1903 CE

The Wright Flyer makes the first powered, controlled flight at Kitty Hawk, as the Wright brothers launch the era of aviation; The inaugural 1903 World Series sees the Boston Americans defeat the Pittsburgh Pirates, establishing baseball’s championship tradition; The Iroquois Theatre fire in Chicago kills over 600, becoming the deadliest U.S. theater fire and driving new safety reforms; The May Coup results in the assassination of King Alexander I and Queen Draga, reshaping Balkan politics; The Paris Métro train fire claims more than 80 lives, one of France’s worst transit disasters; The Great Train Robbery premieres, revolutionizing cinema with innovative storytelling.

In the 1900s, the 20th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • January 1 – Edward VII is proclaimed Emperor of India.source
  • January – Voters in El Salvador voted for Pedro José Escalón to be President of El Salvador.El Salvadorsource
  • February 13 – Venezuelan crisis: After agreeing to arbitration in Washington, the United Kingdom, Germany and Italy reach a settlement with Venezuela resulting in the Washington Protocols. The naval blockade that began in 1902 ends.source
  • 13 February – Venezuelan crisis. After agreeing to arbitration in Washington, Britain, Germany and Italy reach a settlement with Venezuela, resulting in the Washington Protocols. The naval blockade that began in December 1902 will be lifted, and Venezuela commit 30% of its customs duties to settling claims.Germanysource
  • February 23 – Cuba leases Guantánamo Bay to the United States "in perpetuity".source
  • March 1 – 1903 Japanese general election: The Rikken Seiyūkai party remained the largest in the House of Representatives, winning 175 of the 376 seats, but lost its majority.Japansource
  • March 13 – Having abolished the Sokoto Caliphate in West Africa, the new British administration accepts the concession of its last vizier.source
  • June 13 – Prime Minister Giuseppe Zanardelli resigns after losing a vote in the Italian Chamber of Deputies. However, after several attempts the Cabinet is reconstructed. The Interior Minister Giovanni Giolitti resigns and is replaced.Italysource
  • July 7 – Britain take over the Fulani Empire.source
  • August 3 – The Kruševo Republic is proclaimed in Ottoman Macedonia; it is crushed 10 days later.source
  • August 13 - Tsar Nicolas II appointed Alexeyev as viceroy in charge of all civil and military authority over Russian possessions in the Far East, including Russian-occupied Manchuria, the Liaodong Peninsula, and Russia Amur Military District (present day Primorsky Krai).Chinasource
  • November 3 – Separation of Panama from Colombia: With the encouragement of the United States, Panama proclaims itself independent of Colombia.source
  • 11 November - Treaty of Petrópolis with BrazilBoliviasource
  • 11 November - The Treaty of Petrópolis ends tension between Brazil and Bolivia over the then-Bolivian territory of Acre (today the Acre state).Brazilsource
  • November 13 – The United States recognizes the independence of Panama.source
  • ongoing - Central Committee compositions elected by the 1st–3rd congresses of the Russian Social Democratic Labour PartyRussiasource

Conflict & Security

  • January 10 – The Aceh Sultanate was fully annexed by Dutch forces, deposing the last sultan, and marking the end of the Aceh War that had lasted almost 30 years.source
  • January 17 - Venezuela Crisis of 1902-1903: Bombardment of Fort San CarlosVenezuelasource
  • January 21 – Section of Militia Affairs within the Adjutant General's office.United Statessource
  • 8 March – Charles Gavan Duffy was buried at Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin. He was laid to rest near others who took part in the Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848.Irelandsource
  • 18 April – Bury F.C. beat Derby County by an all-time record 6 goals to nil to win the 1903 FA Cup Final.United Kingdomsource
  • April 19–21 (April 6–8 O.S.) – The first Kishinev pogrom, beginning on Easter Day, takes place in Kishinev, capital of the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire. At least 47 Jews are killed during mob rioting encouraged by blood libel articles in the press and led by priests.source
  • July 30–August 23 (July 17–August 10, O.S.) – The Second Congress of the All-Russian Social Democratic Labour Party is held in exile in Brussels, transferring to London.source
  • August 2 – The Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising, organized by the Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization, breaks out in the Ottoman provinces of Macedonia and Adrianople.source
  • The Second Totoposte War was fought with Guatemala.El Salvadorsource
  • John Antoine Nau - Force ennemieFrancesource
  • 1903 Isfahan anti-Baháʼí riots.Iransource
  • The SAF game rather late in the labor union movement of SwedenSwedensource

Exploration & Expansion

  • 19 February – Cape Central – Swellendam to Riversdale, 64 mi.South Africasource
  • 6 April – South Australian Government prospecting expedition, was the first major expedition Herbert Basedow participated in. Its purpose was to inspect the Musgrave, Mann and Tomkinson ranges and neighbouring areas for signs of gold and other mineral deposits.Australiasource
  • April – Norwegians begin whaling from Shetland.Scotlandsource
  • May 18 – The port of Burgas, Bulgaria opens.source
  • 10 August – The Oseberg ship, a well-preserved Viking ship from the 9th century, was discovered in a large burial mound at the Oseberg farm near Tønsberg in the Vestfold county.Norwaysource
  • 14 November - End of the lock-out at Penrhyn Quarry near Bethesda (begun 1900), the longest major industrial dispute in British history.Walessource
  • 14 December – Cape Eastern – King William's Town to Middledrift, 33 mi.South Africasource
  • December 16 – The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel in Bombay (now Mumbai), India opens.source
  • The Cork International Exhibition was re-opened.Irelandsource
  • 1903 New Zealand rugby union tour of AustraliaNew Zealandsource

Religion & Belief

  • 22 February – The Fríkirkjan í Reykjavík is consecrated in Reykjavik.Icelandsource
  • March 12 – Andries Dreyer, an archivist of the Dutch Reformed Church, is ordained as a missionary of the congregation for the Hanover Street area in Cape Town.South Africasource
  • Zhang Shizhao was hired as the chief editor of the Su BaoChinasource
  • July 31 – Start of the Papal conclave after the death of Pope Leo XIII. Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto was elected on August 4 as Pope Pius X. Pius X's papacy would feature vigorous condemnation of what he termed 'modernists' and 'relativists' whom he regarded as dangers to the Catholic faith (see for example his Oath Against Modernism).Italysource
  • August 4 – Pope Pius X succeeds Pope Leo XIII as the 257th pope.source
  • November 17 – The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party splits into two groups: the Bolsheviks (Russian for "majority") and Mensheviks (Russian for "minority").source
  • Théo van Rysselberghe, The ReadingBelgiumsource
  • Featherweight – A. Parker (Christchurch)New Zealandsource
  • "Hector the Hero", a classic lament, composed by James Scott SkinnerScotlandsource
  • Llyfe Mormon (translation of the Book of Mormon)Walessource

Economy & Finance

  • January – An Túr Gloine, the cooperative studio for stained glass, was established by Sarah Purser in Dublin.Irelandsource
  • 12 February – the North British Locomotive Company of Springburn in Glasgow is formed by merger of Sharp, Stewart and Company, Neilson, Reid and Company and Dübs and Company. In April it receives its first new order for steam locomotives, from India.Scotlandsource
  • February 14 – Census Board within the Department of Commerce and Labor (Census Bureau).United Statessource
  • 23 April – Budget removes Corn Duty.United Kingdomsource
  • 16 June – German federal election, 1903: The Centre Party remains the largest party in the Reichstag. Shortly after the election, the National-Social Association is dissolved by its leader Friedrich Naumann, and its members join the Free-minded Union.Germanysource
  • 30 July-6 August – 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in Brussels.Belgiumsource
  • Unknown date – Kagome was founded, as predecessor name was Aichi Tomato Food Processing in Tokai, Aichi Prefecture.Japansource
  • Forming of the Central Employers' Association (SAF)Swedensource

Technology & Infrastructure

  • January 19 – The first west–east transatlantic radio broadcast is made from the United States to England (the first east–west broadcast having been made in 1901).source
  • Mahatma Gandhi enrolls to the Bar of the Transvaal Supreme Court.South Africasource
  • March 3 – The British Admiralty announces plans to build the Rosyth Dockyard as a naval base at Rosyth in Scotland.source
  • March 5 – The Ottoman Empire and the German Empire sign an agreement to build the Constantinople–Baghdad Railway.source
  • March 14 – The Hay–Herrán Treaty, granting the United States the right to build the Panama Canal, is ratified by the United States Senate. The Colombian senate later rejects the treaty.source
  • June 16 – The Ford Motor Company is founded.source
  • July 1–19 – The first Tour de France is held; Maurice Garin wins it.source
  • July 14 - the Dongqing Railway was opened to traffic.Chinasource
  • 15 August – German-Belgian railway convention signed.Belgiumsource
  • September 11 – The first stock-car event is held at the Milwaukee Mile.source
  • 10 October – Jacob Thurmann Ihlen, politician (born 1833)Norwaysource
  • November 2 – Lyceum Theatre (Broadway) opens, making it the oldest continuously operating legitimate theater in New York City.United Statessource
  • November 6 – The English-language South China Morning Post newspaper is first published in Hong Kong.source
  • November 18 – The Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty is signed by the United States and Panama, giving the U.S. exclusive rights over the Panama Canal Zone.source
  • November 18: The Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty, creating the Panama Canal Zone.Panamasource
  • December 17 – Orville Wright flies an aircraft with a petrol engine, the Wright Flyer, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina in the first documented and successful powered and controlled heavier-than-air flight.source
  • 18 December – The first train runs from Rockhampton to Brisbane.Australiasource
  • Compression Rheostat, the predecessor of industrial automation and industrial equipment parts brand Rockwell Automation, is founded in Wisconsin.source
  • American motorcycle brand Harley-Davidson is founded in Wisconsin.source
  • The first box of Crayola crayons is made and sold for five cents. It contains eight colors; brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet and black.source
  • Motor ferries start to operate in the Port of Copenhagen.Denmarksource

Science & Discovery

  • January 17 – 13 days after Topsy's death, the Edison Manufacturing Company released the short, black-and-white, silent documentary film Electrocuting an Elephant, showing the footage of Topsy's electrocution.United Statessource
  • 26 February – The ocean liner SS Columbus was launched by Harland and Wolff in Belfast.Irelandsource
  • 20 March – Carl Anton Bjerknes, mathematician and physicist (born 1825)Norwaysource
  • June 27 – American socialite Aida de Acosta, 19, becomes the first woman to fly a powered aircraft solo when she pilots Santos-Dumont's motorized dirigible, "No. 9", from Paris to Château de Bagatelle in France.source
  • 29 June - A meteorite fall, classification H5, is observed in Uberaba, Minas Gerais.Brazilsource
  • Heavyweight – H. Taylor (Greymouth)New Zealandsource
  • Middleweight – J. Griffin (Invercargill)New Zealandsource
  • Two 9th Class 2-8-2 Mikado steam locomotives. In 1912 they will be classified Class Experimental 4 on the SAR.South Africasource
  • Bertrand Russell - The Principles of MathematicsWalessource

Health & Medicine

  • 18 April – The local government of Saint Croix in the Danish West Indies issues a provisional Ordinance concerning measures against Glanders in St. CroixDenmarksource
  • May 31 – Law no. 254 is passed on aimed at improving living conditions for workers and to control housing speculation, with the establishment of a Public Housing Institute (Istituto per la Case Popolari). The law was also known as the Luzzatti law, since it was introduced by the deputy Luigi Luzzatti, a member of the opposition at that time.Italysource
  • 22 June – Torbjørg Utne, hotelier (born 1812).Norwaysource
  • 29 September – Prussia becomes the second jurisdiction to require mandatory driver's licenses for operators of motor vehicles, after New York State in 1901.Germanysource
  • The Austral Society was founded due to the influence of The Toowoomba poet George Essex EvansAustraliasource
  • Plague (disease) breakout at Coimbatore.Indiasource
  • Agnes Arvidsson becomes the first woman to graduate in pharmacology.Swedensource
  • The Lincoln–Lee Legion is established to promote the temperance movement and signing of alcohol abstinence pledges by children.United Statessource

Crime & Justice

  • July 1 - Shanghai Municipal Police transferred six people, including Zhang Binglin, to the public for review. (:zh:蘇報案)Chinasource
  • July - William Haggar releases Desperate Poaching Affray, seen as an important influence on the chase genre of film.Walessource
  • 2 August – Pittencrieff Park is gifted to the people of Dunfermline by Andrew Carnegie.Scotlandsource
  • 14 August – first Poor Prisoners' Defence Act provides for limited legal aid in criminal cases with effect from 1904.United Kingdomsource
  • 17 August – Hans Gude, painter (born 1825)Norwaysource
  • September 3 – Los Angeles real estate investor Griffith J. Griffith shoots his wife in the face at the Arcadia Hotel in Santa Monica.United Statessource
  • The Thorvaldsen Exhibition Medal is awarded to Julius Paulsen for the painting Portrait of a Lady (Et dameportræt).Denmarksource
  • Lightweight – A. Farquharson (Dunedin)New Zealandsource

Disasters & Accidents

  • April 29 – The 30-million-m 3 Frank Slide rockslide kills 70–90 in Frank, Alberta.source
  • May 21 – The first contingent of Chinese labourers leave China to work on the Witwatersrand gold mines.South Africasource
  • The County of Pembroke, a British cargo ship, is shipwrecked near Port Elizabeth.South Africasource
  • July 1 – Ray Knight builds the Raymond Stampede rodeo arena and rodeo grandstands in Raymond, District of Alberta, North-West Territories, which are the first ever built in the world.Canadasource
  • July 29 – United States Cartridge Company explosion: The explosion of two explosives storage magazines destroys 70 homes, killing 22 residents of Tewksbury, Massachusetts.source
  • August 10 – The Paris Métro train fire at Couronnes results in 84 deaths.source
  • 10 August – Paris Métro train fire kills 84 people mostly at Couronnes station.Francesource
  • September 27 – The Wreck of the Old 97 Fast Mail train at Stillhouse Trestle, near Danville, Virginia, kills 11 people and inspires a ballad.source
  • September 27 – The Wreck of the Old 97 engine at Stillhouse Trestle near Danville, Virginia, which kills nine people, inspiring a ballad and song.United Statessource
  • November 28 – SS Petriana is wrecked on a reef outside Melbourne, Australia, causing one of the world's first major oil spills.source
  • 28 November – The oil tanker SS Petriana strikes a reef at the entrance to Port Phillip Bay. Two days later, its cargo of 1,300 tonnes of crude oil is released, causing the first major oil spill in Australia.Australiasource
  • December 30 – The Iroquois Theatre fire in Chicago kills 600.source
  • The withdrawal of the last British Royal Navy guard ship to be permanently stationed at Kingstown, the cruiser HMS Melampus, took place.Irelandsource
  • Closure of the life-boat station on Ynys Llanddwyn.Walessource

Climate & Environment

  • March 22 – Because of a drought, the U.S. side of Niagara Falls runs short of waterCanadasource
  • 24 March & 3 May – Derby earthquakes.United Kingdomsource
  • April 29 – The 7.0 Ms Manzikert earthquake affects eastern Turkey, leaving 3,500 dead.source
  • April 29 – The Frank Slide, The most destructive landslide in Canadian history, kills 70 in Frank, District of Alberta, North-West TerritoriesCanadasource
  • June 14 – The town of Heppner, Oregon is nearly destroyed by a cloud burst that results in a flash flood that kills about 238 people.source
  • June 14 – Heppner Flood of 1903: The town of Heppner, Oregon, is nearly destroyed by a cloudburst that results in a flash flood.United Statessource
  • 19 June – Caernarfon earthquake.United Kingdomsource
  • October 21 – Due to ill health Prime Minister Giuseppe Zanardelli resigns. He dies two months later.Italysource
  • 26–27 February – "Ulysses" Storm: A windstorm passed across Ireland, uprooting 1–3,000 trees in Phoenix Park.Irelandsource
  • Two 6th Class 2-6-2 Prairie locomotives. In 1912 they will be designated Class 6Y on the SAR.South Africasource

Culture & Society

  • 14 January - Opening of Hotel National, MoscowRussiasource
  • March 2 – In New York City, the Martha Washington Hotel, the first hotel exclusively for women, opens.source
  • March 12 – The University of Puerto Rico is founded.source
  • April 26 – Atlético Madrid is founded as a professional association football club in Spain.source
  • May 26 – Românul de la Pind, the longest-running newspaper by and about Aromanians until World War II, is founded.source
  • 3 June – The Club Deportivo Arturo Fernández Vial is founded.Chilesource
  • June 4 – The Indian Opinion is started by Mahatma Gandhi with Mansukhlal Nazar as editor.South Africasource
  • July 7 – Momijigari, the oldest extant Japanese film, premiers. It runs until August 1.Japansource
  • 1 August – Boavista F.C. is founded as 'The Boavista Footballers' by British expatriates in Porto.Portugalsource
  • September 15 – Grêmio FBPA is founded in Porto Alegre, Brazil.source
  • September – Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas opens as Southwest Texas Normal School.source
  • October 1–13 – First modern World Series: The Boston Americans defeat the Pittsburgh Pirates in eight games.source
  • October 10 – The Women's Social and Political Union is founded in the U.K.source
  • November 3 – Giovanni Giolitti forms his second government that would last until 12 March 1905. Giolitti tried to sign an alliance with the Italian Socialist Party, which was growing fast in the popular vote, but did not succeed. He strongly opposed the repression of labour union strikes. According to him, the government had to act as a mediator between entrepreneurs and workers.Italysource
  • December 31 – The National Association for Women's Suffrage (Sweden) is founded.source
  • Edward Officer wins the Wynne Prize with GlenoraAustraliasource
  • Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja, along with the ÍBV men's football team is established in Vestmannaeyjar.Icelandsource

Births

Deaths

  • February 1 – Sir George Gabriel Stokes, Irish mathematician, physicist (born 1819)source
  • 22 February - Victor Meirelles, painter (born 1832)Brazilsource
  • 2 March – Rafael Zaldívar, politician (born 1834)El Salvadorsource
  • April 13 – Moritz Lazarus, German philosopher (born 1824)source
  • April 28 – Josiah Willard Gibbs, American physical chemist (born 1839)source
  • May 4 – Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary Gotse Delchev is killed in a skirmish with the Ottoman army.source
  • May 4 – Gotse Delchev, Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary (born 1872)source
  • May 8 – Paul Gauguin, French painter (born 1848)source
  • May 22 – Misao Fujimura, student and poet (born 1886)Japansource
  • May 24 – The Paris–Madrid race for automobiles begins, during which at least eight people are killed; the French government stops the event at Bordeaux and impounds all of the competitors' cars.source
  • June 11 (May 29 O.S.) – King Alexander Obrenović and Queen Draga of Serbia are assassinated in Belgrade by the Black Hand (Crna Ruka) organization.source
  • July 17 – James McNeill Whistler, American painter (born 1834)source
  • July 20 – Pope Leo XIII, Italian Roman Catholic Pope (born 1810)source
  • August 22 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (born 1830)source
  • August 31 – William Hastie, clergyman and theologian (born 1842)source
  • November 13 – Camille Pissarro, French painter (born 1830)source
  • December 8 – Herbert Spencer, English philosopher (born 1820)source
  • ? – Mirza Mahmud Khan Hakim ol-Molk, Iranian politician and physician.Iransource