navy's first "super-dreadnought" battleship, is launched.source
- July 18 – The Signal Corps of the United States Army establishes an Aviation Section, giving definite status to its air service for the first time.source
- 31 July – Swiss Air Force established.Switzerlandsource
- August 5 – The first electric traffic light is installed between Euclid Avenue and East 105 Street, in Cleveland, Ohio.source
- August 15 – The Panama Canal is inaugurated with the passage of the SS Ancon.source
- November 16 – A year after being created by passage of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, the Federal Reserve Bank of the United States officially opens for business.source
- December 20 – Tokyo Station officially opens in Japan, replacing Shinbashi Station as Tokyo's main terminal.source
- December 20 – Tokyo Station opened with four platforms; two serving electric trains and two serving non-electric trains.Japansource
- The first everyday items made of stainless steel come into public circulation.source
- The Port of Orange, Texas, is dredged for the fabrication of vessels for the United States Navy.source
- Establishment of the Zhongshan Park, in ShanghaiChinasource
Science & Discovery
- 23 February - Light cruiser HMS Cordelia is launched at Pembroke Dock.Walessource
- February 26 – The ocean liner that will become HMHS Britannic, sister to the RMS Titanic, is launched at the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast.source
- 3 April – Cape – Gamtoos to Patensie (Narrow gauge), 18 mi 79 ch.South Africasource
- 29 June - world's first high-speed long-range flight of a heavy aircraft Ilya Muromets started, on the route Saint Petersburg - Orsha - Kopys - Kiev - Saint PetersburgRussiasource
- 16 July – Maurice Guillaux leaves Melbourne to fly to Sydney in a Blériot monoplane in the first delivery of airmail. He arrived in Sydney on 18 July after nine and a half hours of flying time.Australiasource
- 4 September – William Henry Strahan published "The Bugle Call"Australiasource
- 1 November – The first contingent of the First Australian Imperial Force leaves for Egypt.Australiasource
- 14 November - Light cruiser HMS Carysfort is launched at Pembroke Dock.Walessource
- Watchmaker Glycine Watch SA is founded by Eugène Meylan in Switzerland.source
- Edmonton adopts a new numbered street and avenue patternCanadasource
Health & Medicine
- 11 March - A Welsh Home Rule Bill is introduced by Edward T. John, MP for East Denbighshire; it fails.Walessource
- March 27 – Belgian surgeon Albert Hustin makes the first successful non-direct blood transfusion, using anticoagulants.source
- April 11 – Canadian Margaret C. MacDonald is appointed Matron-in-Chief of the Canadian Nursing service band and becomes the first woman in the British Empire to reach the rank of major.Canadasource
- July 14 – The Government of Ireland Bill completes its passage through the House of Lords in the U.K. It allows Ulster counties to vote on whether or not they wish to participate in Home Rule from Dublin. Because of the outbreak of war in Europe and later developments in Ireland, the Act is never implemented in its original form.source
- August 3 – At the outbreak of World War I, the government, led by the conservative Antonio Salandra, declares that Italy would not commit its troops, maintaining that the Triple Alliance had only a defensive stance and Austria-Hungary had been the aggressor. In reality, both Salandra and the minister of Foreign Affairs, Antonino Paternò Castello, begin to probe which side would grant the best reward for Italy's entrance in the war and to fulfil Italy’s irredentist claims. Although the majority of the cabinet (including former Prime Minister Giolitti) is firmly against intervention, numerous intellectuals, including Socialists such as Ivanoe Bonomi and Leonida Bissolati declare in favour of intervention. One of the most prominent and popular Italian nationalist supporters of the war was Gabriele d'Annunzio who helped sway the Italian public to support intervention in the war.Italysource
- August 5 – German zeppelins drop bombs on Liège, Belgium, killing 9 civilians.source
- 30 October – the SS Rohilla, requisitioned as a military hospital ship, is lost by grounding in a storm on rocks off Whitby with the loss of 85 lives.United Kingdomsource
- December 17 – United States President Woodrow Wilson signs the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act. This begins the ongoing international war on drugs.source
- December 17 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act (initially introduced by Francis Burton Harrison).United Statessource
- Oxymorphone, a powerful narcotic analgesic closely related to morphine, is first developed in Germany.source
- The capital of Guangxi Province is moved from Guilin to Nanning.Chinasource
- Destructive Insects and Pests ActIndiasource
- Only two of the ten Class MJ 2-6-6-0 Mallet compound locomotives ordered from German manufacturer Maffei before the outbreak of World War I disrupts further delivery.South Africasource
Crime & Justice
- March 10 – Suffragette Mary Richardson damages Velázquez's painting Rokeby Venus in London's National Gallery, with a meat chopper.source
- 10 March – suffragette Mary Richardson damages the Velázquez painting the Rokeby Venus in the National Gallery, London, with a meat cleaver.United Kingdomsource
- April 5 – The Italian rider Ugo Agostoni wins the 8th Milan–San Remo bicycle race.Italysource
- 8 April–9 May - St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournamentRussiasource
- April 14–18 – The first International Criminal Police Congress is held in Monaco; 24 countries are represented, including some from Asia, Europe, and the Americas; the Dean of the Paris Law School is president.source
- July 25 – Serbia responds to the ultimatum from the 23rd accepting some but not all of Austria-Hungary's demands. In response Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic ties with Serbia and begins to mobilise its own forces. Radomir Putnik, Chief of the Serbian General Staff, is arrested in Budapest, but subsequently allowed to return to Serbia.source
- 28 July – Henriette Caillaux, wife of minister Joseph Caillaux, is acquitted of the murder of Gaston Calmette by reason of crime passionnel.Francesource
- July – Militant suffragette Fanny Parker is arrested while attempting (probably with Ethel Moorhead) to set fire to Burns Cottage, Alloway.Scotlandsource
- August 8 – German colonial forces execute Martin-Paul Samba, for high treason.source
- August – Author Ivo Andrić arrested in Split because of his support for Young Bosnia. Convicted for high treason by the Austro-Hungarian authorities, he is imprisoned and eventually released in July 1917.Croatiasource
- New Zealand Trotting Cup – Win SoonNew Zealandsource
- T. Gwynn Jones - Caradog yn RhufainWalessource
Disasters & Accidents
- January 11 – The Karluk, flagship of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, sinks after being crushed by ice.source
- 21 January – The Jerusalem Church in Tigensgade in Copenhagen is destroyed in a fire.Denmarksource
- April 4–September 27 – Komagata Maru incident: The SS Komagata Maru sails from India to Canada. Canadian regulations, designed to exclude Asian immigrants, prevent the boat from docking in Vancouver, and it is forced to return to Calcutta with all its passengers.source
- April 24 – James Franck and Gustav Hertz's experiment on electron collisions showing internal quantum levels of atoms is presented to the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.Germanysource
- May 23 – The Komagata Maru, a Japanese steamship which sailed from Japan to British Columbia carrying 376 passengers, is turned back from Canada under authority of exclusion laws prohibiting Asian immigrants. Most of the passengers returned to India.Canadasource
- 23 May – 376 British subjects (340 Sikhs, 12 Hindus and 24 Muslims) of Indian origin arrived at Burrard Inlet, Vancouver on May 23, 1914, from the Indian sub-continent on the ship Komagata Maru (Guru Nanak Jahaz), seeking to enter Canada. Due to the racist immigration policy of the Dominion of Canada, 352 of the passengers were denied entry and forced to depart on July 23, 1914.Indiasource
- May 29 – Ocean liner RMS Empress of Ireland sinks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence following a collision; 1,012 lives are lost.source
- August 9 – World War I: British Royal Navy light cruiser HMS Birmingham rams and sinks German submarine U-15 off Fair Isle, the first U-boat lost in action.source
- August 16 – Lake Nyasa is the scene of a brief naval battle, when Captain Edmund Rhoades, commander of the British steamship SS Gwendolen, hears that war has broken out, and he receives orders from the British high command to "sink, burn, or destroy" the German Empire's only ship on the lake, the Hermann von Wissmann, commanded by a Captain Berndt. Rhoades's crew finds the Hermann von Wissmann in a bay near "Sphinxhaven", in German East African territorial waters. Gwendolen disables the German vessel with a single cannon shot from a range of about 1,800 meters (2,000 yards). This very brief engagement is hailed by The Times in London as the British Empire's first naval victory of World War I.source
- 25 August – Burning of Leuven University Library.Belgiumsource
- September 5 – British Royal Navy scout cruiser HMS Pathfinder is sunk by German submarine U-21 in the Firth of Forth (Scotland), the first ship ever to be sunk by a locomotive torpedo fired from a submarine.source
- September 6 – A seaplane launched by the seaplane-carrier Wakamiya. unsuccessfully attacked the Austro-Hungarian cruiser Kaiserin Elisabeth and the German gunboat Jaguar with bombsJapansource
- 14 September – The Australian submarine HMAS AE1 lost with all 35 men while patrolling New Britain.Australiasource
- September 22 – Action of 22 September 1914: German submarine U-9 torpedoes three British Royal Navy armoured cruisers, HMS Aboukir, HMS Cressy and HMS Hogue, with the death of more than 1,400 men, in the North Sea.source
- The Kimberley mine or "Big Hole" is closed.South Africasource
- October 27 – British super-dreadnought battleship HMS Audacious (23,400 tons) is sunk off Tory Island, north-west of Ireland, by a minefield laid by the armed German merchant-cruiser Berlin.source
- October 28 – Battle of Penang, Malaya: German cruiser Emden sinks a Russian cruiser and French destroyer, before escaping.source
- December 15 – Hōjō Coal Mine Disaster: A gas explosion at the Mitsubishi Hōjō mine in Kyūshū, Japan, kills 687 people (the worst coal mine disaster in Japanese history).source
- December 16 – World War I: Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby: Imperial German Navy battlecruisers bombard British North Sea ports, resulting in 137 deaths, mostly civilians.source
Climate & Environment
- January 11 – The Sakurajima volcano in Japan begins to erupt, becoming effusive after a large earthquake on January 13. The lava flow causes the island which it forms to be linked to the Ōsumi Peninsula.source
- February 10–14 large-scale demonstrations erupted in Tokyo in response to the Siemens scandal.Japansource
- February 17 – Karl Staaff steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden in the aftermath of the Courtyard Crisis. He is replaced by Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, father of Dag Hammarskjöld.source
- 21 February – Militant suffragette Ethel Moorhead, imprisoned in Calton Jail, Edinburgh, for attempted fire-raising, becomes the first in Scotland to suffer force-feeding while on hunger strike; four days later she is released on health grounds.Scotlandsource
- 18 April – The Auckland Exhibition closes.New Zealandsource
- May 8 – The 4.9 Ms Sicily earthquake shakes Catania with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme) causing severe damage and 120 deaths.Italysource
- July – Rural Guard is disbandedMexicosource
- 1 August – Swiss National Park established.Switzerlandsource
- October 4 – The 1914 Burdur earthquake occurs in Turkey.source
- 7 October – A magnitude 6.6 earthquake strikes East Cape, Gisborne.New Zealandsource
- 28 October – Another earthquake, a magnitude 6.4, strikes Gisborne.New Zealandsource
Culture & Society
- February 12 – In Washington, D.C., the first stone of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place.source
- April 8 – María Félix, actress and singer (died 2002)Mexicosource
- April 23 – MLB Chicago Federals host the Kansas City Packers in the first baseball game played at Weeghman Park (the later Wrigley Field).source
- May 1 – Football club NK Lokomotiva founded in Zagreb (as ŽŠK Viktorija)Croatiasource
- May 5–October 11 – The Jubilee Exhibition (Jubilæumsutstillingen) is held at Kristiania, Norway, to mark the centennial of the country's constitution.source
- 8 May – The Con Con National football club is founded.Chilesource
- June 8 – The Brazilian Football Confederation is founded, with Álvaro Zamith as its first president. The Brazilian Olympic Committee is founded on the same day.source
- 8 June - The Brazilian Football Confederation is founded, with Álvaro Zamith as its first president. The Brazilian Olympic Committee is founded on the same day.Brazilsource
- July 4 – The funeral of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria takes place at Artstetten Castle, 50 miles west of Vienna.source
- July 11 – Baseball legend Babe Ruth makes his major league debut, with the Boston Red Sox.source
- August 1 – Marcus Garvey founds the Universal Negro Improvement Association in Jamaica.source
- August 4 – Ittihad Alexandria sports club is founded in Alexandria, Egypt.source
- October 4 – The Manifesto of the Ninety-Three is signed by prominent academics supporting the early German war effort.source
- November 15 – Mussolini founds the newspaper Il Popolo d'Italia ("The People of Italy") advocating militarism and irredentism. The paper was subsidized by the French and industrialists on the pretext of influencing Italy to join the Entente Powers and became the foundation for the Fascist movement in Italy after World War I. Mussolini is expelled from the PSI on November 24.Italysource
- Establishment of the Sin Hua Bank, in BeijingChinasource
- Chinameca S.C., a Salvadoran football club, was established.El Salvadorsource
- Fossafélagið Títan was founded.Icelandsource
Births
- February 5 – William S. Burroughs, American author (died 1997)source
- March 3 - Teofilo Camomot, Roman Catholic bishop, servant of God (died 1988)Philippinessource
- March 19 – Jiang Qing, Chinese politician (died 1991)source
- March 25 – Norman Borlaug, American agricultural scientist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (died 2009)source
- March 28 – Edmund Muskie, American politician (died 1996)source
- April 3 – Sam Manekshaw, Field Marshal of the Indian Army (died 2008)source
- April 12 – Armen Alchian, American economist (died 2013)source
- 12 April – Adriaan Blaauw, astronomer (died 2010)Netherlandssource
- May 13 – Joe Louis, American boxer (died 1981)source
- May 21 – Oton Gliha, painter (died 1999)Croatiasource
- June 15 – Yuri Andropov, Soviet leader (died 1984)source
- July 8 – Jyoti Basu, Indian politician (died 2010)source
- 20 August – Shoki Coe, Presbyterian minister (d.1988).Taiwansource
- October 6 – Thor Heyerdahl, Norwegian explorer (died 2002)source
- October 21 – Martin Gardner, American writer (died 2010)source
- October 27 – Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet and author (died 1953)source
- November 9 – Hedy Lamarr, Austrian actress (died 2000)source
- November 25 – Joe DiMaggio, American baseball player (died 1999)source
Deaths
- March 12 – George Westinghouse, American entrepreneur (born 1846)source
- 16 March – Charles Albert Gobat, politician (born 1843)Switzerlandsource
- March 17 – Antun Gustav Matoš, writer (born 1873)Croatiasource
- 1 April - Louise Sophie Blussé, writer, 95Netherlandssource
- April 19 – Charles Sanders Peirce, American philosopher (born 1839)source
- May 23 – William O'Connell Bradley, American politician from Kentucky (born 1847)source
- June 28 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand (born 1863) and Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg (born 1868), both assassinatedsource
- July 2 – Joseph Chamberlain, British politician (born 1836)source
- July 4 – Lexington Avenue bombing: Four people are killed in New York City when an anarchist bomb intended to kill John D. Rockefeller explodes prematurely, in the conspirator's apartment.source
- July 10 – Nicholas Hartwig, Russian Minister to Serbia, dies of a heart attack while visiting Austrian minister Wladimir Giesl von Gieslingen at the Austrian Legation in Belgrade.source
- August 9 – Roque Sáenz Peña, president (born 1851)Argentinasource
- August 20 – Pope Pius X (born 1835)source
- September 1 – The last known passenger pigeon, a female named Martha, dies in the Cincinnati Zoo from old age.source
- October 10 – King Carol I of Romania (born 1839)source
- October 19 – Julio Argentino Roca, Argentine general and statesman, 2-time President of Argentina (born 1843)source
- November 14 – Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, British field marshal (born 1832)source
- December 1 – Alfred Thayer Mahan, United States Navy admiral, geostrategist and historian (born 1840)source
- December 24 – John Muir, American naturalist (born 1838)source